Subject or object Defining or non- defining ‘Omitting the relative pronoun Which, who and that Unit 11 Relative clauses Explanations 1 Subject and Object Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause. They can refer to this as subject or object. That's the woman who bought my car. The woman (Subject) bough: my car. That's the car that Iused to own. I used to own the car. (Object) 2 Combining Sentences Note how sentences are combined. Subject: Thisis Jean. She bought my car. ‘Jean is the person who bought my car. (Sheis not repeated, as the person isthe subject.) Object: That is Jean’s car. I used to own it That’s the car that I used to own. (Iris not repeated, asthe car is the object.) 1 Defining Defining clauses give important information which tells us exactly what is, being referred to. That book which you lent me is really good. 2. Non-Defining Non-defining clauses add extra information, separated by commas in writing, and intonation in speaking, The book, which I hadn't read, was still on the shelf. 1 Object clauses The relative pronoun can be left outin object clauses in both speaking and writing, provided these are defining. That's the car [used to own. 2 Non-Defining clauses The relative pronoun cannot be left outin a non-defining clause. 1 That instead of which That is often used instead of which in speech. Isthis the house that you bought? 56beleft out in sentences. Unit 11 Relative clauses 2. Thatinstead of who That canalso refer to people in everyday speech. Have you met the boy that Sue is going to marry? 3. Which in non-defining clauses That cannot be used to introduce a non-defining clause. The hotel, which was a hundred years old, was very comfortable. 4 Prepositions That cannot be used after a preposition, This isthe car that/which) I paid $2000for. (Everyday Speech) This is the car forwhich I paid £2000. (Formal) 1 Whose means of whom, and usually refers to people. This is Jack. His sister is staying with us. This is Jack, whose sister is staying with us. 2. Whomis the object form of who, and has to be used after prepositions. Thisis the person I sold my car to. (Everyday Speech) Thisis the person towhom Isold my car. (Formal) Activities a) Ithink that my boss s the person who I admire most. b) Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early. ©) We're taking the train that leaves at 6.00. 4) Have you seen the book that [left here on the desk? e) The film which we liked most was the French one. 4) My radio, which isn’t very old, has suddenly stopped working. g) The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk. h) The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner. i) Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t seen for ages. j) Don’t cook the meat that I putin the freezer—it’s for the dog. a) Thisis the magazine which I told you about. a Hea tld. you. abot is in the same block as mine, is much larger. ©) The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend. 4) The policeman who arrested her had recognised her car. ©) Lwork with someone srho knows you. 57First Certificate Language Practice 3 Decide whether each sentence contains a defining ora non-defining relative clause 4 Choose the most suitable word in each sentence. £) Wedon't sell goods which have been damaged. 8) Brighton, which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort. h) Idon’t know anyone whose clothes would fit you. i) There’sa pub near here which serves very good meals. i). People who park outside get given parking tickets. a) Everyone who got to the sales early found excellent bargains. b) Leave the questions which you can’t answer until the end. ©) Helen picked up the book, which had a green cover. 4) The guests who were late didn’t have enough to eat. ©) Sue, who was extremely hungry, decided to cook some spaghetti. £) The person I spoke to before said the repair would be free of charge. 8) My bedroom, which was rather small, looked out ona noisy street. h) David’s sister, who likes cats, offered to take one of the kittens. i) The person who finishes first will be the winner, of course. j) Smith, who had earlier missed a penalty, scored after twenty minutes. a) My friend Jack, that/who/@hos®parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland. b) Here’s the computer program that/whom/whose I told you about. ©) Idon’t believe the story that/who/whom she told us. 4d) Peter comes from Witney, that/who/which is near Oxford. e) Thisis the gun with that/whom/which the murder was committed, f) Have you received the parcel whom/whose/which we sent you? g) Isthis the person who/which/whose you asked me about? h) That's the girl that/who/whose brother sits next to me at school. i) The meal, that/which/whose wasn’t very tasty, was quite expensive. j) Wedidn’t enjoy the play that/who/whose we went to see. 58sive pronoun each space, or sword given in tals. Unit 11 Relative clauses a) The person .tvheée.. fingerprints are on the gun was the person killed Dr Martin, b) My bike, Thad left at the gate, had disappeared. ©) The $h008 wr nnone [finally bought were the ones Ltried on first. d) The bag the robbers put the money was found outside the bank ©) The medicine f) Peter, the doctor gave me had no effect at al ‘ouldn’t sce the screen, decided to change his seat. g) The present. you gave me was the one. gave you last year! hy) Treally liked that wea ‘you made me this morning, i) What was the name of your friend ....nm tent we borrowed? j) The flight ...nJoe was leaving on was cancelled. a) Brendaisa friend. I went on holiday with her. WHO Brenda is ..the. flend. nib. | went. 2t holiday With. ..erne b) This is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. WHOSE This is Mr Smith .. ©) Her book was published last year: Itbecamea bestseller. WHICH Her book : isthe bank. We borrowed the money from it. WHICH mv ‘This is the bank from .. so 6) Itold you about person. She is at the door. WHO The person .. f) Jack's car had broken down. He had to takea bus. WHOSE Jack, : a) The hotel was full of guests. The hotel was miles from anywhere. The guests had gone there to admire the scenery. The hotel, which ..1a6.miles.from.anyavherce,.@S. Fl. of. guns che. ha gone Hecate. adie. the. See b) Tlent you a book. Ie was written by a friend of mine. She lives in France. ‘The book I. ©) A-woman’s jewels were stolen, A police officer was staying in the same hotel. The woman was interviewed by him. ‘The woman whose . 4) A goal was scored by a teenager. He had come on as substitute. This goal won the match. ‘The goal which ©) Iwas sitting next to a boy in the exam, He told me the answers. The boy I... £) My wallet contained over £100. It was found inthe street by a schoolboy. He returnedit. My wallet, 59First Certificate Language Practice 8 Putone suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank wherever possible. 9 These sentences areall grammatically possible, but not appropriate in speech. Rewrite cach sentence so that it ends with the preposition underlined. 8) My friend Albert has decided to buy a motorbike, His car was stolen last week. My friend Albert, h) Carol is a vegetarian. I cooked a meal for her last week. She enjoyed it. Carolyn Murder At The Station by Lorraine Small. Episode 5. Trouble on the 6.15. The story so far: Jane Plat, (1) avbe. is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter is the only person (2) nn. Witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3) mmm: she gives her statement then disappears. Jan goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter (4) .nmu she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5)... livesin South America, has sent her a small box (6)... she is only to open fin trouble. Jane, (7). have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8) givesto her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector (9) -mnehas not heard of the Vietoria Station murder, (10) ..nm Was NOt reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man's ticket (11) sou she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12) nn. Was the town (13) ..... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet aman, (14) mm face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15). Says he knows her Uncle Gordon. Now read on. a) Margaret isthe girl with whom I went on holiday. Margaret. isthe. girl.aveat.onhaliday, ith, ) The golf club isthe only club of which Lama member. ©) That’ the girl about whom we were talking, 4d) Itwasa wonderful present, for which [was extremely grateful. ©) Thisis the school 1a which I used to go. )_Isthis the case in which we should put the wineglasses? 8) Can you move the chair on which you are sitting? h) That's the shop from which I got my shoes. i) Isthatthe person nextto whom you usually sit? i) Thisis Bill, about whom you have heard so much, 6010 Make one | sentence from -s2ch group of Sentences, Jnningas a. POINTS Unit 11 Relative clauses a) [got ona train, I wanted to go toa station. The train didn’t stop there. ‘The train I 1. get.en. didnt. stp. atthe. station. nated. te. ge. to, b) Tread a book. You recommended a book to me, This was the book. The book I ) The ship hit an iceberg and sank. Warning messages had been sent to it. The ship ignored these. The ship, a i 4) The postman realised I was on holiday. You had sent mea parcel. The postman left itnext door. The postman, . ©) Lused to own a dog, People came to the door. The dog never barked at them, Thedogl .. : £) bought my car froma woman. She lives in a house. You can see the house over there. ‘The woman I = ; 8) We went toa beach on the first day of our holiday. It was covered in seaweed. This smelled a lot. The beach we soo s hh) My neighbours have three small children, The children make a lot of noise. My neighbours never apologise. My neighbours, ’) Thoughta new typewriter. Itcost mea lot of money. Thenew ... j) Tost my wallet last week. It was found by a workman, He was digging a hole in the street outside our house. The wallet 1 Long and complex sentences with relative clauses are not usual in speech. It is more usual in speech to join shorter clauses with conjunctions, 2 Relative pronouns are usually left outin object clauses in speech. Thisis the book I told you about. 3 Inspeech it is common to end relative clauses with a preposition. That's the girl live next door to ee Unit 15 Progress test 67) 9) 10 2) s0 10) ¥ av 11) been 4) up 12) me 3) like 13) us 6) that wv nv 15) they 8) was Unit 14. 1 a) who ) none b) none ) which ©) none hy none d) that ) who ©) which) that 2 a) thar told you about ) not possible «) not possible 4) that arrested her ¢) thatknows you 4) that have been damaged 2) notpossible h) notpossible {) that serves very good meals 5) that park outside 3 a) defining ») defining, ©) non-defining 4) defining «) non-defining 4) defining ') defining 3) non-defining 40a) whose) which ) eae 2) who ©) that h) whose 4) wl i) which ©) which) that 5 a) whose, who/that b) which ¢) blank, blank d) which e) blank 1) who ) blank, blank +h) blank i) whose j) Blank a) Brenda che friend who Tent on holiday with >) Thisis MrSmith, whose son Bill plays in our team, ©) Her book, which was published last year, became best seller. 4) Thisis the bank from which we borrowed the money. ©) Theperson who Told you abouts atthe door. £) Jack, whose car had broken down, had to takeabus, 4) The hotel, which zoas miles from anyrohere, as fullof guests who dad gone there to admire the scenery. b) Thebook Ilent you was written, by afriend of mine who livesin France. ©) The woman whose jewels were stolen was interviewed by a police officer who was staying in the same hotel 4) The goal which won the match. was scored by a teenager who hhad come onas ubsticuce. ‘The boy Iwas sitting next toin the exam told methe answers. §) My wallet, which contained over £100, was found in the street by a schoolboy who returned it/was returned by a schoolboy who found iin the 8) My friend Albert, whose car was stolen ast week, has decided to buy amotorbike. bh) Carol, who isa vegetarian, enjoyed the meal [cooked for her last week. 1) who 9) who 2) who 10) which 3) whom 11) which 4) blank 12) which 5) who 13) blank 6) which 14) whose 7) whose 15) who 8) which 8) Margaret isthe girl Iment on Droliday with 1) The golf cubis the only elub 1 amamember of 287 Grammar answers ©) That’ the girl we were talking about 4) Irwasa wonderful present, which I was extremely grateful for. ©) Thisis the schoo! Iused to go to. 4) Isthisthe case we should put the swine-glasses in? 8) Can you movethe chair you are siting on? th) That's the shop I got my shoes from, i) Isthat the person you usually sit next to? j) Thisis Bll, who you've heard so much about. 10a) The rain I got on didn't stop at the tation I wanted to goto. by The book I read was the book/ ‘one you recommended to me. ©) The ship, which had ignored the ‘warning messages sent tot, hit anieebergand sank. 4) The postman, who realised I was ‘on holiday, le the parcel you (had) sent me next door. ¢) Thedog I used to own never barked atpeople who cameto thedoor. 1) The woman Thought my car from ivesin the house youcan see overthere, 8) Thebeach we went toon the first day of ourholiday was covered in seaweed which smelled alo. 1h) My neighbours, whose three small children make lot of noise, never apologise. i) The new typewriter I bought cost mea lot of money. 5) The wallet [lost ast week was found by aworkman who was digging aholein the street outside our house, Unit 12 1 a) 10 off b) between, opposite ©) in in 4) on, near ©) injon 1) against, in 8) on, over