Section 3.

14. Axioms 15 hold because we are using ordinary addition. Axioms 68 hold
because all products are 0. Commutativity follows because ab = 0 = ba.

15. No. a(b + c) = 1, but ab + ac = 1 = 1 = 2.

18. First verify Z is a commutative ring with identity under these new defintions
of +, x. Note that the additive identity is the integer 1, and the multiplicative
identity is the integer 0. To verify we have an integral domain, first note 0 6= 1.
Suppose now a b = 1 (the additive identity). Then a + b ab = 1, that is,
(a 1)(b 1) = 0, forcing a 1 = 0 or b 1 = 0. Thus a = 1 or b = 1 (and 1 is
the additive identity), so we do indeed have an integral domain.

20. Axiom verification. The zero element z must satisfy a z = a for all a,
so necessarily a + z 1 = a for all a, that is z = 1. The identity element i must
satisfy i a = a for all a, so necessarily ia i a + 2 = a for all a, that is,
(i 2)(a 1) = 0 for all a, from which we must have i = 2. Finally, suppose
a b = z. Then ab a b + 2 = 1, giving (a 1)(b 1) = 0, so that a = 1 or
b = 1, that is a = z or b = z, as required.

21. Additive identity is 1, multiplicative identity is 0. Yes, it is integral domain.