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443 3-3 PDF
443 3-3 PDF
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23. Clearly f is surjective, but not injective since eg and
2 3 4 5
both map to 1. It is straightforward to check f (A + B) = f (A) + f (B), f (AB) =
f (A)f (B), for elements A, B L.
25(a). f g(r1 + r2 ) = f (g(r1 + r2 )) = f (g(r1) + g(r2 )) = f (g(r1)) + f (g(r2 )) = f
g(r1 )+f g(r2 ); and f g(r1 r2 ) = f (g(r1r2 )) = f (g(r1 )g(r2)) = f (g(r1 ))f (g(r2)) =
f g(r1)f g(r2 ), so f g is a homomorphism.
25(b). Follows from function theory, the composition of two injective (surjective)
maps is injective (surjective).
28. Let k1 , k2 K. Then f (k1 k2 ) = f (k1 ) f (k2 ) = 0S 0S = 0S ; thus
k1 k2 K. Also, f (k1 k2 ) = f (k1 )f (k2 ) = 0S 0S = 0S , so that k1 k2 K. Thus
by the subring criterion, K is a subring of R.
29. Let p1 , p2 P , so that f (p1 ), f (p2 ) T . Then f (p1 p2 ) = f (p1 )f (p2 ) T ,
so p1 p2 P by definition of P . Similarly, f (p1 p2 ) = f (p1 )f (p2 ) T since T
is closed under multiplication. Thus p1 p2 P . By the subring criterion, P is a
subring of R.