Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Chng 5: X L V S DNG CN NC THI

5.1. C TNH CA CN LNG V CC PHNG PHP X L

5.1.1. Thnh phn
- Mng VSV.
- Rc nghin nh: lng rc c nghin nh hoc x l vi cn hoc tr li song chn rc.
- Cc loi cn b tip xc, cn ny khng x l chung m em ra sn phi bn, nn cn, .
- Cc cht hu c cn chim 60-80% cht hu c tng cng.
- Thnh phn ho hc ca cn trong nc thi

Loi cn Cht ko tro N P2O5 K2O Cht bo HC E.coli

1. Cn ti 72-90 2-3 0.6-1.7 0.2 14-17 20-30 107-108
2. Bn hot tnh 65-75 3.4 2.3 0.4 2.6 4-7 4.106-3.107
3. Mng vi sinh 65-75 5.5 3.1 - 6 - -

5.1.2. Phng php x l

- X l cn hiu qu nht bng phng php ln men k kh vi s tham gia ca VSV k kh.
- Qu trnh sinh ho k kh cn hu c rt phc tp:
+ Cc cht hu c (C) acid bo + Biogas (CO2, CH4, H2)
+ Cc cht hu c (N) NH3, N2
+ Cht hu c (S) H2S
- Sau khi ln men, tnh cht cn thay i v V thay i (khng tan cht tan + kh)
- Qu trnh ln men k kh gm 2 giai on
+ Giai on ln men acid.
+ Giai on ln men kim.
Giai on 1: Ln men Acid (ln men H). Di tc dng ca men VSV, cc cht hu c ca
cn:
+ u tin: Phn hu s/p n gin
- Protid peptid v aa
- Cht bo glicerine, a.bo
- (H, C) ng n gin
+ Sau : Chuyn ho cc cht trn thnh s/p cui cng ca giai on 1 (ch yu l cc acid
hu c: a.butylic, a.propionic, a.acetic). pH < 7 ln men aicd
- VSV giai on 1 l : nm, VK butyric, propionic Th tch cn khng gim, c mi
hi
Giai on 2: Ln men kim (ln men metan)
+ Chuyn ho cc s/p ca giai on 1 thnh CH4, CO2, H2.
+ VSV tham gia: VK to CH4.
Methano bacterium
Methanococus
Methanosarica
+ Cc phn ng
Vi cc A.Bo H2 (tr CH3COOH) v ru (tr metylic):
men
4H2 + CO2 4 + CH4 + 2H2O
Vi H2 (t giai on 1)
men
H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O + Q

Trang 157
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Vi CH3COOH
men
CH3COO CH4 + CO2 + Q

CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 + 2H2O + Q

5.1.3. Cc cng trnh x l cn

- B t hoi
- B lng 2 v
- B metan
- Mt s cng trnh rc cn :p dy ai , Sn phi, B nn bn,.

5.2. CC CNG TRNH X L

5.2.1. B Mtan
- y l cng trnh x l cn hiu qu nht.
- Thi gian ln men ngn: 6-20 ngy, th tch ngn bn nh
- Cc loi cn dn n b
+ Cn ti t b lng 1
+ Bn hot tnh d trn mng VS
+ Rc nghin
- Cn c hm nng v xo trn to iu kin ti u cho qu trnh ln men.
- Khi b lm vic bnh thng:
+ pH = 7-7,5
+ Hm lng a.bo: 3-8 mg/l
+ kim: 60-70 mg/l
+ Nit ca mui amino: 600-800 mg/l
- Cng qu trnh ln men ph thuc vo nhit , lng cn, mc xo trn.

5.2.1.1. Cu to
5 4 c Dn cn vo
d Thit b hm nng cn
e Dn hi nng
1 2
f My trn
3 g Kh t

5.2.1.2. Tnh ton

1/ Xc nh lng cn dn n Metan
a) Lng cn ti t b lng 1
Co.Q.E.K
Wc = (100 - P ).1000.1000.Y (m3/ng)
c c
Vi:
+ Co: hm lng cht l lng BL1
+ E: hiu sut lng %
+ K: h s tnh n kh nng tng lng cn do c c ht l lng (K = 1,1-1,2)
+ Pc: m cn ti (%)
+ Yc: trng lng th tch ca cn ti
b) Lng bn hot tnh d
Trang 158
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
[Co(100 - E) - 100b]Q
Wb = (100 - Pb)106Yb (m3/ng.)
Vi:
+ : h s tnh n kh nng tng trng khng iu ho ca bn hot tnh trong qu trnh x
l sinh hc ( = 1,15-1,25)
+ b: hm lng bn hot tnh tri theo nc ra khi b lng 2
+ Pb: o m bn hot tnh sau khi nn
+ Yb: trng lng th tch ca bn hot tnh
c) Lng rc nghin song chn
100 - P1
Wr = W1.100 - P (m3/ng.)
2
Vi:
+ W1: lng rc trong ngy m vi m ban u P1
+ P1, P2: m rc trc v sau khi nghin
d) Lng cn tng cng metan:
W = Wc + Wb + Wr
e) m TB ca hn hp cn b
C + Bk + RK
P = 100 ( 1 K (%)
W
Vi:
+ Ck: lng cht kh trong cn ti vi m Pc
Wc (100 - Pc)
Ck = 100
+ Bk: lng cht kh trong bn hot tnh d ng vi m Pb
Wb (100 - Pb)
Bk = 100
+ Rk: lng cht kh trong rc sau khi nghin vi m P2
Wr (100 - P2)
Rk = 100
2/ Dung tch b metan theo cng thc
W.100
Wm = d (m3)
Vi:
+ d: lu lng cn trong ngy m dn vo b metan ph thuc m cn (ly theo bng)
d (d m cn %)
Ch ln men
93 94 95 96 97
Am 33oC 7 8 9 10 11
Nng 53oC 14 16 18 20 22

3/ Lng kh t: Trong qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh Metan c sinh ra 1 lng kh t ch yu l

CH4 v mt t CO2.
a - nd
y = 100
Vi:
+ y: lng kh t tu c (m3/kg) cht khng tro
+ a: kh nng ln men ln nht ca cht khng tro trong hn hp cm dn n Metan %.

a = (0,92B + 0,62H + 0,34P)100

Vi:
- B: lng cht bo
- H: hm lng (H, C)
- P: hm lng protein
Trang 159
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trong TH khng xc nh c B, H, P
53 (Co + Ro) + 41Bo
a= Co + Ro + Bo
Vi: - Co, Ro, Bo: Tng ng l lng cht khng tro ca cn ti, rc v bn hot tnh d
v c xc nh:
Ck (100 - Ac)(100 - Tc)
Co = 104
Vi:
+ Ck: lng cht kh trong cn ti (T/ng.)
+ Ac: m cn ti
+ Tc: t l tro trong cn
Rk (100 - Ar)(100 - Tr)
Ro = 104
Bk (100 - Ab)(100 - Tb)
Bo = 104
+ n: h s ph thuc m cn v ch ln men (theo bng)
Gi tr n theo m
Ch ln men
93 94 95 96 97
o
Am 33 C 1.05 0.98 0.72 0.56 0.4
Nng 53oC 0.435 0.385 0.31 0.24 0.17

5/ Lng kh t tng cng c xc nh theo cng thc

K = y (Co + Ro + Bo).1000
5.2.1.2. Hm t hoi
L cng trnh x l sinh hc bc u ca h thng x l nc thi, trong cc tc nhn gy
nhim c phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt di iu kin k kh. S chuyn ha sinh hc xy
ra theo cc hng sau: Chuyn ho cc cht hu c thnh kh sinh hc v cc sn phm hu c
n gin hn
- Gim mt phn N, P do vi sinh vt s dng xy dng t bo
LO 300X300
LO 300X300

CHI TIET HAM T HOAI II

200
100
3500

2900

BE PHAN HUY NGAN LANG 1

300
200

200 2800 300 3500 200

300 300
500 6600 500

MAT CAT A-A

7900
ONG THOAT PHAN D300
ONG DAN NC THAI RA
200

200
300

100

200
570 800

3500

2900

ONG DAN NC THAI RA

NGAN LANG 2
1700

ONG THONG HI D150 NGAN LANG 2 NGAN LANG 1

5900

300
200
4530

BE PHAN HUY
200 5750 300 5750 200
300 300
500 11800 500
NAP THAM
12400

11800

600
800

800
MAT CAT B-B
NGAN LANG 1
5900

5900

O AN TOT NGHIEP
300

ONG THONG HI D150

200

225
275
3500 300 3500 200
300
NGHIEN CU MO HNH BUN HOAT TNH PHUC VU
500 7300 500
THIET KE HE THONG X LY NC THAI TOA NHA
SAIGON CASTLE
MAT BANG CHI TI? T HAM T HOAI II

Trang 160
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
V d p dng : Tnh hm t hoi cho cng trnh XLNT ca ta nh Saigon Castle
Cng trnh SAIGON CASTLE l mt t hp gm 8 khi nh gm 16 lc chung c. Do lu lng nc thi sinh hot ca
mi lc l:
552 : 16 =34,5 m3/ng
t khi A1 v khi A2 chung 1 b t hoi; khi C1 v khi C2 chung 1 b t hoi.
Cc khi B1, B2, B3, B4 mi khi t mt b t hoi.Do ta c tng cng 6 b vi lu lng tng b nh sau:
- B 1 ( ca khi A1 v khiA2 ): 34,5 x 2 = 69 m3/ng
- B 2 ( ca khi C1 v khiC2 ): 34,5 x 2 = 69 m3/ng
- B 3,4,5,6 ( ca cc khi B1, B2, B3, B4 ): 34,5 x 3 = 103,5 m3/ng
Theo tiu chun thit k (TCXD 51 84), lu lng nc thi sinh hot 69 m3/ng v 103,5 m3/ng, chn b t hoi ba
ngn x l s b nc thi sinh hot.
1. Th tch tnh ton chung ca 1 b t hoi: ly khng nh hn lu lng nc thi trung bnh trong 1 2 ngy m (
iu 7.32 TCXD 51 -84), chn 2 ngy m tnh ton, khi :

W1 = W2 = Q1 x 2 ngy = 69 x 2 = 138 m3

W3 = W4 = W5 = W6 = Q2 x 2 ngy = 103,5 x 2 = 207 m3

Trong :
+ Q1, Q2: lu lng nc thi t cc nh v sinh theo ngy trung bnh ca 1 b
Q1 = 69 m3/ng., Q2 = 103,5m3/ng.
+ W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 , W6 : Th tch b 1, b 2, b 3, b 4, b 5, b 6
2. Th tch ngn th nht bng th tch tng cng :
- Th tch ngn 1 ca b 1 v b 2
Wa = 0,5 x 138 = 69 m3
- Th tch ngn 1 ca b 3, b 4, b 5, b 6
Wa = 0,5 x 207 = 103,5 m3
3. Th tch ngn th hai bng th tch ngn th ba v bng th tch tng cng:
- Th tch ngn 2 v ngn 3 ca b 1 v b 2
Wb = Wc = 0,25 x 138 = 34,5 m3
- Th tch ngn 2 v ngn 3 ca b 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Wb = Wc = 0,25 x 207 = 51,75 m3
4. Chiu su cng tc cc ngn ca b t hoi:
- B 1 v b 2
Ly chiu su cng tc bng 2m. Khi din tch cc ngn ca b t hoi l:

W1 138
F1 =F2 = = = 69 m2
H 2
- B 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Ly chiu su cng tc bng 2,5m. Khi din tch cc ngn ca b t hoi l:

W3 207
F3 =F4 = F5 = F6 = = = 82,8 m2
H 2,5
Chn kch thc H x B x L ca cc ngn nh sau:
- B 1 v b 2

Trang 161
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Ngn th I: H1 x B1 x L1 = 2 x 3 x 11,7
Ngn th II v th III: H2,3 x B2,3 x L2,3 = 2 x 3 x 5,75
- B 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Ngn th I: H1 x B1 x L1 = 2,5 x 3,5x 11,8
Ngn th II v th III: H2,3 x B2,3 x L2,3 = 2,5 x 3,5 x 5,9
Hm lng cht bn sau khi qua b t hoi gim v tnh nh sau:
Hm lng cht l lng gim 45%, tc l cht l lng cn li trong nc thi:
220 x (100% 45%) =121 mg/l
Hm lng BOD5 gim: 20 40 %, tc l hm lng BOD5 cn li trong nc thi:
340 x (100% 40%) =204 mg/l.
5.2.1.3. B nn bn
- B nn bn c nhim v lm gim m ca bn
- B nn bn thng thit k dng trn ng.
- Lng cn bao gm
+ Cn x l sinh hc (d)
+ Cn ban u (SS)
+ Cn keo tt phn
TNH TON
1/ Lng cn
P = PSH + PSS + PAl(OH)3
2/ Lu lng bn dn vo b
P
q = 24C (m3/h)
Vi:
+ P: Hm lng cn (g).
+ C: Nng bn m %
(C = Co) (g/m3)
3/ Din tch b nn bn ng
q
F1 = L
q: m3/ng.
L: Ti trng b nn bn 24-30m3/m2ng.
4/ Din tch ng trung tm
q.103
F2 = V .3600.t
2
Vi:
+ V2: Tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm (28-30mm/s).
+ t: thi gian vn hnh (h).
5/ Din tch tng cng
F = F1 + F 2
6/ ng knh ca b
4F
D=

7/ ng knh ng trung tm
4F2
d=

8/ ng knh ng lc trung tm
d2 = 1,35d
9/ ng knh tm chn

Trang 162
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
dc= 1,3d2
10/ Chiu cao phn lng ca b nn bn
h1 = V1.t. 3600
Vi :
+ V1 =0,0001 m/s.
+ t: thi gian lng.
11/ Chiu cao phn nn vi gc nghing , ng knh y (0,2-0,4m) d
D - d
h2 =
2cotg
12/ Chiu cao t y ng loa n tm chn: h3 = 0,25-0,3m
13/ Chiu cao lp nc trung ho: 0,3m

Chiu cao lp bn nn
Hb =h2 - h3 hTH
h3

hTH
h2
Hb

V d p dng: Tnh B Nn Bn cho cng trnh x l nc thi Dt nhum cng sut 1500m3/ngay.em.

Lm gim m ca bn t 99.4% xung 96-97%. Bn v vn ni t b lng c bm vo b nn bn.

Lng bn sinh ra t :
Lng cn t b sinh hc.
Hm lng cn u vo .
Hm lng kt ta hyrxyt nhm sinh ra khi keo t bng phn nhm.

Lng cn t b sinh hc: 107.68 kg/ngy m.

Lng cn l lng u vo trong mt ngy 2.176 (kg/m3) x 1500 (m3/ngy m) = 3264 (kg/ngy m).
Tnh lng Al (OH)3 sinh ra khi thy phn phn Al2(SO4)3.18H2O.
Dng phn hm lng 150 mg/l vi tinh khit 90%. i vi phn nguyn cht 100% th lng phn l 135
mg/l.
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. 2 Al (OH)3
666 156g
135mg x = 31.62 (mg/l).
Lng Al (OH)3 dng trong mt ngy l 0.03162 x 1500 = 47.43 (kg/ngy m).
Vy tng lng cn l : 107.68 + 3264 + 47.43 = 3419 (kg).
Hm lng cn trong 1m3 nc thi: P = 2.28 (kg/m3).
Lu lng bn dn vo b

P x Q 2280 x1500
q= = = 20.35 (m3 / h) = 488.4 (m3 / ngay ).
24 x C 24 x 7000

Trong :
P: Hm lng bn 2.28 (kg/m3).
Q: Lu lng nc thi.
24: Thi gian vn hnh.
C: nng bn m 70%.C = 7000 g/m3.

Din tch b nn bn ng :

q 488.4
F1 = = =18.78 (m 2 )
L 26
Trang 163
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trong :
L: Ti lng b nn bn 24-30 m3 /m2. ngy m.

Din tch ng trung tm:

q 5.6
F2 = = = 0.202 (m 2 )
V2 28
Trong :
V2: Tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm bng 28mm/s.

Din tch tng cng b nn bn ng.

F = F1 + F2 = 18,78 + 0.202 = 18.982 m2..

ng knh ca b nn bn ng:

4F 4 x18.982
D= = = 4.9 (m) . Chn D = 5m.
3.14
ng knh ng trung tm:

4 F2 4 x 0.202
d= = = 0 .5 ( m )
3.14

ng knh phn lc ca ng trung tm:

dL = 1.35 x d = 0.675 (m).

ng knh tm chn:

dc = 1.3 x dL =0.8775.

Chiu cao phn lng ca b nn bn:

h1 = V1 x t x 3600 = 0.0001 x 8 x 3600 = 2.9 m.

Chiu cao phn nn vi gc nghing 450 , ng knh b l 5.0 m v ng knh y l 0.4 m th h2 = 2.3 m.
Chiu cao lp bn nn :

Hb = h2 h3 hTH.
Trong
h2 : khong cch t y ng loe n tm chn 0.25 0.3 m. Chn 0.3 m.
hTH: chiu cao lp nc trung ha:2.3m.

Vy
Hb = 2.3 0.3 0.3 = 1.7 m.

Chiu cao b nn bn :

Hxd = h1 + h2 + 0.25 = 2.9 + 2.3 + 0.25 = 5.45 m.

Trang 164
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

5000

250

500
290

2300

5.2.1.4. Sn phi bn
Sn phi bn l cng trnh s dng nhit mt tri nhm mc ch gim khi lng ca hn hp bn
cn bng cch gn mt phn hay phn ln lng nuc c trong hn hp gim kch thc thit b x
l v gim trng lng phi vn chuyn n ni tip nhn.

S O MAT CAT SAN PHI BUN

1 000 1 000 2

100
1
200

20 7 200
0 6
5

9000
9 400 300 300
2 2200

Mat cat A-A Mat cat B-B

3 000 300
B
800

A A
3000
200

3
10200

9800
3000

8
3200
200200

1 On g tieu
nc bun
2 O n g da n bun
B
3 Lo i xuo n g sa n phi bun

4 n g i

5 Lp soi

6 Lp cat

7 Lp bun

8 K hoa xa bun
Ty le 1:45
Ng a y ve SAN PHI BUN
Nhom Tr n g HDL Ky thuat B a n ve
Con g n ghe
GV HD L AM VNH SN K hoa Mo i trn g so 2

Trang 165
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
r hn ta lm bi tp p dng sau y:

V d p dng: Tnh ton sn phi bn cho cng trnh x l nc thi vi cc thong s cho.
Lng bn hnh thnh bao gm: lng bn ti t b lng I v bn hat tnh d t b lng 2

a) Lng bn t b lng I
Hiu qu x l cn l lng t 94,23%, lng bn ti sinh ra mi ngy l:
Mti = 1000gSS/m3 * 94,23% * 300 m3/ngy = 282690 (g/m3) = 282,69 (kg/ngy)

Lu lng bn ti cn x l:

Q=
M tuoi
=
282,69
S P 1,053 0,05
(
= 5369(l / ngay ) = 5,369 m 3 / ngay )
Trong :
S: t trng cn ti, S = 1,053 kg/l. (bng 13-1-Trnh Xun Lai)
P: nng cn, P = 5% =0,05 ( m 95%) (bng 13-5)

b) Lng bn t b lng II
b Aerotank, lng bn d cn x l mi ngy l 40,62 kg/ngy

Lu lng bn cn x l

Q=
M
=
40,62
S P 1,005 0,01
(
= 4041(l / ngay ) = 4,041 m 3 / ngay )
Trong :
S = 1,005 (bng 13-1-Trnh Xun Lai)
P: nng cn, P = 1% =0,01 (bng 13-5)

Th tch bn a vo sn phi mi ngy

Vb = 5,369 + 4,041 = 9,41 (m3)

Ch tiu thit k: t nng cn 25% ( m 75%)

Chn chiu dy bn 25% l 10 cm, sau 4 tun (28 ngy) 1m2 sn phi c lng cn:
g = V . S . P = 0,1 x 1,4 x 0,25 = 0,035 (tn) = 35 (kg/28 ngy)
Trong :

V = 1m2 x 0,1 = 0,1 m3.

S: t trng bn kh, S = 1,4 (bng 13-1); P = 0,25.

Lng bn cn phi trong 28 ngy

G = 28 x (282,69 + 40,62) = 9052,68(kg)

Din tch sn phi

F=
G 9052,68
g
=
35
= 250 m 2 ( )
Din tch cc cng trnh ph ca sn phi (ng bao, h thu nc, trm bm, ) ly bng 20 % din tch sn phi
bn. Tng din tch sn phi:
Ftng = 1,2 x 250 =300 (m2)

Ta b tr 5 . Din tch 1 :

= 50(m 2 )
250
f =
5
Mi c kch thc: 8 x 6,25 (m). Bn c phi v thu gom theo chu k 28 ngy (1 thng) 1 ln.

Trang 166
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Thng s thit k sn phi bn
Thng s Gi tr
Hnh dng Ch nht
Di 8m
Rng 6,25 m
Chiu cao tng cng 1,04m
Chiu cao lp ct 25 cm
Chiu cao lp si 30cm
Dn ng thu nc:
ng knh 100 mm
dc 1%
Chiu cao bo v 30 cm
Chiu cao dung dch bn = Vb/f = 9,41/50 = 19 cm

H thng ng bm ht bn

Chi tit mt ngn phi

Trang 167