A.

EXPERIMENT TITLE : FIRE EXTINGUISHER

B. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT :
1. To know the types of fire and its extinguished
2. To know the step of using fire extinguisher
C. BASIC THEORY
WHAT IS FIRE ?
Fire is a chemical reaction in which oxygen is combined with a gaseous or
vaporous fuel. This rapid oxidation produces heat and light (flames). Fire
can usually take place only when these three elements are present:
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat (energy)
These 3 elements make up what is commonly called the Fire Triangle

FIRE EXTINGUISHING METHODS :

Fires can be extinguished in one or four ways:
- By cooling: Water is used to cool the burning material below the
temperature at which it starts to burn.
- By smothering: Carbon dioxide (CO2) or foaming agents are used to
smother the burning material so that air is excluded.
- By removing the fuel: This is usually very difficult to do. An example is
turning off a fuel line.
- By disrupting the chemical chain reaction or interrupting the flame:
Dry chemicals or halon are used to do this.

THE TYPES OF FIRE AND ITS EXTINGISHED :

a) Class A
Class A fires involve ordinary combustibles, like wood, paper, cloth,
trash, and plastics. They do not contain
metals, combustible liquids, or
electricity. (Class A fires generally
leave Ashes.) Class A fires can be
extinguished with water. Class A
extinguisher is typically either a
pressurized can of water that can be
sprayed on a fire or a container of
water with a pump mechanism. Class A extinguishers are for use only
on Class A fires. A Class A fire extinguisher is marked with a green
triangle containing the letter A. An alternative method of extinguishing
 a Class A fire is to smother it with a blanket, a gloved hand, or other
material.
b) Class B
Class B fires involve flammable liquids. Typical flammable liquids are
gasoline, oil, grease, paint, and
acetone. Class B fires can be very
difficult to control because they
involve burning nonmetals in a liquid
state. This classification also includes
flammable gases. (Class B fires
generally involve materials that Boil
or Bubble.) Electricity is not present
in Class B fires. A Class B fire is
extinguished with carbon dioxide (CO2) contained in a heavy cylinder
and under pressure. CO2 is very cold when under pressure and displaces
the oxygen around the fire, causing the fire to be extinguished. It should
not be sprayed on people or animals. The use of a Class B extinguisher
usually results in very little mess and no damage to property. However,
avoid breathing CO2. Class B extinguishers may be used to extinguish
both Class A and Class B fires. A Class B fire extinguisher is marked
with a red square containing the letter B.
c) Class C
Class C fires involve electrical equipment. Thus, electricity is always
present. It is often combined with
combustible materials. An additional
hazard of a Class C fire is the
potential for electric shock while
fighting the fire. The fire may be
extinguished, but if the electricity is
not turned off, the fire may rekindle.
(Class C fires deal with electrical
Current). A Class C fire is
extinguished with a dry chemical, which does not conduct electricity.
The chemical is a very fine powder that smothers the fire when applied.
 A disadvantage is the mess the chemical makes when ejected from the
extinguisher. Avoid breathing dry chemical extinguisher powder. Class
C extinguishers may be used to extinguish Class A, Class B, and Class
C fires. A Class C fire extinguisher is marked with a blue circle
containing the letter C.
d) Class D
Class D fires involve combustible metals. Potassium, sodium,
aluminum, and magnesium burn at
extremely high temperatures. Unless
you work in a laboratory or in an
industry that uses these materials, it
is unlikely youll have to deal with
Class D fires. They are uncommon in
agriculture. Burning metal is very
difficult to extinguish, and only Class
D extinguishers are recommended on
burning metal. Class D fire extinguishers are not used on any other
class of fire. The material in a Class D extinguisher is a foam product
that puts out the fire by replacing the oxygen near it. Class D fire
extinguishers are the most expensive. Class D extinguishing equipment
is marked with a yellow star containing the letter D.

P.A.S.S - USE OF A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

PULL
Holding extinguisher upright, twist the pin to break
the plastic safety seal. Pull the pin completely out.

AIM
Aim low. Point the extinguisher
nozzle (or its horn or hose) at the base of the fire not the
flames. This is important - in order to put out the
fire, you must extinguish the fuel.

SQUEEZE
Squeeze the handle. This releases the extinguishing
agent.
 SWEEP
Using a sweeping motion, move the fire extinguisher
back and forth until the fire is completely out.
Watch the fire area. Back away if fire breaks out
again repeat the process.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS SUBSTANCE

a) Dry Chemical
Dry Chemical extinguishers are usually rated for multiple purpose use.
They contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-
flammable gas as a propellant.
b) Halon
Halon extinguishers contain a gas that interrupts the chemical reaction
that takes place when fuels burn. These types of extinguishers are
often used to protect valuable electrical equipment since them leave
no residue to clean up. Halon extinguishers have a limited range,
usually 4 to 6 feet. The initial application of Halon should be made at
the base of the fire, even after the flames have been extinguished.
c) Water These extinguishers contain water and compressed gas and
should only be used on Class A (ordinary combustibles) fires.
d) Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are most effective on Class B and
C (liquids and electrical) fires. Since the gas disperses quickly, these
extinguishers are only effective from 3 to 8 feet. The carbon dioxide is
stored as a compressed liquid in the extinguisher; as it expands, it
cools the surrounding air. The cooling will often cause ice to form
around the horn where the gas is expelled from the extinguisher.
Since the fire could re-ignite, continue to apply the agent even after
the fire appears to be out.

D. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS

1. Materials
Aquades 2,5 L
Sulphuric acid concentrated 95 97 % p.a 54,9
mL
Sodium hydroxyde 80
grams
 2. Equipments
Volumetric flask 1000 mL (1)
Beaker glass 2000 mL (1)
Beaker glass 1000 mL (1)
Beaker glass 250 mL (1)
Graduated cylinder 100 mL (1)
Pipette (2)
Funnel (1)
Digital balance (1)
Electric stove (1)
Stirer from glass (1)

E. STEPS
1. Making NaOH 2 N

Granule of NaOH p.a

Count the mass of NaOH to make 1L of solution 2 N with formula

Measure the empty beaker glass with digital balance

Make the digital balance into nol scale

Measure the mass of NaOH

Boiled 1,5 L aquades in the beaker glass using electric stove

Put the beaker glass into the bucket until the temperature decreased

Pour the aquades into another beaker glass until 500 mL

Put the beaker glass into the bucket

Disolve granule of NaOH gradually

Pour the solution into volumetric flask

Added aquades until meniscus

Shake the volumetric flask until formed homogenous solution

1 L of H2SO4 1 M
 Pour the solution into reagen bottle

Give a label to the reagen bottle as the identity of the solution

2. Making H2SO4 1 M

H2SO4 97% p.a

Count the molarity of H2SO4 1 M

Count the volume of H2SO4 which is needed to make 1 L of

H2SO4 1M

Measure the volume of H2SO4 with graduated cylinder

Added aquades into volumetric flask

F. ANALYSIS Added H2SO4 into volumetric flask

1. Make NaOH solution from granule of NaOH
In this experiments, the first step is count the mass granule of NaOH
Shake the volumetric flask slowly
which is needed to make 1 L solution of NaOH 2M and got the mass
80 1grams
LAdded
of Hof2SO 1 MAfter
aquades
NaOH.
4
until knowing
meniscusthe mass,
Before NaOH dissolved with aquades, 1,5 L of aquades boiled on the
Shake the volumetric flask until formed homogenous solution
electric stove. Boiled aquades aims to make the aquades free of CO2.
AfterPour
aquades boiled, into reagen bottle
the solution
2. Dilute H2SO4 concentrated
In thisGive
experiments,
a label to the
the first
reagenstep
bottle as the identity of the solution
G. CONCLUSION