GII THIU PHNG PHP THIT K MT NG THEO C HC - THC

NGHIM (MECHANICAL - EMPIRICAL PAVEMENT DESIGN GUIDE)

Nm 2008, AASHTO ban hnh Ch dn thit k mt ng bn tm thi (AASHTOs Interim

Pavement Design Guide in 2008) trong ln u tin gii thiu chnh thc phng php thit k
mt ng theo c hc - thc nghim (Mechanical - Empirical Pavement Design Guide). Vy
phng php c hc - thc nghim c g mi so vi cc phng php truyn thng khc?
(*) - AASHO l vit tt ca American Association of State Highway Officials (tm dch: Hip hi
ng b Hoa K) thnh lp nm 1914. n nm 1973, AASHO i tn thnh AASHTO - vit tt
ca American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (Hip hi cu ng b
Hoa K)

1. S CN THIT PHI C MT PHNG PHP THIT K MI

Mc d c p dng rng ri Hoa K v nhiu nc khc, c chnh sa nhiu ln nhng
phng php thit k mt ng thun thc nghim theo AASHTO bc l nhiu hn ch.
Nguyn nhn ch yu l do phng php thit k mt ng thun thc nghim theo AASHTO da
trn kt qu lc hu ca Chng trnh th nghim ng ca AASHO (AASHO Road test),
nhng hn ch ca th nghim ny s phn nh vo phng php thit k:
- Hn ch v ti trng: Chng trnh th nghim ng ca AASHO vo cui nhng nm
50 ca th k trc ch xt n tc ng ca khong 1 triu ti trng trc tch lu. Ngy
nay, lu lng xe ti tng 10 - 20 ln so vi thi nn khi s dng phng trnh thc
nghim, k s thng phi ngoi suy, dn n thit k tha hoc thiu nhiu so vi yu cu.
- Hn ch khi thit k nng cp ci to: Ban u, chng trnh th nghim ng ca
AASHTO khng xt n ng nng cp ci to. Do , ch dn thit k mt ng ca
AASHTO i vi ng nng cp ci to l rt hn ch, c bit l khi p dng vi cc
ng c cng giao thng ln.
- Khng xt n cc c trng khi hu: Chng trnh th nghim ng ca AASHTO ch
c tin hnh mt khu vc nht nh nn cha xt c h hng mt ng di tc
ng ca cc iu kin kh hu khc nhau.
- Hn ch v vt liu: AASHTO 1993 cha xem xt y cc c trng vt liu m ch a
ch s kt cu (Sn), h s lp (a i). i vi cc vt liu mi nh b tng cng cao, b
tng nha polime ... hoc vt liu a phng u cha c nh gi c th
- Thng s k thut ca xe lc hu: H thng treo, b tr trc, loi lp, p sut lp ... c
xt ti trong Chng trnh th nghim lc hu ti 60 nm.
- Cha xt n tui th di hn ca mt ng: Th nghim ch tin hnh trong 2 nm, trong
khi tui th mt ng ngy nay thng ln ti 20 -:- 50 nm.
- Mc phc v PSI (Pavement Serviceability Index) l mt i lng tru tng, n ch
yu ph thuc bng phng theo phng dc ng. Do PSI cha xt c cc h
hng khc ca mt ng nh ln dc, nt do nhit, hng ti cc khe co - gin...
Vi nhiu hn ch nh trn, ngay t nm 1986, ngi ta nhn thy s cn thit ca mt phng
php thit k mi: Phng php c hc kt hp thc nghim. Tuy nhin, phng php mi i
hi mt khi lng tnh ton khng l, cn phi c s tr gip ca my tnh c nhn m thi cn
cha ph bin. Phi n nm 1996, nhm cng tc mt ng AASHTO (AASHTO JTFP), chng

1
trnh nghin cu ng b Quc gia ca M (NHCRP) v Cc ng b lin bang M (FHWA)
mi vch ra k hoch nghin cu c th. T , d n NCHRP 1-37A nm trong khun kh
chng trnh nghin cu ng b Quc gia ca M, khi ng nm 1998 kt thc nm 2005, tip
l d n NCHRP 1-40 va kt thc cui nm 2011 t c cc kt qu sau:
- Ch dn thit k mt ng theo phng php c hc - thc nghim
- Phn mm thit k i km
- Cc ti liu hng dn
Cc ti liu c cung cp min ph ti a ch http://www.trb.org/mepdg/
Ring phn mm thit k i km M-EPDG bn th nghim ngng cung cp vo cui nm ngoi
chuyn sang bn thng mi di tn DARWin-me. Bn c c th download bn th nghim
M-EPDG ti a ch: http://www.4shared.com/rar/zw9tkudQ/MEPDG_1100.html hoc
http://www.mediafire.com/?rnjy6x3g4f6u647

2. TNG QUAN V THIT K MT NG MM THEO PHNG PHP C HC - THC

NGHIM
Phng php thit k mt ng theo c hc - thc nghim c th p dng khi thit k mi hoc
khi phc, ci to nhiu loi mt ng khc nhau nh:
- Mt ng b tng xi mng c khe ni (Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement)
- Mt ng b tng ct thp lin tc (Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement)
- Mt ng b tng nha (Flexible Pavement)
- Mt ng b tng nha hoc b tng xi mng tng cng (Overlay)
Tuy nhin, trong khun kh bi vit tc gi ch xin trnh by v thit k mt ng mm (b tng
nha) theo phng php c hc - thc nghim.
2.1. Trnh t thit k
Bao gm cc bc c th hin trong hnh 2.1
B1. Thit k cu to mt kt cu ban u bao gm: s lp vt liu, loi v chiu dy mi lp, ph
hp vi nhng iu kin c th nh: t nn, c trng vt liu, ti trng, kh hu, iu kin thi
cng

B2. a ra cc thng s trng thi gii hn (cc c trng h hng), c trng cho tnh trng mt
ng cui thi k khai thc. (v d: Mc bin dng khng hi phc, nt do mi, nt do nhit,
g gh ... cui thi k khai thc)

2
 S liu Thng s Thng s c trng
Giao thng nn Kh hu Vt liu

S liu u vo

Thay i Kt cu xut
kt cu

Phn tch
Khng M hnh tnh

Tho mn
h hng m hnh d on
cc trng thi
tch lu ng sut
gii hn

iu kin cc phng n Phn tch

thi cng kh thi chi ph La chn
vng i

La chn
phng n ti u

Hnh 2.1 - Trnh t thit k mt ng theo c hc thc nghim

B3. Chn mc tin cy cho cc c trng trn. Do s sai khc ca vt liu, s thay i ca iu
kin kh hu, iu kin giao thng v cng ngh xy dng, cn phi xt n tin cy trong thit k
kt cu mt ng. xc nh tin cy trong thit k, cc sai s hoc h s sai s ca cc thng
s u vo nh vt liu, kh hu, iu kin giao thng v k c chiu dy lp c xem xt n
ngay t cc bc xc nh thng s u vo t bc (1) n bc (4). Cc ng sut, bin dng xc
nh c theo cc m hnh tnh ton v th bao gm tin cy.
B4. X l cc thng s u vo xc nh: lu lng giao thng trung bnh thng, cc c trng
vt liu theo tng thi k kh hu trong nm, cc c trng kh hu trong sut thi k thit k
B5. Tnh ton ng sut & bin dng ca mt ng khi lm vic s dng m hnh h nhiu lp hoc
m hnh phn t hu hn, bin dng khng hi phc s dng l thuyt do, ng sut nhit s dng
cc phng trnh nhit ng vi mi loi ti trong, mi cp ti trng v mi loi hnh h hng trong
sut thi k thit k
B6. D on cc h hng (ln, nt t di ln, nt t trn xung, nt do nhit) ti cui mi thi k
tnh ton, trong sut thi k thit k, s dng m hnh c hc thc nghim c hiu chnh.
B7. D on pht trin g gh vi g gh ban u, s pht trin cc h hng v iu kin
khai thc.
B8. c lng cc thng s c trng cho tnh trng mt ng cui thi k tnh ton, ng vi
tin cy chn.
B9. Nu cc thng s c trng cho tnh trng mt ng cui thi k tnh ton khng t yu
cu, iu chnh thit k v lp li cc bc t 4 n 8, cho n khi t
2.2. Cc thng s thit k
Cc thng s thit k, tu theo mc chi tit, c chia lm 3 mc (Level):
Mc 1: S liu thu c t cc th nghim, php o trc tip. V d: c trng vt liu rt ra t
th nghim trong phng, s liu m xe.
Mc 2: S liu rt ra t cc mi tng quan vi cc s liu khc. V d: M un n hi ca vt
liu rt ra t gi tr CBR thng qua cc cng thc thc nghim.
3
Mc 3: S liu c trng cho tng vng hoc tng quc gia.
Mc chi tit ca s liu u vo tu thuc: mc nh hng ca s liu n kt qu tnh ton
( nhy ca s liu), tm quan trng ca d n, ngun lc dnh cho d n,
Thng s v giao thng bao gm:
Cc thng s chung: S ln tc dng ca trc xe/ xe tng ng vi cc loi hnh trc xe v
loi hnh bnh xe
H s phn b ti trng trc
Cc h s hiu chnh cho thng s ti trng, bao gm: h s hiu chnh theo thng, h s phn
b loi xe, h s phn b xe ti theo gi, h s tng trng xe hng nm.

Thng s kh hu bao gm: thi gian v nhit khng kh trung bnh ca cc ma trong nm, la
chn ma thit k v thng s iu chnh nhit .

Thng s v vt liu mt ng v nn ng, bao gm:

4
 S cc lp vt liu kt cu o ng, chiu dy ca mi lp
Cc thng s vt liu v t nn bao gm: m un n hi, h s Poisson
Thng s tin cy cho thng s vt liu kt cu mt ng v nn ng, gm c dng
phn b v h s thay i ca thng s tnh ton ca mi lp vt liu lm mt ng.
iu kin lm vic gia cc lp vt liu ca kt cu o ng.

Thng s v trng thi gii hn (Analysis parameter), bao gm:

Nt do mi, phng trnh tnh ton theo iu kin nt do mi l phng trnh c bn Miner
vi cc h s hiu chnh theo th nghim thc t th hin mi quan h gia bin dng ko v
s ln tc dng lp ca ti trng.
Nt do nhit, phng trnh tnh ton th hin quan h gia s vt nt xut hin vi s ln
xut hin ca ti trng. S vt nt xut hin c c t h s ln ng sut ko do chu k
thay i nhit, c tnh ton c xt n c tnh n hi - nht - do ca b tng nha theo
m hnh Maxwell.
Ln vt bnh xe, phng trnh thit k th hin mi quan h gia chiu su vt ln th hin
l tng cng bin dng do ca cc lp vt liu mt ng v t nn vi s ln tc dng ca
ti trng trong mi nh hng ca cc thng s nh nhit v thi gian tc dng ca ti
trng i vi b tng nha, cc thng s vt liu v t nn i vi cc lp mng v vi t
nn.
g gh (IRI), phng trnh thit k th hin pht trin g gh theo s ln tc dng ca
ti trng. Phng trnh c bn l phng trnh ca th nghim AASHO, c hiu chnh theo
kt qu nghin cu th nghim c trng di hn ca mt ng.

5
Gi tr trng thi gii hn c xc nh theo cc cp thit k v ph thuc vo tng d n: tm
quan trng, ngun vn v quan im ca Nh ti tr v/hoc C quan Qun l. Vi nhng ng
c chc nng quan trng v ng cp cao, cc ngng h hng chp nhn s mc thp hn v
ngc li.
2.3. Tnh ton
Phng trnh tnh ton l mi quan h gia thng s trng thi gii hn v cc thng s ph thuc,
th hin s pht trin h hng theo thi gian, ng vi s ln tc dng ca ti trng xe. Vi cc
phng trnh ny, c th tnh c gi tr ca cc ch tiu c trng h hng mt ng ti tng
thi im. Cc biu th hin s pht trin ca mi ch tiu c trng h hng c th thit lp
c theo cc gi tr tnh ton c theo thi gian, bao gm:
ng cong biu din s pht trin t l vt nt do mi (bao gm nt t trn xung (thng l nt
dc), v nt t di ln (thng l nt li)) theo thi gian khai thc :
ng cong biu din s pht trin nt li (nt do mi) theo thi gian khai thc :

ng cong biu din s pht trin nt dc (nt do mi) theo thi gian khai thc :

6
ng cong biu din s pht trin nt ngang (nt do nhit) theo thi gian khai thc :

ng cong biu din s pht trin vt ln (c chiu su ln tng cng v chiu su ln cho tng
lp) theo theo thi gian khai thc .

7
ng cong biu din s pht trin g gh (IRI) theo thi gian khai thc:

So snh s pht trin h hng v gi tr gii hn ca mi thng s xc nh kh nng tha mn

mi trng thi gii hn tnh ton ca kt cu o ng xut, t kt lun v kt cu mt ng
c tho mn yu cu hay khng.

3. MT S KHC BIT NG LU CA PHNG PHP C HC - THC NGHIM SO

8
VI CC PHNG PHP TRUYN THNG
Thng s v ti trng :
Phng php c hc - thc nghim khng cn s dng khi nim ti trng trc tnh ton
(Equivalent Single Axle Load) nh cc phng php bit, thay vo l mt ph ti trng trc
phc tp c suy ra t:
- Lu lng xe nm gc v h s tng trng hng nm
- Thnh phn xe
- Phn trm ti trng trc xe trn tng s trc xe ng vi cc loi trc n, trc i, trc ba,
trc bn v cc cp ti trng t 3000lb (1.36T) n 102000lb (46.27T)
- Phn b lu lng xe cc gi trong ngy, cc thng trong nm.
Cn c vo cc thng s trn, chng trnh c th tnh c chnh xc s lng tng loi trc ng
vi cc cp ti trng ti tng thi im trong sut qu trnh khai thc. C th nhn thy rng,
phng php thit k kt cu o ng theo c hc thc nghim, th hin qua phn mm thit k
M-E PDG yu cu kh chi tit v ti trng v c im ca cc loi ti trng c th gy h hng
cho kt cu o ng (bao gm cc loi xe ti v cc loi xe tng ng xe ti). khai bo y
cc thng tin ny, cn c iu tra chi tit v cu hnh ca cc loi xe v ti trng trc xe. iu tra
ti trng trc s dng thit b WIM c th p ng c y cc ch tiu ny.
Trong iu kin hin ti ca Vit Nam, mi ch c cc d n ln mi thu xp kinh ph cho cc iu
tra giao thng v ti trng trc. Trong tng lai, c th p dng c phng php tnh ton kt
cu o ng theo c hc - thc nghim v phn mm tnh ton M-E PDG, cn c mt hng dn
cho cng tc iu tra giao thng v ti trng giao thng theo , c th thu thp cc s liu
phc v thit k.
Thng s v kh hu :
Khng ging nh cc phng php thit k truyn thng thng n cc thng tin v nhit ,
m... trong cc c trng vt liu, phng php thit k mt ng theo c hc - thc nghim i
hi cc thng s kh hu chi tit sau:
Nhit khng kh trong thi k thit k
Lng ma trong thi k thit k
Vn tc gi trong thi k thit k
Phn trm nng theo gi trong thi k thit k
m (tng i) mi trng theo gi
Chiu su ti mc nc ngm (khng i, hoc theo ma) ti hin trng
Cc s liu kh hu c kt hp vi cc c trng vt liu, dy cc lp, kh nng thot nc
rt ra cc thng tin sau dng trong thit k mt ng mm:
Biu phn b nhiu theo gi trong cc lp vt liu gia c nha
Biu nhit-m theo gi trong cc lp vt liu khc
D on m un n hi theo thng (hoc na thng trong thi k ng bng) ca cc lp vt
liu gia c nha, vt liu khng gia c v cc lp nn.
Ch s ng bng hng nm (Vi cc nc nhit i th khng cn quan tm)
S ngy m trung bnh hng nm

9
 S chu k ng bng tan bng
Chng trnh M-EPDG c sn mt tp d liu kh hu trn ton lnh th Hoa K. Ch cn cung
cp kinh , v ca v tr d n l chng trnh s ni suy cc s liu kh hu cn c vo s liu
cc trm o gn nht.
Thng s v vt liu :
i vi vt liu ri, cn cung cp cc thng s : M un n hi, h s Pot-xng, h s p lc
hng, thnh phn cp phi, ch s do .....
i vi b tng nha, cn cung cp cc thng s: kim ln, nhit ho mm, nht, khi
lng ring, hm lng nha c hiu....
i vi b tng xi mng, cn cung cp cc thng s : Cng , h s gin n nhit, t l nc/ xi
mng, loi ...
Ni chung cc thng s vt liu m phng php thit k mt ng theo c hc - thc nghim yu
cu nhp kh chi tit. Mt s thng s i hi phi c cc th nghim c th ngay t giai on thit
k.
Cc h s hiu chnh phng trnh tnh ton:
m bo tnh chnh xc ca kt qu thit k cho cc khu vc a l khc nhau, cc phng trnh
tnh ton ca phng php thit k mt ng theo c hc - thc nghim c xy dng di dng
m , ngha l phng trnh tnh ton c th thay i thng qua mt h thng cc thng s hiu
chnh.
Qu trnh hiu chnh (calibration) ca phng php c hc-thc nghim nhn chung c 5 bc :
Kim tra cc thng s thit k
Tin hnh phn tch nhy
Tin hnh cc nghin cu so snh
Tin hnh cc nghin cu hiu chnh, chun ho
Sa cc thng s thit k mc nh v hiu chnh cc h s nu cn thit

4. KT LUN
Phng php c hc thc nghim cn tng i mi, c pht trin t phng php thit k
thun tu thc nghim. Phng php c hc thc nghim c u im l kt hp c l thuyt
vi thc nghim, do khng nhng c th thit k c cc kt cu mt ng vi cc iu kin
ti trng, kh hu, vt liu bit, m cn c th dng thit k c cc kt cu mt ng vi
iu kin hon ton mi (xe nng hn, vt liu mi...).
Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c nhc im l: yu cu nhp nhiu thng s thit k vi mc
phc tp khc nhau. Mt s thng s i hi phi c c s d liu iu tra cng phu, c tch
lu trong thi gian di. Khi lng tnh ton kh s, buc phi c s tr gip ca my tnh.
Kh nng p dng phng php thit k mt ng mm theo c hc thc nghim Vit Nam cn
rt hn ch. Trc ht, c s thc nghim ca phng php l cc d liu o c, th nghim trong
lnh th Hoa K, vi c trng kh hu n i, vi trnh cng ngh-thi cng, tiu chun vt liu
v c im giao thng khc vi Vit Nam. Vic trc tip s dng cc thng s thit k, cc h s
hiu chnh ca Hoa K liu c ph hp khng l rt kh tr li. Cn c mt l trnh c th trong
vic xy dng tp d liu cc thng s thit k nh ti trng, kh hu, vt liu... v hiu chnh h s

10
trong cc phng trnh tnh ton cho ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. Hn na, phng php thit
k ny kh phc tp so vi cc phng php truyn thng, i hi ngi thit k phi c thi gian
thch nghi.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. NCHRP Final report, Guide for mechanistic Empirical design of new and reahabilitated
pavement structures, part 3-Design analysis, chap 3, March 2004
2. TS. Trn Th Kim ng - bn khai thc v tui th kt cu mt ng b tng nha, Nxb
Giao thng vn ti, 2010
3. Lun vn thc s ca tc gi

11