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Wind Turbine Tower Design Modification For Reduction of Turbulence and Noise
Wind Turbine Tower Design Modification For Reduction of Turbulence and Noise
Certified that this project report titled WIND TURBINE TOWER DESIGN
MODIFICATION FOR REDUCTION OF TURBULENCE AND NOISE, is
the bonafide work of
P.RAMACHANDRAN (211313101043)
A.VIGNESH (211313101039)
SIGNATURE
We take this opportunity to give profound and heart full thanks to our
project guide Ms. K. ANUSINDHIYA M.E., for this valuable guidance
and advice to complete this project work easily and successfully.
We also thank other staff members and our friends for all their
contributions in making our project possible.
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of the shape
of conventional wind turbines towers in field of turbulence, wake and noise
production. Turbulence produced by the tower has a severe impact on efficiency
of the wind mill when it comes to large scales such as wind mill farms where
the wind turbines are placed in series. The turbulence produced by a wind
turbine travels to the next in the series causing the next wind turbine to
experience more turbulent air flow which induces more vibration and reduces
the efficiency, and this goes on and on. Hence the wind turbines needed to be
placed far from one another which further requires more area to place enough
wind turbines for energy production. Noise is one of the bigger negative impact
of any wind turbines, it has serious environmental impacts and also it affects the
living things directly, even death were recorded because of the noises produced
by the wind turbines, though they were not immediate causes its worthy to
mention its progressive impact on health. In this study, the shapes of wind
turbine tower which is basically has a circular cross section and cylindrical or
curved cylindrical shape are modified so as to attain a better flow through it
which will reduce the wake behind the tower thus ultimately reducing
turbulence and noise.
Keywords: wind turbine, tower, pillar, wind farm, turbulence, noise, wake,
health impacts,
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1-8
1.1 Wind Turbine 1
1.1.1 Wind Turbine Components 1
1.1.2 Wind Turbines Working 3
1.1.3 Types Of Wind Turbines 4
1.2 Wind Turbine Noise 8
1.2.1 Aerodynamic Noise 9
1.3 Wind Turbine Wake 10
1.4 Wind Turbine Turbulence 11
1.4.1 Examples Of Turbulence 12
2
4.2 CFD Results 36
4.3 Graph 42
5 CONCLUSION 44
7 REFERENCES 45
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO
1.1 Wind Turbine Components 2
1.2 Wind Turbine 5
1.3 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine 5
1.4 Savonius Wind Turbine 7
1.5 Vortex wind turbine 7
1.6 Wind Turbine Noise 8
1.7 Wind Turbine wake 10
1.8 Obstruction of Turbulence 12
3.1 CAD model of wind turbine with curved 24
cylindrical Pillar
3.2 CAD model of Wind Turbine with Uniform 25
Circular Pillar
3.3 CAD model of Wind Turbine with Transitional 25
Pillar
3.4 CAD model of Wind Turbine with Airfoil shaped 26
Pillar
3.5 Blade Dimensions 27
3.6 Blade Tip 27
3.7 Dimensions of Various Tower Configurantion 28
3.8 Cross Sectional Dimensions Of Various 28
Configuration
3.9 Meshing of Blade Profile 29
3.10 Meshing of Blade Profile with Generator and 29
Tower
3.11 Mesh Refinement of pillar near ground 30
3.12 Domain configuration 31
3.13 Meshing of Domain 32
3.14 Meshing of MRF 32
3.15 Volume mesh 33
3.16 Volume mesh of MRF 33
4.1 Solution Convergence History of Equations 36
4.2 Pressure Distribution over the wind turbine blade 37
3
surfaces
4.3 Static Pressure Distribution over the pillar 37
4.4 Velocity Distribution at the bottom of the pillar 38
4.5 Static Pressure Distribution around the bottom of 38
the pillar
4.6 Turbulence Intensity at the bottom of the Pillar 39
4.7 Turbulence Intensity at the top of the Pillar 39
4.8 Pressure and Velocity Distribution at the top side 40
of the Pillars
4.9 Velocity Vector Plot around the Pillar 41
Configurations
LIST OF GRAPHS
GRAPH NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
4.1 Drag force variation (Wind Turbine) 42
4.2 Drag force variation (Tower) 42
4.3 Turbulence intensity of various configurations 43
4
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO NO
3.1 Number of Nodes and Elements in mesh 30
3.2 Boundary Conditions 35
4.1 Overall Drag Force Comparisons 41
NOMENCLATURE
L Length, mm
D Diameter, mm
V Volume, cubic meter
P Pressure, Pascal
S Entropy, joule
T Temperature, kelvin
ABBREVATIONS
CAD Computer Aided Model
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
FEM Finite Element Method
NGV Nozzle Guide Vane
MRF Multi Rotating Fluid Flow
PIV particle image velocimetry
WT Wind Turbine
BC Boundary condition
LES Large Eddy Simulation
BEM Blade Element Momentum
AWEA American Wind Energy Association
CanWEA Canadian Wind Energy Association
TWR Thrust to Weight Ratio
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Wind turbines are the evolution of the classic windmills that can be seen
in the rural areas of the world. Their purpose is to reduce reliance on fossil
fuels to create energy and also to create energy in a less wasteful manner. They
operate by using the kinetic energy of the wind, which pushes the blades of the
5
turbine and spins a motor that converts the kinetic energy into electrical energy
for consumer use.
Wind Turbines are rotating machines that can be used directly for grinding or
can be used to generate electricity from the kinetic power of the wind. They
provide the clean and renewable energy for both home and office use. Wind
Turbines are a great way to save money and make the environment clean and
green.
Wind turbine systems are made up of many different pieces of equipment that
all serve a purpose in delivering electricity where it is intended to go. Of those
many different pieces, the below list serves as a general blueprint for the main
components that can and often times will be found in wind turbine systems
regardless of the type of design.
Rotor The rotor is made of blades that are attached to a center piece.
The blades are shaped such that when the wind pushes against them
they turn.
6
Figure 1.1 Wind Turbine Components
Low-Speed Shaft Attaches to the rotor and turns as the rotor turns
on a 1:1 ratio.
Gear Box Serves the same function as a car, the rotor spins slowly as
the wind pushes against it and the gearbox or transmission increases
that rotational speed for the generator.
Wind Vane Detects direction of wind and adjusts the rotor and
nacelle to compensate.
Yaw Drive Keeps the rotor and therefore the turbines facing the
wind.
7
Tower Elevates the aforementioned components to an altitude that
optimizes wind exposure.
The total contraption of magnets and conductors make up the generator. Using
the wind to turn blades creates the force needed to turn the magnets or the coil
of conductor which in turn creates electricity. Below is a step by step process
that highlights the methods by which a wind turbine actually comes to produce
electricity.
1. Tower is constructed in such a way which puts the wind turbine system at
the correct altitude where wind travels at a higher and more constant rate.
2. Rotor blades are exposed to wind which forces them to start turning.
4. The gearbox takes this slow rotational speed and through correct gearing
turns it into a faster rotational speed.
5. The high-speed shaft, which is on the outgoing end of the gearbox and
connected to a generator, spins at a higher rate of speed.
8
6. The generator spins at this high rate of speed which spins magnets around
a coil of metal wire and generates electricity.
7. The electricity travels from the generator through wires to the necessary
applications whether it be direct appliances or a battery.
There are two main types of wind turbines that can be seen in design and
implementation in the wind energy industry today. The first and most common
type is the horizontal axis wind turbine that relies on a horizontal shaft that runs
perpendicular to the blades which spin vertically. These wind turbine systems
can be seen in use in major wind farms as well as solo operations.
The second type which is less common among the wind energy industry is
the vertical axis wind turbine. As one might be able to infer, the vertical axis
turbine has a vertical shaft in which the blades or rotor are connected to and
spin horizontally. There are many variations of the vertical axis wind turbine but
the major benefit is that maintenance is easier because the gearbox and
generator are more accessible.
This is the standard type of wind turbine where the low-speed shaft
that connects to the rotor is horizontal. There are various ways to
construct this wind turbine but they all follow the same concept as
outlined above. The rotor spins with the wind and the rotational kinetic
energy is converted to electrical energy through a generator
9
Figure 1.2 Wind Turbine
The following are different variations that come from vertical axis wind
turbine systems. Many of these were engineered decades ago and are no longer
seen in use today, however the designs for these have been adapted and
10
tweaked such that newer models can be developed that are more efficient with
less problems than the older ones.
a. Darrieus Wind Turbine This vertical axis wind turbine uses curved
blades that rotate and creates an internal force of wind that enables the
rotor to spin at high speeds regardless of the wind speed. The downside of
this is that this turbine generally requires an external motor to start
spinning
11
e. Vortexis Wind Turbine This is the most recent development of
vertical axis wind turbines. It has seen use in Afghanistan and Iraq by
special forces needing to power their
devices. This turbine has two sets of
blades, one smaller set that sits in a
circle and one bigger set that
surrounds the smaller set in a larger
circle, that act in a gearbox like
fashion. The outer set of blades use
the wind to spin and by that set of Figure 1.5 Vortex wind turbine
blades spinning they force their own wind to turn the smaller inside set of
blades. These blades are connected to the shaft which then turns a
generator.
12
1.2 WIND TURBINE NOISE
13
1. Except under laboratory conditions, a change in sound level of 1 dB
cannot be perceived.
2. Doubling the energy of a sound source corresponds to a 3 dB(A)
increase
3. Outside of the laboratory, a 3 dB change in sound level is considered a
barely discernible difference.
4. A change in sound level of 5 dB will typically result in a noticeable
community response.
5. A 6 dB(A) increase is equivalent to moving half the distance towards a
sound source.
6. A 10 dB increase is subjectively heard as an approximate doubling in
loudness, and almost always causes an adverse community response.
7. The threshold of pain is an SPL of 140 dB(A)
14
3) Airfoil Self Noise. This group includes the noise generated by the air
flow right along the surface of the airfoil. This type of noise is typically of a
broadband nature, but tonal components may occur due to blunt trailing edges,
or flow over slits and holes.
1.3 WIND TURBINE WAKE:
What is Wind Turbine Wake?
As the flow proceeds downstream, there is a spreading of the wake and
the wake recovers towards free stream conditions. The wake effect is the
aggregated influence on the energy production of the wind farm, which results
from the changes in wind speed caused by the impact of the turbines on each
other.
15
layers, with no disruption between those layers. Turbulence is commonly
observed in everyday phenomena such as surf, fast flowing rivers, billowing
storm clouds, or smoke from a chimney, and most fluid flows occurring in
nature and created in engineering applications are turbulent. Turbulence is
caused by excessive kinetic energy in parts of a fluid flow, which overcomes the
damping effect of the fluid's viscosity. For this reason turbulence is easier to
create in low viscosity fluids, but more difficult in highly viscous fluids. In
general terms, in turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear of many sizes which
interact with each other, consequently drag due to friction effects increases. This
would increase the energy needed to pump fluid through a pipe, for instance.
However this effect can also be exploited by such as aerodynamic spoilers on
aircraft, which deliberately "spoil" the laminar flow to increase drag and reduce
lift.
16
Figure 1.8 Obstruction of Turbulence
Smoke rising from a cigarette is mostly turbulent flow. However, for the
first few centimeters the flow is laminar. The smoke plume becomes
turbulent as its Reynolds number increases, due to its flow velocity and
characteristic length increasing.
Flow over a golf ball. (This can be best understood by considering the
golf ball to be stationary, with air flowing over it.) If the golf ball were
smooth, the boundary layer flow over the front of the sphere would be
laminar at typical conditions. However, the boundary layer would separate
early, as the pressure gradient switched from favorable (pressure decreasing
in the flow direction) to unfavorable (pressure increasing in the flow
direction), creating a large region of low pressure behind the ball that creates
high form drag. To prevent this from happening, the surface is dimpled to
perturb the boundary layer and promote transition to turbulence. This results
17
in higher skin friction, but moves the point of boundary layer separation
further along, resulting in lower form drag and lower overall drag.
The oceanic and atmospheric mixed layers and intense oceanic currents.
The external flow over all kind of vehicles such as cars, airplanes, ships
and submarines.
18
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
19
Twin airfoil design, the tower comprises two separate, spaced apart airfoils.
Each airfoil comprises a curved outer Wall and a relatively flatter (less curved)
inner Wall connected along a rounded leading vertical edge and along a
relatively narrower trailing edge. The inner Walls are spaced apart and face each
other. Each airfoil has a cross-sectional airfoil shape along all or a substantial
portion of its height, with a major chord extending from the leading vertical
edge to the trailing vertical edge and a minor chord running perpendicular to
inner Walls and intersecting the major chord at the area of maximum airfoil
thickness. Each airfoil is asymmetrical about its major chord.
22
wind farm are also presented that show amplitude modulation. This paper also
discuss about some concepts for noise control in a wind turbine such as Passive
Noise Control method which is the direct and most efficient method which can
be carried out as changing the blade shapes according to the surroundings. And,
an Active Control Method which deals with monitoring the phase of each blade
in a wind farm, small adjustments to the rotor blade pitch or brake to alter the
blades phase and ensure a noise reinforcement. Also the problems in both of
these methods also discussed in a short form.
Conclusion
This paper has reviewed the major sources of aerodynamic noise on
modern horizontal wind turbines. A brief analysis of the time and frequency
scales of two dominant noise sources for a modern wind turbine was presented.
Its directivity ensures that trailing edge noise from a wind turbine will have its
amplitude modulated with time at the blade passing frequency. While the
amplitude modulation occurs at low frequency, it cannot be considered a low
frequency noise source. Blade Tower Interaction (BTI) noise was analyzed
using a first order model and its frequency content was found to have maximum
energy at 2.2 Hz.
23
The objective of this paper is to address health concerns associated with sounds
from industrial-scale wind turbines. Inevitably, a report funded by an industry
association will be subject to change of bias and conflicts of interest. American
Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and Canadian Wind Energy Association
(CanWEA) have minimized bias and conflicts of interest to the greatest possible
extent through selection of a distinguished panel of independent experts in
acoustic, audiology, medicine and public health. This project also discussed
about some methodology with three steps of the basis for this report: Formation
of an Expert panel, Review of literature Directly Related to Wind Turbines and
Review of Potential Environmental Exposures. This paper explained about their
overview and discussions on the topic of the Wind Turbine operation and human
auditory response to sound, Sound exposure from wind turbine operation,
potential adverse effects of exposure to sounds, peer-review literature focusing
on wind turbine, low frequency.
CONCLUSION
2. Sub audible, low frequency sound and infrasound from wind turbines do not
present a risk to human health.
3. A major cause of concern about wind turbine sound is its fluctuating nature.
Some may find this sound annoying, a reaction that depends primarily opposed
to intensity of the sound level.
Schmidt JH,Klokker M
24
This paper describes the Wind Turbine Noise Exposure and suspected
health related effects have attracted substantial attention. Various symptoms
such as sleep-related problems, headache, tinnitus and vertigo have been
described by subjects suspected of having been exposed to wind turbine noise.
This review was conducted systematically with the purpose of identifying any
reporting associations between wind turbine noise exposure and suspected
health related effects. In this project the wind turbine emit noise, including low
frequency noise ,sleep disturbance and possibly even psychological distress was
present in the literature. Currently, there is no further existing statiscally
significant evidence indicating any association between wind turbine noise
exposure and tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo or headache.
CONCLUSION
Exposure to wind turbine does seem to increase the risk of annoying and self-
reported sleep disturbance in a dose relationship. There appears though, to be a
tolerable level of around Laeq of 35DB.Of the many other claimed health
effects of wind turbine noise exposure reported in the literature, however, no
conclusive evidence could be found. Future studies should focus on
investigations aimed at objectively demonstarting whether or not measurable
health related outcoms can be proven to fluctuating depending on exposure to
wind turbine.
25
resolved flow field from a computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of
the fluctuation in the flow around the blade. The Large EDDY Simulation (LES)
CFD method was used to simulate the flow field because of its ability to solve
fluctuations of interest. Aero acoustic noise may be reduced by modifying blade
geometries. The acoustic simulation was covered by analysis of the sound of the
wind turbine using the CFD Software. The various methodology such as
Geometry and Boundary Conditions, Mesh generation using HYPERMESH
software and at last method was CFD Simulation.
CONCLUSION
This project concludes that the leading edges hooks have been shown to
reduce the noise levels,however the frequency range of noise reduction is
limited by the chord size.The relationship between tha far field noise and
size,number and the curvature of the hooks should be further
investigated.Additionally the effects of upstream turbulence intensity need to be
investigated.
This paper presents the result of 3-D and time accurate CFD simulations
on wind turbine rotor. The 3-d unsteady parallel, finite volume flow solver
.PUMA2, is used in the simulation. Some information on the current work in
progress towards Large Eddy Simulation (LES), including details about the
viscous grid and the implementation of wall-functions are also discussed.
26
Comparison of sectional pressure coefficient distribution with experimental data
show good agreement. These CFD result can be used for the far-field noise
predictions based on the Fowcs William Hawkings methods (FW-H), which
can provide a first-principles prediction of both the noise, in the context of the
wind turbine application.
CONCUSION
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodology
This chapter explains the overall methodology carried
out during the project execution of Wind Turbine Tower Design
Modification simulation. It includes the CAD model preparation,
Domain Discretization, Boundary Conditions and Solution
Convergence. The below chart gives the methodology
sequence followed to carry out the simulation of various shapes
of Wind Turbine Tower.
27
3.2 CAD MODELING
28
Figure 3.1 CAD model of wind turbine with curved cylindrical tower
The above given CAD model describes the default configuration mostly
used in current wind turbine pillars, these pillars are effective in terms of
structural rigidity. This model is taken as the base line configuration for this
research purpose. The bigger diameter in the base provides higher structural
rigidity and eliminates vibration upto some considerable level. Comparatively
smaller diameter on the top provides somewhat smoother airflow around it,
though the higher the wind turbine goes, the greater the effect of turbulence and
wake behind it. Hence, the following models have been chosen as an effective
substitute for the conventional wind turbine tower. Also the dimensions of
various parts are given in the following chapters.
Figure 3.2 CAD model of Wind Turbine with Uniform Circular Pillar
29
Fig 3.2 depicts a much similar condition to the default used pillar, the
shape is uniformly circular tower, though it seems lack in structural rigidity in
the base part, its a considerable shape in view of aerodynamic point. These
shapes are being used in small scale turbines and proved to be efficient as well.
The cross section for the wind turbine shows that this specification has the
simplest geometry which is uniform in terms of length and radius from its root
to tip.
Fig 3.3 depicts another configuration of the wind turbine pillar which is
called as transition case. In this case, the shape of the tower transforms from a
circular base to an airfoil shaped top on which the generator is placed. As the
airfoil shape is proven to be the best shape for reducing aerodynamic wake and
in turn reduces the turbulence, its chosen to be on the top side. Though the
shape is differ from the base shape, to retain the structural integrity, the basic
cylindrical shape has not been altered, and an addition of tail like structure has
been added behind the tower to get the airfoil shape.
30
Figure 3.4 CAD model of Wind Turbine with Airfoil shaped Pillar
31
Figure 3.5 Blade Dimensions
32
Figure 3.7 Dimensions of Various Tower Configuration
33
Figure 3.9 Meshing of Blade Profile
Meshing of the Blade profile is done with Hypermesh tool, the element
size is limited to 3 and the shape chosen for meshing is triad which is shown at
the Fig 3.9 and pillar meshing is shown in Fig 3.10
34
Figure 3.11 Mesh Refinement of pillar near ground
Table 3.1 consist of information about the number of nodes and elements
in each configuration and it also gives details about the exact number of surface
mesh and volume mesh details.
The minimum size meshes are used in areas where the details plays an
important role and more details need to be captured. This size gives fine mesh
35
around the hub, ground and also on tower and blades. The maximum size
meshes have been used in less detailed areas like the free flow air.
3.4 DOMAIN
Domain consist of the free flow airstream before and behind the wind
turbine, this domain has been chosen carefully such that it consist of
comparatively larger area behind the tower in order to capture the turbulence
and wake property behind the wind turbine more clearly.
36
Figure 3.13 Meshing of Domain
Volume mesh is typically denotes every solid and fluid part, to give
values for every dimensions it is needed to volume mesh the component.
37
Figure 3.15 Volume mesh
Fig 3.14 shows the cross cut-sectional view of volume meshed domain
along with MRF, this shows the element size which is fine meshing thus enables
the more data capture. Fig 3.15 shows the cut-sectional view of volume meshing
of MRF in detail, which is in turn more refined than the domain mesh, because
it involves more complex operation and also induces dynamic velocity and
pressure.
38
An important initial concept for CFD analyses is that of boundary
conditions. Each of the dependent variable equations requires meaningful values
at the boundary of the calculation domain in order for the calculations to
generate meaningful values throughout the domain. These values are known as
boundary conditions and can be specified in a number of ways.
39
3. Blade surface, Wall Standard wall
Pillar, Hub, with no- slip,
Generator, Rotational
5. Fluid Zone Air Density = 1.22
kg/m3
6. Turbulence K-Epsilon 5% Intensity with
Hyd. diameter
CHAPTER 4
The converged solutions are post processed with Ansys-Fluent Solver and
various contours and plots are obtained for comparing the performance of
various shapes of the tower.
Figure 4.2 shows the static pressure distribution over the wind turbine
blade surfaces. From the figure it is observed that the pressure side and suction
side of the wind turbine blades are predicted properly using MRF computational
methodology. The maximum pressure is predicted at the hub region as well as
the frontal portion of the blade surfaces which in turn produced the lift. Also it
can be noticed that the static pressure at over the rear generator surfaces are
comparatively at low pressure distributions which is expected in aerodynamic
point of view.
41
Figure 4.2 Pressure Distribution over the wind turbine blade surfaces
Figure 4.3 shows the static pressure distribution over the pillar of circular
configuration. It is seen from the contour that the static pressure raises at the
frontal surfaces of the pillar and it decreases over the side surfaces. This is due
to the fact that the flow straight away strikes the pillar and becomes stagnant
and expands around the pillar and hence to for a weaker wakes behind it. The
comparison of various pillar can be very well explained by taking a cross plane
across the vertical direction.
42
configuration. Figure 4.5 shows the static pressure distribution around the pillar
Curve
d
at the bottom side. It is clearly visible that the pressure is evenly distributed in
Circul transitional configuration while comparing with other configurations.
ar
Figure 4.5 Static Pressure Distribution around the bottom of the pillar
Figure 4.6 depicts the turbulent intensity obtained at the bottom of the
pillar. A strong turbulence is formed in all four configurations out of which the
flow turbulence is very much significant in baseline, circular and air-foil
configurations.
43
Figure 4.6 Turbulence Intensity at the bottom of the Pillar
Figure 4.7 predicts the turbulent intensity obtained at the top side of the
pillar. It is clearly visible that the topside turbulence is more in all four
configurations. But the maximum intensity exits in circular configuration.
44
Figure 4.8 Pressure and Velocity Distribution at the top side of the Pillars
Figure 4.8 shows the variations of static pressure and velocity distribution
around the pillar at the top side. It gives a overall comparison of all four
configurations together. This comparison evidently depicts that the airfoil and
transitional configurations predicts the flow with low wake strength with
minimum static pressure rise in the frontal region.
Figure 4.9 shows the velocity vector plot around the pillar. This shows the
flow turning and wake formation around the pillar. It is clearly visible that the
45
baseline configuration produces more expansion and hence more wake strength
while comparing the other configurations.
46
4.3 Graphs
Graph 4.1 shows the comparison data of various shapes and the drag
force produced by the entire wind turbine structure. Whereas the graph 4.2
depicts the drag force produced only by the tower structure of the Wind turbine.
47
Turbulence Intensity
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Graph 4.3 depicts the variation of turbulence intensity around and behind
the tower for all the configurations together. Its evident that the translational
configuration has the lowest turbulence intensity of all configurations.
48
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
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49
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