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bG fdG e je Y G Y QcdGh hdGh LQG hDd fdG
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rdGh pfEG pAd pMQCG uhdG p G fdG p SCd tdG icdG gh pdG oqjM{ m T d oueDoj dG eGdG M SQ YCG CG OQCG dG dH d hH J fCG k qhCG
m oe p LCG e kFGO ppaG nhH e moe HY xK m he ncCG ,zIjL c{ pbfE oITdG icdG gh jOdG naJ oVj dG eCG ,zG Y Mh fdG e QN H oj CG CG :icdG g AME
,zQdG{ pU pS nnJ ,vjOh vbY udG uQG pdG p TCG oc pa ojnJ WGOh OqJ mQqoe .eG QO adG iGh .d jdG H fdG bGe QN
QT H b pLCG e resb dG pIqG pdG e ,GYCG b SCd dG icdH iNCG g rMG dG fdG dG SM uoHh MCG CG QWEG Gg tOhCG QdG U je dG jCG cTCG CG qOhCG Gdh
,kGOoNh kYTEG ncCG mch kGpM gnAeO GVanCG jdG (b Sh jJ GL) pFHCG e p jT S ;dG Y SQ gh JM eqb jdG .QWEG Gg icdG H dH Md
d 2006 dG Gd dG adG jM IFL qJ dG jG dH loe fdG ooe g gh jT Ve gc fc d .jJ GLh b .c M j MG Gg CG g dG MJQG Qe EG
u nU kGHCGh kFGO nabh mIqe uoc c nqcDod zjT e qG IdG{ `H dG oJ dG fdG fjdG jQhV g c dG dGh dG jM LCG e SGG qjgG dG EG f CG SH OH c
pffEG pId kSGh ,fdG o dG pedG OG nAGQh kS naCG mffEG pAH p LCG e dG pQGMCG Ye H QTCG fCG GYEG .ffEG J LCG e dG EG ?dG AH LCG eh dG H bdG Hd
...edGh pWGdGh paG Y m Fb m L pHJ p LCG e pjdG Jqe VJ dG zQdG{ U oHJ dG OGG fCG CG fd dG jQCdG j dG H f dG
...eCGh pAdGh pQdH kIoe k oT nj CG qEG o Gc kYLEG EG .cCH d dN eh Sb Hd QT N .zqG dGz SEG Y WCG e gh fOLh b j
pjQdG pjQe uoc p Yd fdG pe e mH kGj p dH pddG JOS Y d nqYoCG CG tOhCG fEa pSG Hh dG j zfc ejZ fdG{ IFL CH f qgCGh H LhQ dG e W dG dG Gg j
q oT pLCG e dG odG pffG p oG peN f n nVnCG rnCGh pnN EG poe e HdG poe pffEGh qdG gh ;Ic fd WGe EG dG g e b mGOSGh m Uof e kSGh moe n GhQO
gpQoM EG mLH pHdG p hdG qoc ndG fCGh fG nX H kGc kGQhO pG pd CH oeDhoCG fC fdG oe eCS .ZEG dh iNCG g VqJ dG jT e poe p SG njQGSEG cDJ fdG TQCG e
... pUNEG p jOe nL pncnQeh Gg d ,IFG g fjS jCG H H kqSQ .LGh dG cG jOJh SCJ e
p UEGh pj ,pjnJ p LCG e 2002 GQJe hjc dG e kMW kcJhoH oqb nh rnCG nS Gg p LCG eh ,dG FGG jV c SH ,j CG e hdG ReG g eh ofgdG J jCG Oof CG ndG Y Lj
p dG paK p Jh ioc mjnJ njQ p Vd onj onJ ka CGH dGh ShCG pdG udG p dG .ffEG jGh SSCG jG T ,JY Y J dG G N ,Yh .jqdG
gh zIjL c{ mnY mIH t c dGh pFGdG fdG p h qodG qdG EG paVEH pWGdG pAHh jG dG ,jRdG dG .JGSG HdG GP jOGh SG Of CG
.YOh pjYQ n nITdG onS oQoj ndG QW ffG{ dG Gg e e QNEG H LCG e oeQdG ocG T ,G e ITe AfG H
mGS pIY nH dG nUCG bh me oc HdG nQdG onJ dG iodG oqHdG oG g zIjL c{ qEG dG hG gh zIjL c{ gfh zAdG H gH fd S kGc kGQ jdG LEG
pfEG pAHh paG pf p LCG e ,FGqobh pdG Ye H oe qoH kGLh qHdG pJVM kaK kM nU pSCJ e U 91`dG Ea bfG e YO fdG d eqb dG dP J .bNCd QL H dH SM
.dGh pGQG pQGM pnY HdG fdG iU f b J Y efH cQG MG H gL gc f Vd jHdG d
:fd dG icdG S pc dG jG dG e nbCG CG G tOhCGh H J CH dP Y d AGdG e jG H e nRhoH CG c .GG Gg IQGdG be fdG
...ubQ p oSh gpQJ p oSnJh p jG pASQEGh phdGh pQGGh fd bNCG p dEG Y negEG nqcof CG Y qEG{ icdG eqf CG jf e AGdGh WGG c jCG OJ fc dG Wd a Oc ffd G GdG
nQhO CGh pAdG pQ nW kFGO g - Hc GY g c - kM ffEa zfd G p odG pSG pIOYEG LCG e .b c e gTCG fCa Gdh dG qSSCG ge T b HdG He dG GS
.g pdG pJne p YO nVGG ngoe nuboCG CG aq ond fEGh pFdG pG pg ocQG g fdG CG e g HdG dG eH dG f Ea dGh oQoj ofnb nUCG H d IjL jDhQ LCG e fd
LdG e kbfEG jG dG qjGC JQOe H j .ffEG e LCG e jM jDhdG g QU ie CG EG
eBG c d .e IQOh fdG jYQ q dG Gh d dG j CG MbEG kT fCGh
EG eHh QaCH dG dG Gg j CG IQGH AHh dG dGh LddGh dG bNCGh
fdG dG G g c HdG dG AGb jCG SCG hCG e ,QaCG fEG jM Y FdG aG
YO H TCG N kGe kGeCG S e Ggh .jfGh .QNG Gg dG DG qbCG bh Gg fd fdG
S fEG .hH e e dH zQdG{ SDe f b fdG CG oj dG Gg EG mH e odG EG
YG FGdG hG eCGY bT dG TCGh kGL feCGh L e oSG :GQOG e Yf GhdG Y
hG Gg R kGL Nqj dG fdG id Gd j dGh fdG dSQ HdG SSCG Sd
.jGdG e Ja fc dGh eH .iNCG L e zdG Y dG M aQ{ EG
QW dGR e ggH ffG CG dG Gg qoj SME ddG dG bGdG OG g
e Ea Gdh .b ke h kIe d gh AdG fCG M j dG MG Gg IdG IOdH
fd d fCGh QGSH dP LCG e dG LGh .ic qej U e j
.G g eCG Jh J CG g SCdG G gbCG dG OG qhCG EG bGdG
d ke j gh .zIQdGh dH QaCG fEG qjM{
cTCG G{ Y SCG dG bdG f h iNCG OG
.zdG FdG GMEGh IGhGh eGd WGdG

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.1967 -1965 fdG dH dG IJSC jHJ kLeh kbGe Y
,HdG eG eL,GOBG H eSEG dGh dG PSCG
.1967 e
dG dG 2005 hCG IQhdG zIjL c{ IFH Ra
.jdGh dG SGQdG Y hG YGQ HG Y H
.kdM Ye
:H e G dMh dG dDG e GdG d
1971 eSEG jQdG fhN jf e :dhdGh dG
1980 dG KGJ IUe GAGb :GdGh f
1982 jf SGQO :UG HdG G
1984 HdG dG jJ
1986 HdG dG H
1988 UG HdG dG dTEG
1988 dGh KGG ..jdGh UG :UG G LCdG EG kUh fdG Me YCG dG HdG dG Ph adG OEG P Hh
1990 HdG SdG dG
1990 M M .O e QGM : Gh G QGM
1991 b`eh SGQO :KGGh GdG
1995 TQ HG f h M HG ,eSEG HdG IQG G
1995 dGh...SEGh HhdG : jdG dCe
1996 jdG Jh dhdGh jdG
1996 HdG dG hG
1997 fEG Mh WGdG
1998 ah IS :TQ HG
2001 HdG adG dG d jf SGQO :HdG bNCG dG
e QU ,jT Qj G c M c S) zbGe{ S kM UH iQdG CGe bj e ,kGc bJ Yh fEG M aK EG ,cDj ,eSEG
(.kGOY N e cCG BG M
fSEGh ,dJdGh jEGh djEG) dG EG JdDe e OY LJ eJ fc e jG dG MbG e H eh L e ,eSEG HdGh G HQhCG jdG
.(dG hCG OGYEG fhfEGh fHdG EG LdGh jdG dG CG EG d .fEd edG QGh QG Gh hdG K Y J fEd
IMGh HG dj (fEG Mh WGdG)
SdG GdGh dG G jb RHCG e
.UG Y
fEG Mh WGdG b CG dP
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O J h ,AGS M Y dGh G
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dP e SSCG QDd qodG G e jdG
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gGQ NdG dG d LGe h
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jQG QXh (hCG HdG SG) Me
HdG jdG gGh QaCGh SdG
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N e WGdG b dd ( jGh
hCG zMGREG{ H e gj dG GQN
.d jQdG fG f hdGh SQG ME HfG YdG CG zQdG{
JG hCG ,WGdG e kGOe kbe bh IUG HdG LdjjCG EG L H Mjh
adG G Gg LGe HG j Gg LCh ,jJ bCG Y dG YH j kbe dM
.keY HdG GdGh HdG
dG QdG he fY edG IdG he hCG SG REG hCG dhdG J jdhCG jQP
ALQEGh LCdG e fY ,ke kYLG keh ,YdGh SQG Y e aK UH WGdG f
.HdG SdG dG MG
dhdG f{h zIQdG dhO{ H jh WGdG e aN Y J LCG Kd UQ N eh
jOMCG SDG g TCJh ,WGdG T hCG dGdG T dhdG f hCG fh zjdG
WGdG EG dG gCG Oj dhdG Y G G G SDe Zh ObG Y jcG
.dG a Cf dG jQdG hdG IQSG f afH dh ,e gQJ LM UH
,H gJ EGh ,GdH G Gg H ,HdG SG Me e HG bfG d
H fEG M Y IMGh hJ OJ dG dG SCG SGQO f ,hG e ah Y
H UG G JgX a SJ dG bdG eSEG HdG adGh HdG adG
aK SJ f J iNCGh jFdG eG fEG M GQT XH J :hCG fEG
gCG EG d ,dG Gg HdG adG UNh HdG bGdG e J IOYEGh fEG M
.H aQ hCG MO b H dG IOYEGh ,eSEG dG GJ fEG M aK UCJ
HdG adG e HQe N e ,fEG dG YEG SSCG jG bj PEGh
dG H e fEG e QJ He e kGe ,cG Y LGh gh ,cG Y ed
.e fEd SSCG G J e gMh g fG f dhdG GfGh

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3
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
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eO jJ QY H jdG S cH dU SDG
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GQeEG G HdG QM HOCG QqG
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VjdG VjdG j dG Y Y Ag adG IQGRh e
FGG dG dG jdG Y
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(+961-3) 330 219 J
kitabfj@cyberia.net.lb
kitabfijarida@hotmail.com

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GPEG EG G SEG e IOY J WGdG EG zfG{ h JT Qh
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a .MGeh k bh j Q dGh EG dHh .WGdG EG fG e g
dG dHh ,QdG Y V G Yh G Gg dG G dG
QdH dG ch ?JGP WGdG WJQGh ,Rh h aGJ dG QGh
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Y N LGdG Y j e K ?zFGO ,bYh aKh SSh jObGh YLG
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,GReG UCG zJ{ j a ,MGdG f e WGdG EG fG
Y bJ a OhOH eb Y dHh c :dG DhdG dLEG ZU ZU
?IH hCG zQdG{ Idh g dG - WGdG EG fG
H dG GP Dh dGh a dG g - HhQhCG dSCGdG YdG VhCG QJ
VGaG O h e d LGMEG eEG ,L J kYVhCG J
H j c H zQ dG{ a j dG f J Qh Fbh Y J fGE . c , ehD J jH fCG YG e EG eEGh ,zdSCGdG b e{ EG
AGQdG EG JNh eCG EG IHh ,IdG WGdG EG z fG{ h J T dh dG O bG( d Rhh d SCG d
q f dG e eh ,)BG M b hO( JdG ceCGh SBGh jaGC QbGC e c J VhCG EG eEGh ,)zcGTG{ QdGh
a . g J dGR eh , b dG HhQhCGh ?Jh g e kN
zdG{ ,dG cG j dG SDG G SEG ,Ie e cCG ,a dG GOdG j Q bGC WGdG EG fGh
dG kqe ,kFGO kcM j CG d OGj dG WdG idG zfG{ N e WGdG Z j WGO Z SCG Y a G
dG G e EG ...VdG Gd WGdG dG fc ,QdG dG EG VQG EG :j c Y dG Y e
G M QhJ zQ dG{ G N a H Z G IOY EG ,Ia H hCG ITe ,J M EG WG O dG G e fG
dG eGC EG ... S K K e f SH d G H eGE ,WGdG fCG G j CG eEG ,Vj WGO
Y YGoC e e dG G jQSG GM C G H eGE h ,jQKh Wh GQ T S dG g h ,g fG H dG
,OLdG EG LhN hO zO dG Y{ Mh f WGd fG Y WGdG JGReGh J S Y GdR j CG Y
.HGh jdGh bdG bdG{ Vh j dh OLe g e eh eGC G j d YG b Vh a Je hCG Ie M GPEG Ggh ,zWN H{
.dEG ...zQdG{ Yh zdG Y h . WGO Z H zP f E G{ M W e SH gQLEG eEGh ,IYb dh ASG
HdG WdG WGdG dCa ,kGPEGh gh G Y h e g e M FGG Gb OLh j Ggh ,RdG Y FSdG
N e EG kAqHh kjL kMW MW EG fG Y jEGh cG dG NJ V a Y IQO b G WG O
AV ,g c bGdG AV dEG dG JGJh ,L e jdG e WGdG Y G Y IQObh dhdG WGdG
.H Nj dG Gh QdGh hG fc dG IdG CG oJ QOGH QXh jJ G e NGB f b hO d Gh
hCG bGdG e hdH WGd dG EG GMG J H fG R d T e .WGOdG
CGdG a ,ihG Y Y Y dH .dG J H WGjdG zdG{ WGdG EG fG EG :iNCG IQHh
Je QYGh bGdG N e dG jg EG f fGC EG LM f g eGE :jQNG MGC dG M dG e j
hH dG Mh dP EG .aUCG eh FGR c iNCG eCG HdG dG G a Y L e ,dH dPh zQdG{
VdG g e HdG WdG WGdH gZh Zeh fCGh aGRGH - fdG SJh d G WGdG i d
.KdG cQCG g AH j dG MdG dG fEG ,ehRCG ...jhah LQCGh dGh , jaGC dhdG WeH ,iNCG L e dGh ,Jh
j ,HdG WdG WGdG Y N .SBG ...fjJh cHh ,JdG jeCG M SDe dhO EG H fH
dG feEG jh HjEG jf kbaBG d H dOCG dG adG CG EG IQTEH d WGE h d a e dP j e e
QfG hO WGdG SQd dG eGC J WGdG f zQdG{ OH Z - NGB jW S eGE h ,dGE ...j d
.LLdG Y e a :H dG WdG cJh gQJ Y cG H eGE ,dPh - Q dG S
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b Sc hCG QSG SQe dG FdG H
dG e kGAL CG ,dhO M BG UCG
kYLG ,kWh kfc JH fCG Y ka ,dG
jb Wh Ye gC H HJ ,k jObGh
H M jhMdG edG YG Y J d jdhCG AYEG g hCG IG LCJ
G e j a kGPEGh .fCG edG U
dG jdhCG iYH WGdG LC J b
j dG JadG dG Pa Hh
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IOGQEG Jh ,JGdG hdG Jh .aGdG
Y gCG J gh ,LCG e dGh WGdG
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bGc f VJ zWh{ dhO EG FdG cCG d c ,e J OJ IQH WGdG WdG WGdG IG SCG ASQEG
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qLGoC d ,k a . g VQh gGC aG e hO a ,e e FH IOYEG hCG MUEG L ,LQGh NGdG ,YVG hda
c AKCG Ie :Je HdG WdG WGdG a O fGh d V j CG H HdG WdG SdG IG Wed
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EG aGdG c .ITe SG Y dM H AGbG Y j c dG eBG c QfG
AYdGh GMCG e c dGe Y dGh CG fY J dG SSCG dG e
WGO fCG QYH SG b ,WdG dG G H dSG df dG Q bC G He e bh CG e cCG UCG dG
c a fdG IG eCG .LCG G EG .Rh GP HY QbGC e e h , f dG e dG OhG Gh ,dG NG e AGL C G
.IMdG b ,edG SG A d jdhCG A YGE aGH LC J S EG G H iOCG b PdG Gg QfG bdG AfGh adc e j G AGS
LQ e jc CG EG aVEG ,dG h LD J hCG J f c dG Mh WC G OhdG( SdG UGdc jOG hCG ,FdGh
EG hj Gfc HdG G WdG cG WGdG SH SdG WGdG J J aGG LGGh )hdG H
hCG CfCG e c H dG j dG dhdG BG JG d .khCG edG dGh YLG , LQG GKC dG J hO d G
j dG G dG CGh ,QSG Sc WGdGh edG dG LGC e dG CG hdG Pfh L C G Ndc e jOGQEG
,IMGdG HdG eCG c g LCG e dG SdG WGdG M Y YLG NG c jOGQEG T hCG jOGQEG dGh ,i dG
PEG zIMdG{ `d J CG j jdhCa d Hh :gjV ndhGoC ,Jb WGbhH EG EG OD j Gg ,Ldjj E Gh Qa C G fGh a dG
j J g EG z F dG{ X WG dG .f YLG WGdG UCG dG jObG dG Y k a
HdG eCG IOGQEG V kUCG bCG e Vd EG q j C G H c dG dG FdG eCGh dHh ,QbCGh hdG H bdG Y J
WGdG qLGC Ggh .deBGh e Vh WdG WGdG dG KCJ Ic LQO .hdG H OhG GfCG L Y J
dGh G GW H dG WdG a Vh e dG iNCG QbCGh HdG dG G dG WG dG dC Gh
WdG d jdhCG AYEG aGH dGh dG ce e JadG OG fG CG e N WGdG IG a QJ
kM edG dh kM dG dC h IQJ EG LM Z NCG Gg S d aG ObGh Y dG j dG e j W
hCG , M dG G c G MC G L h . NGB Y keM b e s f dG dG e zAbUCG{ M c - SdGh dGh YLGh
hCG ,jQdG H fG e dG jO dG g Gfj CG LCG e dP Y gYS hCG gQbCG KCJ b - VG KdG hdG N HhQhCG
SCG g ,hN HG H ,zddG dG{ OG V YGU AMh d kYJCG fGHh ITe eEG ,LQG eGdH KCJ dGR eh
e HdG WdG G Y j X dG EG .HcQ J fc dG dGh JadG jb jb eGdG g KCJ N e eEGh
.dG EG a zjdG{ dhdG b e Ic QbCG h HdG WdG WGdG WGdG Y KCG j kGKC J NGO
k H Y BG dG GQ dG CG Z PdH AGbG e a QJ )ddG( dG , LQG eG dG g Lh . f
,kjCG fY fEG H ,dGh G JadG g Y S e g ,NGdG/LQGh
UGe IQH dG NJ ,cCG LQH dh hCG( WGdG d YVG hdG SG
WGdG V dHh ,dG IOGQEG V Q S g eh .GdG e H )eb
YSG EG j hCG j c dG QbCG OdG dM dG FGdG M kGqce jM
dG G e kGFS X dG dG dG X dGh , WGdG EG fG hO VG
jdG :dG H IOQdG G f ,fdG .gQGbE YVG dG dG HZ j
JadG OGh ,gDhMh jeCG IG ?kGPEG FGdG g g a
c JadG OG Z EG .)HS( YJCGh e jY b e EG JcGH foY f GPEG
QsJ Z fCG dh ,d Qeh ae eh dG Gg e dG EG CG ,dG
hCG IQH ,dG S ,edG fjb e dhdGh H dG VhCG H fQbh , b
Z VhCG Yd LM bCGh kSM bCG ,iNCH kHY dG FdG VhCGh ,GfBG IFdG
EG .Y e bJ d dG WGdG CG Mf CG feEH a ,k dhOh
jh djeEG Y S dG CG j Gg edG e G g N KM dG GQdG
QN G WG d qY eh U e EG WdG WGdG dCG hH S b
fGC VGaG e A T dP eh ,Oh M QG e ,IjY iNCG QbCG c ,HdG
dG zedG{ QbCG Nd kSM bCG S M EG b dGh IjY OY i fY dG
kGf dPh ,e Oj a VdG CG ij .dEG fG feEG e c
S dP EG .QbCG g Y d ae Z EG INCG OdG T ,hdG dG a
dG eGC b P e ShCG IQ H dG RdG Y kY kKM )UN fdG Yh(
e QbC G g fG LGC e WGdG JadG dG fG EG :jQdG i sZ
jG jQdG HfGh MdG G dhO G e bdG HhQhCG hOh ShQ Jh
Ggh . G WGdG SDG hO EG ,WGdG e dNOh gh MdG
j e N e dG Me AT h HdG WdG WGdG dCG L b
e SGh T c e IjY jaCG QbCG ,ddG dH j c Ic iNCG QbCG
dG be j c ,WGdG LGC MW hO j fc jc FY e QJ
k a k a NG gAGRCG HdG bGe Y e .jdhCG SCGQ Y EHh kjL kMW
.fd J adG P dG a hCG F dG eGC
e dG jG hdG VdG Y dP c J EG j c dG PdG ,f
WGdG dCG GNEG Y Yj CG fCT dG gG ShCG dd eTh jS
e fY dG QG Vh e HdG WdG Mh M QWEG INCG g J SGHh
HdG QbCG aY dG GQdG Y eCG .b SCG VG hOh .zedG dG{ IOH
de t j dGh fdG N f PdG Gg a AGQh J dG IdG hCG jdG
fc dG FG dG J G , f G dG Y dGE j c e
a ,HdG OdG GW WGdG b e QhdG e fEa ,ObGh YLG
HdG dhdG QJ g QYH gQLCGh gCG d PdG Gg S CG EG IQTEG dP
6
 WGdG M cTh ...IUG HdG LdjjEG -3

dG OOj dG Gg L b ,c M EG kS gJ HdG LdjjEG GQdG CG Mj CG EG MdG CG Gh ...{

b gGhLh S dG WGdG .gGhL dG hCG WGdG dG UGh jG HdG SdG G
he CGf Ggh .YLG WGdG pO jo dG dG Q dG c GPEG hO eh ...WGdG Y kGV L c
DG EG UdG Y L eb dG G LJ a a e IQH WGdG YdG SCJ hCG IG Ea T
:f e 1962/5/21 dG id WdG dG iQdG CG j gh ,ziQ dG{ EG hCG dG Y dG g WGdH
d ,WGdG CG , S dG jG EG{ ,fEGh ,ee Z J eSEG S dG U hCG LCJ XJ fc dG dG
LGh EG ...T jQSO LGh f g G gCG{ U NG e ,dP Y k a .z...Y dG
WGO qEG J jG WGdG CG eh .gHcCGh dG ASDhQ CG ,z dGh
C OGSG Y d LdGh , LdG GH MGU Ghj jdG dG LQ e H dG JGdG hdG LEG
.e fhJ bJ hCG QSH U J dP e Gj a iQd dG G IQY GdG e H WGdG d
jG LG dG Y dG q c dP EG .Ue H jEG Y dG e .WGdG IOGQEG :IMGh
.LdG WGO idG jG jh dH j ,ke ,Y da Ggh YdG Y b J WG dG IOGQEGh
WG d e fCG j Y cD jh ,zdG OGSG{ `H j e Z J fEG WGdG IQh H Y dGh , JQh H
e SdG JQU jd hCG SdG WEG Lh Y dG MGdG J{ CG dG UCJ ie Y kVh Ib bj
jG hCG jO bG WG dG Z AT EGh fdGh dG aGh AT EG ,IOGQEG .eY IQH jQG LG h ,adGh
.zYLG JQU zdG OGSG{ `H j e eCG .z dN Y ,H j UG H dG fEGh
g gMh YLG WGdG dh fdG J cG SG{ H jh b e a e jQhdG dG ,YdG U
,SdG WGdG J CG j dG f a ,z dG dGh SG EG MdG CG bGdGh .SdG KGG
, G jdhCG EG H ,e dG dG f `a GMCG L h .ziQdG{ e VQ j jG HdG SdG G CG Mj CG
h .edG jd g dG Gg EG dH U e{ e cCG Y J ziQ dG{ ,WGdG Y kGV L c UGh
CG jJ dG e RQH eb e OOj Z{ fEG Y a FGLEG c qeCG .zAGeCG Mh .V H eEGh jU IQH eEG
V J CG j dG dGh dG jM{ G jdG QNa ,e jW IQ ,ITe JGH ae WGdG J
WGdG jW FdG H dG G fCG Z .zRGdGh MHEG e UCG Y H EG LJ hCG Y dG U hCG LCJ Ea
GgCG iJ dG jG g dG :kT g j dG jdG J OOj IFGO e FbE j c jEG g d e
OG e bJ h WGd SSCG dH j fEG{ :G H d d e a Ea T hO eh .Yd SDG egG
CG VH dP eh .edG Id idG dG j CG EG j zOY e WGdH YdG SCJ hCG IQG
J CG j HdG jG OhM H j ,eb OY ,gCG e e{ c fc dG dG hCG dG Y dG g
.zedG IYdG OhM j e S IY n rnN j CG dG U hCG LCJ ,iNCH hCG IQH ,XJ
H EG f e J e EG f g j h .zkeY Y N Mh dG fc dG dG j e h . Y dG
fCG e P fE d eSEG G A YR eSEG YGh IUG dG be
dG HfG G AKCG jdG GhOOj Y dG be Y Y Y G
fC H FGG dG EG S f c gJ fEG H ,jG dG OGhQ e Zh
j eY WGdH dG bS EG j dG H J PEG ,dP e HCG EG
fh J e EG Gg f g ,dG Y EG J CG fCG iYH WGdG
QJ c CG gh ,ddG zFGSG{ dG dG V dG , F dG V d K Vh
AKCG WGdH dj e LdjjEG bCG{ e OGaCG G de Y a j
MdG G f j ,VQG OLh g f j dG AdG ,z d I q G
e j EG , d H M e fCGh d .G gG e MdG ZCG OSG
.H OGSGh dH QSG ,LGh b HdG dG cQG QdG c GPEGh
ie EG bJ zdG{ g fc GPEGh WGdG J Y SdG HN H
CG gj CG j AG Ea ,edG IYdG SdG Z a ij j dG ,SdG
UG H dG dG N k a g dG Y OGSd jRGLdG J dG
LGMEGh VGh T Y qJ DhJ HOCG he g c ,dSGh MOdG
Qj WGdG J feEG dG dG GdG QdG Ea ,cQG
Gg ,SCGdG YdG G ie EG H Q T aQ e ZdG Y ,OOj H dG
QG bEG d TEG J Dh J EG a VEG feEG cT Y YEG ,WGdG
H J dhO Q WEG G WG dG OH ge h Ie Z IM J
CGdG J OOj e gh .HJ ObGh EG jObG YLG VhCG a QJ
jObGh YLG VQCG EG FdG a dJ eY dG H dG i G
dG dG EG J dGR e ShCG dG Se eS j .IOdG eR jRGLdG
jh SdG WGdG d gDj CG b G f WGdG EG{ :k e
d . jQ dG Xh AGOCG Y IQOb fC G f g H ,G kef J
feEG J dG dG kGNBG dh ,kGNCG CG dH j fEG .zdG e d f
prjnQ ObG P WGdG b b f c dG WGdG Q X
dG GFY Y hCG ,dG GFY Y j dG Q fG YCG S G dG
Vh dGh fYEGh dGh jL G d G H dj a ddh ,YbEG
J dhO ,SCGQ Y rne YCG ,dhdG j hj M YJh J c HdG SG
CG H e eh jdG e h Jh IQTEG e H h .WGdG J eEG
SGH G G i dG e NC J I YO e c OO j JGP bG G g CG EG
CG eh . JLM H J e FG dG .VG bdG HdG WdG dGdG
NGG dh dG J bG d G j HdG e dG dG CG eh
d G g HhQhCG fc jdG ,HdG QdG Ea ,JGQT F e jG
.WGdG FGhCG H dG Q bCG H aY dG
.gjJ Y dG e H ...Fb T EG OdG j c dGh bh G

7
2006 Rq 5 95 OY

.S WGO IM e a aGj Pc
Whh e b IQh V WG dGh
W dG c GPEG sfC dP . MGh BG
Fb IMdG g Ea ,ka kGMGh kWh HdG
g HdG WdG a .kSSCG OdG Y
Y j J gh ,IMdG NGO dG
dG NGO J g H ,HdG QbCG OJ
NGO ,I MG dG aG NGO H , MG dG
LGdG OdG ,dP EG VCG .IMGdG IdG
HdG WdG gRj dG dfG MG EG
jGh dG a j j dGh
eb IQhV WGda G gh .G
dG IMdG SdG fC j bh Whh
U Y edG efG CG feEH
.c HdG WdGh dGh jGh jdG
,YGU b EG WGdG ODJ ,ka
hCG W V W CG ,aCG YGU dh
,Y V Y hCG iNCG V LdjjEG
jG QX g GdG Gg e dGh
,IjL F f EG UdGh dG L e
a WGdG Z eCG .J dHh
EG a j EGh G dG A fG EG OD j
e j FdGh dc dG dGdG
dGh dG j M ,k jO Y k YGU
,NBG dG dGh dG Jd U
.Gd kGeJh kbGh a GdG e j
HdG eC G EG dH WGda kGPEGh
b g H ,Mh S S b d
YdG H efG b ,kSSCG eb
EG - jQJ b kjCG gh ,HdG WdG
hdG aJ dG gMh g fC - dG U
Y LG YG dG dG jQh dG
.dG L e jG QX EG ,J EG J
WGdG dG jJ -4
EG .f Y aj hCG cT Y S H f{ EG WGdG EG dG eCG ...{
e d fCH bG ,kGPEG ,J dG gGdG dH fEGh ,Va EG J M zdG
EG .JC j h JC j b dG Y gGG G b a ,zdG{ j CG EG LCJ j
W e - FdG f G I MdG gGG WGd dG f CH Sj hCG j
gGG g - LCG e dG Jh edG SQ N e EG j CG
.Z WGdG Y .z...WGdG
HdG dG J WGdG CG Y
e H kJh L a f M Mh WdG WGdH dG CG GL
e d Vj hCG Y e dG Gg j b , f dG jGH e JG INGB H dG
c bh khCG , J WGdG EG .jJ MdG QdG fEG e dG LQO EG dPh
WGdG bM ,fEG M GMG ,AT aGQ j CG hO kGQ L dG a j dG
,GMCGh G AfEG jMh ,dG jc H ,Yheh bGe Y adG EG LH
IGh G h , dG Gh , dG j Mh AG Ea ,dP eh .ee T EG M h
G gh ... dGE , dG aOh dGh Gg aj j dG e CG M j CG EG
gh jdG h LC dG J WGdG Yh Y kL hQj d jh QdG
gGf Y eh HdG dG Y HS dG dH h ,WGdG IQhH Y
IG Oa Yh gG f Y hCG H fG ZQ Y hQj e QH ,d e H
CG k M SDG eh . gO a Y hCG fdG GhR H gQGSG j AT aX fBG
g IQOe Y fY SdG S AG Mj ,WGdH dj e g .ITG gaGM
QdG Gg SH ,WGGh fEG M ,G dG M e dG ZdG V a
CG j ,IedGh G H hCG ,GP hCG hCG dG M hCG M dG G hCG F dG hCG
EG LM iNCG g dGR e fEG M jQ dG G MC G AGQh G O dG G
EG LG Y k a ,H dG YdG SC J e gh . j dG h IG Z H fGh
HdG h ,YGh OdG dG UCJ dh VQG fC a ,WGdH dj
.ac YLG IG aGe h dGh gh SQ e fGC dP j CG hO
SdG WGdG CH FdG iYdG eCG j gh WGdH dj e gh .G
HdGh cG Y dG LCG e d ,YLG WGdG X EG geCG j GMc gg e e j e hCG e EG
.AYCG e j e h dhDG e L A dGE EG . f H H dG KGC i YO a .jObG jG V hCG bC G M
j bh GgCH WGdG bY EG dH eCG ZdG SH S dG WG dG j CG hO WGdH d j e gh
WGdG LCJ CG T K a ,edG Y EG j ,khCG Y LG WG dG BG j QJ EG ODJ CG e aJ
j c SG LCG e WdG dG jCG OG SG AG SGh WG bh dG SG .e d g dG dG ZCG
S J CG WGdG CG jJ Y dGh F dGh dG OG Jh SCJ EG dGR e WGda kGPEGh
Y ka fCGh ,LCG G X Mh OGc k MEG dG LM cC H M Aa dG EG LM dGR e ,UG HdG YdG
OLh d NCG Gg e j b dP SdG WGdG H Gg .FGdG b e ,HdG YdG NGO ,J L
S j jdG Gg c GPEGh .Je dWEGh QNG bh M YLG WGdG Yc ,Y J Y b EG T H
WGdG LCJ Ea ,f WdG G kGPEGh .afSG hdG c INCG g Y Y f a .jdG jQhdH dG
e c dG CGdG J iYH e QbCG EG : j CG g dC d dG V d a ?dG G g
d e G a Yh zIMdG{ LCG d J QWGE g SdG WGdG J hCG LQdG g gS dG QeCG e
jdG k FGO IQe J iYO a ,gV ej dG S dG dGh WG dG YdG SD e Z WGdG L Y
CG dG HdG KGC a j eh . dG QNG a YLG WGdG eCG .ejh d VJ e , S jJ H ,H dG
g e QH eb IQhV JH b WGdG e fCG HdG KCG ObG e HdG WdG aY dG HdG Q dG
.jb Wh IQhV .SdG WGdG Z dG Y Y k a G g , jh Jh j J
c kjCG ,HdG IMdG C eb IQhV g f{ EG WGdG CH dG eCG Jh OGO J dG dG , f dG
e cCG dG f VJ Z ,gGeh T e dH fGh ,Va EG J M zdG QJ eCG j eY dH
SSCG S UCG Y ,e bh CG ,zdG{ Gg j CG EG LC J QhdG j dG i G EG H a VhCG
j G S dGh jO bG dG f{ C H Y O dGh aO b a Z .WGdG d - kf dG - dG
H ,LdjjEG OT O J gh ,jdGh e qGE j CG WG d zdG Y e e e fH Q Oa CG
YGC ,k L d j M IQhV dG fGE dG sGC e ke ,WGdG SQ N ,Jh JG e ,f WGdG
MGh tGC j j QbCc HdG QbCd .f G SQ N e EG G j ,f WGdH d jQP gPJG j
Vh H G dH O dG e kGQOfh ,jGdG no nM e dH QSG EG EG WG d j H e g d fC dP
G Mh bGE eGC e jQh dG f{ EG OD j CG ,d c J e :dK QN e g d .jQJcdGh OGSG
H ,IOG HdG IMdG CG Z .dEG ,AGdGh ODj dH QSG EG :dH H ,zdG Y eGE h WGdG Y eGE a g
N e EG dG gREG , jQh dG OdG dGh dG feEG N EG kFGO WGdG Y eGC .jQJcdGh OG SG
dG G IMdG EG .SGHh WGdG YLG cG CG dP EG VCG .YGh e j e SG H e dG a
HGdG N e k n p nd k n p nd oJ dG J g JC Wh RJ dG adGh jObGh jQJcdGh OGSG Y eGC h ,WGdG
,HdG QbCG H ,OG RdGh QdGh b h Y dG H dG Q bC G Gh Y dH EG dG J a
de Ea g eh .H WGO bY QWEG cQG EG .OGSH Jfeh H SMEG YdG{ hCG zOdG dG{ eCG .WGdG f
CG S f e J CG j zIY dG bGE { gMh g S WGO Q WGE dG edGh ,Lho EGh a - eRQdG - zdG
QhO j dG zPdG dG{ `H Y fqY ac f eE Gh b dG Y IQO dG JCS dG CG j AT a ,kGQOf EG H Oj
8
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PEG ,ke kHZ d hdG g WGdG AGSh .HGh fdG aGh GQhG h LJh jJ dG gh ,dEG g ,cG dG YCG ,dhda Ggh ...{
d j dP dh ,e ge e LJ hCG ,kM bOUh ka IQe jDhdG g fc WGdG G eCG .P dGh dG dG SDG d CfCG dG
Y dG e G dG g O dG G dhO{ b gh ,IMGh dG E a , J dhdG eG a SDG d G dG h LJh jJ dG gh ,dEG
k U N , NBG EG M e , V H Lh Y Jh G dG z dG EG SQ WGdG Qa ,k UeG G J dhdG g .PdGh dG
dP XJ OdG G idG J eY F dG j dG I LCG dP e jQSG dG( JLQ i e Y QN SDe d k J a G
j dG W WG dG e e dG e kGje dG dG e dGh f .)HhQhCG dGh - SDd OGeG g SDG a ,dhdG
.YLGh jObGh SdG jgG .G L dG e kGjeh PdG a M HdG QbCG SG eYh z...dhdG :CG
AG jNCG dG jg ,g zQG MCG dG{ dhO NO eh d :SH jG GdG e M e
bYEG dG djeEG QhO dH j CG Lh fdGh QSG e Y LGe H SG M dG WdG cG KQh e H dG dG V Y
G A SQEG G VhCG Q J M EGh OQCGh jQS dHh( f e a , G SZ dG jG dhdG SCJ hO dM dG LdjjEG FGdG
j dG Qh dG gh , WG dG J fCG YCG ,zM dM{ J )GdG e H dG g zeCJ{ Y IQY SG UG HdG dG WGdH YdG
AGREG H eb dG jdG QhdG Y gL Y ,c G Y G dM SfG dG gCG e Xeh M Mh dG WGdG IQhH YdG Qj kSCJ
.FEG jdG Yheh zIQdG dhO{ .adGh dGh SdGh LGh ObG bdG eCG .fLCG XGh G e dG FGdG CG H .ja Ybh SS IOGQEG
INCGh hCG dG fc dG c h OG e e J ,k a k Th dGdG J H a Gh dhdG H j f d WG dG Lh J
.G G SDe g LGe ,MGh U - kHS - JadG dhO S a J f c dG f dhdG{ bGh g H ,Mh L d j jEG
e zIQdG dhO{ C hCG dG fc dhdG UCG Ggh .dGeEGh Q SG AG MG e I LCGh dG b ,Q SG EG .JSDeh gH ,f zjdG HdG
zWGjdG T dhdG{h zjdG dhdG{ - MGdG Gh YdG dhO - J adG SQe dG QbCG h .Y dGh G WGdH bY jhGR e bGdG Gg
e M SDe b J J - kHS IG GdG e dh J K GdGh jQSh e( fdG IG a LGJ dG FGdH Yh d e H eCG
Y c J dG SDG H MG J dG P d k b e kGjL zNBG{ k LP dGd SQG g N )OQCGh G .HdG WdG WGdG EG fG
, F dG , dG , MdG G , dG( kLP ,jQSG dGdG dhdG e J hCG HfG Me AGS JGP I LCGh Qe e jG HdG dhdG hJ c
INCG dG fch .)...dG GMCG ObG dGh IjdG jcG eGb zWGjdG HdG{ L ,fdG NGO ?WGdG
djeEG H eb dG j dG QhdG C j kLP ,LdjjEGh dG LdGh ,bG G Y dhdG SQ H a b jG dhdG EG dG dG Y Z
dhO{ QdG WdG hG AGREG AGS J SD a e YCG :G G .dhdG bGe e G Sh dh YN AKCG HdG QbCG e eb
,dG WGdG QdG AGREG hCG zIQdG - SDd OGeG SDG a ,dhdG QN g GQY J CG dG e c d QbCG g EG of a .HhQhCG QSd
IH dG KCG fG b ,jNBG dG P dG H M dG dGh . dh dG :CG Y SGH dhdG J dG WGdG aKh SSh jQGOEGh jObG SDe
dPh Jda cGJh dG t J Y Y YdG G QN f Hh JadG G JCJh .eRCG hCGh Ig hCG Y ,G dh dG F b f c dG J L e
aBG OGfGh MEGh dG e Sc dG( M eG b UCG P dG CG g efG dG 1948 S FGSEG - HdG .dGdG WGdG SDe ,I G
G CG eh . dG LCG U AGS ,f eCG ,Lh dhO d )YdG gq J f c dG H dG T G a fCG g g dEG fG d j dG IgdGh
EG ,WGdG SQG g dG ,G dhO d dG g a , gZ hCG e ,dEG QG zWGjdG{ JRaCG e M WGdG dGdG SDG Cf H
T dG jdG dG J .Mh d jU fGOEG d G g JC J NGO Q J H jG HhQhCG dhdG
cGh JMWh jQe d jW dG ZCG dG zdG dhO{ fL EGh J f Hh J e ,z WG j dG{ ,f dhdG g QJh Af e IGRGh
SC gDj ,IGh IdG e j e e g c zIQdG{ SH WGdG eCG OQ JCjh .eh a AT ch ...JSDeh e b EG G jf iOCG
,i NCG G i dG SGh W f fc j dG zjdG dhdG{ `H Uh cM N e eG HdG TG a ,)dhdG( SdG G Y e
Ie IO bh WGdG j J d Hh IdG QSG e( bGdG eCG XJ Y Y GdSG jdG e zQGMCG dG{ , c T( jO bG SD e eG b
Y jG EG fOJ Me Jh .jdG ,G dH eEG )dGh dGh dG eG Y e H dG )...L ,Hf( YLGh )...Qe
.HdG WdG bJh dG QWEG G Y dH UGh dhO AfEG : Y QSG dhO KQh H ,)...e dh GMCG( S Sh
jG SDG b hO dGh dG Q SG LGe Y IQOb jb Wh jG dhdG H CG HhQhCG Gg M
SD e e gZh H fh L e h IO dG SEGh f dGh kHS IG G dGh - H dG Q bCG
.G G GSEG LCG eh .dEG ...ObG SG ,kfMCG IdHh ,kSZ SZ b - eY H
dh dG{h zIQ dG dhO{ f L EG gh fCG zQGMCG dG{ iCGQ G g REG dG YCG ,dhda Ggh .IG dhdG
Z EG . WG O T hO z j dG e S dG IG z J{ `H A dG e H dG SDG d CfCG dG g ,cG

9
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
 HdG WdG dGh G G -6

Y ASH G zdjOGdG U dG{ f ,JOb J dG WdG cG NGO .adGh jObGh SdG jG dG dG dG g Ge Jh ...{
Wf ,ke a hCG G hCG dhdG ,dG WGSQCG IFGO EG J U Y O J H MG dG QbCG QSG SZ d GaCG SG Y dG dGh dhdG
dG )UCG jhdG jhdG( IjG dG SH dG dG e ddG g H ,jdG jG J SD e YGC , jG HhQhCG dhdG CGa ...dG Y MdG e IjG
z g Mh{ UCG dGh , dGE j EG jOdG e jG IdG QWEG G S npnna ,adGh jQGOEGh YLGh jObG f T Y qdG jG dG
d zsjndG{ Sh e je ,dG MG jG H e e a Y dG jG fG jM f d G a Y dH Ye Y fCch dG EG J IjL
.c G L Y dG J IjL H kSSCG eCG j .jQSG jG WGSQCG U e e hCG G .z...cG dG a e jQJ
K iNGC IQhO Q dG Y Qh Jh fH dd jOdG dG AGQh dG dG k c MGh kJG cCG fc PEG ,UN j dG
cG dG J :fhG IQhdH fcJ ,dG SdG dG O e WdG dH jdG dG dG eh .JSDeh H hCG dG e M hCG ,FG e c GPEG
dG dG MGe feh jH ,Gge( GdGh LGG EG ,HG zfdG{ WdG Yh QJ eh ,dG g aY dG jJ M M dG j CG ,QhdG
SdGh YLGh jObG bGe Y Gg QeC G a ,)e ehe ,HGVEG QdG cH JQH ObGh YLGh SSCG bGh g E a ,zf dG dG{
Nh ,kH hCG vc ,e YG fGh a dGh dG{ IO b I jG dG Jh G d dG g RH ,dG QSG e CG gh ,N Ve J CG jHh
e gQfCGh FYC IjL R eh bGe e f YTh fe dH a ,zWdG e zQ SG j dG{ RaGC dG dG ,G ,AT c bh khCG ,g G G
,iNCG L e ,J f bdG h ,L WdG cG IOb Y dG dG MGe O S dGh , dG G Lh aL H SdG j dG J g JSDe CGh
YU IjL H AfEG EG ,zdGh AdG{ EG .jL MGe QdG Yheh e CG eh .SG LCG e WdG dG jObGh YLG JM d jG
eY E G dG e L a Kh Mah dG H bdG NJ SG f eh EG ,AT c bh ,khCG j c zSG{ hCG jOGQEG SDe kGPEG a ,adGh SdGh
,jQ dG LdjjE G GQ T a X J NG d IG g SSCG ,jU bJ H NCG e H fEa ,WdG IOdG LSG hCG a Wjh S dG j jOGQEG T
QGdH YLG YdG J dG a bG NG H ,G LGe jW M Hh IjG dG g he H dG QYG dG Y dPh , e j hCG ftj
.dEG ...bGG QMGh dG Jj eh YLG dG U Y dGh jhdG ,jdG dG JOb dG dG dG OQ dG hdG/hdG G SDe e ke
UCG dG dG g G e Jh .SG dhO gaJ Seh de e H id QSG hdG Lh bh dG ,kSSCG ke OdG dj zW{ SDe fH J
SG Y J ,dG dGh dhdG WG SQCG e IQ G dG J d MGh aGH jdG dG g c d :jGH e e fG j a ke dEG
ee h dG Y MdG e IjG GaCG dP ch ,SG dhO QeCG de jG FdG VdG Y Gh LCG RdG OQ g hCG QM da kGPEGh .dEG ...FdGh dG
zdG{ GC a ,...dG gGh eG jN H dd gDG fc gMh fC kW kGeCG ,zfdG{ Z ,jdG G Vh ,g c QbCG e b G G SDe Z
EG J IjL f T Y dG jdG gGeh YLG beh SdG JN jG dG eCG .dhOh FdGh dG dP G Vh dG e j CG e H
dG a e jQJ Ye Y fCch dG dG hCG - zdG{ bY H kjCGh ,dG eb dGh ,Q SG j dG gRaGC dG gObH G Y J dG g g :dG
JGQT zIQdG dhO{ MU cG Sd zfdG{ dhdG e - dc UCG k Yhe fc a , S H d J G CG CG ...KGJh jdJh JSDeh
jObG eRCG dNO dHh ,JeG dGh , dG g Jh . Vh G I F e Y SDG Y WdG HdG AVEG eGb kj dJh JSD FdG g hdG/hdG
eQq G dG LQG fjG gjJ SSh :be Y ,SG IGZ cG K ,QSG e M dG jG dGh ?ah bh JcSh
dG a ,AGSGh k SG QG SH , J SDGh jO bG bG e j J ,SCH G da WD Jh d J eCG c ,HdG WdG j e ,fCG YCG
eEG EG dG dG H LGJ e cG I dG j dG AdG , a dGh S dG dhO SCJ he fc IMGh Hh jOdG fc :H EG j kVGh Gj eh
jQdG WdG GQdG QJ j dG zdG{ dG ,TdG dG Hh H bdG cjh .G G SDe ASQEGh jM J SD G g dGR eh jQCGh
d J GUCG Ja , b e C dG c c LCG e iNCG L e dGh ,L e zdG{ cdG EG LM UJ NdG hOh g Y ka ,Yh gdJh JcSh
U e e ddG gh ,WGdH UN Hh ,G dG dG H J Y J SSCG bGh Y a qcf ,g H iQdGh dGh G d ,aGdG
Yha e hCG ,dG Y MGG dG dG dG AdG ,dGh dG ie Y e HdG QbCG aY dG YLG QdG dG f G H ,Mh jQCGh idGh
fL EG ,e f H rnnJ dG JGOGeGh iNCG g J IjL aGhH zdG{ dG bGdG g .dG EG SG LCG e dG jaGdG e fS e MdG ZCG J
,gGdG bdG ,kjhO ibCGh ie ShCG GUCG .YCG Reh aCG bGe EG T Y jS FJH dG b J g e IdG{ e UG e Le V Y
g SEG{ Q T aJ Y L e e h QSG{ V GPh Gg EG VCG GPEGh G g .zA dG L e j dG dG{ .zjdG EG jOdG
dG YCG ,jG zdG{ GUCG fEG .zdG eCG bGdG J bGdG j c dG ,zjdG dG IQdG d Sf CG dG bdG jG H bdG jQJ Y g dG S
dG QdG Y iNCG Ie JRaCG dG IjG hOh fhO jh SG dhO :ddG edG qJ dG bdG gh ,HdG WdG jOdGh
eh jG EG jOdG e fG :JS fRHGC M NG CG c cQOCG ,WdG Yhe e WdG cG Ob dG dG khCG g ,h e g c ,h N HG Q
YdG jPh dG QfG Y cGG EG eGdG Ie dG Y S QSG LGe jW L e ,b c ,LN dGh SG LCG jG HdG WdG g egG Sh
.RGh bGG S Y AJQG EG LH AZ RGh bGG M Gd d iNCG zKGdG eU{ H jdG jG WGSQCG dG MG ,QSG Me jGH e J dG
e Y bG dG e LCG KK UCG dG zWdG dG{ e kGe kLdjjEG G dG( dH MG Y L dG G M eGE ,jG HdG jG a RH
b c AHCG j ,UG HdG jQ dG LdjjEG e e bh CG e cCG ij BG dG g .)MGh BG - Gh PdG dGh j e Y qcSh , LQ N eGE h dG
ddh ,gcP EG LM a ,JObh gAYR jQdG G GP dG WdG Q dG cM gSh YJh zdG{ Y Y dG dG Af gh hCG LQ d H Y V e
j e Y cdG EG j e S dG IG JCJ Ggh .cGTG Gh e YS ,dEG ...aU jG dG f d G G SDe C dP ,gQJh
...WGdG e G gh H hCG G zQG MC G dG{ a ,IQe e YCG ,aL e j f eCG f S da J dG YLG WCG EG eCG M

10

,b c ,dhdG a J H dG Q bCG
dGh .zIMGdG dG SDdG{ UH
VdG Gg Rj dG zF dG{ S dG
S dG . f H dG NBG g
e aCG h jh dG hQ j
, K dh j H zI MGh c SD e{
j e UhCGh ASCG e Y j
LdjjEG( LdjjEG dMEG U Y
G A H e )jQK hCG eb hCG jO
FdG ,dG YdG ,OdG G :e ,kGMGh
SDG/OdG j G EG .dEG ... dG
J dG dG Cch ,zHdG{ ...jdG
H dh a LJh HdG Y j
CH HdG GdG MJ a , Hh
Y d dG e bEG Lh G b
VhCG X WGdG b zd SG{
IFdG adGh YLGh jObG
H J dG VhCG ,HdG WdG QbCG
dG Gg S Jh G G SD e
IQdG e OLe g e oJ hCG ke kjJ
dC G CG bGdGh .Q fGh q S dG
e J HdG WdG WGdG
Y dG e fG YVG dG
dP .H YdGh eb hO dG FGdG
d AGdG Jh ,AG dG J H
EG H ,AdG dSG Y ddG ebEG e
,VG e Rj dG bdG dG
MdG dG g , a D e fc e zA TCG Ib{ H k jCG H , J fh
WGdGh .q dGh SG AGhdG d .ennoG JSDG bGdG Ib ,JGP
.f AdG J EG AGhdG d g dG
GQh V e IQh V , F e e fEG
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
...WGdG e J f -7
dG e KdG LCG j e sC dP ...{
J kL fCG g Y K dG
EG kGf ,Ff e J hCG WGdG
Y G H JbY c
z...G G SDe f e SDe
j dG NdG e dG Gg .Vh dGh WGdG J kL fCG g Y K UQ EG HdG dG dG H fG
Q bCG q L GObG SSCG dG JbY c EG kGf ,Ff e J hCG G dG e b e LCG KK
J j gGdG dG H dG f e SD e Y G H Y AdG f CG g jh ,jG HdG
j S jJh f jM e J :dhdG jG dG g dG G G SD e .WGdG dCG e dG g be
hCG kc ,e j JLCG j Jh bCG Y hCG , J dG G dGh e Y bG dG e LCG KK
f c j dG( FG dG aGO Y ,k F L .WGdG SQG YGb GMG ,eEG e dG kL J jG HdG jQdG
jW bGe H ,HhQhCG ,d e WGdG J jG WGSQCG H g .Ff EG WGdG dG
UCG g FGdG GeCH cG J Y ,J J bCG Y hCG ,J fC HY b H FL aNGh QGa G
e Qh , L e ) j dG WG dG dG e jO dG ZCG KC dG G b dG hCG dG J b QGa ,G Gg NBGh
ka YLG eGh edG YhG ,gQhH ,zIdG dG{h .JGUCG ch .jgL QGa d dP e dh edG hCG
,dEG ...FGdG OGG YJh XG QLCG Y G dG CG J fC WGdG J H NOE H IQ dG J h
bJ : c dG g dhdG j j gOaG S M WGO SQ d GP hCG dG Gg UN RGHE jdG
g bJ h SDGh OGaCG IM Y fG CG ,zIe W{ `c deh gc :Y K dG zhdG{h dG UCG e
.kjCG JdBGh dG .Y e jObG Ib jCG Y dG eCG .iNCG m jCG EG j jCG e dG fh ,jdG dhdG fh ,IQdG dhO f
G eCG h g GPh G g EG VCG GPEGh a H hCG H ,G dG iNCG T hCG dG dG T dh dG f hCG
dhdG LQ IS e kaN ,QG EG WdG fC dG eSG zWG jdG{ iJ IMGh IQdG J dP GY e h .WGdG
e QbG dc QYG H fNCGh ,Jh YdG kfMCGh ,zOdG{ G f J Y SCG dG FdG jhGR e dEG ff GPEG
IdG YhG Y NGdG e j dG WGdG J gh ,eCd jQdGh .kdS gMT dG zdG{ J Y
fYGh ,L e jdG HdG QJ dG jG ,zjdG dG{ SG EG ODJ b Z , dG j f ,F dG g dh
Jh dG ObG dG dSCGdG SGH QeCG d ,rnnjrnnJ dG hCG UCG H ,QJ M gGdG HdG VdG
SG gPf , b c NGO EG gP f J M dG g c HfG zd{ dG dG LCG , NBG Hh e
Y QbCG G dG d j dG .kSM kGQhO eYEG IQdGh jYdG L( RG LCG e QJ , Y K
VdG CG c cQOCG ,iNCG L e zdG{ e G G g E a ,T hO eh IQY M zd G dG{ LCG e ,)de
e Rj HdG WdG dG ObG dGh dG FS j dG WGdG .dGh dG LCG e ,hN HG
SDGh dG e j e JGdG JdBG N WGdG dCG Y TEG HdG j jdG jG WGSCG jH g
jG G H dG d J dG o p SnDoj e j ,gMT dG VdG e dG zIq dG dG{ gh . JGOG eGh
Vj kGQNG SdG WGdG h J dG ObG :FdG ObG f Y Cf hCG NGO e dG dG gRaCG
S dG ZQ N e a d , f g dG dh dG Y G SDG a e kYf d SGh e e dH eGg
,jG G Y j dG S SCG VG dG dG g K . SG
Y LG G G SD e dHh )QdG bCG EG dG bCG e( G
d HdG WdG ObG VdG EG WdG ObG EG . a dGh S dGh hCG kHe kGJ ,iNCH hCG IQH qJ gh
a J Vh dH fEG , dG dP e aj Yb hCG GY a j HdG ,dG e ZCG LMh de Y kHe
.j e S c fY J LCGh dhdG g ,IMGh c SD e Z dG YGQdG :SD e j J EG HG bG bCG H z MdG{ bCG
Rj dd gh ,LQG JWJQGh NGdG H dG g S J dG G Y hCG WGdG Y jGh .g eCG Y
dH bCGh .kK kFJ{ kSS kGJ bG H dG , G h dG/h dG qCG d j d HdG WdG G G
hCG e AGS - j dG dP zFdG{ SdG a IFdG dGh dJh JSDe H jG g j g GPEG bGh de
YLG ObG VdG e MH - V YdG K eCG .b fRHCG c G d IQb QYG H NCj g GPEG ,YLG
dGh ,Je SGHh OhM NGOh FdG JCj dG NdG YCG ,e eh jdG a WGdG Y jG g feEGh
,F dG VdG EG .IFdG a dG S J ,dG NGO fEG Y e e dhdG dP .G G SDe eCG G ah
,k a Kh k S Sh k Y LGh k jO bG dGh jLG dGh dG GFY e H dG dG e KdG LCG j e C
11

kGeCG LdjjG hCG SS hCG YLG be
JSDGh dG LGa :kFJ ,kGQe
dG d ce J G g e
fa :M fOCG hO eh dH Y
,dG hCG ,QdG bCG EG dG bCG e
EG IhGdG fN{ eh ,dG EG dG eh
Jh ,hN HG J M ,zIQdG bQ
A Z G SGh d hCG d A dG
b SdGh( NBH Sd H ,NBH LdjjG
c ,)dG H Y kLdjjG kGeQ UCG
c HV dG QeCG i j dP
L eCG dG j jQ dGb h
.jQJ IQhV WGdG hJ g e
Y dbh SCe Y IQOdG gMh fEG
G WGdG dG EG .g idG dG
hGJ EG aVEG ,jdGh NH GYGh
- J dG jQhdG hdG g ,dG
cG jJ - Y YJ bCG Y hCG
k jJ J dG Y NGO G dGh
SDe d G J dHh ,k S VCGh dG g ib bh .YLGh
H fh Lh GMCG e G G
WDJ dG SDG gh . e dh
G G NGO dGh cGh GdG
Y g cDf eY fh .jQdG dG
if fCa ,jQJ IQhc WGdG
dG idG dG Y X , e k jH
jODG VdGh MG iS ,Y K
R J gCG hGh . gCG G EG
kGQfG W Y W a j ,kjH
H ,eCG EG GN H j k jQJ
f EG kehO J gCG ha ,dH
Z dh .GWCG L g g I MGh
.dG g kjQJ kjH WGdG
IQc f Va ,JdBGh JGAGZGh
jQdG e HdG MGd jc ,c d
WdG IjG dG b J g e
kjS kbJ - keY ddG dGh - HdG
H Ua Hd MdG a j kGL
JGe cGJ H CJ SDe Y g
CG g j e EG .JMW TEGh JGNh
f Y jG IQG e J
eh dG QfGh YEG FShh dG
Y LG Y dG J e dP aG j
UNh S dG j dP c ,S dGh
.MG Vh EG dG
Y ke dG HG j a :MCG bGeh
,kGOGM j CG OGG HG h kMa j CG
dG fc M VG CdG c c
NGO I WD e Y Gh jO
UCG d .nL Y kHCG KhQe bGeh IOh
dG f H c Me bGGh G
SdG YdG Jh YEG FSh QfGh
dhO LM d HdG G U Y
RhHh XGh )QOGdG( WCG EG SG
kGPEG kW a .QGSH jGJ IjL LM
LCG MGH bJh dG MG J CG
dGG f CGh kUN bJh IYdG
iS eCG jf d dGh .kGL Je
LCG hCG , MG dG G A HCG e Y
ch J H , NG G .fdG SrCG EG )dG( dG
, WEG U Y j M W fc g g dG Y zG{ fh
,c d ke kYhe fa dP .kGL SGh ie Yh jS FJH J
. LCG e zdG{ Y jh
jQdG dG Y - c Y EG
MG J e j eh SG dG Q G
e fG - jdG bJh dG
...IQhV WGdG -8
GdG Y HS j , WGG GYGh G WGdG dG EG ...{
ke ,SGHh a SnQoJ dG SDGh g ,dEG ..dG hGJh jdGh NH
aGJ Y HS AdG jG M CG e cG jJ J dG jQhdG hdG
.eh ILCGh jhOCG e AdG H j e kS kjJ HdG WdG GdGh
F G dG G g dC G W CG VGhh .z...AH
Y j dG TEG dP aj dG
L L dG H J c G H HQ WdG WGdG b EG j c
EG WGdG SQG CG U .dH h dG N e dEG f g . H dG
G SDe{ `H f e Y ,JCJh ,J N e CG ,HhQhCG fCG dG jQdG
Y j CG j dG A dG dh ,zG e j dG gGdG HdG jQdG dG
e AL SDG g b CG g f gPCG g ,iNCG IQH .jQJ IQhV WGdG
G SQ a : f WG dG kHSCG QDG j b e N e dEG f
AfEG jMh dG jM M , WGdG gj dG G N e CG ,dG ed
c dGh H dGh G MCGh G G ,d qoG HdG WdG d
dG Gh ,G Gh ,fhdGh ?SdG VGh
SQ ,dEG ...U dG D a Jh IGhG h dP ,dG QG OOJ hO e Qf fEG
,G G SD e C J G g MCG j CG hCG Q G C
SQG J G L Hh g Y jQ d e J iS GMCG
.gQhH WGdG a dG QG eCG ,dG e J hCG LQdG
WGd FG cC dG Gg CG VGh .MCG Gg EG fh ,jQdG U EG Oj
bh WGG M SQ kGQWEG UH ,jQd kYVe d dG WGdG
dG Ff j ,G G SDe GQhV e IQhV Hh dP b g H
SQG EG ,c .Ve GP Z H b dG Gg fE QhV e fCG YCG ,fY
d Gh , J EG WGdG e Oa O j dG fEG Gg ,dG
deh bY g H ,OGaCG e c O e H fc Oj WGe g H z YQ{
j , a eh YG Uh ah ee dG WGdG G g G
S jW ,dG jf ,WGdG ,dYh bGeh cG Q NG G
kJ G NGO bdG d HjGh YLGh dG jM ,jG M Y ka
J IFd aGh GdG Lj k f Y Gh ,Gh HdGh GMCG AfEGh
.dG .b WGG SQ QWEG c G Da J e IGhG Gh , dGh dG
,e b b HhQhCG WG dG f c GPEGh kGPEGh .dEG ...jObGh S dG U dG
d SCGdG b dG J Qh H , Jh dEG dG j CG j WGdG dCa
a ,kS k jJ a GdG jJh H ,GP hCG G Gg SQ feEG e
b dG e kGA L gQ YG Qj A T dGh JdBG QGbEGh SCG ASQEG IQhV e
b da , dH H , f d SCGdG OGaCG d QhdG QWEG UH H
dG Y ggL J d SCG dG ,L e WGG M SQ e G
WGdG J H ,SGh QMEGh dG G YdG e cG h
J LQO fOCG EG dP e G EG .iNCG L e M QJ
f eEG e e Jh bG d I LCG e YdG dG g WGdG YdG EG
Y I jG LCG kGPEGh .i dG jRG e Jh eh d jQdG YdG EG :e jH dG IMdG
dG QWEG g QG Gg e WGda jQH SdG WGdG LCH Of dG
JJh G NGO YGdG Aq dG ee YG iNCG GgC jdhCG A YEG
WGG h eCG J dd a bdG a b z dG WG jdG{ `d k WhTh
dG .ec bH H a c AGSh .J aGgCG
YGU dG J HdG Gh ,LQN NJ H CG ,NGO JGP eGY
HdG GdG fRHCG bh ,NGe f VJ dG SG IMdG dG Ea
f GPEGh .dG LCG GU gh ,e kfL UH WGdG EG LG RhH g dG
dGh S dG dG fRh BG HbdG Vh hCG J Qj AT kM
e GdG Gg EG ffh ,dG Y LG GgCG jCG EG .fc L jCG e j U dG hCG
S fEa ,dG QG jQdG QG Vh Rj dG Y dhdG M J
,ic jQM q H j eCG CG dH H ,zWG dGh fEG M{ a
IQM e HdG G fG Y g e Hf GgCG L J CG j
YdGh YGQdG a OJ dG jdGh jOdG dG zjQdG YdG{ eCG .d eON G
YdG a J dG jG IQM EG ATCG e AT a GP hCG cG Gg Yq j b
SDG e :edG eGh IQdGh JGP jJ Y IQOb J fCG ,VG
dG MdG AdG EG ,VG dG JGH
dNO g f jJ Y j
EG .eMCG e Jh WGdG YdG
a Hf d YGHh zfG{ aGhO C e j CG dG g Mh dP
M c NGO QJ H G L e .jQGSG H eeCG jh VG
V j hCG fG fEG H ,HhQhCG EG da iNCG L eh , L e Gg
JG dG b ZCG Y IQ M fEG SQ QWEc CG ,CGc WGdG
12
 UG HdG YdG zfEG M{ `d dG UCdG LCG e

dGh UG H fEG M -1

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J CG ff j UG HdG fa
e c fEG M zY{ RGHEG EG
CG ,eSEG HdG adGh HdG adG
.z...IMGh a SCG Y J fc

M{ Y INCG GdG jG c
AfCG L aj kGQT IQdG Zh ,zfEG
dh ,GQ dGh G L eh , dG
EG dPh , j e e h VG ZC
dG k e h G e e G Z LQO
.faj e H dG GQYGh aGhdG
Gf eh , Sh jGC Q e k e dP e
QdG Gd HdG YEG XJ e ,fh
G be dG j dG G V
. d aGdGhCG P d aG hCG
S dG SG c cf Gf fh
b J a dG OG V z fEG M{
j c e J fc dG hdG Vh ,QfG
dG hdG L Vh H ,zYdG dG{ `H
e e Z LJh SS J fc
,HdG YEG S M Gg .dG de
kcfG fEG M a J hO Y ,jh
fG dP QU M ,kGeh kGQe ,kNQU
iL e e ,hdG J SS HGK e kHK
fEG e j fG e jh
,FGSEG dhdG ILCG W e G a
L jh iL e eh ,fGh jdG
Hh .a d jQJ bGh gh .adG J IFS fc dG YdG Y Gv p V IjL H ,SdG - SdG dG j e eh ,d Y d M ddG dG jQJcO h jaCG
dG fEG M Y Y Gvp V - SEG fEG M UH j j CG e d ,UN zdG{ EG e Gh ,LCG dG VJ M f HhQhCG hdG h
dG dG ,G jQdG gH Jh SDJ kY UG J AGQh g EG - UG .dG dGh jGh OVG
.jQdG j dG ,jQdG j YEG{ U c zfEG M{ `pd zHdG{ HdG OfG OOj e HG fG gh
RGHEG EG J CG ,ff ,j ,UG HdG fa fEG dG UCdG Yh bJG h )d Gej a IdGh 1948 S( IG CG Y QOdG zfEG dG
.IMGh a SCG Y J fc YCG ,eSEG adGh HdG adG e c fEG M Y )1950 fEG HhQhCG jJc( HhQhCG hdG H eHGC dG YE G Gd dG
GgCGh UG eCG .zhdG SCG{ NG EG LJ EG ,zaK HGK{ Y J a aNG eCG adG zHGK{ Y QJ dG J L CG QYH ,)1969( fEG jeCG bJGh
jObGh YLG edG hdG EG ShCG h ,zhdG SCG{ EG LdGh .IMGh a HGK Y ,kb hCG kGc ,J UNh HGK gh ,adG g UoN Jh HhQhCG
eCG ,Y g e Y ,J hCG dG g e GP hCG uoG Gg be L dG ,jdGh SdGh ,dGh ,dG J H J c zfEG M{ Y dG g eh .iNCG aK UNh
YCG :zdG{ `H SEG Aa j e CG ,bG dP SDJ dG dG d cCGh zQhV{ ,YEG dd IjL H hG EG J LGe zfEG dG YEG{ LG ,dH
.J hCG dG g QUCG dG G f e ,gNJ j b hCG ,QdG gNJ dG VGZCG Y dG GQOG Gg da OQ e fL bh .adG L UNh HGK a
G G C G dP EG fG d kjCG QhV leCG ,G GH ,G de GQOEGh fEG M YEG e ,eSEG dG Lh e hCG SEG fEG FGd ZU Y
c fEG M EG .Zeh VG j VG QeCG cj M SdG e c a j dG (3) SEG fEG dG dGh (2)dG eSEG dGh (1)SEG J LGhh
fEG M j ,kfeh U ,Y G Rj HdGh IdG eR SEG gQb fL EG Gg .(5) SEG fEG M YEG heh (4) SEG fEG M Kh heh
d zadG UCdG{ `H g f eh .de dh de a :jdG dG fEG ,UG .gZh jaCG iNCG QbCG aY K GQOe
dG UCdH f e EG .c ,iNCG e IMGdG J h dG H adG Gg XJ IgX :gGdG dG zfEG M{ N aGJ - bCG Y - JgX kGPEG g
Y RGHEH dPh ,aK NGO fEG M H YdG jEG g UG HdG fa fEG IgXh ,HhQhCG jeCG ,HdG YEG H j e Ggh ,G V LdjjG c QdG
M Y eb dG SCG Y - iS c - kjgL J dGh Y J dG jdG SCG dCe j dG AdG ,adG UG SH zfEG dG YEG{ Y YRG
NGO e fEG - G ,dG ,dG - dG HdG oRornj g eh .HdG adG fEG .G g Y zadG YdG{ AVEG
,dH H ,f W Y d dGh UG CG iNCG Ie cCjh ,f adG UG ,H EG j VGh a GhdG/LdjjG fa ,hCG IgdG Y dG S
g e j fd EG dc d zdG{ CG c zdG{ e e AT zUN{ c :je NGe g jce fEG M zUdG{h zddG{ dCe be EG egG S dHh
.zUdG{ GfCG e f c zdG{ .eSEG LG eh HhQhCG LG e H fQG Y
Y fQG g XJ jf fEG H ,fQG LCG e fQH f d fCG EG g IQTEG e H h
J CG LCG eh .UG dG gQjh dhdG KGG Y J c fEG dG UCdG
kjf SDj e EG :f zdG{ e HCG EG fQH gdG j kSCJ kGroH g UCdG Y
Y a dG j dG iG ,fEG M a ie Y g S Tda kGPEGh .kah
j b H ,e hd f O fCG IQhdH J AdG jQJ CH kY ,G g jQJ
.IjL jQJ Me SCJ QhO RJ b AdG jQJ AH CG QYH ke dG
YEG AGS( HhQhCG adG H dG dG zfEG dG YEG{ c GPEa Ggh
jQdG Le j )1948 IG CG YEG hCG ,1789 fdG YEG hCG 1776 jeCG
dG j dP Ea ,GdG g TY e hd c hj H HdG GdG jQJ e
YEG{ CH jo CG G g Y aG eEH sC dP .UG f fEG M zdY{
Y dG EG IYO c ,f adG g - Yh - IQK c HdG adG zfEG M Y
dHh ,adG g SJ fc dG ,SdGh jObGh YLG ,jdGh cdG jG
YH Oj ,kY kfYEG - g dG Lh e - c HdG adG zfEG M{ Y YEa

13
2006 Rq 5 95 OY

dG fdG ,f zdG fb{ Z - IGhGh jG YCG - SQ M e
.zfEG c EG J eCG hDj dGh eS Vh dG G M{ EG ej
jG QdG Y J fc H Gh gdG Y J Ia O zdG dM{ Va J h
d zdG dM{ IQY zdG{ `H Oa Ggh .jCGQ c ,zdG{ Y jG dG T dG
dP ATCd dG dG ec{ :g b c ,OG H ,fEG Y G IeG ATCG
.fGd VNh a OLe :dG Y e g dG fEG ,ze AL g dG fEG
W M g IGhGh jG fEG M sC ,kH H AGREG kGQGMCGh SGS Gg SdGh
:zdG dG{ IQYh zfEG M{ e H HG J g eh .dG Y e ,d
G J SCJ ge g zdG{ EG dMEG CG VGhh .d W M g fEG M
,dhOh c Y ,IQMh aK c Y HS da :Le c Y HS Le Y
.dc e c M Y SCJ dG Gh ,e c Le a ,dHh
h .zdG fb{ ,b c ,a pr nj dM g H ,VdG J zdG dM{ CG Y -3
e QU a ,dG M e c SQ Y SdG H YGf J CG kGqL G e c
,Oa c M J dG IQdH zdG fb{ Jh jhCJ Y Gj CG dc dG
e h e MGh oc T j H OG e V ebEG{ `H EG JCj Ggh
j dHh ,d EG j CH ,dG e e gh ,e d jh bM SQ
c J dG zYLG dG{ Va g eh .zb e d fc dG jH ke
.(1778 - 1712) ShQ L L gQb c spfnnG dM EG zdG dM{e fG
c ShQ L L Ea ,Z e cCG zdG dM{ jH gG b d L c GPEG ,LCG
c QJ dG VdG gh zYLG dG{ Vd kGjJ Y edG dG Sa cCG
g eh .dG b fEG SQ e zfdG dM{ EG zdG dM{ e fG
H e Z e YLG e H H ,O j CG j H fEG CG VdG
Y ke c GPEG EG M d j YLG Ea ,QJh J JGOGQEG fc h .L
dGh ,dEG j dG Yd ac bM Y e MGh c L Rj H e zbJ{
J dHh ,b SQ J SdG Y j QYG c dhdG ou noJ
.G g gL g IGhGh jG Jh ,zfe M{ EG zdG dG{ J
dG{ Gg L ,dhdG q dG ,YG IOGQEd bM Y SdG Ra Ggh
h ,YLG SSCG Y IGhGh jG G QGbEG e jdG ,T RJ g ,zYLG
e YT J EG a INCG g J dG fGdG eCG .dhdG b u n oj Gg Z AT
G EG Jh cG G J dG IOGQEG gh ,Sd edG IOGQEG Y qJ fc
SDJ zfe M{ EG d N e zdG fEG M{ Ggh .dG
Y qJ dG bdG GOGQEG L Y J dG zedG IOGQEG{ g e c eY Le
.dG Gh cG G EG cj dG IOGQEG :kL
Rhj jG dG HhQhCG Sa H b dG fEG SCdG e dG Gg CG VGh
EG ,IQMh aK c zb{ e EG zjGdG{ EG fEG H Lj SCJ fEG ,adG UG
a .IQGh adG EG dHh ,dG Ld SDG zYLG dG{ EG eh ,zdG dM{
dG YEG{ gQb dG J dP ,fEG M zdY{ CH dG EG dP e f
W j G J zdY{ Y J dG dG SSCG EG dG EG dP e k ornf g ,zfEG
.j e HGL S GDS ?Ve GP Z dCe G d zadG YdG{
HhQhCG LG fEG M Y -2
HdG fdG HhQhCG Sa H b dG ,zfEG M{ `d SCdG e dG Gg CG VGh ...{
e EGh zjGdG{ EG fEG H Lj SCJ EG .adG UG Rhj ,Y edGh Y
.z...IQMh aK c b
CG( zddG{ UH UGh jG HhQhCG dG zfEG M YEG{ IQY J
g G a :ddG g dG Gg zddG{ `H OGh .)fEG dG YEG
,Zh a H h OSCGh HCG H h fCGh cP H a ,ac Sd M fCG zdY{
edG dG HhQhCG Sa H bh AT qGC Y dG H fEG g fEd M g H
Mh jG M :gh ,iNCG G L Y J KG r sM n Y J fEG M Y
?dP ghYG dG LG g eh ,G jg Y SdG dhCG SCG a .IGhG
H iOf dG fEG M J d fC dP :SSCG dCe g LG b W EG
IQhdH J Le Y J CG j ,MT dG H ,zdY{ kbM HhQhCG Sa
- IGhedGh OGSG SJ fc aK qfC - gY IFdG HhQhCG adG zQN{
f QJ Le .Gh edG Y de ,H e Le J CG j dHh
.jQdG a f Jh ,H
?kGPEG LG g g e
Y J dG LG - IOY - jh b dG g jdG CG dG dG jQJ he
a KDj e c Le Y SCJ e dG EG QeCG e e mreCG sOnQ EG .LG L
c kjCG ,f fEG Y dHh ,jQdGh edG Y J Le ,GQGh adG NG
zdY{ SCJ dh jdG EG ,Y edG dG ,HhQhCG Sa C a .c qfCGh
e 1776 S jeCG IG jdG SG YEG SQ dGh ,H GhOf dG fEG M
?iNCG L e 1789 ZCG/BG 26 fdG WdG G Hh ,L
ge zfEG M{ `d jJ Xh b jeCG SG YEG f CG e ZdH fCG bGdG
M YEG{ CG e c ZdHh ,zdEG jdG{h zd YCG cdG{h zddG{ e jU jO
zSCG FdG jYQ{ EG LjO QTCG b fdG WdG G JQUCG dG zWGdGh fEG
M{ SDJ dG LG ,QdG e IQH ,j jdG Ea GPh Gg e ZdH fEG ,)dG CG(
dG dG L Y Gvp V - SdG W e - kUCG H npOof b zdG{ g EG H ,J zfEG
.dG Sh dG S SCGQ Yh ,bdG dP HhQhCG fEG J fc
edG dG ,HhQhCG Sa Y SCG dG zddG{ dG LG g kGPEG jdG j
RhJ e Y Le AH EG GhY d H ,H GhH dG zfEG M{ Y ,Y
f H HdH dG :g FQ Va K e dCJ Le ,Y Jh dG S
Y c ronpd .zYLG dG'{ Ia K zdG dM{ `H SCG e VGaGh ,dG fh dG
.SCdG VdG g e IMGh c
HdGh Y SOdG fdG )UN AjdGh VjdG( jG dG J Ff e c -1
ec YYR dG d dBG IdG ,UN Jf e ,Y edG dG QJ CG Y
e b f fc ,HdG dGh dG GQdG FS Nh FdG G dG
IQU ,edG HPG jf he g c Jf U d .zdGh jdG Y{ `H Y
UCa ,IMGh je dG fh dG f e L ,)Y CG( VjQ fb
dG dG{ j UCG H ,fEG eCG VhG IeG ATCG ,j zdG{ e
QU dP fh .zf fEG dP dG e c j kc kef UH ATCd
N bO d j dG e CG QYH ,Y g eh W g e H Hj SdG
kGQe CG ,ke hj e a Hh .ah dG GQOE Hb a dHh ,c dBd dBG AGLCG
.dG e - ke j CG H hCG - lp soe fCG CG ,W a ,dG f
dH AdEGh ,Ge c ,G CG ,dG fG Y dG g dG e QU g e
SdG QJ V cGJ dG aVEGh GOjdG H CG ,W Z g e H FG VY
j dG dG fdG c GPEGh .dG SG hO e dG f ,dG f ATCd
e ffEG IG g Ea ,dG M Y unoG g ,IOe HK ,c bY gGdG T
c fEG gj dGh zddG{ `H J dG nrodG ooG fEG :dG ffbh W H g
dG IgdG J g eh .FGdG dG id c IG dG id ,dG h dG ,e
eh zU{h zSQa{ FSQ SGH HhQhCG G f IgX ,ej HhQhCG adG aY
. EG dG j dG YCG nnG O zdY{ n pb RGHE dP c .zFGdG LdG{ Y j
,W g eh Y g e H HG EG dGh VjdG dG dG J iOs CG ch
g e H HG EG )FGdGh bdG( jdG G IM Y WG JG iqOCG a
Y{ `d mGQt n nJ b f fc ,jdG IG - a - hCG FGH g eh W
IdG jO - zgL e fC opnb W jO{ Y a SdG c jd zgP
EG H GfGh haCG ddG QdG Gh jeBG dG d{ - eSEG dH
.BG Y jG EG S dG zdG dM{ Va fEG .ze LCG e aGG
dM{ OLh Y edGh Y HdG dG HhQhCG jG SdG dG Sa VaG ,ka -2
hNBG e OGQCG H ,SdG dGh YLG d HS L o H ,fEd zW
.eM hCG fb d h HdG d j g GPEG fEG Y j CG Y a dG
dM{ Va iNCH hCG IQH GXh b HhQhCG jG SdG dG Sa L c GPEGh
AH Y Z e cCG Y dG g (1704 - 1632) d L fG dG Ea ,g zdG
:j .fEG M zdY{ SDJ Le J C Hb dG IQdH VdG g
dG dG if CG Y j UCG e fh kU ka SdG dG f d{
UTCH dGh daCG J edG jG dM gh ,OGaCG L Y Lj dG
Y Ghj hCG kffEG GfPCj CG hO ,dG fb Ob V ,d lpFoe fCG j Jh
d PEG ,NBG e cCG MGdG NCj He jdGh t dG M IGhG dM kjCG gh ,JOGQEG
dG f aH c G ,f JdGh dG EG G bG CG e gGH cCG M g
.zNBG H e H ihj CG kjCG j ,f G GSHh dG
S a J CG b SdG Y j dG IGhGh jG dM g kGPEG zdG dM{
14

,jdG o qSDj dGh ,(jQPh OB dG N) G pArnH Y bh dG YCG ,FGQhG zG{ Gg ...{
WCG Y ,eSEG G b jGH e bGh YLG Y EG j ,SdGh dG H bdG rCG
Gh jG G - fEG M Y HhQhCG Sa Y SCG dG zYLG dG{ Va J
IOGQEG{ `d dG bM Y SdG RJ :KG JcQ Y kHS qH c ,J - e J eh IGhG
g IOSGh ,L e dG Gh cG G EG cj dGh ,GOGQEG L Y J dG zedG
.c G IOGQEG ,J edG IOGQEG Y Hf ,o n r nJh dhdG J fe M IQU ,iNCG L e ,G
:GWCG KK J )bdG e( H AGREG d - UY KK AGREG kGPEG g f
.dG G UCG dG OGaCG (1
.J bM Y SdG d RJ dG edG IOGQEG (2
fe M IQU dEG OY bh J bM fEG a SQ dG G YG (3
H H HQe e a ...)jNBG M a J IQH OdG SQj( e
?JYH dG eSEG G Qj e Hh ,g zYLG dG{ Va
OBG H e NCG dG CG QJ jBG gh .dG BGdG zdG{ jBH g zbdG{ Va fcJ
nsMh ,VQCG AnoN a OBG H dd qc dG CGh ,GS kGMCG Ghj CG (eGdG) be
:IdG zdG{ jBG jBG g e .dG AGS fhj jQeh je kSQ a SQCGh feCG
.(15)|fT H Gdb ,HH or ndGC fCG Y gTCGh jQP gQX e OBG H e HQ NCG PEGh}
eh be dG e fNCG PEGh} :J db e ,SH zdG{ Y J IjY iNBG jBG eh
snYGnC h bU Y bOdG Cd .kZ kbe e fNCGh e HG Yh Seh gGHGh f eh
GhTh HHH L GaYG ,OBG Hh dG H e L e a ,Ggh .(16)|kdCG kHGY jad
J L ej SdGh dG H e iNCG L e gh ,kT H Gcj CG fCG Y
eqc dh} :c bG Y Jh d J dP h ,zdG jOh idG{ dSQ ,SdG EG dSdG
ddh ,(17)|kJ N c Y gah dG e gbRQh dGh dG gMh OBG H
.(18)|dG Y jh hdH heCjh G EG Yj eCG} e J CG a
Va UY e HQd UY USG dH f Jeh jBG g a ,Ggh
GYG HQj YLG dG Va zedG IOGQEG{ `pd bM Y dG Ra :zYLG dG{
Y GdRJ b fj GYG GH fEG .d jT Mh dG HHH fCG Y JOTh OBG nH
Mh H GYGh Mh dG IOH ee ,FGh cGdGh UCc iNGoC dBG jCG IOY zM{
Va zedG IOGQEG{ de Ggh( Y j h iNCG dG e fEG Q c
j dG sGE rPGE ,He hO e kRJ d zRdG{ Ga iNCG L eh ,L e Gg .)YLG dG
a} GhDhT e IOY zdG M{ Y dRJ Ca ,dGh jGdG jW d d SdG dEG
.SdG SGH GdG jWh idG H d VS (19)|a AT eh eDa AT
dG H bdG CG ,jdG SDj dGh ,jQPh OBG N ,G ArnH Y bh dG YCG - FGQhG G Gg
Y ,ziQdG{ SG Y BGdG WCG ,eSEG G b jGH e zbGh{ YLG Y EG j ,SdGh
QWEG dPh (21)|eCG gQhTh} dhdGh SdG H bdG jh ,(20)|H iQT geCGh} G SDj
IG bGh ,G bGdG G dP Y G dG ziQdG{ e j dG AdG ,FGQhG G
.SEG gL j e e MGh S LQOCG M iQd BGdG gYCG dG gCG J g eh .YLG
gL j CG ...IdG ebEGh FdG LGh H ziQdG{ dG BGdG b d ,ka
jd HCGh N dG Y eh fdG IG a AT e r o r pJhGoC a} dJ j ,YLG fh jc SEG
GHSG jdGh .hopj g GZ e GPEGh MGdGh KEG Fc j jdGh .cj HQ Yh GeBG
.(22)|hj g dG gUCG jdGh .j gbRQ h H iQT geCGh IdG GebCGh Hnpd
GPEG jG dG SQ nrne bh SEG b Gfch ...{ QfCG df jBG g EG jG H jh
H Gg .)edG( zY Gj M CGH hOj rGC :Y KCa ,GhQhJh GLG lreGnC H c
npob PEG ,LQdG aQ eSEG GC e iQdG Ea j eh .Y a G CGh e jBG CG hNBG ij
.eSEG G Gb gh ,zGeBG jdG{ H j dG FdGh dH IQcG jBG
YG FQ bY J dG FdGh dG S ziQdG{ BGdG cP iNCG L eh ,L e Gg
Z ka c dh ,d nrpd dG e MQ pna}:dJ db eCG H gjJ OQh bh ,H eSEG
EG He Ic jOMCG gh ,Gg .(23)|eCG gQhTh d SGh Y orYa dM e Gf dG
WTG dG dG U - dG LQO EG bj e kGc CG eh .H dG EG YJh iQdG q dG
ie Y dG e gCG Ggh ,G ie Y dH d GJ JQcG jBG Ea - ke QdG
d N J H e H HdG oYh iQd dG SQ cJ jOMCG J CG dP EG VCG .dG
Y ka ,H e G QNH G iQdG gC Jh Y IQSG ,IYS H S LG(
dG Y qJ H b iQdG jOMCG EG kGNCG d .)edG jdG kH H HdG IQhe
.CGdG OJh QhdG H EG j SEG jdG Oe onMGC g dG zLEG{ EGh .QdG c eSEG
G EG HQG Oq g ...iQdG ,YLG dG - IdG M ,dG dM
zWGdGh fEG M YEG{ e fdG IOG Y q f dG zQdG ehe{ c iNCG
eCG{ eSEG CGG Y ibCG dG dGh 1789 Y fdG G Y QOdG
.)z...a kGe e iCGQ e{ jM( zdG Y dGh hH
fOQCG EG H ,GP hCG GG Gg SEG S KEG d e aa G Gg Y fQH d
eh IGhGh jG M ,fEG zddG{ HhQhCG Sa AYOG CG EG fG d a e
fEG jQG adG OHCa dHh ,HhQhCG IQH kUN kGeCG d ,e J
e EG .adG L ,FdG QG dG bGdG a ,H dG J ,ffEG lOHCG g
SS a bGh CG( Fb QM K bGh V Le e kehO g fEG M GMG
J GQGh adG Lh .bGdG Gg J EG IYO k ehO g ,)ObG Y LG eCG .SG dG IQK ,jRGLdG IQdH ahG IQdG g ,IQK SDj - zYLG dG{
.IdG jOh ,dG dM e ,UCGh ,jGdG fCG Y f J Le Y IYdG g SCJ
zUN{ `H fEG eSEG Ld zddG{ FYOG Y VS e g
iNCG L e eSEG dG Vj dG Odh L e jdH cJQ SEG G J
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
eSEG LG fEG M Y -3
iQdG - G - IdGh ..dG - CG
Hh ,zfEG M{ a JYO e SEG H J dG dG H HdG RGHEG EG ...{
Y ,f e g ,zfEG dG YEG{ `H dG HhQhCG Sa S dG jdG
.z...ziQdG{ SG Y BGdG .z...UG Yh G J UCJ Xh gQJ
zfEG M{ SCJ Y Y edG dG N HhQhCG Sa Y c S e fRHCG
dG f H HdG{ :g zjf UCG{ hCG Va K XH jG HhQhCG dG
dCe fKCG ,VdG d jf Yh .zYLG dG{h zdG dM{h ,zdG fh
- zadG YdG{ W j fEG M zdY{ `d dG SCdG e dG Gg c GPEG e
:dCG g bf CG g jh .Ve P Z kGeCG - adG UG dCe IQKEG hCG
Gh LGdGh G jb ,idG fEG jd zdnodG{SCdG e dG Gg EG jGH dG
,Y edGh Y HdG fdG HhQhCG SdG YNG kT j ,dEG ...Gh OLdGh dGh
f GPEGh .GQGh adG L a J eY IgX dG Gg e dG ffEG jdH zddG{ EG H
kGVM zidG{ jd zdn o dG{ SCdG e dG Gg S fEa ,eSEG HdG adG egG fM
M{ `H dG Y u n of j e dP ,JYO SCJ Y jGdG e SEG Y d : TCH
eY fCG EG g aEG e H h .b Y K dG f SCG e HJ OJ jf SCG Y zfEG
edG QGdG c NGC QhdG e fGC EG dG ,kGNCGh khCG ,H jf fE a zHJ OJ'{ IQY f
QG Gg GY e h .VG Y VG SEG N e df M edG QYG H gZh jQGh
Hh - dG dP Qs oJ CG c - zfEG M{` SEG H zd J{ dG dG H HdG RGHEG Ea
UCJ FGLEG Xh gQJ Y - f e - g ,jG dG HhQhCG Sa S dG jdG
.OH f e IQcG HG XJ H dG dG kGPEG d .UG fa fEG H YdG
Gd ,jCGQ c ,zdG fh dG f H HdG{ - Va hCG - GC e HhQhCG Sa Xh d -1
,dG fh dG f H HG e dG Gg CG f fh .NCGh hCG Gh hCG LG dG
h ,eSEG IYdG N dH CGf CG ,Le c Y J dG LG dG L H
CG( e dG USGh dG f eCJ EG kGQGJh kGQGe W BGdG YO d .UN H BGdG
GQH J JYO j e kdZh ,)iNCG dG L e QdGh Mh H JQG j dN OLh
N EG} :J db dP e .d jh ,ounoj bCG Y hCG ,dG f f g dG f CH MJ
AdG e dG fCG eh ,SdG j dG dG dGh ,QdGh dG NGh ,VQCGh GhdG
AdG H G dGh ,jdG jJh ,HGO c e a Hh Je H VQCG H MCa Ae e
jBG )dEG z...QdGh dG NG ,VQCGh GhdG{CG( g dG f .(6)|j d jB ,VQCGh
f g ef j d dG f ie Qd c e dG CG VGhh .dOh gGe dG Qj
kSCJ - fCG HhQhCG Sa b ch .He dG fGbh dG MCG J r nd ,dG d kHe
.hdGh HdG e Y g e Y dG fh dG f L dG g dG Ea - HG d
jdG kfDe ,kMh kS dG kGQGJh kGQGe Xj BGdG iNCG L eh ,L e Gg
g b .cY d a keUCG f Gdb} :Mh dG EG gjEG kYGO ,d j
.(7)|j dc fAHBG fLh H Gdb .hj hCG fj hCG .YJ PEG fj
BGdG G J )dG f CG( dG jBH AGgGh dG Jh dG OYG EG IYdG g -2
kHe j Oj e BGdG G zIdG'{h .zIdG jO{ SEa :zIdG{ EG LdG EG IYdH
jdG dP ,dG jJ ,Y SdG a dG dG Ia ,kM jd Lh bCa} :dG BGdG a ,zdG dM{
dG jOCd HdG gGHG jO g IdG jO hCG G jdG hCG dG jdGh .(8)|j SdG cCG dh ,dG
kfGfh kjOjgGHGce}:kSSCG fGdGh jOdG gh ,jG IYdG eR dG IjL IFS fc
:dG Jj dG MdG jdG gh ,f SEG g gGHG jOh .(9)|cdG e c eh ,ke kM c dh
YSGh gGHG Y fCG eh} j gh ,G jdG ,IdG jO SEG .(10)|SEG dG Y jdG EG}
.e d fh e MCG H f HQ e dGh Yh Se JhCG eh SCGh jh SGh
HS gh jO c UCG fC ,gGHG jO g g zSEG{ `H OGh .(11)|e j a kjO SEG Z j eh
.(12)|H kH dG gAL e H e EG dG GJhCG jdG NG eh} :IdG jO g rPGE ,jO N c Y
dG Sa Y SCG dG zdG dM{ e BGdG H zIdG M{ HQe Qj e kGPEG g
jBG QSH HQG g AZEG h .jG eeh fEG M e HhQhCH Y edG
a IMGh eCG SdG c} :dbh .(13)|...GNa IMGh eCG EG SdG c eh} :J db e iNCG
Y dj Ode c{ :j dG dG jG Y RJQG c ,(14)|jQeh je dG dG
Gg AGQBG e hG OQhCG SSG c ,zfj hCG fGj hCG fGOj GHCa IdG
SEG c eh .Y SdG dG N dG p G gh ,GNGh AGHG g gY Ida :OdG
h Y Ff Z SEG jOh Md Hb{ SdG N dG CG g dG f ,IdG jO
,NBG kjO Y GhQNG - fCTh - GcJ d M ,dG d kbhe d kHh fd ,d je
:kFb QcG jG Y j a RGdG jdG a eCG .zdGh fCG WT AGZEa e iZ eh
proj EG fCGh ,WdG jOCG e AT Y c UCG Ja Y J d OdG sGC Y jG O{
.zISdG VGYCG Mh dP jHCG S gh ,LQN SC WdG jdG Y
M{ g Y jd ,IMdG j EG ,SSCG SEG Le EG b GPEG GdG f g
.Y SdG dG a dG - dG fdG hCG - zIdG fb{ H g Qj a dHh ,zIdG
HdG adGh HhQhCG adG KG H Hf a ,kfL C Gh GdG dCe d
C Gh GdG e Y j dG QeCG e d HQGh ,a H QJ EGh ,eSEG
g fQG Ve CG dP :gOH f dc YV eCG j eY kUN ,keQU kJ
XJ dG FG - dG RL GPEG - zjQdG FdG{ L e g H ,dG FG f e d
IQd c Xh e - bGe dh - bU J dGh UEG GYO ch GQdG
Vah zdG dM{ Ia EG FH - Gfc HhQhCG Y edG dG Sa EG .IYd QTh
Y zdG{ IQK gQhH SDJ fc - I dG e X H a eSEG IYdG
...OdGh dG c e QdGh dH JQG IQK ,zdG{ Y zMdG{ IQK ,zjdG{
kHb eSEG G j CG e dh ,SSCG Gg Y ,kGPEG fQG d
.H e bS e Ggh .H Y .zYLG dG{ Ia e HQGh fQd
15

dGh GdHh fHdG jdHh dG OLH OYG e ,zId jQhdG FdG Y kGUb
c gh - G Hc j ddh .dG SW EG LM hO ,iNCG IG
,OLe dG CGh kf d CG Y e IY eG j eY dG j CG Lh Y - HdG
G hO dh ,b d jh MdG gQj dG jdG FY M S j CGh
id J J jG HhQhCG dG fEG M zfY{ CG EG J f
GH d .SWh dG S e QdG a H ,jc jdG Y ASG dG Gg Sa
dG dG Y kGV H ,jdG Y kGq p V dh ,ka Mh dG OYH fEG M zde{
GtMCGh Sh dG dJ GMGRCGh jdH GMG d .SW e aGj eh dG VJ
fEG SDG eSEG bG e AT bG Gg bj a .Sh dG
dG Y VGYa kGPEGh ?ddG dG dP qH c ,iQdGh Gh ,IdGh dG Y
,G d dG SSCG zfY{ iYH ,SEG fEG M zUCJ{ H dhM dG
Ghq T jdG HhQhCG Sa a j j r nd e ,zfdG{ e j fC ,OhOe VGYG
ICGG J MCGh JG c ahe a keMCG j dG VGYG dP H j
,IGhG CGeh jG CGe fCG ggX hJ dG ,IOdGh dGh GhdGh GG
jdGh ...fEG M a -4
iYH eSEG HdG dG fEG M UCJ H dhM dG dG Y VGYa kGPEGh ...{
e j fC OhOe VGYG HhQhCG adG G d dG SSCG zfY{
.z...dG SSCG dP GhqT jdG HhQhCG Sa J j j ezfdG{
dG YCG - zddG{ SdG SGH fCG if dG dG HdG dG MT
,K e hCG ,f jdG GJG Y OSH dPh ,SEG fEG - dGh
,b c ,LJ dG G .g ,fEG M jG dG HhQhCG Sa Y H dG
.IGhGh jG :KG M EG
,DhJh VGYG po S dEG fG dG FdGh gS dG jdG CG f fh
c iYH HQGh fQG e dG Gg bGe j gMCG :KG VGYG gCG d
M H ,zfY{ QWEG jG HhQhCG dG fEG M WDj dG dG QWEG
IGhG Mh jG M zdY{ j a fK eCG .jdG QWEG j SEG fEG
e zj{ dG )dG CG( JG c ,e eSEG a MCG UN IQKEH SEG
hCG G e LdG J dG dGh GhdGh IOdGh GG MCGh ,OYGh jdG jM
.ICGd J cCG dG e
g AdG de CG ,dG gLdG CG Z .zGMEG{ LQO EG Lh Ghj VGYG
AH kehO G e H ,J HK Ad IMGh de g a ,f dCe kehO
jdG jJh SdGh jdGh dG gGG NG S g Ggh .oe de
H iNCG jdGh gGG Y j EG ,jf ch ,ge a .MGh Ve M dG
,VG dG NGhCG e ,eb EG IUG dG IQdGh .ATCG d gq j dG dG
e dG e e c iNCG Sg eb d :dG OH dG SSCG Y
G IMdG SdG fCG Y VG dG e EG J fc dG jbhCG SdG
edG Ve iNCG de J Fja jf dG Gg FGhCG eb c ,FGh
dG J Y kGV IjL de d dG jf ea ,NBH e MGdG bYh Gh
dG{ de H iNCG L eh ,L e Gg .Gh edG M b e IFS fc
hCG ,dH eb K ,f Igd zLdG dG{ de e VQJ Ad zdG
.Ggh ,IMGh de V LG QdGh jG QdG H IjL de ,fH
,G dh CGdG Gg Oa IQhdH J AGQBG e CGQ Y VGYG gLa kGPEGh
j Ggh .a G VG de d IMGh feEG e cCG OLh a J b H
IMGh aO Ad zFdG dG{ j e EG j CG h j fEa ,zdG{
c GPEGh .ANCG e j eh GU e dj e cGH fEG j zdG{ EG .IMGh Ieh
G e Qb cCG j e g jdGh G GdG Ea ,HdG J dG GdG
.dh Od G e Qb cCG ,edG
:e hCd j e q HdG VGYG bS ,SSCG Gg Yh jhGdG g e
M QJ H zfdG{ Y QJ jG HhQhCG dG zfEG M{ CH dG EG
zfdG{ e g a j e hCGh .a EG j b ,jdG Y SEG fEG
zfEG M{ SCJ Y GY jdGh zjdG{ e GM jdG HhQhCG Sa CG dP .f
H J fc dG jdG SQG f V Gbh EG ,jc jdG V Gj ,jG dG
G Mh dG OLH LQ snbCG GPEG{ :zjdG{ cM AYR RHCG e gh ,hQjO j .dG
QaCH Md IQhV oqjCa ,dG dG dGh GdGh dG ONh bNCG dGh
SG HdG FdG QGSCG L J b LdG Gg CG Vdh ?)dG CG( jdG
rCG Y GOYG g YJ a ,iNCG QeCG Lh dGh QdGh dbCG OGh ddGh
.z?aCG kWGe j
.SWh d zdG{ CG Z ,W g e e Y g e HJ Va Y Jjf GH fCG U
zdG jdG{ `H j e eCG .H GhMh d H ,zdEG{ e kjH j jdG HN a
fEG M Sa ,zjdG{ Sa QaCG H Uh Uh gh ,zdG fjO{ `H hCG
zdG{ h zdEG{ zdG{ MEG ej e j a ,HhQhCG Y edG dG
hO e fEG H NCG bh ,dEG jdG f g gY dG jda ,dH H ,zjdG{
KK Y j gY zdG jdG{ Gg ch .a Y Y jb a kGe dG SJ
fEG e j gh IQdG J dEG g{ :gh hdG jdG Y j dG f g Oe
GPEa ,QGTCG a bjh QGHCG a Caj iNCG IM gh ,dEG JOGQEG j CH Va IM
VdG IG FGa ij CG SG IG eG e FdG SG e fEG SG
.dG SSCG dP .zINBG GdG Qd Y SSCG Y JM fh
e hj ,zdG dM{ Ia Y fEG M SCG dG gh ,ke d L Ggh
H d .SWh dG Y ASG j dG AdG ,zdG de{ KEG iNCG L
.kM S e Ggh ,G g j CG OYG :Ud WT iS a j a{ - EG - zjdG dG{
fEa zdG jdG{ `H Uh jjdG jG ADg AGQBG CG eh .zVdG IG OYGh
dP e .MdG h dG H Ghe a ,zMdG{ Y ASH dj L Gfj
QeCG (3h ,bJ dG QeCG (2h dG aGJ dG QeCG (1 :H f d L CG ,ke
UNG e a ddG dG eCG ,dG UNG e ,dGh hCG ,nrdG .Y J dG
MGh dEG e cCG OLH dGh ,dG e j b MGh dEG OLH dG Ea{ :j Ggh ,MdG
dG{ jf MU ShQ eCGh .zdG Y j GeCG H dGh , d b e b
dP zQN{ fj jG HhQhCG dG NQDe Ea zdG Y{ TY EGh a zYLG
b c GPEGh .kfehQ kfGLh c H ,zjdG{ Sa c c kfY j fCG QYH dG
j CG{ Y ,JQhV Y sn UCG d H ,JGP jdG V j a jd FdG SQG fG
16

,Z JY j T O j ,eSEG dhdG b H ,dG g zJdG{ C
SEG dhO qCG QYG H fNCG GPEGh .dhOh kh IY SEG Y N T g H
e K ,dG cG e( Ie kHM VJ fc ,HQCG AG eRh dG eR ,jG
e CWGjh Wh j dG dG M g dhdG g eR zJdG{ sCG cQOCG ,)SdGh hdG
Ghj SfCG V fc H HCG Y Y IOdG hMh .UG dH - G eR hdG
Gf PEG ,dP e HCG EG GgP H ,dG eR dEG GfG dG SEG dhO zfN{ Y a
G GH zJdG{ `a ..)IcdG aO Y eG CG( fGd fY H Y Vfd fCG
...dEG ,hd kSSL hCG kGeBe hr CG zHQeo { eSEG dhdG Y N e g
fN V H ,OYG jM V kM d G GH zJdG{ Y eSEG dG a kGPEGh
g eh .Q hY hr CG q d EG dG hCG hdG e DWGdGh jdG Y ka ,dhdGh WdGh eCG
dG jh Gh dhdG Y j e gh ,zQdG{ M H AdG Hj c f
zHQodG{ e U g eSEG dG G zJdG{ CG dP .zJdG{ Hh ,jdG jh
JH j QG Ja . CG dH kHQ JG j e M NBG EG a e j Mh
H AdG e c ,HSG L e j CG ,khCG j g GNG a ,Qj CG b eCG ,AdG
dO j dP c .)hdG VQCG( G QGH GPEG JG Hh ,SEG QGO gh QM GPEG JG
,OYG jM SQ T fCG jhGR e zJdG{ hj Gfc SEG Aa CG Y VGh
.hG e kYf V Nh eSEG G N T fCG jhGR e H
SEG Oj zJdG{ `d fdG VdG sCG g S e c e dEG f CG jf eh
QTEH ,zWd fdG{`H dG f e L Oj H ,OYG jM ,zjdG{ L
jM ee h zfEG M{ Y dG Kj jdG Ea Hh .dhdGh G Y G
jdG b jM{ h ,zjdGh Gh Wd fG jM{ jG g Nj OYG
.NBG AT zIOdG{h AT ja :kGPEGh ..zhdG e DWGdG jM{ h ,zj e SdG Sh
UbYG NBG kjO j dG G c GPEG e dG UG dG OLG e kHe jh
zJdG{ IFGO Nj ,eSEG dhdH h eSEG H H hCG jb e kjOa
gfOQhCG dG jBG Y K jdG jJG IeR Nj fCG rCG ,MT dG dG dH
.b Lh Y MGU dG hO dh ,cCG YdG jJG YJ dGh kHS
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
NBG AT zIOdG{h ..AT jG M -5
Oj H ,OYG jM ,zjG{ L SEG Oj zJG{ `d fdG Vda Ggh ...{
G QTEG hCG zWd fG{ `H dG f e L Oj H ,OYG jM ,zjdG{ L
.z...dhdGh G Y
dHh SEG fEG M zdY{ Y VGYd H gj dG jdG e
aQ jJ dHh ,SEG fEG M zUN{ K hNBG gjh ,a dG
LQe ,dG aK e Hf fCG iYH UG dG dG gQj c zfEG M{
EG J Feh )dG - JG M( jG M EG J Fe jdG g e ,jQdG QJ
.ahe a Fe gh )...GhdGh IOdGh GG ICGG J MCG( IGhG M
.VG ff Lh SDj a Vf WJ e H VGYG jg be b
CG .FG QOdG G UCGh .Jh Oe ,FLh c eSEG jdG
FG G QJ dG SCGh .Mh a ,NG g c GPEa .dG CGd kJ j
eEGh ,G dP bG dG UG hdG keY gh ,zhdG SCG{ eEG ,g de qJh
YdG MCG de d kL e H Je KK .dG G MJ eY Ue
dG FG EG FV a .hdG SCGh UG ,FG MCG ,jdG c :SEG
.ICGG zb{ J MCG Y VGYGh ,zJdG{ H VGYG :GQcG VGYG gj
.e hCH CGdh
ke CN JS dh .cCG AT Gg ,Y CGc jG M VdG eH SEG Qj
dG dH jG Y K CG b iNCG Uf jCG hCG ,eSEG UdG e W f GPEG
,NBG EG Y e ,bCG Y LdG H e ,J gZh jG ja .dG Kf
CG cDf CG f ,dP QYHh ,dP eh .dGh ZG NGh QdG LQO NH
VY fEG} :BGdG a .dGh BGdG dP LGh ,ac G jG CGe Qj SEG
Gg h ,(24)|fEG Mh e TCGh j CG HCa Gh VQCGh GhdG Y feCG
a )...dhDdG ,dG ,VQCG dG aN CG( zfeCG{ jH QNG fEG CG EG IQTEG
e zeR{ g fEG Y zfeCG{ g a dG VY dG zedG{ c h .kVa Y VJ
gL AL jG CG j dP Ea ,jQdG b e eR ,zRCG{ eR ,VQCG Y OBG hf b
fEG T jM ie Y G g cDd CGG Gg J JCJh .RCG e fEG
d fEG dG j ,zdG{ dCe J ah ,hCG iG a .OYG jM ie Yh
kY dG j iNCGh G iSCG J MCG g .bSG SJ MCG SEG
jQJ IgX dGh .)iSCG AGa CG( ke kYLG keh )GQdG bQ a CG( kjJ
j h ,ffdG dG e eJ c ,fGfh jOj e ,jhdG fjdG e eJ
J EG T hO e a eSEG jdG dG G eCG .jG dG EG dG
Y db e OdG Gg in rbCG g gh .lGM oN fEG CG CGe e kbfG dPh ,IgdG g
dO cCG g e g gh :zGQGMCG JeCG Jdh bh SdG SG e{ :IdG G H
SEG dNH GUCa ,Geh kGY UCG Gfc HdG Qc H CG e OdG Gg
?eSEG b jb ALh e Gfc jdG e AGS LQO Y
a ,zJdG{ H bYh OYG jM Y eCG ,dGh jOdG He ,jG Y Gg
QJ c OYG jM e jG IYdG b cdH ,khCG CGd .dG kJ j
AT eh eDa AT a ,HQ e oG obh} :dG dSQ kW J j .ddG jBG
a GVYCG Ea} :jh .(26)|H Y d .ce fCG EG ca} jh .(25)|a
,kL c VQCG e eB HQ AT dh} :jh .(27)|dG EG Y rEG kM Y SQCG
f eCG f e fEG N fEG} :J jh .(28)|eDe Gfj M SdG J fCaCG
jM QJ jBG g CG VGhh .(29)|kGQnc eEGh kGcT eEG dG jg fEG .kGH kS a
Y j CG SdG M e a VYCG GPEG d ,SEG j CG M a ,OYG fEG
.dP
dG he g c ,dG M dG zJ dG{ H Ve Vj CG j g
Y M j FL b OH fCG YdG f CG j dCG g dh .eSEG
j ,de GQOEh NG Gg dh .IQcG jBG QJ dG dG CGG e
H eJ dG dG dH CGdh ,)fOM dG dG dH( zhdG SCG{ EG LdG
.jG dhdG Me EG dP H Od ,e IYdG eR jJG e BGdG
Y e Jj eh} :G G S Y ,ddG jBG e f dG BGdG CGf
kK fCGh dG H hj jdG EG} kjCGh .(30)|...dYCG M dhCa ac gh a jO
SdG CG GhTh fEG H Ghc keb dG j c}h (31)|INBG d nN dhCG kb
SdGh FGh dG d Y CG gDhGL dhCG .dG dG j dGh ,dH gALh M
eDG S Z qjh idG d J e H e SdG bj eh} :J jh .(32)|LCG
coCG e EG ,fG H e dH c e} :jh (33)|kGe ASh L ppr ofh qdJ e pdn f
...(34)|Y GY dh dG e Z a kGQU dH T e dh ,EH e bh
dh ...L ,dG Z ,dG d g ,bS Oj c ,JG M CG jBG g L
.eeCG e HdG oa dP e cCGh ,dG
jM EG dP AdG jh .he g c dG g JG a ,dG eCG ,BGdG Gg
?NG Gg f a .zba jO n s Hn e{ :j f
T jQJ bGh H HCG aN eR jJG a ,QcG jG U dG d
.kjCG LEG j dCe dH a ,AdG H a N dCe JG b CG c ,a
?GP
17

j CG e EG jgG jdG hf eR G e QYG H fNCG GPEa Ggh
SdG c ke )QEG e dG f( gOH f dG dCd dG jdG Sd
S OLh d gG H ke c HJ gh ,QdG j b e iNCG MC dG
QdG bJ dG IMdG jLdG SdG g dG dG c d .QdG J S h
dhdG C JGP Vd IYGe HdG GH MG SEG AL a .e d kahe h
.b e jQL fc iNCG MCGh FH MG e ,SCdG QW fc
g G CG e ke ,MCG g e AGQh J dG g YLG hdGh G
Y j c ,jgG H GdG OGS VQCG J Y Y eY G H Y Lh dG
g CG eh .Y GG Vah HUC cJ gh G Va HJ EG ,BGdG dP
J IYb c eSEG jdG hQ eh ,HdG g e SG e jG AdG e
Y bh .dG OhQh UCG g fC G YhQ dG e G VQJ GPEG fCG Y
ICGG f Ve ,OH f dG VG IYdG g YG GOLG eSEG dG
M a ,LhH ICGG SG GPEG fCG e VG dG G Aa H H aCG e dP e
G MGdG dG jQJ CG dP :d AJGh Id kaO dP ch .gdGh J e d
dG J e ,ah YRe j c Ye VGQCG YdG Y FdG J M H
,kjCG G hNBG Aa Y H Gg .gG HdG G OH b Y K
j G WG FdG dG C LhR J e f e LhdG EG ,dP e dH
EG g IQTEG e H h Gg .j c J fc bh ,Leh dYCG Lhd jT LhdG
.ICGG H j e Ic fhe e - eeEG dG - G dG H j e
eCG SEG ICGG M Y jG OH dCG Jg IQKEG EG :LhdG OJh dG -3
.dH H ,H j h LhdG OJ h dG Lj SEG CG dP .f d Qe
VH e G Y a SEG b HdG G FT JgdG Jg fc d
GdJ snCG N EGh} :VCGh LhdG OJ zdG{ TG d :G e J d hT
VGh e Ga .(42)|UM dh AdG H GdJ CG GJ dh} :M jBG h (41)|IMGa
d VGh zdG dG Y G HCG{ dG dG ja dG eCGh .G EG dCH
h dG j fC dP ,dH ICGG M e j SEG EG d e a kGPEGh .a
)LhdG OJ dG( H AadG j H q e zM{ `c H ,ze M{ `c LhdG OJ
.GG Y kYf j gh zdG Y G HCG{ `c hCG
e dG jdG J fC a OLG Rj dG GOdG H AdG e a ,Hh
OLG Ve gh eG Hh ,J eCG da ,ke eQ dG hZ Y QaEG
e c GPEG e dCe eCG .d knpY AdG j eh hdG SCGh dG U Je fC
IQH dG Lj AT fCG ij QdG g Jc Ea ,npdG H UH G HQ FG
dP .ze G e Y e QhJ MCG{ EG FdGh AdG gQb dG IYdH eh FGO
H dG j H ,UdG J MCG Yh .Z OLG f g IYdG g C
GdG EG bCG EG .dGh LdG Y a H ,dGh dG Y e WSG CG kae
`a .jdG c EG ,a G Lh j eY ,FG YdG MCH LdG g ff
GPa ,G EG HG OQ LGdG e fCG h .IdG zdG{ `c jdG zdG{
dG zHdG{ e kYf IG G Hh FL QOdG G H VQdG b f
.dGh OG EG ,G EG OQ e H
.NBG fEG a CG IQe g e eSEG dG IQe fEG M zdY{ `a ,Hh
,J eMCa FG eCG ,edG OGh dG EG LdG j UCJh J Kh QEG e dG ea kGPEGh .hMh YRe Jh RGdG a ,jd IhdG cJ EG ODj
eSEG jdGh .NBG Lh QX EG d Lh QX eh ,NBG EG eR e j dGh
.dG Y Z a dG eCG ,dG g
SEG ICGG M -6
FG eMCGh ..jdG c H
,NBG fEG a CG IQe g e e eSEG dG IQe fEG M zY{ `a ,Hh ...{
fC OLd kehO Hb eMCa FG eCG .edG OGh dG j CG j Y dGh
.z...NBG Lh QX EG d Lh QX eh ,NBG EG eR e j dGh ,J
e :jQhV Je KK j CG j SEG fEG M Y jG EG HS b
hdG SCGh UG J eh ,FG eMCG Y J e ,eSEG jdG c QJ
.dG e MCG g Y
.LdG Hh H IGhG ,eh Y ch ,kFe SEG Qj ICGG M UHh
ecCG EG ,GaQd Fbh kHT cLh fCGh cP e cN fEG SdG jCG j} :J j
,fCG hCG cP e e eY Y VCG qfCG HQ d Sa} :J jh .(35)|cJCG dG Y
Nj dhCa eDe gh fCG hCG cP e dG e j eh} :jh (36)|H e H
aVEG gh .(38)|H AdhCG H eDGh eDdGh} :jh (37)|kGf oj h G
zeCG GbCG dG{ : db e ,ICGG CT e aJ IjY jOMCG ,Jeh jBG g EG
LGdG e f LdG H c ICGG c SEG CG eh .zLdG FT AdG{ :dbh
.gG IFS fc IOY gh ,dG nOrCGhn qM c ,dhDG H ihSh jdG
.LGdGh G LdGh ICGG IGhe g eSEG jdG dG G CG kGPEG VGh
.QEG e SCGh UG de Y dG a G Gg dJ fCG hj dG FG MCG eCG
.NBG H kGMGh Va ,hdG
j .JCGeGh kLQ hCG bCG Y LQ IOdG j BGdG CG e :IOdG dCe -1
e VJ ,JCGeGh La LQ fj Ea dLQ e jgT GhSGh} :J
dG MdG QYG CG jBG e VGhh .(39)|iNCG gGMEG qco a gGMEG J rCG ,AGdG
CGh .J hCG IMGdG ICGG J CG MG g MGh LQ H JCGeG W dG YGQ
dGh YLG VdG EG a Lj g H ,ggLh ICGG W e d dGh
.Y fc dG
J VaG GPEG dG g SEG M S c :GD dG ,Gg H j
fGG dGR GPEG{ :J dG IYdG S g ?LdG Vh ie EG YJQGh VdG
dG e H fCG CG ,jCGQ c ICGGh LdG H IGhG g g UCGh ,zUCG EG QeCG LQ
.G h ddG IdG gQS ff Lh EG ?dG aH
:QEG e ddG f f d snCG Y BGdG j :GhdGh QEG ICGG M dCe -2
- IOdG dCe a c - qj BGdGh ,(40)|fCG M e cd cOhCG dG Uj}
.hdG SCGh UG EG LdH dG YEG e H a kGPEGh ,dG Gg QJ dG GQYG
a .G Gg Qj e a S fEa BGdG a f dG dG EG LQ GPEG fCG bGdGh
bdGh ,UN YGG ie Y FT a Gh kjYQ kb k c gG HdG
O GhdG j iNCG L eh ,L e Gg .YGG M Gf bY g jYdG FdG H
.FdG H dHh ,LhdG gCGh hdG gCG H bY CG ,Ige c H ,ICGeGh LQ H bY
dG jhJh .QbCG Y YHCG J Y ddG J fc HdG FdG H IgGh
d c GPEG fC dP .HCG Iah M QEH J ce j c e kGc b Z e d
EG hDS dG Gg Ea ,G YG G O hCG c Te ,J kf NCJ CG
g e panJ LCG eh .hMh YRe j b ,HCG b M Y ,LhR b
dG iNCG Fb e H ,IH dG jQJ Y EG gG FdG H Y YGdG
.bCG hCG
dG jQJ CG c GQOEG Y S ,dG G hGG G jOh dP EG VCG GPEGh
ke c bh ,LhdG OJ e kUN ,FdG H ObG RGdH NEG EG ODj b
NEd Sh EG q j LdG c kf dG jQJ dM LhdG OJ EG .IH H
b e IOe Fb e JLhR jW Y LdG j b PEG ,dG G ObG RGdH
YGQ b SEG CG T h .YLG VdG VJ kGHJ c FdG H J fc c
e kYf Qa - dG AJGh GdG g gh - G Lh EG fh VdG g e
QEG e dG f a ,jG dhdG b TO dG IjG MG Sj SdG G
.)keCG hCG fc LhR( LdG Y ICGG f Lh ddG f f
18
 eGg

(1)
.1979 Y eSEG dG HGQ Y QOdG
(2)
.1980 Y d HhQhCG eSEG G Y QOdG
(3)
.1981 Y d HhQhCG eSEG G Y QOdG
(4)
.1989 jj/dG fc FdG eSEG DG dG De :EG qb
(5)
.1989 jO/hCG fc GW fEG eG DG :EG qb
(6)
.461 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,dG BGdG

(7)
.74 - 71 jBG z,AGdG IQS{ ,LG f
(8)
.30 jBG z,hdG IQS{ ,LG f
(9)
.67 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(10)
.19 jBG z,GY BG IQS { ,LG f
(11)
.85 - 84 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(12)
.19 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(13)
.19 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f
(14)
.213 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
(15)
.172 jBG z,GYCG IQS{ ,LG f
(16)
.8 - 7 jBG z,GMCG IQS{ ,LG f
(17)
.07 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f
(18)
.104 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(19)
.29 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
(20)
.38 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f
(21)
.159 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(22)
.39 - 36 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f
(23)
.159 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(24)
.72 jBG z,GMCG IQS{ ,LG f
(25)
.29 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
(26)
.22 - 21 jBG z,TdG IQS{ ,LG f
(27)
.48 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f
(28)
.99 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f
(29)
.3 - 2 jBG z,fEG IQS{ ,LG f
(30)
.217 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
(31)
.77 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(32)
.87 - 86 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(33)
.115 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
(34)
.106 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
(35)
.13 jBG z,GdG IQS{ ,LG f
(36)
.195 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f
(37)
.124 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
(38)
.71 jBG z,HdG IQS{ ,LG f
(39)
.282 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
(40)
.11 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
(41)
.3 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
(42)
.129 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f

19
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
 SEG fEG H YdG J LCG e

UG dG fEG e -1

EG J N - G QdG - jQPh j fCG Y dEG j UCG dG fEG ...{

kFc UH d IMdG IOYEHh ,L e )HCG bGdG Y ,LQN AH ,JGP ffEH
fG kGOG je Lh f e dCj EG kYS ,Lh MhH dG kdW ,dGh
e )MhdG JM hCG( f jH dPh ,d .z...dG Y IdG
)jOdG JM hCG( L jh ,dG S
M hCG c g eh .z e C G{ S e UCdG{ dC HdG dG VY
M g , HhQhCG LG , fEG H dG dG fEG dG
kbfGh .h H dGh e ,L h a , dG G g eCG,z e SEG
fCG Y ,fEG EG j QU G Gg e dG G e L U SG
dG dG dG fGC Y H ,fG F dG BGdG Y OYH dPh ,fE d SEG
dG FdG fCG Y ,iNCG dG L eJ .kSSCG dGh
L J EG Wf GfCG L J CG j
I MGh Hh ... eG ch j M , MhQh
.ffEG e jb -1
HhQhCG LG fEG a kGPEGh
d kLP d j dG IUGh jG khCG a dG e H e dCe K
VQj ,kdLh kbNCGh kja ,fEG h fEG e dG OH fh
hdG kGFS c dG PdG e VQdG j e
C G EG . SEG fEG M
If e kGAL c dGh , G SdG HGhdG e f ebEG MJ dG dTEH
dG SG AT H dG Y Fb eY gGdG Zeh fY EG j e H
fEG EG dGh ,dG SG NBGh M EG J GQt nJh AGQBG eGb a Hh
EG Hh hCG EG MhH Oh e fGC Y ,SdG QdG e GC j kGAL j K
EG Gh S G EG J h dG : f dG QdG gh ,jUG NQDG UH
Y dG j fEG UNh .fG bCG Y hb KK e fG fCG Vj dG
JG Th G c dG( UCG G dG UGh jG d f e d
dPh ,)Y G IdG e OBG cCG :S .QY e S Y kjQL k a NG j
Y dG dG dG JM HH j o nd ,Ue dG Rj a
.VQCG Y , JGQ Jh VG e j Q J EG
dG Y z fEG{ e A L d Le j a z UCG{ hCG z aGhQ{
Gd kGM jh FdG g ad ,kGPEG ,HhQhCG hCG kfb Y HQCG Y e kGSh kUf
UH G EG QYG IOYEH dPh ,dG JQG AfG dGh UdG g EG J
fEG ,f fEG ge e GC j kGAL ?OGeGh
ffEH j fCG Y dEG j UCG dG d G G dG CG VGh
,dGh bGdG Y ,LQN AH ,JGP LdjjG dG dP ke j dTG
IdG EG kYS ,Lh MhH dG kdW pAnYqOGhn JGdG j dG Y j dG adG
.JFd Jh dG Y G dTG g CG Z .jQdG dG
j f d TEG EG ,dP e , J
,eSEG H dG dG MG e e M e GG CG YCG ?GdG e e bY NJ g ,LdjjG Y k eJ k a a
za dG{ j c e EG egH S d e EG dH bCG Y ,jEH j CG H c kjCG ,jdG UdG C dP .qG SGdG
,Ufh KGJ z a d H dG{h O H Q J dG G j d H EG KGdG UdG e e ,H J dG jdG
.AdG OLGh dGh BGdG UHh dP .kjMh kb ,dG dG YVG ,jhCd Hb Me Uf kFGO g ,eY
L e ,jdG e H h ,L e Gg - AedG H - zh dG SCG{ IYGe CG .e fhjj e IOY a SdG j dHh
dG e d c f fC H ,i NGC `H dG f Y q j e ,k j J , g ,jOCG L dGh gGG OJ g eh
pSCG{ `H ,bMh Jh fEd fpQt n nJ ahX AV AdG a CG :z jQ dG{ MU gMh fGE f Y J ba c
EG .JJh feH ms UnN znp Une{h zhf Y VG SG h fGh fedG eCG .zLdG bdG{ gMh fEG ,dG dG
hCG d kYVe c JAGb CG j Gg IQ H , VG EG VG f hCG VG e Gh GO dG hD T h G
Le S ,KGJ dc j C kHb UG zUdG{ eGC . J W YG k J cCG Gfc a ,)A dG hCG( SEG
UCJ e jQJ S OjG ZdH YCG ,zYGdG{ `H dG Y q j e a AdG Y J JGOLG CH GaYG PEG ,kVGJh
e j dG IUGh jG eG GPEGh .AdG c LCG e dG GgCGh jdG GgP e e ch .LdGh dG O
.JLeh Yh UCJ ,bMh fEG EG b Ue e SG fOQCG f c{ :G d a i e HGC EG G G g
j e TCG g Y S ,iNCG IQHh NGJ J zUdG{h zhdG SCG{ .)Hq n odH GS bh( zp oe
OH ,eCH za dG{ `d Seb VH `H IUG dG dG Y qj e eJh Ggh - AdG UG OLG CG Z
j iBGe j CG j ,bMh fEG e Y za dG{ `a Ggh .za dG{ dTEG fNG dG NG H g
,f VG OH dG za dG{ a dP N za d kHb{ c eh ,QdG CGQ AGHEG O e d - gOH f dG
.jJ hCG j hCG J hO e fch hf SCG d fc e g ,dG CGQ OLG CGdG EG .c ,Yb Y dG hCG
CG Y g cC dG QhdG a G gh d j e eCG .prG dG ,Ue FGQh Q CG e OGj kWhT AdG a TG
KGdGh jdG Uf zfEG{ e UG Y j e a ,GP h G g e cCG Y SDJ CGh JGP g e c e
a H osnoj dG f eG j j Hb Z{ j bh ,za edG{ SG UG O LG CGda G gh . Y VG e
Le dGh ,UG Y ,dG UG e Gg e jbh( GfGB z a d U Uf EG j CG j dG
U Hh HhQhCG dG Y L e zdG{ `H J Y AedG WG YGC ,UdG J jQ H a e Yh
dG( zffEG YdG{ `H j e pGnQt n nJ .)iNCG L e zG{h SCG CG( a OQh dG SGh hdH
e CG dP .)Y H dGh Y SO dG YVe VG BG fCG YCG EG eJ dG edG GgCHh )hdG
a npoah npo T b HhQhCG LG zfEG{ WCJ fYG f GPEG YVG e Qb cCH .)dG Ue CG(
jH dG Od QYG IOYEG SSCG Y Hb g e ,a G :HQCG gG g jDhQ g UG QYGh hdG SCG IYGe
OBG N( zUCG dG{ pQrRppH QdG e Hb Z g e , a edGh , a d OLG YVG SDj GdG WdG
e I T e cC a HQ eGhC H j dG JGQJ of rGC rpe ka Ggh .H d N C Gh gj ,j hCG , a . dG
g j VQCG EG e OW HY a ,G Y fEG Mh fEG M gG dG dG hCG ,KGdG H C G e dG Z H

20

dGE dH n peGoC dG VQCG Y dP H
,a Y Y GSdh jQPh g JQd
.a kGqT rGE h a kGN rGE
za d HdG{ IFGO Nj h
FK e ke j BGdG sGnC eb e AV
HhQhCG I dG T dG Gh dG
Q G fEG CG dP . dGh j dG
e b BGdG Oj h ,Lh hQ g BGdG
G oncroj dH H ,G Qb e j
dG j H dG QeC G V e BG dG
EG f d bh} :J db dP e ,dGh
oG d j CG Gdb ,ke dW d H b dG
,G e knn S nD oj h e H tnMGC fh Y
dG H OGRh Y UG dG EG b
fEG N d} :kjCG jh .(9)|dGh
MC a cQ Uh} k jCGh ,(10)|jJ MCG
a .(11)| dG e bRQh cQ U
dG dG G JQUh fEG
,dG j c ,ka nog e NBG
d c ddh .d dG J ge e e
h .k M Y d CG c M fEG Y
Y EGh kM Y d EG{ :jG
a kGPEGh . M dh M d b .e hY d dG EG nond robGnC h IdG
g e e ,Lh f g dG ,fEG
g g a .G e H jhGdG
?eSEG QdG fEG M ,G
.H e d VS e dP
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
BGdG fEG e -2
IQG SSCG g dH dG e e dG gMh OBG H ec dh ...}
c ,fEG e CG if Ggh .jdG Y gah dG e gbRQh dGh
hP e ,IQcG jB G N e a dG .(1)|...kJ N c
Hh )dGh dGh dG( Y H :jH
d H cC Gh T G H Jh dG( Q M kGe{ c c zfEG{ VY
.)dH dGh dGh dG cQh ch ,L e G SdG hdG za
j fEG J EG H ,Mh Gg d HhQhCG j dG LG z a e{ g
gh ,iNC G bG Y d dG J EG BG f CG Yh ,I U Gh jG
dGh O G : j dG U dG M :Fe BGdG Oj c zfEG{ e
b bh . FGh Gh fEGh G Gh LG g AV a dG ie CG EG
Y aCG jCG M IYTCGh dG H L dG ebEG ie q GC EG dHh ,INCG
d G J d ? FG CG fEG g : dG h dG G dG e Hh H
: J d b z c{ d T G H J fEG e O dG S dG
g EG Gda|N c Y gah} ?qH c QdG
dP N J , FG g ,i NGC b S dG Gg CG Y g cCdG e H h
fEG dG a dG bG e z dG{ ,a kGVM kFGO c gOQS dG jBG e
iNCG jBG EG Ghf a IYTCG eCG .Y jG EG H ,za d kHb{ c fCG
, FG Y OBG q a dG CG e O j CG UG jH ,dH a Gha b AedG
OB FG OS Y J dG J kUN fEG dG e H a dP eh .Ze AV h
,OB dG Y dG zA SCG{ `H L Yh za d HdG{ h za dG{ e j
dG EG :j c HdG jBG e EG Gdb ddh jhD Q WD J dG f aB Gh O HC H
dG a ,Z zkGc{ kN Nh OBG H N CG o pa iNGoC L eh ,L e Gg .IUG
n penC noG CG Gh .z dG{ G G g Y OBG JAG b L e fGC b d H Y j
dG J f NJ dG BG dG Ud fEG e SCJ ZdH KGJ Ud
bh .IYTCG CGQ Lj e ka S fEd j kSCJ jG L Y bMh
Q J FG f c GPEG fGE BG dG j e H h ,QG fch KGJ QhL GP
g S bh - e eh z dG{ fEG dG UdG CG Y iNGC L e cC dG
CG ,zbQ dG dG{ eSEG S dG dG IMdG d Y fh gOQS
L EG LM hO H J dG G gZ Uf g H ,fEG Y J
L H e O j fEG E a - a q dG LdG ,FdG Gd NBG LdG Y J
dG hP Mh sfnC pH BGdG IQcG bG ...dG ,fWh Xh Vh f HY Rj
dG G gh .IQ G f U :Q G dG J eh g J U f gh
dH gCG dH dG dG QG dG{ QN ,UGh SdG HhQhCG
M e SDj dG g fC YVe EG Oj d gh ,YVe EG dH za
.H G gGh fEG J dGh fjdG L H ,SEG H
EG OS dG ,MG g J H j dG NBG LdG Gg Y iNCH hCG jH
HdG jB G EG BG Of , a dG J .NBG kYVe
.M EG eh e VQCG dh hY d H dEG J dG za dG{ AV gCGd GcCdGh MG g Hh BG Vd
GdG g fEG Y a c HQ e OBG snnna dO S jBG J OQh d .dG S J dG eSEG UdG gC G
.(4)|MdG SEG IYO J Y GeG jdG e ce G e G W Y j fEd kee
e CG jBG g N e if Ggh Y G ebEG QWEG h .UCG IOY Jh dG jh jG HhQhCG dG T dG
fcP e EG aVEH j BGdG fEG dG GMCGh gGdG e H BGdG gcj .UG dG
kGOHGC )QdG dGh dG dG CG( b jT MGh fCGh dEG Mh g dG CG Y J SCJ q n nc f Vj f RHCG EG
Jh VQCG d dG SG goRnrHGC iNCG Gg BGdG gcj dG FbdG L eh .d ec dh} :J db g BG a f e QWEG
VQCG aG eCG .Y HdGh c ASCG j J{ jB H IT e bY d dGh dG e gbRQh dGh dG gMh OBG H
g} :e Ic jBG dd J .gQYEG a OB OdG Y HGE eG bGh zfEG N c Y g ah dG
:eh (5)|a cSGh VQCG e cC fCG c IQcG jBG S BGdG jhj dGh j dG dG jh .| J
K} eh (6)|...ghYh VQCG GhQKCGh ...} EG Gha OB GhSG Fd b PEGh} :j Yh j dG F M Y dG J
c d gH e VQCG FN cL Gg n n jr GnC Qn GnC b .kW n N
n o r SGnC GnC b HEG j ,SdG nIn r Yo jhCdG Lh jhbCG
G dG e bGE CG ,VQCG IQ Yh .(7)|J p
e dG j EG J qNGC r nd s Y es c dG dG ec :OBG H eJ b{ :a ,jBG g
,a h H aG J , a IQGh b BGdG OQjh .(2)|kb EG jQP snpnrMnC G IQdGh Gh dGh dGh dH
,|c ASCG OBG Yh} :J db e dPh cCG NBG S OB OdG Y HG eG bh ,OGh TG eCG HJh dG edGh
aeh ATCG H dG j dG AdG NBG kGH fEG zjJ{ j kJ :bh .d Jh VQCG e Y H
dP H JCJ K .dG FNh H hdG dG G Lg e eSEG dG QM .zOBG HG EG H cCj AT c
eC LhRh OBG eG Y CG ,zdG{ dCe .SdG hdG HhQhCG dG Y g Y qY dG za dG{ ie JG eh
e cGC h dG AGZGE e b fGh dG YL EG Fd HQ b PEGh} :J j Hb{ g e L Yj a dG
CG Z .e GbG Y dG gf dG IdG a j e a CG Gdb N VQCG j .dH a dG k ch za d
a dG e I G Wh e f LhRh OBG ,d Sfh H qf fh AedG jh IQcG jBG a Xh f GPEG VH Gg
M NBG e BGdG Mj e dPh ,Y c ASCG OBG qYh .J e YCG EG b eSEG HdG dG kGVM c k e e
.)QdG GhQ( zM J Y nonrfGnC rndGnC HQ gGOfh} :J j ASCH fG :a FG Y VY K ,hN HG e UHh ,dG eR
EG d Y fS Gdb .bOU c rGE ADg Y ITe j dG zdG GdG{ e
fd MJh d J EGh fCG X HQ OB GhSG Fd b PEGh} :K (3)|Y e zdG{ EG ,zIQdG{ e ,UG jb
O G g A Y dG G gh .(8)|jSdG e e ch SGh nHGnC HG EG Gh a C dP .a fEG Mh ,edG g
HQ e OBG a} HdG jBG J db G LhRh fCG SG OBG j bh .jadG kfhe AL z...dGh dH{ fEG J
IG kdW Yj c Y dG CG CG ,?c IdG g HJ h T M kGZQ e chn dGh dG gMh} :dH kGeh keh
a Ggh .|MdG GdG g fG Y a? Y dG n o qdnRC a . dG e f a c Y gah dG e gbRQh
jh ,jQPh g e Qa oonHr nJ nrnne OBG H GgG bh a fc LNC a ,dGh dG cQ CG eh .|J N
21
 H dG Mh ...IG M -3

gdG Z e eSEG jQdG T e eCG ...{

GSEG AGREG a OQ Y IQY c Ea dGh
EG fG e ch ,G X AGREG hCG dG
.z...jdG adG e SEG
WEH fEG M -2

IH dG M - IG M - CG

,H jh gd fEd IG dG e EG dG e g eSEG QG e IG gGC EG iNGC Ie , g dG e H

TE G d ah a e d S bh K cMCG dG gh} :d M a ,fEG z a e dG{h z a G{ H dG
hCG d QV a e GY e e JLMh JZQ e a f CH dG ec bh ,(12)|...j e hCGh . dG eSEG H dG U dG
fc kGOL ,bH iPCG pEG osn nnj dG} :OGDdGh dGh dG d Lh MhQ fEG M Y f fh ,Me
Y BGdG qojh .kffEG hCG kfGM hCG kJf hCG e fEG N CGHh , N AT c MCG g UG HdG G zM{ c CG g
kGc a OOj H H j CG fEd j K .e Ae e dS e f L K .W .jfG (right)h fdG (droit) d LJ
ch dG ej e c gh ,znqs dG{ d g dG d Lh ,MhQ e a fh GS CG EG fG e H iNCG L eh ,L e Gg
Hh ,OaEG h a QV dU g e IM fc dP LCG e .(13)|IaCGh QHCGh j PEG ,e d HdG dG zM{ d
G e FGh ,FG Z g d a Jee Y G Y j ond kqnM fEG ,(faux, wrong) WdG He (vrai, true)
bh .G G e dG CG e GG s nj nCG mnMnCG nC d PEG , dGh G zG{ c Jh .zdG H dG{ j c
:j e e cf Ic jBG G Gg OQh dP LCG e .MhQ h L JM dP g dEG dG j e gCG CG Y .dG
d s pMoCG b , d s pMoCG GP e f dC j} e )QfG( n rnf prfEG n nb dG M EGh ,zLG dG{h zG{ H G NG dG
Geq G eBG j dG jCG j} ,(19)|dG c dG EG fCG GJ h} :hdG fc .j dG G M H ge j
jR M e b} ,(20)|d dG s MCG e W a kXh kfGhY dP j eh .kMQ H zd s M n { g zd l pLGh{h zd n L
n hn { `a Ggh
,(21)|RdG e dGh Od rNnCG dG dG kjCG jdG dG b sM c ,(14)|kGQf pr of p
a zY l LGh{h z Y n nLh{ eGC ,znd w nM{h
c e W e GfCG GeBG jdG jCG j} dG M dG dG GJ h} :H EG fc GC f G gh .z Y w nM{h z Y s nM{
d Lh} ,(22)|VQCG e d LNCG h pqdn pd L a ke e n p ob eh ,H EG :j e G Gg UH dG d Seb
e bRQh I n nMh H LGhRCG e b Mh ,(15)|dG opr oj a k f S .LhCG :AdG MCG .Lh :j AdG M{
,IGh dGh GhRCH da ,(23)|dG ch . dG OLCG j J Mh i SCG SGh SG .L SG : SG
dH dG e e ,FdG IH CG d gOhCG j gG dG o H :Gc J CG Y j :jh .AGdG e jb
H dG e ke ,fEG M e M :dP dG a Y RGd Y JQb ,G MGh :G .J CG d jh .j
:AHh jR Y j e Hh JQU bRf f ,eEG N cOhCG GJ h} CG :M M P d YCGh .NCGh LhCG fCc
e bRQh r ocnQn o U n n rMnC a ocnQs n Uhn } H ch ,dG OCGh M c ,(16)|...cjEGh .zd Lhh ond n Vpoa dG f
gah dG e gbRQh} ,(24)|dG :Q dG N dP j gG dG eh zG{ I a CG i f G gh
e ddG jBG dh .(25)|ddG Y c ,(17)|npob mrfnP qnCpH .rnpo S IOhoDrenG GPEGh} dG Gh HdG dG NGe zLGdG{
e c Y jR GhN OBG H j} :J dG jh .)V LEG( G b M e jb g Ld j a .eSEG HdG
.aG j fEG GaJ h GHTGh Gch dG CGj CG H dG VLEG eSEG e Nj aH eCG j eYh .d j
dGh Od NCG dG dG jR sM e b ebEG M c .G a j kGY kb eCG H Y LGdG Ea LGh - M bY H
,fdG IG GeBG jd g b ,RdG e ,M J CG EG eG ICGG Y dG M S Me gh .N B d M g gMGC
d jBG oq nof dc e dG j dN . j Y d H hCG I G G M C GdG MdG JS kGPEGh .H e gCG
e X e MGdG HQ sM EG b .j H kf nnb e fCG} :Y fch ,Hh N e zfEG M{ a g GPEG kGc kC N
Gocpr oJ rnCGh G H dGh KEGh H eh ,kL SdG b Ca VQCG mOa hCG f HhQhCG dG dEG j dG za G{
dG Y GdJ CGh ,kfS H rqnoj e dH eCG .(18)|kL SdG MCG Ca gMCG eh z G{ H j dGh U Gh jG
.(26)|J e s n S a ,fG b L j dG G nfN
n S ,G g a EG fGE .z LG dG{h
T e CG g IQ TE H jGh G g CH dPh ,LQO bCG EG e j e SEG ,eSEGh HdG a qG ,ZQa zG{
gGeh gdGh cM e eSEG jQdG J eY g J Yh OhG aH eCG fCG j Gg EG .zLGdG{ fN e hCG
AGREG a OQ Y IQ Y f c EG dG OhG GhCGQOG{ :jG h , T g H dG z a G{ z G{ Y d
ch ,G X AGRpEG hCG s dG G SEG .zdH `a .zLGdG{ f kjCG G j eSEG
dG adG e SEG EG fG b e IO dG e d j e g k e z dG M{
c - fq dG j BGdG c GPEGh .d HdG e a ,zfEG M{ dch ...dG ,YdGh
,INBG EG e O - jOCG L gJ .kfBG Y K dG zdG{ GfCG e d j
rPEG ,JGP kanng ,dP fL EG ,gj fEa SEG fEG M EG dG Ggh
SGh e f prNnCH fEG Uj d dG j Gh jOG QeC G L g
:J j .zQGV h QV { OhM H FS Y jGE Jh d dG J L
n J h INBG QGdG dG n nJGAn a p n Hr Ghn } za G{ AV a fa f GPEGh .N
h dEG dG MCG c MCGh fdG e f CG dH f fEa VG dG
j dG sEG VQCG O dG p r nJ j dG G e U UN BGdG
fCc JNB rYEG{ :jG h .(27)|jdG b M gh , e Y M : fE d SEG
c .zGHCG J fCc fd YGh kGZ gh U N Mh , WE G Y fE d
GPEG{ :b fCG Sh Y dG U Y ihj G c fEG H e e d
.zY pr pf o KCG n o a ke dG JGAn G G Z Mh ICGG Mh
d Le VY j e h ...dG ,eSEG
.G

22

eCG . SEG e NG Y dP c
.OLG fC M a JFGO NGO NG
jdG QOe e he g c OLGh
Qo odG H FCG NG eCG .eSEG
,jQJ bGh a GMCG Jh G dGh
dG Y d b j G G g EGh
cCdG QhdG e fE a , c dP eh
SEG j dG NG M CG Y
H ,RdGh bdG Y SdG J j
eCG IMh Y U j SEa , dH
EG ODj dG jdG NG IH jh
H Go p n Yr Gh} :J j ,dGh GdG
Yj eCG e dh ...GbJ h kL dG
G Y jh hH heCjh G EG
GbJ jdc GfJ h .G g dhCGh
d dhCGh dG gAL eH e GNGh
eCG IMh V LCG eh .(44)|Y GY
Yj O LGh NG H SG hO
EGh dGh dG LG EG SEG
HQ S EG oO} :J j ,GYG S
g dH rdpOLh G YGh H
dG Gdj Od bh} :jh ,(45)|MCG
l r jo SEG CG BGdG cDjh ,(46)|MCG g
H jj h dG H dG j j} :l r oY
Y d .qce fCG EG qca} ,(47)|dG
g dG OYGh eda Ggh .(48)|rn opH
dGh o o dG LGh jCGh
NG j dP c ... dGh
dG SdG pnj dG AdG HjG fe
Q e , dG dG n ojh
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
NGh aG h ...OYG jM G -4
MCG g dG OYGh eda Ggh ...{
c ...dGh dGh dG LGh jCGh
HjG fe NG j dP
qjh bGh dG SdG j dG AdG
.z...GHGh HG Qe ,dG dG
NG G - `g aG G - O OYG jM G -
,jOLh c NG BG dG Q j jM fEG BGdG QGbEG CG Y e kM gjh OYG jM BGdG Qj
Na .jdG dG UY e ch ,jhe dG Y FdG CG j O YG OhRh fEG N dG CG dP .fEG M
EG YRJh JLh Jdh dG GdCG ,gGGh jOCG ch ,jO SEG EG .c K dG d HCGh ,dG Y IQdGh dH
k e , dG OGQCG dP c ,F bh Th CG Yjh gQj dG g dG IdG Ea N fEG} :J j .QNG jM d J
e d dG UY NG OGQCG e Yj BGdG c GPEGh .M dG I Y : dEG kS a ppnrnf m n renCG f e fEG
rnCG ppJjBG rpehn } :J j .OLh Y eY CG ,iNCG L e Qj fEa ,GdH cG eEGh kG c T eEG dG j g fEG .kGH
.zMQ pseoCG NG{ N JjBG eh ...kLGhRCG fCG e d N eh ,IYdGh dSdG J e j dG IQdG g BGdG qj CG Hh .(28)|kGQc
,fGdCGh dCG NGh VQCGh GhdG a ,fEG M e k M aG fc g j ,SEG S JGh EG Y
dG Y Gg .(37)|dd jB dP EG :J j .H d ae Y bj h NGDj HQ EG JG AT a IcJ g EG} :N
BGdG pEa ,pnndG dG Y eCG ,dG Ea sn V eh d j Ea igG e} c dG EG ,dG Aj CG EG hDhJ eh .kS
,IjY jBG a NGh jOCG O J Q j c eh iNCG QRh IQRGh QJ h ,Y qnj G Gg BG dG cD jh .(29)|kM kY
h ,IMGh eCG SdG HQ AT dh} :e dh} :jh .(32)|SQ nf M He J b ,jdG GcEG } :a ,iNCG IQS
d dh ,HQ MQ e EG . dG j H b d SQ A L GPE a SQ eCG g J ih jh .(30)|...dG e TdG
kYr p T e L d} : eh .(38)|nN n .(33)|nr jo gh dH e LQ d f{ : b S Y HG CG jBG
dh ,IMGh keCG dG AT dh ,kLeh fEG N H kGQG pe BG dG n nb bh HG d c ,G HCG d j Q fCG
dG EG ,GG GSa ,cJBG e cd M hCG g dG C ch , dEG dG fh CG d a ,ke g ch fGf
a c a ,k L L e ASCG OBG snYh} ,G hCG a .fEd fCa ,fGdG EG HCG rnb fa gSG
CG BG dG H SEG Q jh .(39)|J q Y . fEG N} k jCGh ,(34)|c { :gJ dG bh .zjBG g dG
SEG e AL ac SdGh AfCH EG .N dG HQ SH CGbEG} kjCGh (35)|dG Y EG n er nCG dG p r jn r nd
r CG :jdG GcEG
dG eR jMdG fjdG fch .f dG .cCG HQh CGbEG .Y e fEG N .QNGh dG Y dh ,dGh QrLEG
cCG bh , HdGh iQdGh O dG :KK eh .(36)|j e fEG qY .dH Y rne nneB HQ AT dh} :J db fh
f dC H J e H GYG BG dG .BGdG e f e hCG g g zCGbEG{ IQS CG M SdG oroJ fC aCG ,k L c VQCG
GhOg jdGh GeBG jdG EG} :J j ,kjJ Ic Uf dG jG h Gg Y ognn nnd AT d rCG ,(31)|eDe Gfj
dH eBG e ,HdGh iQdGh )OdG CG( dG W{ :kLGh kVa W h dG Y .zQNG Y eCG Hh j dh EG
Y gLCG a kU Yh NBG dGh dG GWG{h zeh e c Y ja
eCG .(40)|fj g h Y N h HQ :fCG dG Y ihj c .zdG EG G e
a kjO SEG Z j eh} : J db jh r p dG o nar oj CG Y dG pGn r TCG e EG{
MCG jO g SEH a Oa ,(41)|e oj L a .zfdG jh G jh G
dP Y j c ,gGHG jO ,ke MdG LQO gh ,fdGh G T LQO G
.hG Gg Y LCG bh ,jBG S j dG EG{ :k jCG jG h . dG
bGh NJ gh zIOdG{ dCe oQnoJ b gh dG j dh OdG e Yj kYGfG dG
.GHEGh HG eR fch ,jG M h NG M SdG JG kY p roj GPEG M AnnodG H
SEG f N J H dGh dG Ga Y H GnranCa Gopo na ,kL kShDhQ
d H HCG d dh , dhOh k ,AdGh LdG H SEG h .zGVCGh
r CG ,zQG{ `c g G GH JGh .jJG Gg L H ,aG M dGh G H h
j , e SEG G Y j dG nApf oAdG nrpf{ :FY a , d G
,S dG GeCG jh eCH t p ojh j dG .zjdG nrsnnnj CG AG ,QfCG
QGh JG H A dG HQ d dh oLnQ :GLCG d KK{ :b fCG dG Yh
.MCG dGh , eBGh H eBG dG gCG e
YG dG r n G
C ,dG H zJG{ eCG dG e Mh J dG M iOs CG GPEG G
SEG O j CG hO Y Y K SEG MCa nHsOCa lneCG Y fc LQh ,)de(
a OQh a ,H QdG j CG hOh nnrYnCG K J MC a n s Yh jOC J
EGh ,b Y j e a d Ic jBG .znLhs nnna
e nCGh Y dh dG Z cCH J
OJj eh} :J db jBG g eh .L
npnM dhCa ac gh a jO Y e
:J dbh ,(42)|INBGh fdG d YCG
orbh nrcoCG e EG ,fEG H e dH c e}
kGQU dH T e dh ,EH e
h .(43)|Y GY dh dG e Z a
eCG e H dG H CG EG IQ TEG e H
IQhV Y cDj e AdG e gh .JG
.)fdG dG nahr nCG UJ fG( HSG
23

CG GMCG L Yh gQSG e CGH
Y cdGh .dGh dG Y dG Y cj
dGh GdG CG e G Gg dG
dh M kM kGeCG d Y CG hCG G
Y cdG Lh ddh ,iQdG Y ke c
.jGgh fe SdGh dG
fcP dG jhC dG dP e j h
OGSG QJ Yf ,jH Z Yf e YCG
e dG Gg E a ,eCG c eh . cG
c e ge e iQdG j dG jhCdG
M{ Ia CG d MU gP d Y dG
.za G{ e fc UG g zfEG
CH Gdb jdG Ae dG jGh A dG EG
Gha EG ,e e Zh a e iQdG
e a H ,eCd M fCG jhGR e ,a
bh . a Ze cG U fCG jhGR
M LGh iQdG EG dG e H ns
J db LdG EG eCG a j
.|eCG gQhTh} f kW
iQdG dCe EG IdG g CG T h
e EG J h e e YGJ fH e
kbfG iQdG EG ff GPEG eCG .j CG j
k M UH CG ,fY z a G{ e
Lh dG VGYG L E a ,eC d
S ee iQdG CH FdG EG VG
EG VGYG J C dP .Ve GP Z
ZdG - f H a a e Y -
, dG Y LGh iQdG CH dG
.zLdG{ d e H J I dG e C
dG ,G Rh ZdG ,dP EG VCG
HQCG AG S M ,a dG
dG FbdGh ,QeCG H keY HdGh
orenCG a VG dGh Gf Ve fc
EG ffh kfL VG cJ GPEG eCG .iQdG
j CG AT fEa ,Gh VG
BG dG H eC d k q nM f c iQ dG e
jdH SQ CG G eCd CGh ,dGh
adG jhCdGh ...BGdG H iQdG -5
VG EG ffh kfL VG cJ GPEG eCG ...{
iQdG e j CG AT fEa Gh
G eCd CGh ,dGh BGdG H eCd kM fc
.z...d SG jdH SQ CG
iQdG G - h
renCG Y LG gh , JLQO H bCG CGdH OG SG Y j d H UCG iQdG G NG H Jjh
K .zIQTEG{ e IPNCe - jCGH MGh c j .fhO IS d Jh jGh BGdG Qj M gh
BGdG f EG LQCa Yhe Y SEG iQ dG CG J VGh jU f BGdG a .HdG YCGh dG
OH phsd kr b OQj K ,)HdG jBG( lM fpEG H ,ed Mh cG Y LGh jgG dG iMEG iQdG e j
dP rjo h{:|eCG gQhTh} :J db A G Y G C khCG e d LG e MGh i e jh eDG
kf dG H dG eCG GPEG fEa AT c Y :iQdG AGLEG H sEG os noj j jTGdG :J j .jdG LGdH dGh FdG
K.zH dG a ,G cCG fCG e ,k L CG b kjW GbJh H dG QhJ a Y eh fdG IG a AT e ropJhoCG na}
IY kGQeCG ca JFa Y QRCG HG H Y T fch , H HCG G j HQ Yh G eBG j d HCGh N dG
RGMEGh ,CGdH OGSG f e eCG : e HCG a Mh Tc f VJ G MGdGh KEG Fc j jdGh .cj
AHh ,idG Y H OdGh ,k dZ GdG a dP HdG NCG Gg QhT bh ,H GHSG jdGh .hj g G Z e GPEGh
n n Wr nCG K ,SSCG SQCG Y HGdG H e N o n s n a , MCG Y V j H iQT geCGh IdG GebCGh Hd
eh , a Q Gh ,Q Gh , G H d X h . JQe Hh gVH dG HUCG GPEG jdGh .j gbRQ h
jM dh .IQTEG H G H dj Te IY g CG , W e Y ,G jBG fEG hG jh .(49)|hj g
IFdG jdG IdG Rhj J e L Gfc HdG e S qY ,H e ad e bh SEG b Gfch{ QfCG df
iQdG QYG YCG ,zfdG GOBG{ c ch ,G de H TG gCG GLG eCG j c GPEG rndpEG dG SQ
ej h ,G YGh dG IFGO )Y HG ASG e( e kGMGh GhQj CH CGH hOj CG :Y n rKnC na GhQhJh
.LGh fCG Y h M fCG Y e Vhe H Ga bh .S dG Y Vj .)edG( zY Gj M
AdG H iL kjW kTf sCG bGdGh h , G dG AGQBG S H G e bh AL zH iQT geCG{ IQY CG eh
rCG ,kneproe iQdG fc GPEG e M jGh e SSCG Y N Y H Y uoY jdG e OQh bh ,V lreCG a G U Y
,dEG J dG CGdH dG cG Y j Q NH iQdG J h .iQT e s nJ AL iQdH eCG CG Y .BG dG kG c
EG cG CG , a l n p r eo fCG CG Y kLGh UH M J fpEG H ,cG EG G a j NBG Ve k jU
fCGh ,Z OTSGh IQ Sd j gCG{ e eh d kMh NCG Gg dG e mMQ pna} :J j ,f dG
.H NCj hCG gQSG e CGH NCj CG M FdG Th ALhh AY e zdGh G e Go q f dG Z ka c dh d nrpd
Z iQdG CH FdG H j M gCGh .rnJ U d e ch gQhTh d SGh Y Ya dM
:J db EG :db a proe fCGh epoe dG Y ihJ dG jOMCG CG eh cjh .(50)|dG Y c a eY GPE a eCG
Y c a eY GPE a eCG gQh Th} jG O f E a , j Uh I c iQ dG :j e zeCG gQhTh{ T dG
,iQdG Me :Me g CG j |dG Z .VG hCG dG e e j Mh a j fh G peCG pr jn {
Meh ,JQhe J e CGQ SG CG j jOMCG g S U dG CG J e a eh , jCGH d Y
cG j dG QGdG gh dGh dG BGdG Qb e QJ fC fe dG c GPEGh .z gQG bCG e a dGh S f
. rCG H Y np ToCG kaGe c AGS QhG eCG .HUh dG Y c eh f h j j G e Zh dG
kSf |dG Y ca} J db e GLh S dG{h z f dG GOBG{ dDG Y LGh iQdG CG j e jBG g T
eY GPEG{ :g jBG e EG Gda ,iQd .iQdH gQhH hj fE a ,z cG M fCG j U e c E a dG
.zIQhG Y dG Y ca AT a Y g dG g fCT OQh f WCG dh H G Y ihj OdG Gg h .eDd
e dG Gg EG dG dG Y Zh H G FW dG FGH c CGf e b{ :jBG g OH b fCG dW HCG H Y
jBG oq noj a ,c J Y j jhCdG hM iQdG IY GbCG f a ,QRCG dh ,LM dEG H e )dG CG( fCG dG Y
:bSh JGQY SDJ dG IMdG gjh Y TWdG b f :FH IOYEGh JJ .H Gh j CG rnCG zn r nH r ne H s n r j CG OGQCG
h Sb Z kd c fd dG a SSCG e AG J g{ :fCH iQdG EG qb b QhJ e{ :b fCG dG Y hQh
.d SG c H ,kGe dG Z ka j h ,e FdG dEG jh dG YGbh G e{ :b fCG Ijg HCG Yh ,zgeCG TQC Ghoog
QSGh dH eCJ jBGh .kHGL k s dG H dG HG b fh ,zShDhGh SdG UCG e IQh e cCG kG MCG jCGQ
dG Y c dH dG HQ eCG .IQh Gh Sh jdG UCG IQhG{ :dfCG TCG GhQhj GPpEG dG GOS c bh .z
j a .iQdG e j Aa EG SdG e G Y Mh dG dG IQh SQ dG eCa ,Y T eCG
24

.dG eG Y ,dG rCG ,RdG
M e O dG M e - jBG NBGh
Y H dG a{ a OQh - JdG
Y H ns na dGh} :J db g zH
bRQ Oq GHn Gu oa jdG a RdG H
dG pnrppnanCG ,AGS a a ,fCG e e Y
H ,hdG SJ jBG a .(56)|hj
IO dG H IGh G EG Y J g , d H
:jBG g T dG j .gYh
aCG obnRn na ,RdG Jhe L
,fGNEGh e H gh ,d RQ
Y ooorbpRoQ e a GhOJ CG j a
dh . Gh G Ghh J M eGb LdG ...a e dG GdCSGh cG
.zdG OoL L e e Gg a .J
CGe e jG h BGdG d kPEG
dG Y e cCG EG} Y F dG IGh G
dG H BG dG jdGh .|c JCG
hd kGQGbEG d H Y S dG d
f g bGd Uh g EGh ,d kjJh
dG YCH eCG J AGS ,fEG Y
e j dH CG ,INBG dG npQoJ
dG BGdG CGGh .H hCG H fdG dG
d rCGh} :J db g dC G g j Y H H dG a e Gr snnnJ h} :J
rOpoj eh} :dbh (57)| S e nEG fE d
pJDf INBG GK rOpoj eh e pJDof fdG GK
.(58)|jcdG Sh e
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
zdG{ dCeh ...IGhG G -6
e jG h BGdG d kGPEG ...{
jdG eCG .SdG H IGhG CGe
dP a ,H Y dG H BGdG
Uh g EGh ,d kjJ h hd kGQGbEG
eCG J AGS ,fEG Y f g bGd
dH CG ,INBG dG QJ dG YCH
.z...H hCG H fdG qdG e j
IGhdG G - R
Oa :zcJCG dG Y ecCG sEG{ e Y H d a { : d b G G g IT jBG SdG H IGhG BGdG Qj
.idG b g fCGh GeCH dG S ,zi dH EG OSCG Y HC h Y jCG j} :J db g Wb VGh
EGh ,IGhe Y h kJhJ QJ kGPEG jBa .zG SCc SGS SdG{ :dbh cLh fCGh cP e c N GPEG S dG
S hgG j dG eG QJ ecCG EG ...} IQcG jBG S CG Y dG Y ecCG EG ,GaQ d F bh k H T
g .gZ Y d dG J gh , dG edG dG dG Gg cDj |cJCG dG Y IGhG e hG o pr jn h .(51)|cJCG
SdG d dG J GcJ jNCG jBG a ,idG Z VdGh hdG GfCG V dGh h dG f EG jBG g
db g MGh S JOQh bh ,H hO dG n nG ooG Q j S jBG AL ddG dCG Y gfG jce ,fCG
H dGeCG GcCJ GeBG jdG jCG j} :J eDG fEG} : eDG H j CG j , T , fCGh m ncnP :IQcG jBG IOQGdG
h ,e m VGJ Y IQ J CG EG WdH d dG GJGh jNCG H G Ua INEG db e dG j G gh .F b
r nCG{ h ...kMQ H c dG EG , fCG G J e b j GeBG jdG jCG j .MJ ,AGMh OBG e{ :j e |fCGh cP e} J
,H Y H H dG s na e Gr s n n nJ e Al pf h e kGN Gfj CG Y b pe a ,CGh CG e e MGh t oc N bh
f Adh GcG f Ld Gh p r nJ h , e kGN s j CG Y mA f AGS ,NBG H j e pdroj gh EG lnMnCG
r SG n r H ,p n rdnC H Gho nH n nJ h n fCG .zdG VdGh Nd Lh a ,AGH
H Y H dG ns na AdG Y g dhC a r o nj eh EG H o o dG F bh k H T} : J d b O H eCG
jBG g S EG .(55)|dGeCG e GfCG h e kGc GLG GeBG jdG jCG j . dG CG Gh{ :kFb dG a ,|GaQd
e GG dG Y SdG f gh VGh
r n rj h Go s n h ,rKEG dG H EG ,dG Fbh T Y JQ LCG e dG G
e HdGh Q dGh dGh fGh bdG NCG cCj CG oconMnCG tpojnCG ,kH H EG pnrnj a H nn nf H j CG g
Y tnJ dG IQdG MHpEG iNCG L eh ,L j .MQ GJ dG EG ,dG GJGh ga krne GoYsnJh OGLCGh AHBH GhNJ CG ,FHBG Z
j CG hO rnCG ,Gh FdG H m VGJ kGPEGh .(52)|...fCGh cP e cN fEG SdG jCG j K ,zfCG V dGh h dG
CG Hh .NBG Y adG MCG e V g n G oG Q j S A L jB a dG G snH K{ :kFb zidH EG{ OH
b e FdG LG IQhH jBG cJ NdG Y J dHh ,eT eY IQH dG jh Z fEG j H
db JCj ,dG e cnCGh fdGh dGh dG nCG ,i dG kGQ V dG h dG Y ecCG EG} : a dG Y dGh
.eY H G G dG g i dGh .z HfCG ...|c JCG
jBG g eh .|...f Ld ,H ,OG aCG H IGh G BG dG cD j ch ...ddG
CG( GhS J : j c QcG dG eCG q noj a ,dGh CG H dc gQj dG dG Gg jBG J CG VGhh
H Y H dG a e H )GJ ahe YCGh N e H J sEG SEG e IFGO gj EG zfCG{ Y qcj
.JQ h HQCG e j b f LGQfGh fh MH ac SdG Y EG SSCG dG ,za G{ j c
e fh M ,Afh kLQ , e a lseoCG e ronrdhn } :J j .dG G IFGO e Y gG Y i d , M dG j
...HdG Y jh hH heCjh G EG Yj dG FdG dG CG QYH ,hNj
: J db f dG V JC jh CG jG h .(53)|dG g dhCGh G .dG g gY VdGh hdG SSCG c
dG a AdG Y eG b L dG} ,z?SdG nrnN e{ :G Y gh npo S dG dG{ Gg IFGO jBG e nr nM snCG Z
.|dGeCG e GfCG h H Y H G Y g fCGh h H g eBG{ : b ,he Z l M FdG n dG z a
c ,IQ dGh dG ,G G g a .zd gJCGh hG gOQj jOMCG g CGh kUN
dHh ,IQd kfeG cCG ,GdGR h ,LdG H SdG J QJ jBG ka g VdG IFGO SJ jBG g OH fCG
Y a AdG enCG ,k ch k HQ cCG hYdG j } :J db e H Y Gh dc iNCG kGQeCG d N dGh
,zAdG Y eGb{ LdG c ddh .dG h gGh Q dG hoCG Z eDG e e .RGYG Ve j AT ch ,Gh
cCG EG dG e gQ eC H e j CG dG n s na , fCGh dG eC H dG S d G{ :e a j d N db dP
LQO Y k L Gd gh ...dEG ,Gh jYdG Y fCGh dGeC H jgG jCG j .gtJh gG nsprYCG Y gPCG dG
MGh ie Y h ,Gh dG e IMGh dG n s ah oG dG Yh och , LQO Y c J eDe :LQ SdG EG SdG
dG g dGh ,H VJ g H ,dG .(54)|k Y kGLCG j Y dG Y j gG jh .z dG Y{ q ng T Lah , dG
, dG e dG a ,GRQCG q b NJ QeoCG EG LGQ g dG CG VGhh UdG jOMCG eh .z...jBG CGb K{ :hGdG
25
 ICGdG Mh ...dG dCe -7

e G W Y j bSG e EG ...{
H IGhG dCe dP eh .SEG dJ
,FdG dG G CG dP .ICGGh LdG
,H jdG g eSEG jdG UdG
f ,kqeCG UH ,ICGG J e
.z...eS

)GdJ CG( GJ CG N EGh .kGc M O H Q J dG F G gCG e

e AdG e d W e Gfa e dG fCG h .ICGG dC eh dG dC e ,IGh G
.(61)|IMGa GdJ CG orpN Ea ,HQh Kh e AH jCGH iNCG Se dOCG CG S
O Jh e dG H b dG CG VGhh ,G Sj e Y g a ,dG
,e e cCG ,jBG g ,LhdG dG GQG fCG hG e .RjEHh
e dh , jhCJ hG nndhs CG bh dG Q e EGh , S dG Q dG h
, HQCG OhM ,LhdG O J Y A HCG W eCG fCG Y dG EG j c ,NCG
,LhdG OJ HEG CG bGdGh .e Ac GhYa fdG Sa o nd n s nf bh ,QhVh
e c H dG hCG dG eR AG S Xh GLh ,zWGG{ e ffEG bCG dG
LhdG OJ c PEG ,z a edG{ U EG dH LdGh dH Th ,dG dG
UN He H ,de YLG IgX f dG h e a d ch ,SCG dGh dG
EG aVEG - e dG c M ,dG G Y ehdG QSh .SdG Z e hNBG
jW Y FdG H dG KJ - G dG O V H Gh TGh f Q dG
dG YGdG e j ,H IgG j h .Je bCG hCG Gc gQYGh
Sh IgG fc d .dG G OJ HhQhCG G SdG hdG VdG
,IhGdG AWEGh renCGh dG QGbEG FSh e dG dch ,b e eCG Y c Y
LQ IhGY j dG Ld dj Gfch c dG EG ,iNCG IQHh .jG HhQhCG
.VG Gg c .zcGh HG hJ{ :NBG ,W YLG IgX fCG Y dEG j
kGHJ UH ,LhdG OJ AdEa dG eCG H ,z a edG{ e c Dh da dHh
J dG QeCG e g ,ICGG M e j .za d H dG Z{ QeCG e k jCGh
HdG CGG AV za dG j e{ EG GQG fc a ,ICGG CdG dch
ICGGh LdG H IGhG g dG SEG jb bh EGh ,SdG QdG h dG
e AT fCG Y .LGdGh G J h ,LdG Je e fOCG Je VJ
LhdG OJ j BGdG GO e fEG dG M dPh .H j dG G H J
,|IMGa GhJ CG N Ea} :H dG S fdG WdG G YCG CG H
j pEG kU kGeCG G Gg dG GO eh H a .zWGdGh fEG M{ 1787
e eCG GMCG L gh ,k e ke fG M e eh HhQhCG ICGG
kbe j d LhdG OJ AdEG Ea ,a , dG Gg jG H EG HhQhCG L H
,LhdG OH eCj BGda .SEG dd .jdG dG
Y N IMGh Y QbG Y j H j CG dP .j eCa SEG eCG
.dG Sj BGda ,za G{ e ka c dG
dG j e j ,dH H ,bSG
eh Y G aCG e a ,kjJ kY
e eDG Qj jdG JJ dG ANCG
H e dG zGQdG{ `H j JJ
gh ,gCG b GeCG LhR b ojQJ .eS f ,kqeoCG UH ,ICGG J MGS WEH dPh ,dG Y CG zbQ a{
YGf j c Ggh ,Yoe GeCG ICGGh .zeCG GbCG G{ :jG a Gg ,de e FGH hCG c e W e
e YGQ b BGdG CG T h .d OhM W fc e EG f LdG H c e SEG e L dG ziSCG AGa{ Y ka
YCG , G Lh EG fh VdG g Y LGh Z a O dc( ICGG c b e jCGQ bh .kYLGh kjO ke
a ,SdG G e kYf Qa ,GdG IQY IjY Ge BGdG OQh bh .)ICGdG eh IOdG H IGhG EG BGdG YO
f L H ,ke QEG e dG j Gh G{ GQYh zfCGh cP e{ ,jG h .Gh cCG dPh ,bdG e
,LdG Y f Lh ddG f f .H IGhG Ve zeDGh eDGh g EG{ :dG Y b dG CG ,QP HCG Y
.jdG e lf dP snCch ,kqeoCG hr nCG fc LhR e k Yf Q J FL MCG g , f gWGh J gca fGNEG
,CGG g ICGGh LdG H IGha ,Hh UN H Jh ICGdGh LdG H hdG jdG ,dG a G h .zJ
dHh ,CGG Gg Y jGh BGdG f bh GTG eCG .QEG dC eh IO dG dC ,Ig dG g J EG G g ,eSEG
U e g G L H jda ICGeG H ,LQ e IOdG JCGeG BGdG CGh kGqM pN fEG CG CGe e kbfG dPh
g edG G d za d HdG{ k V J cCG ICGG H Q H a ,I MGh H Y cCG bh ,zc JCG dG Y e cCG{
.GMCG L dG e Gh SGh} : J b C Gh d e{ :I dG d b G G g G
IFS fc IgX a ,LhdG OJ eCG La LQ fj Ea dLQ e jT .zGQGMCG JeCG Jdh bh SdG SG
b e e dh ,BGdG gbCG bh gG s p nJ rnCG ,AGdG e r n VJ r s pe JCGeGh b Gfc HdG Qc e kGOY CG ,kGNCG cd
,QeCG L H dG TG PEG ,G EG C Gh .(59)|iNCG gGMEG qcoa gGMEG H b j Gg CGh ,kGY hCG Ge SEG
LhdG OJ dCe CG Y .Qe AT gh H ,LdG hO ICGG W e d dGh eCG .eSEG G adG dG Hh
a .jhCJ e cCG BGdG OQh c fc dG YLG VdG EG a Lj e da ,eRL Ff IQH ,dG
eCG fCG dP .edG GeCG Hh H BGdG HQ .Y jQ dG h dG e j J J
,dGeCG dH edG AdhCG p nf n r p f QE G IC GG p n f
o rn G
M eC ,dP eh .adGh YLGh jObGh
(60)
gG LdG ch . H QGVEGh cCG d a , |fCG M e c d} :LdG e SEG H b dG EG dG
IdG Y jj b eGQCG e kGOY h j gG FdG H H J fc HJ YCG ,dGh .za dG J{ dG QeCG
Y BGdG a ,edG gOhCG GeCG kW QEG e ICGG oprnJ irNoCG Fb fc H j bSG e E a ,VG n r n dG
,HQCG H G LhdG OY Mh dP hX de QEG bh .IH .SEG dJ e G W Y
QeCG L H hdG j CG jT YG G j dG dG G ,ICGGh LdG H IGhG dCe dP eh
edG GJBGh} : J j :j Gh jOG kGQe dG jQJ j YGh VQCG CG dP .z a G{ G e e BG dG a
GcCJ h dH G GdJ h dGeCG hJ CG ddG PEG :FdG H GdGh Gd j dG U dG F dG dG G
)k X CG( k HM c fEG , dGeCG EG dGeCG e ojQJh ,b Z b e dG e H jdG g ,jMh mBGrob e SEG

26

CG S dG H M GPEGh , gCG EG f eCG
,(69)|dH} iNCG jBG h |dH G
J jh .MGh dGh dGh
MEGh dH eC j dG EG} :NBG S
Gh AdG Y jh H dG P A jEGh
MEH dG HQ CG VGhh .(70)|dGh
dGh Gh AdG h MdG Uh
.keT keY e Y j
b M ,WH fEG M g J
,jGh BGdG gQj c SSCG e dG
h hO e a c d M gh
dG Gh ,I G G :A
Gh ,jH OYG Gh , dH
,iQdG Gh ,NG Gh ,aG
hO eh .dG Gh ,IGhG Gh
dG j G H dG
QgORG SCG h ,OLh e e dG
M edG G g fL EG g
g S dG e e H U N i NCG
Y PEG , gCG J gh ,z G{
e dG d e dG SQ G b J
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
zdG{ N HJh BGdG dG Ib H dG G -8
snCG Mj CG EG AG Ea dP eh ...{
g fdG GOBG zdG{ Y c e
g dDGh .BGdG OQh Ib bCG
Gg BGdH OSG IOY j GOBG
z...VdG
dCe j BGdG CG M ,zYdG{ IFGO
CG j dG AdG zGdYG{ eCG H dG
J zdG{ LH dGh .LGh dG ebEG
eEG dG CGQ g gCGh ghCG Ff Y
eCG j CG ,Y IQdG g :OdG Z
A G eh ,SEG G CG h ? d
ASH( dG ej Gfj ,jTGdG
fc Y IQdG ,CG h ,)jdG Y H Y
J J gCG h Mh a EG OD J
,G OLh CG h ,OY M b Y jdG
- AdG f - a ,kGFL c dh M
d QhV Gh , MdG e aCG
SG b ,AdG YCG ,fEa ,jdG MCG e c
dG b AGREG dG e k Y f G e dG
EG ,dH eCJ dG fBGdG UdG Ga
GL dHh ,dG ,kV hCG MGU
a Ggh .dG IFGO Rhj Y jM
IFGO dG G j CG G j fCG
.fGY Ah ,feEG j fEa ,zYGdG{ Y LGdG
M IFGO j CG ,ka h kSS
M{ eCG .a h j Gfc c z YdG{
e f c a U G H z fEG
.dG S c za edG{
.SSCG GMCG dJh edG q J bh dGh
UCGh ,kY k e zfEG M{ Zh
SQ Jh H SdG h eGMG
QU a ,IG GQhV e IQhV gjEG
dG AdG prU e QdG QhdG e
dG dH G dHh ,kGQe r o jn
e ,fEG M e k M U H
N e za dG j e{ IFGO EG ,UG
.)jdGh BGdG( SSCG jdG UdG
P fOQhCG bh ,U dG g CG Gh
GG dG fBGdG jBG gCGh ,e dG G -
kUN g e m Vh h U
pEG obnCG zeCG{ H dG b J gh d eGb Gfc G eB jdG jCG j} :k jCGh jGh BGdG keg kGM dG j
Vh k V a dG V J U dG g CG Y m b Bnn T osneprnj h dH AGT qdG idh Gh AdGh jG Yh
dHh ,G Y LGdG IFGO zdG{ .(68)|iH bCG g GdYG ,GdJ BG dG a .z f dG GOBG{ dDGh
e gh - Gg a GPEGh .eG M IFGO I a dG ihn r oJ dG jOMCG eCG :j G L Y dH eCG Q j
dG dC G E a - BG dG H a j fCG a kV H c GPEGh ,Y eh G H d dH QeCe Sda
c :ddG g ITe f S cDJ fCG Y ka ,eSEG dG Y qJ GMG GPEG G Z H M H ,Mh
- dG - LGdG Gg GdG Y G M EGh kfe U kGPEG a .BGdG OQh e orpeoCGh c e dG fCG eBG bh} :dEG
?G GH eG dHh jO MCG e . dG V H c dh dYCG d ,HQh HQ dG ,H nprYC
,f Vd iQdG b JC J g CG e eh QdG Y OQh e dG )OdG CG( hDhL Ea} :kjCGh .(62)|dYCG
UH kjCG H ,ee fEG M e a d X j X dG j S{ :b dG Y Vr oJ EGh ,Y VpYnCG hCG H M r a
SQ J CG j eG M e kM h .zOdG eEG{ ee cPh zX EG H Ma M EGh ,k T hj a
z FGO iQT{ e dG IQdH dG EG SdG MCGz : dG SQ b :edG j dG EG ) d H CG( d H
G S bG Sh YCG ,zdG{ eN ,OY eEG k e gfOCGh e dG j OhhGO j} :OhhGO dG Wjh .(63)|dG
cSh SdG cS ,Ie bGe e gHCGh ,edG j dG EG SdG HCGh SdG H Ma VQCG N L fEG
.YLG/ObG cSh FdG zfdG GOBG{ c eCG.zFL eEG k dH eCG JCjh .(64)|idG J h H
kGPEGh .z WG dG{ `H dG j e G gh OQJh zG SSCG dG{ IQY QJ fEa db e ,IjY jBG eh eY IQH
e M ,d Reh IGhG jb gh ,da Sa EG He kGbCG ge cCJh MT EG feCG GhOD J CG ceC j dG EG} : J
eC j dG S SCG WG dG G LQh dGh S dG A Mh f dG G CG S dG H M GPEGh , gCG
hT aJ Y dGh eGMH SEG .SEG d H eC j dG EG} : d bh ,(65)|dH
.SQ CG Mj CG EG AG Ea dP eh .(66)|MEGh
e j BGdG QG dGh j e e AGS ,zdG{ Y ihj e L ,SdG H dG Y BGdG jh
,AdG a M dG dG G Y g ,CG AM EG hCG HdG EG hCG dG EG eC jh , dGh j dGh dGh dG H
j fEG H , U G H dG YCG dDG jh .BGdG OQh Ib bCG eGb Gfc GeBG jdG jCG j} :H dH
AdG H bdG :SdG H bdG BG d H O SG z f dG GOBG{ jdGdG hCG fCG Y dh d AGT dH
cG H ,A HCGh A HBG H , L dGh jOMCG hOQj fCG e z dG{ V e ,H hCG da kGa hCG kZ j EG ,HbCGh
VGh d edG G Ggh .eGh - LGQ Ggh .Y dG AG GbCGh CG Gho r nJ pEGh G dp J rCG i dG G J a
GhOD J CG c eC j dG EG} : J d b e EG zdG{ hj Gfj fCG EG - ff ,(67)|kGN J c dG Ea ,GVproJ
27
 AZCG GeCG AGdG M G M -9

G pb gLh GdJ CG dG d ...}

NBG dGh dH eBG e dG dh Gh
M Y G JBGh dGh dGh FGh
dG HGh cGh edGh HdG hP
.(71)|... bdG h FdGh

YLG dG :G M - 3

,BG dG z G{ d Oj
JCj gh ,IjY Ge ,SdG e AdG
dG JH htnroG gh zjrnr oG{ He
nhj hCG ,j dG hCG S dG hCG
jOG ,I dGh dG UCG e JGhP
aQCG fCG f dG ,j Gh
kGPEGh .S dG F S e d e YCGh k e e
H IGhG j e c g G hCG a
eCG .dG e kYf Yqjh SdG e Z Hh
tnnJ Y j jdG dhCG a G
jdG CG ,j G Q SGh j G
in pdG e gZ h kgL h ke
F SG h G X j dG
IQ Hh .S dG Y fGh Yh gQh Zh
:G oeo rne g G EG ,iNCG
j dG G bM o n r oJ jdG g
.dGh IGhG Y
e I c k a UCG BG dG S bh
a .AMG gMCG d H , G
AHBG e I dG( H dG hP e A dG
cGh AG dGh )QbCG Hh eCGh
dGh F dGh dG HGh e dGh
dH jH ADg BGdG N bh .iSCGh
UhCGh , b M Y kGQG Jh kGQG e cC a
eh .g hCG e e c YJh ,H AadH
M , G d eG jBG
UHh ,eSEG G G jgG AGa a zdG S { eCG .gH .zIcdG iS Gtdn oJ CG t pdG d} :J db , G
g i S d j a .z jG{ dC e .jdG H J jdG Gh hP :g jBG JcP jdG Gh eBG e pdG dh Gh G nnpb gLh
mAhn nrHnQ dhdH WGG HJ dG jdG z G M{ CG i f G gh edGh .e LG OGh H dG dGh dGh FGh NBG dGh dH
SdG Ad enQ fCG :e HQh dGh .zdG Mh IcdG M{ : U ,JLH j e gDhHBG d j jdG e dGh H dG hP oM Y G JBGh
,edG G Y dhdG f geh cQCG e kcQ dG L IcdG CG g H ,j H e jdG gh ,cGh bdG h FdGh dG HGh cGh
e j dG dGh dGh eCG e dGh I dGh IO dG e , SEG G d{ :b fCG dG Y hQ bh GPEG gH aGh IcdG JBGh IdG bCGh
NG GPEGh .fjO fc e ac WGG EG j pAG SEG CG ,Gh dGh dGh pcCGh cCG OJ dG Mh AGdGh ASCdG jHdGh GhgY
gCG e G Z sC na ,I c dG Y jG GP ff gh ,dG e jc H QGbEH dG{ :b ?g a :Gdb ,zJdGh IdGh g dhCGh G b U j dG dhCG ,SC dG
eP j M C zedG{ jh - dG e j dG H ,SS jeQ Xh U H gh ,z Y os n n nj h o p nj .(72)|dG
gG e j - WGG Fc dhdG CG a G gh .kGMGh k T S Gh e dG e j kY j dG zWdG{ UG :jBG g QeCG HQCG RG HEG e H h
dGh zdG{ eCG .H h dH ,OG H J CG j dG bd eQ g IOdG aG a dG HG eCG .dY bh Jb L j ,G eh ,dG CG hCG eCG
a Gh edG gC a ,G FSh ,)e dSH EGh MdG( dGh fEG Y j CG h ,jdG H J dG .gMh IO dG dh d dG dG G fCG
g dGh dG snM oQunoJ dG jBGh .AGS W eGb jO SQ g IdG CG ch ,FdGh .UG H zSdG LdG{ nnpb gLh GdJ CG dG d} Gh
cJj jdG Y dG cj } :J db LGh )A Y dG - I dG( dG e dG H AGS bdG S dG dC j jdG CG OdG C dG gC qLe |dGh G
roghtnnJ CG cQjO e cLj h jdG d eQ g dG CG h ,Gh dG ,dG CG ,bdGh .QW X H hCG a G J gh S G H EG j
EG .G j dG EG dEG G o p r oJh jOG Gd dG edfGh hdH dG AGT g OG EG jG H bh EG a iQdG eCG .RG EG dH
cLNCGh jdG cJb jdG Y dG cj CG h ,H SMEG AGdG cQeh dG ,SdGh cCG EG JLM eCG ,Yh d k e Y Gh dG CG , G
,ogr sdJ CG LGNEG Y GhgXh cQjO e S aJh G IMd eQ g G UCG EG a VEGh . g S Y a i NCG kGQ eCG j H ,I dG kGQ
qM bh .(76)|ddG g dhCa rosdn nnj eh dGh ZdG ie e IMdG H fG e i NCG UCG BG dG OQh ,IQ cG H A a dG g ,IO dG Y IO jR
e{ :a edG gCG M GMG Y SdG J M hT dG A dG i e EG e G a} : J db e G jBG g CG g dG eCGh . G
hCG bW a sc hCG kqM fG hCG kGge X HCG zS dG{ IMh J jhe dG g F da .(74)|dG FdG GWCGh AjpEG Hh ,NBG dGh dH EG H rnfnnb
M fCa e f W H kT e NCG g IcdG Ea ,FdG IMh EG aVEG dTCG j dG a dG eCG ,ITh Y HUCG e jBG o rJn ncP , gh ,AG
edG X CG AdG H Uh .zedG j G f G O dG A d eQ k jCG a IcdG eCGh .d Y bh J d H e M gC cC J dP h . G
.kKEG G X e TCG ,H HCG b eY fCG heh .c eSEG :J db BGdG gcP f K UC L EG kL BGdG gcP M gh ,ADg
fe jJG d , d hCG G e dGh cGh AG d bdG fpEG} jBG CG ddG eCGh .IO dG : dG M e
H ,G EG LG H dP j ,IcdG h eQdGh bdG h Hb dDGh Y JcP jdG UC d G A YG L
UH d A d kGeQ fc IcdG CG H eCG .(75)|dG e ja dG HGh dG S M CG Y j ,I c dG Y k e
g Icda kGPEGh . dG N dhdG FQ zAGdG{h zdG HG{h zbdG{h zcG{ - AZCG H dG - dG e G
H ,IU G dh d j dG e CG ,zY edG{ jh .gcP S a jBG CG g HGdG eCGh .IcdG Y J
Ah UH CG ,zjdG{ `d bG h EG H JCjh fjh fj jdG cQCG Hh d G AjpEG H H
He ,gf eG dH Aahh dh d O dG IcdG d aJ ADgh ,)dhdG jN CG( eCG JQG b ,IcRh IUh IOT e SEG
YG AGREG H dG g J dG LGdG a ,zHb dDG{ eCGh . d k j J VdG ie EG G H AadH
fGdG jQG ebEGh eCG M e ,c H dCj SdG c dG GTCG H jBG G G g BG dG R Y bh .LG dGh
.edG dG eGHh jdG a zeQdG{ eCGh .SEG d kZJ F d l M gG eCG ah} :i NCG
Z M EG j CG j dG Gg h kT GUCa jdG Y c k M G EG{ :jG h (73)|hdGh

28
 dG IQhVh ...SEG YLG dG -10

CG H c gCG e AZCG Y dG Vah ...{

dP Y dG gjh ,FGH Gej
cCj d a ,H GcdG J EG
Ad SdG h ,e H dG dG e
G e j h dP dGh
.M HG - .z...IQdG Yh dGh

BG dG G M CG Y
BGdG cCG d H ,gMh zdG{ jBG J
eCG U dP ALh .H AadG Y kGQGe
eCG e iNCG U h IQJ jdG
HdG GP BGh} :CGf Ggh .NBG kM dG
.(77)|kGjJ QJ h dG HGh Gh M
dG dG e e g JBGh} : J d b eCG
OQh fEG h G a ,(78)|cJBG
bj( S Joj dG dG CG ,zpJoG{
j bh .G e e Ad j CG Y )e
T Y Y JG e dG aj CG Y dG
kGM QU G aO GPEG M ,bCG
ddG S jj c dG CG eh(
eh JG dG Gg fYh .)...Y jh
: J d b A L , j G SEG LCG
CG ,|cJBG dG dG e e gJBGh}
.f Qj H e d Gaj CG AZCG Y
jdGh} :J db iNCG IQS CGfh
,(79)|hdGh Fd .e M dGeCG
EG} :J db Y ae jBG OQh bh
(80)
| FGO JU Y g jdG G
G AjpEG Hh IdG Y IHG H a
j U ke Lh hGh Fd
iNCG jBG a dch .OdG eDG H
fCG EG LJh ,G gCG f Y J
G AjG eh IdG e hj fdG Gfc
Gg Ic jBG gh .(81)cGh AGd
G AjH kJe G gCG f :G
,kLGQ QdG gCG GYh ,cGh AG d
.H Hh G gQMG EG dEG Lj e H
e EG dH UN dO GP jBG gh
GPe fdCjh} :J db g ,OH f
dG z dG{h .(82)| dG b j
dG jh .LG Y OGR e CG ,zdG{
Qb Y a GfG rnCG{ :jBG g T
dH dG ch{ :j K ,zLG
MU LdG c GPE a ,k V a SEG hCG
c GPEGh ,dH Jh S b eCG QR
,dH Jh e j b eCG k f U
eY fCG dP eh .zdG IcdG jBG a
) dhCG jBG( YGQ dG d H dG j j HdG e CG Y Vj fcP e e ke j jM HJ gh c Y c OQGG b eSEG G c
hdG dHh )jNCG jBG( IQdHh dG Gg EG dG dG Y Zh .LEG IH H S bh .z dG{h IcdGh zdG{ M AG d a j CG CG( dEG O j CG e Y
noc dG VQCG IQY g Jh .)jdG( Y non V T{ d ddG H dN H dG Y f e j zG AjEG{ a CG M M ,LM Y jj e L )LdGh
dG IQG SSCG g dGh fEG H k Z c hCG aBG e aBG H UCG hCG dG o dG n Vn nah{ :b .zYLG dG{ `H dG c eY eCG .G RG dG QGbG
fcP c ,d c dG FdG H Oj .d kjCG M g ,edG gCG e ,zaa ,FGH Gej CG H c gCG e AZCG Y MdGh IQdGh H G Gg OQGe
.dG Gg ee UG , Y LG d a kGPEGh GcdG ronJ rpEG dP Y dG grojh zIcdG{ qM a ...dG , TG HJh
f e UHh ,VQCG IQ Yh fEG M e M e dG SG dG H dG dG e cCj d oona ,H EG AdG CG c kVGh hj Ggh .zdG{
SDj e d CG ,dH dG .HdG Yh jGh BGdG H SEG ,dP dGh A d S dG h , e g J eY ke he IcdG iS e
aVEa .KGJ e Uf XH Yh H FdG gG Gg CG Y Yh dGh G e o q p nj h EG AZCG e AGdG LM H INCG
IQ Y U f e cP S e EG LG ,SdG AYEG LdG e LH j : J db dP gHh{ : j K .zIQG IQhdG bG GPEG e z dG{ NCG LQO
IQ H G g , fEG Y k LGh VQCG j dG dG LCG e dG e ,UN e HGh Gh M H dG GP B a} sEG{ jM HdG Gg Yh jh .dP
IQY LGh{ `H J Uf g , e ,dGh dG Y j SEa .JLH .z(83)|dG : dbh ,)edG( zIcdG iS kM G
OdG fEG Y LGdG ie e zVQCG e Z eCG H BGdG dP OQh bh dG Gg CG EG g f CG e H h EG FL QLh T H LQ H eBG e{
fG hO e fCG QYH ,dhdG ie EG d L dG g} : J db dP e .jBG )dhdG CG( dG Y LGc M HG Qj .)MCG e( zj gh fL
IG J GdGh dG Y dhdG bRQ e Gch ce Gea kdP VQCG H dN W CG S b ,ke Y AG dG AGREG LGdG e j EG - d t pjn nCG Hh
LCG eh .G H AadG JCj h IdG b GPEa} :dbh .(84)|QdG dEGh c dG dG a .edG gCG Y ddG jOMCGh jBG e J e f CG - Y
NC j{ :nM HG b G G g U dG a e G HGh VQCG Gh f a Lh{ :j e OQh GdH IG iQd qf e AV G M Ve
,SG dG Ich IQ d H S dG dG H j h NBGh} : d bh ,(85)|...dG e aBG HUCG hCG ,dG Y on V T rnCG ,d j dG zYLG dG{ `H dG Y
jh ,GG VQCG YbG jh :jG h .(86)|dG a e j VQCG jO gCG QUh , aa k Z c hCG ,aBG jJ Gh ,ASGh AGhdG G
,a dP Y o p jo h ,s Yn e n r pe MCG d Y e cCj CG e kGN b keW MCG cCG e{ H e n pYh ,jL o MnW ,Y bj K ,H dG o Un oa J eY ddG
G Gh S dG jh Q SCG Nd .zj Y e cCj c OhhGO dG f CGh ,j g e CG eh .zdYh g G e o ndnc J G g EG ...Y dG G
.zIcdG a eh AfEG jh LCG jh GPEG fdG j or nc dG ncnCG e nMCG{ :kjCGh a ,SEG jd kGQe J OdG e dhdG NCJ H G h
Lh SnprdG Y tj SEa Ggh .zf h Y aGhh , H HCG eR dG G g ,edG QLCG e J eh A ZCG GeCG

29
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
 jdG J :SdG Mh dG M -11

H - kGQ U G N e G N jQhdG gh ,z dG G H j cG J dG zcG SdG{ jdG J fG a kGPEGh ...{

fdG c dG OhM :zOhdG{ - WdG ,dG Mh ,dG Mh ,jdG M :gh YdG YW d H jh H j CG AYCG e Zh G J CG j
.U d c OBG H Oh Mh . dGE , b dGh EG jdG CG ,G Mh ,dG Mh .zgVQ{h dG SSCG H eSEG G
g AdG id a G G hCG Oha eGC h . G Q eC G g Vh G Q WGE - G fG a A dG eGC AGHG ,fEc fEd jGh BGdG gQj
`H dG hOj jdG CG e ke MGh AT M e dGE e fGC g a{ LG YdGh YGdG M ,b c ,QG SdG .z...dG M EG ...IG M e
g EG ddG hj zjdG J{ G EG ddG ODG dG aQh SdG dG zYdG SdG{ H Y WCG -
f dG EG g eGC hD j dG OhG/ G eQ Q aE H NdG e ,z Gh e M QhJ dG e GHCG Z NBG kT J
.eSEG FG g a{ dG eGC h .jGh a d ,OhM hCG dG H or sSh SdG Y d j jdG J :SdG Mh dG M -
WdG jdG dG CG f fh h GO dG S e j NC G Sh H Y H S d j eh
e CG j e SEG dGh H dG LGdG dG fC J dG pqfnoG GMC G g dGE tOo nJ dG OhG hCG ,S dG H H , fEG k H S V Y
fEG M dG J :SSCG ee .zNCG Qe dP jh .G N e a dG c , U G
VY ch jGh BGdG gQj c H fEG M A H c d I dGh EG a dG M eGC .)jdGh BGdG( SSCG eSEG UdG
h IG dG( G g EG .dG Gg d dG OdG e j dG ,UG e d dG dGh FGdG FSh dGh M E a SGQ dG g jG H f cGC ch
h ,aG h ,OYG jM h , H dG e ,g jdG Ue Y ,edG jdG dG Icc ,fhDG e aGQ hCG lrU tnnJ G J Z bh - UG H fEG
, dGh IGh Gh ,iQ dG h , NG Q YGh , h L Mh jQh V Gh GGh sjp o o dG VGQCG Jh za G{ e J - edG g dG
G g ) dG M EG a VEG jdGh dGh dG M( G jQhdG bdG M n hn fdG n nc OhG HYh pRncdGh H dG IQ G , H dG Q dG
H SdG h gaGJ hO e dG SSCG ,SSCG fEG M H )dGh dGh dG H - zSdG M{ eCGh .GQdGh fC dP ,GQG e gZ h eSEG
.a d kJ YdG OhG J M Y jdG dG dG cJ dHh G AdhCG M a - dGE fTCG dG SdG YLG ObG Q dG I dh
,dGh Gh dG Y AdG hO e fCG dP LGh jQh dG g Jh hG Mh ,)jdG hCG JdG b CG( pOn ndG jG HhQhCG IQG H dG dG
S ,A dGh AjbC G Xh G X b S ,dP a d ,dh . dGh Mh ,)...dH dGh d H dG( U dG .H eh Y edG dG
:j dG jGh ,d knJrne OhdG kYVe j e Y BG a f e SCG d c V Y V J dG L dG GPEG - UG H - fEG M CG H
AGh dG a bh zdH OhG GhCGQOG{ KGdG G j C k H b h d hdG Mh ,LhR Y LhdG Mh ,dGh UdG kb za G{ Ge e J
.ee Fbh kGQGe dP hTGdG U e Gh a b A dG CG dP . dG .KQdG Mh LhR Y C Hb dGR h fc a ,eSEG HdG
j ,jdG J fG a kGPEGh MCG Y dG AVG jhGR e J jdG Ge J fc dG YVG g J Zh .jGh BGdG e UNh ,dc J
G AYCG e Zh G J CG e CG ,L G aC edG ,dG ,eSEG dG zG{ za G{ e J b e L e EG dG dG Y
BGdG gQj dG SSCG H eSEG dHh .G jhGR e dh LGdG jhGR ,kGj cCGh YCG NBG kJJ AdG JQ bh H dG dG Y g ,z a edG{ G e
M e AG HG , fE c fE d jGh ,jhCdG J VG Gg AdG Ua jhGR e L YdG MCG EGh dEG Gha ,YVe jQJ hX H ,eSEG
hO e fGE . G M EG ...I G J CG J fCG Y ,e edG eCJ g Vh e dG VZh gUe CG e Rh Y ,aKh YLGh jObG
J S IQcG SSCG H dG Y dPh ,fEG M d k e g GUh ,zINBGh fdG OdG de{ dG j c dG z Y dGh YG dG{
jdG G Y kGQe YdG OhG dG jGh BGdG Uf e ke dG : UCG K K , e dG d G hCG , U G cG H b dG jh Y LG
EG ,X e fj eh ,Gh G aj ddh .jCGQ c ,dG Gg e Y e g eGC . h , L Mh , jQh V SdG dG j e gh ,eGh
eGC .FGLh d e f Jj e JQG .gMh e edG a de b e { dG a jQhdG J IQH z YdG{ J c
,Gh Gh dG UCG e h G ZdG Y fEa iNCG L eh ,L e Gg fdG de a GPEG H fdGh jdG dG H g eh .zWN W{ Y YG dG
ch ,FGL j c kFGO aj a IOYEG WdG hM dG UG Ia gCG e ,IM pr nah QJh Oa Y H ,eSG Y M Qhj eSEG HdG adG SdG
.Y qJ a ,MCG j dG H a , Y dG G A H L dGh dGh I dG or na i NC G h hCG z f dG GOBG{ `H S MGh Q

30
 eGg
(70) (47) (24) (1)
.90 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .185 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f .64 jBG z,aZ IQS{ ,LG f .70 jBG z,AGSEG IQS{ ,dG BGdG
(71) (48) (25) (2)
.177 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f .22 - 21 jBG z,TdG IQS{ ,LG f .16 jBG z,KdG IQS{ ,LG f .62 - 61 jBG z,AGSEG IQS{ ,LG f
(72) (49) (26) (3)
.177 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f .39 - 36 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f .33 - 31 jBG z,GYG IQS{ ,LG f .32 - 30 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
(73) (50) (27) (4)
.19 jBG z,jQGdG IQS{ ,LG f .159 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f .77 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .37 - 34 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
(74) (51) (28) (5)
.28 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .13 jBG z,GdG IQS{ ,LG f .3 - 2 jBG z,fG IQS{ ,LG f .61 jBG z,Og IQS{ ,LG f
(75) (52) (29) (6)
.60 jBG z,HdG IQS{ ,LG f .13 - 10 jBG z,GdG IQS{ ,LG f .30 - 29 jBG z,fG IQS{ ,LG f .9 jBG z,hdG IQS{ ,LG f
(76) (53) (30) (7)
.9 - 8 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .104 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f .256 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f .14 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f
(77) (54) (31) (8)
.26 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f .95 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f .99 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f .23 - 22 jBG z,GYG IQS{ ,LG f
(78) (55) (32) (9)
.33 jBG z,QdG IQS{ ,LG f .34 - 29 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f .15 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f .247 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
(79) (56) (33) (10)
.25 - 24 jBG z,QdG IQS{ ,LG f .71 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .47 jBG z,fj IQS{ ,LG f .4 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
(80) (57) (34) (11)
.23 - 22 jBG z,QdG IQS{ ,LG f .39 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .31 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f .64 jBG z,aZ IQS{ ,LG f
(81) (58) (35) (12)
:16 - 15 jBG z,jQGdG IQS{ ,LG f .145 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f .4 - 3 jBG z,MdG IQS{ ,LG f .66 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
b Gfc fEG HQ gJGA e jNBG .Yh L G EG} (59) (36) (13)
.282 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f .5 - 1 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .9 - 7 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
g QSCHh .j e dG e kb Gfc . dP
(60) (37) (14)
.11 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f .22 - 21 jBG z,hdG IQS{ ,LG f .30 - 29 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f
..|hdGh Fd M dGeCG h .hj
(61) (38) (15)
(82) .3 - 2 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f .119 - 118 jBG z,Og IQS{ ,LG f .33 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f
.219 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
(62) (39) (16)
(83) .15 jBG z,iQdG IQS{ ,LG f .48 jBG z,IFdG IQS{ ,LG f .31 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f
.38 jBG z,hdG IQS{ ,LG f
(63) (40) (17)
(84) .42 jBG z,IFdG IQS{ ,LG f .62 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f .9 - 8 jBG z,jdG IQS{ ,LG f
.15 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
(64) (41) (18)
(85) .26 jBG z,U IQS{ ,LG f .85 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f .32 jBG z,IFdG IQS { ,LG f
.10 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f
(65) (42) (19)
(86) .58 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f .217 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f .4 jBG z,IFdG IQS { ,LG f
.20 jBG z,edG IQS{ ,LG f
(66) (43) (20)
.90 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .106 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .87 jBG z,IFdG IQS { ,LG f
(67) (44) (21)
.135 jBG z,AdG IQS{ ,LG f .105 - 103 jBG z,GY BG IQS{ ,LG f .32 jBG z,GYG IQS{ ,LG f
(68) (45) (22)
.8 jBG z,IFdG IQS{ ,LG f .125 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f .267 jBG z,IdG IQS{ ,LG f
(69) (46) (23)
.42 jBG z,IFdG IQS{ ,LG f .53 jBG z,AGSG IQS{ ,LG f .72 jBG z,dG IQS{ ,LG f

31
2006 Rq 5 95 OY
32