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NT Biology Answers Chapter 16
NT Biology Answers Chapter 16
pair of chromosomes
3 [5]
diploid cell in testis;
46
fusion of egg
and sperm;
23 23 23 23
diploid number of chromosomes in body cells / containing two sets of chromosomes [1]
4 male female
XY XX ;
gametes X, Y X ;
female
gametes
X
male
gametes XX
X
;
XY
Y
5 (a) mitosis all cells produced have the same number of chromosomes; all are
genetically identical;
(b) meiosis gametes produced have half the number of chromosomes of body cells;
so number does not double each generation; so diploid number is formed in nucleus
at fertilisation; gametes are not genetically identical; variation is produced [3]
6 this could be marked to a maximum of 8 marks with one mark being given to each
row
[8]
7 T represents the allele for tall
t represents the allele for dwarf
TT Tt
Tt tt
;
TT, 2Tt, tt F2 generation = offspring of a cross
F2 genotypes and
between two individuals from the F1
phenotypes
generation or the offspring of an F1 plant
tall, tall, dwarf ; that has self fertilised ;
total for genetic diagram [9] total for meanings of terms [8]
8
parental
phenotypes blood group A x blood group B
parental
genotypes IA IO x IB IO ;
parental
gametes , + , ;
IA I B IB IO
IA IO IO IO
;
genotypes of
offspring IA I B IA IO IB IO IO IO ;
blood groups
(phenotypes)
of offspring AB A B O; [5]
1 C
2 A
3 C
4 D
Hh hh ;
explanation as there are long
offspring genotypes Hh, hh
haired cats amongst the
offspring phenotypes short hair, long hair offspring, the short-haired cat
ratio must have the recessive allele
1:1 ; and be heterozygous ; [5]
6 (a)
The condition appears in every generation; all individuals who have the condition
have one parent who also has the condition (4, 6, 11 and 14); if recessive and rare
then more likely that two parents who do not have the condition will have a child with
the condition; also if recessive and rare likely that 3 and 7 would be related (i.e.
cousins) and this would be shown in the family tree [3]
(b)
Bb bb
Bb, bb ;
offspring genotypes
with condition, without condition
offspring phenotypes
1:1, 50% chance of another child
ratio
with the condition ;
[3]
7 (a)(i)
F1 genotype Tt ;
F1 phenotype all parallel stripes ; [4]
(ii)
parental phenotypes parallel stripes x blotched pattern
parental genotypes Tt x tt ;
parental gametes , + ;
Tt tt
;
offspring genotypes Tt , tt
offspring phenotypes parallel stripes, blotched
ratio
1:1, 50% parallel stripes: 50% blotched [4]
(d) the gene is a length of DNA that controls the pattern of stripes; there are two versions
of this gene which give different patterns in the coat; T is the allele for parallel and t is
the allele for blotched; [3]
(b) cross individual with unknown genotype with one which is homozygous recessive;
observe the offspring; if there are two different phenotypes; then the individual with
unknown genotype is heterozygous; if only show one phenotype then it seems likely
that the individual with the unknown genotype is homozygous dominant;
(c)(i) codominance; alleles for red and white flower colour are codominant; pink is
intermediate between other phenotypes; both alleles are expressed; [3]
(ii) CW = allele for white; CR = allele for red;
parental genotypes CW CR x CW CR ;
parental gametes , + , ;
CW CW CW CR
CW CR CR CR
;
offspring genotypes CW CW , CW CR , CR CR
offspring phenotypes white, pink, red ;
[5]
ratio 1:2:1;
parental gametes , + ;
CW CR
CR CR
;
offspring genotypes CW CR , CR CR
offspring phenotypes pink, red ;
[5]
ratio 1:1;
(ii) there are no white flowered-plants because there are no plants in the offspring with
the genotype CW CW ; red flowered-plants have the genotype CR CR so cannot pass
on the CW allele; pink x pink gives white, but pink x white cannot give red and pink x
red cannot give white; [3]