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Zoo 113 Selected Slides
Zoo 113 Selected Slides
Zoo 113 Selected Slides
Suprabranchials
Epibranchials
Palatoquadra
Hyomandibula Palatine
te
Symplectic
Nasal
Quadrate Ectopterygoid Basipterygoid
opening
Ceratohyal Hypohyal process
(b) Chondrocranium
Articular
Mandible
Ceratohyal
Prearticular
Angular anterior
(a) Splanchnocranium
Hyomandibula
Opercular
Subopercular Dentary
Infradentary
Ceratohyal
Supratemporal
Postorbital
Components of Postparietal
Spiracle
Intertemporal
Parietal
Postfrontal Frontal
the Head Skeleton Extrascapular
Opercular
Nasal
Premaxilla
Dentary
Preopercular
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Jugal
Subopercular
Squamosal
Quadratojugal
Submandibul
ar Surangular
branchiosteg
al
plate
Head Skeleton of the Shark
Perilymphatic Superficial opthalmicforamina
foramen
Orbit Epiphyseal foramen
Precerebral cavity
Rostral carina
Rostral fenestra
Exit of vagus (X) nerve
Exit of glossopharyngeal
(IX) Nerve
Chondrocranium of the shark. (a) Chondrocranium, dorsal view. (b) Chondrocranium, ventral
view. (c) Chondrocranium, posterior view
Endochondral Contributions of the Chondrocranium
Endochondral Fishes Amphibians Reptiles/Birds Mammals
Structure (Teleost)
Occipital bones Supraoccipital Supraoccipita Supraoccipital Supraoccipital
Exoccipital l Exoccipital Exoccipital Occipital bone
Basioccipital Exoccipital Basioccipital Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Mesethmoid Mesethmoida Absent Absent Mesethmoid
bone (internasal) (absent in primitive
Mammals & ungulates)
ethmoid
Ethmoid region ossified unossified unossified
Turbinals
(ethmo-, naso, maxillo)
Sphenoid
bones Sphenethmoid Sphenethmoi Sphenethmoid Presphenoid
Sphenethmoid d Orbitosphenoid Orbitosphenoid sphenoidc
Orbitosphenoid Orbitosphenoi Orbitosphenoi Basisphenoid Basisphenoid
Basisphenoid d d absent
Basisphenoid Pleurosphenoid
Pleurosphenoid Basisphenoidb ? (crocodilians,
amphisbaenian
Pleurosphenoi s)
d
Laterosphenoid Laterosphenoid Absent
(snakes)
Branchial arches
Epibranchial (dorsal)
Ceratobranchial (ventral)
Hypobranchial (connects ceratobranchial to
basibranchial)
Basibranchial (at the pharyngeal floor)
Pharyngobranchial (roof of the pharynx
An: angular
D: dentary
Sa: surangular Sa
Sp: splenial D Coronoids
An Pa
Sp Sp
Pa: prearticular
Contributions of the 3
Components to the Head
Skeleton
Chondocranium (blue) a supportive
platform
Splanchnocranium (yellow)- contributes to
the supportive platform, particularly the
epipterygoid; but also gives rise to the
articular, quadrate, hyomandibula and
hyoid apparatus
Dermatocranium (pink)- encases most of the
chondrocranium together with
contributions from the splanchnocranium
Vertebrae and Ribs
Axial Column of a Cat
(b)
(c) (d)
Adenosine triphosphate
Creatine phosphate
Embryonic Origin of Post-Cranial Muscles (Tetrapod)
Myotomes
Paraxial Mesoderm
Ventral extensions Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Peripheral to
Lateral plate mesoderm
Somatic layer Splanchnic layer
superior rectus (birds) levator palpebrae superioris (upper eyelid: birds & mammals)
inferior rectus (birds) levator palpebrae inferioris (lower eyelid: birds & some mammals)
Summary: Fish Branchiomeric Muscles
Muscles
Epibranchial Hypobranchial
between jaws & hyoid apparatus between hyoid arch & pectoral girdle
coracoarcuals
coracohyoids
coracobranchials
Summary: Hypobranchial
Muscles
Reptile: transversospinalis
longissimus dorsi
iliocostalis
diaphragm (M)
Tetrapods
Amphibians and Reptiles / Birds Mammals
paniculus carnosus
Tetrapods
Amphibians and Reptiles / Birds Mammals
cutaneous trunci
Summary: Hindlimb Muscle Evolution (Ventral)
Tetrapods
Lower Tetrapods (Reptile) Mammals
Ventral pelvis to femur (deep muscles)
(shark) puboischiofemoralis externus obturator externus
(adduct (fr. outer surface of pubis ischium; inserts quadratus femoris
femur; underside of femur near its head)
flex knee)
ischiotrochantericus obturator internus + gemelli
(fr. inner side of ischium; runs to femur head)
Tetrapods
Lower Tetrapods (Reptile) Mammals
Dorsal puboischiofemoralis internus psoas (fr. lumbar region)
(shark) (fr. lumbar & girdle inner surface; iliacus (fr. ilium)
inserts on femur near its head) pectineus (fr. pubis)
quadriceps femoris
iliotibialis rectus femoris (fr. Ilium)
femorotibialis vasti (fr. Femur)
ambiens sartorius