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AD621
AD621
Instrumentation Amplifier
AD621
FEATURES CONNECTION DIAGRAM
EASY TO USE 8-Lead Plastic Mini-DIP (N), Cerdip (Q)
Pin-Strappable Gains of 10 and 100 and SOIC (R) Packages
All Errors Specified for Total System Performance
Higher Performance than Discrete In Amp Designs
G = 10/100 1 8 G = 10/100
Available in 8-Lead DIP and SOIC
IN 2 AD621 7 +VS
Low Power, 1.3 mA Max Supply Current TOP VIEW
Wide Power Supply Range (2.3 V to 18 V) +IN 3
(Not to Scale)
6 OUTPUT
VS 4 5 REF
EXCELLENT DC PERFORMANCE
0.15% Max, Total Gain Error
5 ppm/C, Total Gain Drift gain drift errors are achieved by the use of internal gain setting
125 V Max, Total Offset Voltage resistors. Fixed gains of 10 and 100 can easily be set via external
1.0 V/C Max, Offset Voltage Drift pin strapping. The AD621 is fully specified as a total system,
LOW NOISE therefore, simplifying the design process.
9 nV/Hz, @ 1 kHz, Input Voltage Noise For portable or remote applications, where power dissipation,
0.28 V p-p Noise (0.1 Hz to 10 Hz) size, and weight are critical, the AD621 features a very low
EXCELLENT AC SPECIFICATIONS supply current of 1.3 mA max and is packaged in a compact
800 kHz Bandwidth (G = 10), 200 kHz (G = 100) 8-lead SOIC, 8-lead plastic DIP or 8-lead cerdip. The AD621
12 s Settling Time to 0.01% also excels in applications requiring high total accuracy, such
as precision data acquisition systems used in weigh scales and
APPLICATIONS
transducer interface circuits. Low maximum error specifications
Weigh Scales
including nonlinearity of 10 ppm, gain drift of 5 ppm/C, 50 V
Transducer Interface and Data Acquisition Systems
offset voltage, and 0.6 V/C offset drift (B grade), make
Industrial Process Controls
possible total system performance at a lower cost than has been
Battery-Powered and Portable Equipment
previously achieved with discrete designs or with other mono-
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION lithic instrumentation amplifiers.
The AD621 is an easy to use, low cost, low power, high accu-
When operating from high source impedances, as in ECG and
racy instrumentation amplifier that is ideally suited for a wide
blood pressure monitors, the AD621 features the ideal combina-
range of applications. Its unique combination of high perfor-
tion of low noise and low input bias currents. Voltage noise is
mance, small size and low power, outperforms discrete in amp
specified as 9 nV/Hz at 1 kHz and 0.28 V p-p from 0.1 Hz to
implementations. High functionality, low gain errors, and low
10 Hz. Input current noise is also extremely low at 0.1 pA/Hz.
30,000 The AD621 outperforms FET input devices with an input bias
current specification of 1.5 nA max over the full industrial tem-
perature range.
TOTAL ERROR, ppm OF FULL SCALE
25,000
3 OP AMP
IN AMP 10,000
TOTAL INPUT VOLTAGE NOISE, G = 100 Vp-p
20,000 (3 OP 07S)
1,000
15,000
TYPICAL STANDARD
BIPOLAR INPUT
10,000 AD621A 100
(0.1 10Hz)
IN AMP
5,000
10
AD621 SUPERETA
0 BIPOLAR INPUT
0 5 10 15 20 IN AMP
1
SUPPLY CURRENT mA
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AD621SPECIFICATIONS
Gain = 10 (Typical @ 25C, V = 15 V, and R = 2 k, unless otherwise noted.)
S L
GAIN
Gain Error VOUT = 10 V 0.15 0.05 0.15 %
Nonlinearity,
VOUT = 10 V to +10 V RL = 2 k 2 10 2 10 2 10 ppm of FS
Gain vs. Temperature 1.5 5 1.5 5 1 5 ppm/C
TOTAL VOLTAGE OFFSET
Offset (RTI) VS = 15 V 75 250 50 125 75 250 V
Over Temperature VS = 5 V to 15 V 400 215 500 V
Average TC VS = 5 V to 15 V 1.0 2.5 0.6 1.5 1.0 2.5 V/C
Offset Referred to the
Input vs. Supply (PSR)2 VS = 2.3 V to 18 V 95 120 100 120 95 120 dB
Total NOISE
Voltage Noise (RTI) 1 kHz 13 17 13 17 13 17 nV/Hz
RTI 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz 0.55 0.55 0.8 0.55 0.8 V p-p
Current Noise f = 1 kHz 100 100 100 fA/Hz
0.1 Hz10 Hz 10 10 10 pA p-p
INPUT CURRENT VS = 15 V
Input Bias Current 0.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 2 nA
Over Temperature 2.5 1.5 4 nA
Average TC 3.0 3.0 8.0 pA/C
Input Offset Current 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 1.0 nA
Over Temperature 1.5 0.75 2.0 nA
Average TC 1.5 1.5 8.0 pA/C
INPUT
Input Impedance
Differential 102 102 102 GpF
Common-Mode 102 102 102 GpF
Input Voltage Range3 VS = 2.3 V to 5 V VS + 1.9 +VS 1.2 VS + 1.9 +VS 1.2 VS + 1.9 +VS 1.2 V
Over Temperature VS + 2.1 +VS 1.3 VS + 2.1 +VS 1.3 VS + 2.1 +VS 1.3 V
VS = 5 V to 18 V VS + 1.9 +VS 1.4 VS + 1.9 +VS 1.4 VS + 1.9 +VS 1.4 V
Over Temperature VS + 2.1 +VS 1.4 VS + 2.1 +VS 1.4 VS + 2.3 +VS 1.4 V
Common-Mode Rejection
Ratio DC to 60 Hz with
1 k Source Imbalance VCM = 0 V to 10 V 93 110 100 110 93 110 dB
OUTPUT
Output Swing RL = 10 k,
VS = 2.3 V to 5 V VS + 1.1 +VS 1.2 VS + 1.1 +VS 1.2 VS + 1.1 +VS 1.2 V
Over Temperature VS + 1.4 +VS 1.3 VS + 1.4 +VS 1.3 VS + 1.6 +VS 1.3 V
VS = 5 V to 18 V VS + 1.2 +VS 1.4 VS + 1.2 +VS 1.4 VS + 1.2 +VS 1.4 V
Over Temperature VS + 1.6 +VS 1.5 VS + 1.6 +VS 1.5 VS + 2.3 +VS 1.5 V
Short Current Circuit 18 18 18 mA
DYNAMIC RESPONSE
Small Signal,
3 dB Bandwidth 800 800 800 kHz
Slew Rate 0.75 1.2 0.75 1.2 0.75 1.2 V/s
Settling Time to 0.01% 10 V Step 12 12 12 s
REFERENCE INPUT
RIN 20 20 20 k
IIN VIN +, VREF = 0 50 60 50 60 +50 +60 A
Voltage Range VS + 1.6 +VS 1.6 VS + 1.6 +VS 1.6 VS + 1.6 +VS 1.6 V
Gain to Output 1 0.0001 1 0.0001 1 0.0001
POWER SUPPLY
Operating Range 2.3 18 2.3 18 2.3 18 V
Quiescent Current VS = 2.3 V to 18 V 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.3 mA
Over Temperature 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 mA
TEMPERATURE RANGE
For Specified Performance 40 to +85 40 to +85 55 to +125 C
NOTES
1
See Analog Devices military data sheet for 883B tested specifications.
2
This is defined as the supply range over which PSRR is defined.
3
Input Voltage Range = CMV + (Gain VDIFF).
Specifications subject to change without notice.
2 REV. B
AD621
Gain = 100 (Typical @ 25C, VS = 15 V, and RL = 2 k, unless otherwise noted.)
GAIN
Gain Error VOUT = 10 V 0.15 0.05 0.15 %
Nonlinearity,
VOUT = 10 V to +10 V RL = 2 k 2 10 2 10 2 10 ppm of FS
Gain vs. Temperature 1 5 1 5 1 5 ppm/C
TOTAL VOLTAGE OFFSET
Offset (RTI) VS = 15 V 35 125 25 50 35 125 V
Over Temperature VS = 5 V to 15 V 185 215 225 V
Average TC VS = 5 V to 15 V 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 1.0 V/C
Offset Referred to the
Input vs. Supply (PSR)2 VS = 2.3 V to 18 V 110 140 120 140 110 140 dB
Total NOISE
Voltage Noise (RTI) 1 kHz 9 13 9 13 9 13 nV/Hz
RTI 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz 0.28 0.28 0.4 0.28 0.4 V p-p
Current Noise f = 1 kHz 100 100 100 fA/Hz
0.1 Hz10 Hz 10 10 10 pA p-p
INPUT CURRENT VS = 15 V
Input Bias Current 0.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 2 nA
Over Temperature 2.5 1.5 4 nA
Average TC 3.0 3.0 8.0 pA/C
Input Offset Current 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 1.0 nA
Over Temperature 1.5 0.75 2.0 nA
Average TC 1.5 1.5 8.0 pA/C
INPUT
Input Impedance
Differential 102 102 102 GpF
Common-Mode 102 102 102 GpF
Input Voltage Range3 VS = 2.3 V to 5 V VS + 1.9 +VS 1.2 VS + 1.9 +VS 1.2 VS + 1.9 +VS 1.2 V
Over Temperature VS + 2.1 +VS 1.3 VS + 2.1 +VS 1.3 VS + 2.1 +VS 1.3 V
VS = 5 V to 18 V VS + 1.9 +VS 1.4 VS + 1.9 +VS 1.4 VS + 1.9 +VS 1.4 V
Over Temperature VS + 2.1 +VS 1.4 VS + 2.1 +VS 1.4 VS + 2.3 +VS 1.4 V
Common-Mode Rejection
Ratio DC to 60 Hz with
1 k Source Imbalance VCM = 0 V to 10 V 110 130 120 130 110 130 dB
OUTPUT
Output Swing RL = 10 k,
VS = 2.3 V to 5 V VS + 1.1 +VS 1.2 VS + 1.1 +VS 1.2 VS + 1.1 +VS 1.2 V
Over Temperature VS + 1.4 +VS 1.3 VS + 1.4 +VS 1.3 VS + 1.6 +VS 1.3 V
VS = 5 V to 18 V VS + 1.2 +VS 1.4 VS + 1.2 +VS 1.4 VS + 1.2 +VS 1.4 V
Over Temperature VS + 1.6 +VS 1.5 VS + 1.6 +VS 1.5 VS + 2.3 +VS 1.5 V
Short Current Circuit 18 18 18 mA
DYNAMIC RESPONSE
Small Signal,
3 dB Bandwidth 200 200 200 kHz
Slew Rate 0.75 1.2 0.75 1.2 0.75 1.2 V/s
Settling Time to 0.01% 10 V Step 12 12 12 s
REFERENCE INPUT
RIN 20 20 20 k
IIN VIN +, VREF = 0 50 60 50 60 50 60 A
Voltage Range VS + 1.6 +VS 1.6 VS + 1.6 +VS 1.6 VS + 1.6 +VS 1.6 V
Gain to Output 1 0.0001 1 0.0001 1 0.0001
POWER SUPPLY
Operating Range 2.3 18 2.3 18 2.3 18 V
Quiescent Current VS = 2.3 V to 18 V 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.3 mA
Over Temperature 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 mA
TEMPERATURE RANGE
For Specified Performance 40 to +85 40 to +85 55 to +125 C
NOTES
1
See Analog Devices military data sheet for 883B tested specifications.
2
This is defined as the supply range over which PSEE is defined.
3
Input Voltage Range = CMV + (Gain VDIFF).
Specifications subject to change without notice.
REV. B 3
AD621
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS 1 ESD SUSCEPTIBILITY
Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 V ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic
Internal Power Dissipation2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 mW charges as high as 4000 volts, which readily accumulate on the
Input Voltage (Common Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VS human body and on test equipment, can discharge without
Differential Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 V detection. Although the AD621 features proprietary ESD pro-
Output Short Circuit Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite tection circuitry, permanent damage may still occur on these
Storage Temperature Range (Q) . . . . . . . . . 65C to +150C devices if they are subjected to high energy electrostatic dis-
Storage Temperature Range (N, R) . . . . . . . 65C to +125C charges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended
Operating Temperature Range to avoid any performance degradation or loss of functionality.
AD621 (A, B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40C to +85C
AD621 (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55C to +125C ORDERING GUIDE
Lead Temperature Range
Temperature Package Package
(Soldering 10 seconds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300C
Model Range Description Option1
NOTES
1
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause perma- AD621AN 40C to +85C 8-Lead Plastic DIP N-8
nent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the AD621BN 40C to +85C 8-Lead Plastic DIP N-8
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational AD621AR 40C to +85C 8-Lead Plastic SOIC R-8
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
AD621BR 40C to +85C 8-Lead Plastic SOIC R-8
conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
2
Specification is for device in free air: AD621SQ/883B2 55C to +125C 8-Lead Cerdip Q-8
8-Lead Plastic Package: JA = 95C/W AD621ACHIPS 40C to +85C Die
8-Lead Cerdip Package: JA = 110C/W
NOTES
8-Lead SOIC Package: JA = 155C/W 1
N = Plastic DIP; Q = Cerdip; R = SOIC.
2
See Analog Devices military data sheet for 883B specifications.
METALIZATION PHOTOGRAPH
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).
Contact factory for latest dimensions.
1.125 (3.57)
+VS OUTPUT
7 6
RG 8
5
REFERENCE
0.0708
(2.545)
RG 1
4 VS
2 3
IN +IN
4 REV. B
Typical Performance CharacteristicsAD621
50 50
40 40
PERCENTAGE OF UNITS
PERCENTAGE OF UNITS
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
200 100 0 +100 +200 800 400 0 +400 +800
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE V INPUT BIAS CURRENT pA
TPC 1. Typical Distribution of VOS, Gain = 10 TPC 4. Typical Distribution of Input Bias Current
50 2.0
SAMPLE SIZE = 90
30
1.0
20
0.5
10
0 0
80 40 0 +40 +80 0 1 2 3 4 5
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE V WARM-UP TIME Minutes
TPC 2. Typical Distribution of VOS, Gain = 100 TPC 5. Change in Input Offset Voltage vs. Warm-Up Time
50 1000
SAMPLE SIZE = 90
40
VOLTAGE NOISE nV/ Hz
PERCENTAGE OF UNITS
100
30
GAIN = 10
20
10
10 GAIN = 100
0 1
400 200 0 +200 +400 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k
INPUT OFFSET CURRENT pA FREQUENCY Hz
TPC 3. Typical Distribution of Input Offset Current TPC 6. Voltage Noise Spectral Density
REV. B 5
AD621
1000
100mV 1s
100
CURRENT NOISE nV/ Hz
90
100
10
0%
10
1 10 100 1000
FREQUENCY Hz
TPC 7. Current Noise Spectral Density vs. Frequency TPC 9. 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz Current Noise, 5 pA per Vertical
Div, 1 Second per Horizontal Div
100,000
FET INPUT
IN AMP
1000
100
AD621A
10
TIME 1 sec/div
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
SOURCE RESISTANCE
TPC 8a. 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz RTI Voltage Noise, Gain = 10 TPC 10. Total Drift vs. Source Resistance
160
120
RTI NOISE 0.1V/div
100 GAIN = 10
CMR dB
80
60
40
20
0
TIME 1 sec/div 0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
FREQUENCY Hz
TPC 8b. 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz RTI Voltage Noise, G = 100 TPC 11. CMR vs. Frequency, RTI, for a Zero to 1 k
Source Imbalance
6 REV. B
AD621
180 35
G = 10 & 100
160
30
G = 100
20
100
15
80
10
60
40 5
20 0
0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 1k 10k 100k 1M
FREQUENCY Hz FREQUENCY Hz
TPC 12. Positive PSR vs. Frequency TPC 15. Large Signal Frequency Response
160 0.5
120 1.5
G = 10
PSR dB
100
80 +1.5
60 +1.0
40 +0.5
20 VS +0.0
0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 0 5 10 15 20
FREQUENCY Hz SUPPLY VOLTAGE Volts
TPC 13. Negative PSR vs. Frequency TPC 16. Input Voltage Range vs. Supply Voltage
0.5 RL = 10k
(REFERRED TO SUPPLY VOLTAGES)
INPUT VOLTAGE LIMIT Volts
CLOSED-LOOP GAIN V/V
100 1.0
1.5
RL = 2k
10
+1.5 RL = 2k
1 +1.0
+0.5
RL = 10k
0.1 VS +0.0
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 0 5 10 15 20
FREQUENCY Hz SUPPLY VOLTAGE Volts
TPC 14. Closed-Loop Gain vs. Frequency TPC 17. Output Voltage Swing vs. Supply Voltage,
G = 10
REV. B 7
AD621
30
OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING Volts p-p
VS = 15V
5V 1mV 10s
G = 10
100
20 90
10
10
0%
0
0 100 1k 10k
LOAD RESISTANCE
TPC 18. Output Voltage Swing vs. Resistive Load TPC 21. Large Signal Pulse Response and Settling
Time, G = 100 (0.5 mV = 0.1%), RL = 2 k, CL = 100 pF
100 100
90 90
10 10
0% 0%
TPC 19. Large Signal Pulse Response and Settling TPC 22. Small Signal Pulse Response, G = 100,
Time Gain, G = 10 (0.5 mV = 0.01%), RL = 1 k, RL = 2 k, CL = 100 pF
CL = 100 pF
20
20mV 10s
TO 0.01%
100
15
90
SETTLING TIME s
TO 0.1%
10
10
5
0%
0
0 5 10 15 20
OUTPUT STEP SIZE Volts
TPC 20. Small Signal Pulse Response, G = 10, TPC 23. Settling Time vs. Step Size, G = 10
RL = 1 k, CL = 100 pF
8 REV. B
AD621
20
100V 2V
TO 0.01%
100
15
90
SETTLING TIME s
TO 0.1%
10
10
5
0%
0
0 5 10 15 20
OUTPUT STEP SIZE Volts
TPC 24. Settling Time vs. Step Size, Gain = 100 TPC 27. Gain Nonlinearity, G = 10, RL = 10 k, Vertical
Scale: 100 V/Div = 100 ppm/Div, Horizontal Scale:
2 Volts/Div
2.0
10k 1k 10k
1.5 1% 10T 1%
+IB
1.0 +VS VOUT
INPUT CURRENT nA
100k
0.5 1%
INPUT
IB 20V p-p
0 G = 10 G = 100
G = 10
11k 1k AD621
G = 100
0.5 0.1% 0.1%
1.0 +
1.5 VS
2.0
125 75 25 25 75 125 175
TEMPERATURE C
TPC 25. Input Bias Current vs. Temperature TPC 28. Settling Time Test Circuit
100
90
10
0%
REV. B 9
AD621
+VS
R5 at a gain of 10 or the parallel combination of R5 and R6 at a
7
gain of 100.
I1 20A VB 20A I2 This creates a differential gain from the inputs to the A1/A2
outputs given by G = (R1 + R2) / RG + 1. The unity-gain
+
subtracter A3 removes any common-mode signal, yielding a
+
A1 A2 10k
single-ended output referred to the REF pin potential.
C1 C2
10k
OUTPUT
The value of RG also determines the transconductance of the
A3 preamp stage. As RG is reduced for larger gains, the transcon-
+ 6
R1 25k R2 25k
10k ductance increases asymptotically to that of the input transistors.
R3 10k
400 R5 REF This has three important advantages: (a) Open-loop gain is
IN Q1 Q2 +IN 5
5555.6 boosted for increasing programmed gain, thus reducing gain-
2 R4 3
R6 400 related errors. (b) The gain-bandwidth product (determined by
555.6
1 8 C1, C2 and the preamp transconductance) increases with pro-
G = 100 G = 100
grammed gain, thus optimizing frequency response. (c) The
input voltage noise is reduced to a value of 9 nV/Hz, deter-
4
VS
mined mainly by the collector current and base resistance of the
input devices.
Figure 3. Simplified Schematic of AD621 Make vs. Buy: A Typical Bridge Application Error Budget
The AD621 offers improved performance over discrete three op
THEORY OF OPERATION amp IA designs, along with smaller size, fewer components and
The AD621 is a monolithic instrumentation amplifier based on 10 times lower supply current. In the typical application, shown
a modification of the classic three op amp circuit. Careful layout in Figure 4, a gain of 100 is required to amplify a bridge output of
of the chip, with particular attention to thermal symmetry builds 20 mV full scale over the industrial temperature range of 40C to
in tight matching and tracking of critical components, thus +85C. The error budget table below shows how to calculate
preserving the high level of performance inherent in this circuit, the effect various error sources have on circuit accuracy.
at a low price. Regardless of the system it is being used in, the AD621 provides
On chip gain resistors are pretrimmed for gains of 10 and 100. greater accuracy, and at low power and price. In simple systems,
The AD621 is preset to a gain of 10. A single external jumper absolute accuracy and drift errors are by far the most significant
(between Pins 1 and 8) is all that is needed to select a gain of contributors to error. In more complex systems with an intelligent
100. Special design techniques assure a low gain TC of 5 ppm/C processor, an autogain/autozero cycle will remove all absolute
max, even at a gain of 100. accuracy and drift errors leaving only the resolution errors of
Figure 3 is a simplified schematic of the AD621. The input gain nonlinearity and noise, thus allowing full 14-bit accuracy.
transistors Q1 and Q2 provide a single differential-pair bipolar Note that for the discrete circuit, the OP07 specifications for
input for high precision, yet offer 10 lower Input Bias Current, input voltage offset and noise have been multiplied by 2. This is
thanks to Supereta processing. Feedback through the Q1-A1-R1 because a three op amp type in amp has two op amps at its inputs,
loop and the Q2-A2-R2 loop maintains constant collector cur- both contributing to the overall input error.
rent of the input devices Q1 and Q2, thereby impressing the
input voltage across the gain-setting resistor, RG, which equals
10 REV. B
AD621
5V
20k
+
3k 3k
REF
AD621B IN
3k 3k
DIGITAL
10k ADC DATA
OUTPUT
+
20k AD705 AGND
1.7mA 1.3mA 0.10mA 0.6mA
MAX MAX
REV. B 11
AD621
INPUT A: +
10V CM
VDIFF
0.5V
+
VCOM
OPTIONAL
10V
10 VOUT1 10k
AD621 G = 10
10 VOUT2
+
DAC AD621 TOTAL GAIN = 100
INPUT B: 0 TO 10V
1V + 10k
+
OFFSET VDIFF + VOFFSET
(1.25V + 1V)
TO TO
REF C VOUT1
AD548
Figure 6. Suppressing a Large Common-Mode or Offset Voltage in Order to Measure a Small Differential Signal
(VS = 15 V)
The AD621, as well as many other monolithic instrumentation The AD621s input amplifiers can provide output voltage within
amplifiers, is based on the three op amp in amp circuit (Fig- 2.5 V of the supplies. To avoid saturation of the input amplifier
ure 7) amplifier. Since the input amplifiers (A1 and A2) have a the input voltage must therefore obey the equations:
common-mode gain of unity and a differential gain equal to the VCM + G VDIFF/2 (Upper Supply 2.5 V)
set gain of the overall in amp, the voltages V1 and V2 are defined
by the equations VCM G VDIFF/2 (Lower Supply + 2.5 V)
V1 = VCM + G VDIFF/2 Figure 8 shows the trade-off between common-mode and
differential-mode input for 15 V supplies and G = 10.
V2 = VCM G VDIFF/2
By cascading with use of the optional AD621, the circuit of
The common-mode voltage will drive the outputs of amplifiers Figure 6 will provide 1 V of zero suppression at gains of 10
A1 and A2 to the differential-signal voltage, multiplied by the and 100 (at VOUT1 and VOUT2 respectively) with maximum TCs
gain, spreads them apart. For a 10 V common-mode 0.1 V of 4 ppm/C and 8 ppm/C, respectively. Therefore, depend-
differential input, V1 would be at 10.5 V and V2 at 9.5 V. ing on the magnitude of the differential input signal, either
INPUT AMPLIFIER OUTPUT AMPLIFIER VOUT1 or VOUT2 may be used as the output.
DIFFERENTIAL GAIN = 10 DIFFERENTIAL GAIN = 1
COMMON MODE GAIN = 1 COMMON MODE GAIN = 1/1000
1.2
+ V1 10k
A1 1.0
10k
20k
VDIFF Volts
0.8
4.44k A3
+
20k 0.6
10k
A2
+ V2 10k 0.4
0.2
Figure 7. Typical Three Op Amp Instrumentation
Amplifier, Differential Gain = 10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VCM Volts
12 REV. B
AD621
Precision V-I Converter INPUT OVERLOAD CONSIDERATIONS
The AD621 along with another op amp and two resistors make Failure of a transducer, faults on input lines, or power supply
a precision current source (Figure 9). The op amp buffers the sequencing can subject the inputs of an instrumentation ampli-
reference terminal to maintain good CMR. The output voltage fier to voltages well beyond their linear range, or even the supply
VX of the AD621 appears across R1 which converts it to a cur- voltage, so it is essential that the amplifier handle these over-
rent. This current less only the input bias current of the op amp loads without being damaged.
then flows out to the load. The AD621 will safely withstand continuous input overloads of
+VS 3.0 volts ( 6.0 mA). This is true for gains of 10 and 100, with
power on or off.
VIN+ R1 The inputs of the AD621 are protected by high current capacity
AD621
+VX
dielectrically isolated 400 thin-film resistors R3 and R4 (Fig-
ure 3) and by diodes which protect the input transistors Q1 and
VIN
Q2 from reverse breakdown. If reverse breakdown occurred, there
IL
would be a permanent increase in the amplifiers input current.
VS
AD705 The input overload capability of the AD621 can be easily increased
while only slightly degrading the noise, common-mode rejection
VX (VIN+ ) (VIN) G
IL =
R1
=
R1 LOAD and offset drift of the device by adding external resistors in series
with the amplifiers inputs as shown in Figure 10.
Table II summarizes the overload voltages and total input
Figure 9. Precision Voltage to Current Converter noise for a range of range of r values. Note that a 2 k resis-
(Operates on 1.8 mA, 3 V) tor in series with each input will protect the AD621 from a
15 volt continuous overload, while only increasing input noise
INPUT AND OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE to 13 nVHzabout the same level as would be expected from
The AD621 is fully specified for total input errors at gains of 10 a typical unprotected 3 op amp in amp.
and 100. That is, effects of all error sources within the AD621
are properly included in the guaranteed input error specs, elimi- Table II. Input Overload Protection vs. Value of Resistor RP
nating the need for separate error calculation.
Total Input Noise Maximum Continuous
Total Error RTI = Input Error + (Output Error/G) Value of in nVHz @ 1 kHz Overload Voltage, VOL
Total Error RTO = (Input Error G) + Output Error Resistor RP G = 10 G = 100 In Volts
0 14 9 3
REFERENCE TERMINAL
499 14 10 6
Although usually grounded, the reference terminal may be used
1.00 k 14 11 9
to offset the output of the AD621. This is useful when the load
2.00 k 15 13 15
is floating or does not share a ground with the rest of the system.
3.01 k* 16 14 21
It also provides a direct means of injecting a precise offset.
4.99 k* 17 16 33
Another benefit of having a reference terminal is that it can be
*1/4 watt, 1% metal-film resistor. All others are 1/8 watt, 1% RN55
quite effective in eliminating ground loops and noise in a circuit or equivalent.
or system.
+VS
RP
VOL VOUT
AD621
VOL RP
GAIN = 10 OR 100
VS
REV. B 13
AD621
Gain Selection +VS
+VS
The AD621 has accurate, low temperature coefficient (TC),
gains of 10 and 100 available. The gain of the AD621 is nomi- 0.1F 0.1F
nally set at 10; this is easily changed to a gain of 100 by simply
connecting a jumper between Pins 1 and 8. INPUTS AD621
+ OUTPUT
+ AD526
+ 2
G = 10
555.5 20k
0.1F
REXT 5,555.5 AD621 VS
0.1F
VS
14 REV. B
AD621
GROUNDING +VS
AD621 VOUT
0.1F 0.1F
1F 1F 1F
LOAD
+INPUT
7
2 4 11 4 + VS
7 9 11 15 1 REFERENCE
AD621 6 AD585 DIGITAL
6 S/H AD574A
3 5 DATA
ADC OUTPUT
TO POWER SUPPLY GROUND
Figure 15. Basic Grounding Practice Figure 16b. Ground Returns for Bias Currents when Using
a Thermocouple Input
GROUND RETURNS FOR INPUT BIAS CURRENTS +VS
Input bias currents are those currents necessary to bias the input
INPUT
transistors of an amplifier. There must be a direct return path
for these currents; therefore when amplifying floating input AD621 VOUT
sources such as transformers, or ac-coupled sources, there must LOAD
+INPUT
be a dc path from each input to ground as shown in Figures 16a REFERENCE
through 16c. Refer to the Instrumentation Amplifier Application 100k 100k
VS
Guide (free from Analog Devices) for more information regard-
ing in amp applications. TO POWER SUPPLY GROUND
REV. B 15
AD621
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).
8 5
0.25 0.31
C0077601/01 (rev. B)
(6.35) (7.87)
1 4
0.035 0.01
0.165 0.01 (0.89 0.25)
(4.19 0.25)
SEATING PLANE
0.125 (3.18) 0.011 0.003
MIN (4.57 0.76)
0.18 0.03
0.10 (4.57 0.76) 0 - 15
0.018 0.003
(0.46 0.08) (2.54)
TYP
0.033
(0.84)
NOM
8 5
0.310 (7.87)
0.220 (5.59)
1 4
0.070 (1.78)
0.030 (0.76)
0.320 (8.13)
0.405 (10.29) MAX 0.290 (7.37)
0.150
0.200 (5.08) (3.81) 0.015 (0.38)
0.125 (3.18) MIN 0.008 (0.20)
8 5
0.244 (6.200)
1 4 0.228 (5.80)
0.018 (0.46)
0.050 (1.27) 0.014 (0.36) 0.205 (5.20)
TYP 0.181 (4.60)
0.094(2.39)
0.010 (0.25) 0.100 (2.59) 0.015 (0.38) 0.045 (1.15)
0.004 (0.10) 0.007 (0.18) 0.020 (0.50)
16 REV. B