erythrocyte production

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 objectives
To recall basic terminologies
To know theories regarding red blood cell
production
To locate the sites of erythropoiesis
To be familiar with the stages of production
associated with erythrocytes
 erythrocyte
Transpor ts oxygen and carbon
dioxide
 morphology
Biconcave, disk-shaped, with edges
thicker than the center of the cell
No nucleus
6.5-8.5 m in diameter
Contains hemoglobin
 hemoglobin
One-third of a red blood cells volume
Globin and Heme
Iron
Oxygen transport
Responsible for the cells color
erythropoiesis
 theories
Monophyletic Theory

Unitary Theory
Alexander Maximow
Common parent cell of all formed elements of blood
Indifferent mesenchymal cell
Which is able to form cells from lymphoid, myeloid,
and erythroblast line
 theories
Polyphyletic Theory
Trialistic Theory
L. Aschoff
Different group of stem cells give rise to
different blood cells
Three systems: lymphoid, myeloid, and
reticuloendothelial.
 theories
Dualistic Theory
Erlich, Schridde, Naegeli
Two sources of hematopoiesis: lymphoid and
myeloid
 sites
IN FETAL LIFE
1.Mesoblastic stage
During the first two months
Mesenchymal cells in the yolk sac

2. Hepatic stage
At the third month
In liver
Some in the spleen and lymphoid organs.
 sites
IN FETAL LIFE
3. Myeloid stage
Last three months
Red bone marrow gradually becomes primary source
 sites
IN POSTNATAL LIFE
1. Up to the age of 5 to 6 years
In red bone marrow of all bones

2. Age 6 to 20
In red bone marrow of long bones and the
membranous (flat) bones
 sites
IN POSTNATAL LIFE
3. After the age of 20
Membranous bones (vertebra, sternum, ribs, scapula, iliac
bones and skull bones and from the ends of long bones)
Shaft of the long bones becomes yellow bone marrow
 sites
Extramedullary haematopoiesis
Outside medulla of the bone
Occurs in diseases in which the bone marrow is
destroyed or fibrosed
In liver and spleen
 stages
1. Proerythroblast (Megaloblast)
First cell derived from CFU-E
Diameter: 20
Nucleus is large and has two or more nucleoli and a
reticular network
Cytoplasm is basophilic in nature
Synthesis of hemoglobin starts in this stage
 stages
2. Early Normoblast
Diameter of about 15
In the nucleus, the nucleoli disappear.
Condensation of chromatin network occurs
basophilic erythroblast
 stages
3. Intermediate Normoblast

Diameter of 10 to 12
The nucleus is still present. But, the chromatin
network shows further condensation
The hemoglobin starts appearing
Cytoplasm is already basophilic.
It stains with both acidic as well as basic stains
Polychromophilic or polychromatic erythroblast
 stages
4. Late Normoblast

Diameter isabout 8 to 10
Quantity of hemoglobin increases
orthochromic erythroblast
Nucleus disappears (piknosis)
 stages
5. Reticulocyte
Immature RBC
Reticulum is formed
The cells enter the blood capillaries through
capillary membrane from site of production by
diapedesis
 stages
6. Matured Erythrocyte
Reticular network disappears
Cell attains biconcavity
 references
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy &
Physiology (Ninth ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

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