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ระบบ COGENERATION จาก GAS TURBINE PDF
ระบบ COGENERATION จาก GAS TURBINE PDF
(COGENERATION)
COGENERATIONGASTURBINE
COGENERATIONGASENGINE
COGENERATION.
COGENERATIONGASTURBINE
IntroductiontoCogenerationSystems
IntroductiontoTRIgenerationSystems
StudyforTRIGENERATIONsystemcomparedtoconventionalsolution
EconomicalevaluationofTRIgenerationversusconventionalsystem
IntroductiontoCogenerationSystems
Thepriceofenergyisveryoftenoneofthemajorcomponentsoftheproductioncostsofindustrial
products.Anyimprovementintheenergyefficiencyofanindustrialprocesswillreducetheoperating
costsandwillthereforehaveapositiveimpactontheprofitabilityorthecompetitivepositionofthe
company.
Cogenerationsystems(alsonamedCHPCombinedHeatandPowerorTotalEnergySystems)is
thesimultaneousproduction,byasingleenergyconversionsystem,ofelectricityormechanicalpower
andusablethermalenergy(steamorheat).
Cogenerationsystemsusefarlessprimaryenergy(fuel)toproducethesameamountsofpower
andheatthanseparateenergysystems.
Themainadvantagesofcogenerationsystems,comparestoconventionalenergysystems,are:
highthermalefficiency:upto90%fuelutilization,
loweremissions:lessemissionareproducedbecauseofthereducedfuel
usageandthereforetheenvironmentalimpactoftheprocessisminimized
improvedenergyeconomics:lowerfuelexpensesreducetheproduction
costsoftheprocessandimprovetheprofitabilityoftheindustrial.
Acogenerationsystemcanbeoperatedatornearitspeakefficiencyatalltimes,anditsabilityto
operateinparallelwiththeutilityhasgeneratedareevaluationofindustrialplantenergyneeds.
Withanintertiewiththepublicutilityforbackupandthepossibilitytosellexcesspowertotheutility,
cogenerationsystemsbasedongasturbineprimemovershavedevelopedintoaflexibleandreliable
sourceofelectricalpowerandthermalenergygenerationtosatisfytheenergyneedsofindustrialplants.
Withtechniquessuchassupplementaryfiring,thermalloadfollowing,andcombinedcyclesystems,
gasturbinescanbeusedinalmostanyindustrialapplicationregardlessoftheratioofelectricaltothermal
energy.
Gasturbinebasedcogeneration.
Theconventionalapproachtotheenergysupplyofanindustrialprocessistopurchasethe
electricalenergyfromthepublicutilitygridortogenerateelectricityattheplantsitebysmallgenerator
sets(Dieselengines,steamturbineorgasturbine)andtoproducetheprocesssteambymeansof
packagedboilersfueledwithnaturalgas,lightDieseloil,heavyoilorcoal.
Inacogenerationsystemsthegasturbinegeneratorsetwillproducetheelectricalpower,andthe
processsteamwillbegeneratedinawasteheatrecoveryboilerwhichrecoversthethermalenergy
containedintheexhaustgasofthegasturbine.
Efficiencycomparison.
1.Conventionalsystem:separateproductionofheatandpower
electricityproduction:
a .smallindustrialelectricitygeneratingpowerplants,suchasDieselgeneratorset,gasturbinesor
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steamturbinesproduceelectricitytypicallywithanefficiencyof30to40%
b.largeutilitytypepowerplantsgenerateelectricitywithafueltoenergyefficiencyrangingfrom
37to42%forconventionalsteampowerplantstoamaximumof52%formoderncombinedcycle
powerplantstakingintoaccountthelossesinthetransmissionanddistributionsystem,53to67%
oftheenergycontentofthefueliswastedintheelectricitygeneratingprocess
steamgenerator:
theefficiencyofthesteamproductionprocessinconventionalboilersusuallyrangesfrom80to
92%,dependingonthetypeoffuelusedandtherequiredsteamconditions
assumingatypicalindustrialprocessrequiring1.7unitsofheatforeach1unitofelectricity
(electricitytoheatratioof1:1.7),thecombinedfueltoenergyefficiencywillrangefrom48%fora
smallenergysystemattheplantsite,toamaximumof65%whenelectricityispurchased
fromthepublicutility
2.Cogenerationsystem:gasturbineandwasteheatrecoveryboiler
withthesameassumptionofanelectricitytoheatratioof1:1.7,theoverallfueltoenergyefficiency
willtypicallybeinexcessof75%.
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IntroductiontoTRIgenerationSystems
Amongvariousalternativestoservetheenergyrequirementsofairportsandpublicbuildings,as
wellasrailwaystations,computercentersandhightechindustries,thegasturbineTRIgeneration
concept,istodaythemostselectedsolution
KualaLumpurInternationalAirport
ShanghaiPudongIntlairport
Malpensa2000IntlAirportItaly
AirportdeParis
arejustfewoftheairportswhicharetodayutilizingagasturbineTrigenconceptfortheproductionof
electricity,heatandchilledwaterfortheairconditioningsystem.Mostofnewhighrisetower(KLCC)and
shoppingcenterdoalsooptforTrigenconceptmainlydrivenbythefollowingadvantages:
highthermalefficiency:upto90%fuelutilization,
Higherreliabilityandavailability,
Lowermaintenanceandoperationalcost,
Compactandsimpledesignlessspaceconsuming,
LowerNOxandCOemission
TRIgenerationsystemsusefarlessprimaryenergy(fuel)toproducethesameamountsofpowerandheatthan
separateenergysystems.Itisthesimultaneousproduction,byasingleenergyconversionsystem,ofelectricity,usable
thermalenergy(steamorhotwater),andchilledwaterforthecentralizedairconditioningsystem.
Pleaserefertotheattachedflowdiagram
Thegasturbine,fuelledbynaturalgas,producesmechanicalpowerandthermalenergy.Dieseloil,
LPG,Naphtha,lowBtugasetc.canbeusedinthegasturbineasalternativeorbackupfuels.Dualor
TRIfuelledmachinesareavailable,howeversimultaneousoperationondifferentfuelsisnotpossible.
Theelectricgeneratorconvertsthemechanicalenergyintoelectricityatpreselectedvoltageinthe
rangebetween3to12kV.Ifhigherorlowervoltageisrequired,stepuporstepdowntransformerswillbe
used.Thegeneratorsetisdesigntoruninparalleltothepublicgridand/orothergenerators,aswellas
onislandmode.Whenoperatingsynchronizedinparallelmode,100%backuppowercanbeprovidedby
thepublicgridorothergenerators,withoutinterruption.
Theexhaustgasesareleavingtheturbineatapprox.500Candarepassingtroughaheatrecovery
(HR)unit(productionofsteamand/orhotwater)beforebeingdischargedtotheatmospherewithavery
littleenergyleft(approx.100C).Theexhaustgasmassflowandtemperaturedoesnotchange
significantlyduringbaseloadoperation,thereforthesteamorhotwaterproductionremainsstable.By
burningadditionalfuelintheInductburner,anyhighersteamflow,pressureandtemperatureaswellas
higherhotwaterflowcanbeachievedveryefficiently.15%ofO2intheexhaustgasses,allowsefficient
postcombustion.Withanadditionalfanupstreamtheinductburner(freshair),theHRunitcanbe
convertedtoanormalpackageboiler.Steamproductionisthensecuredevenwhenthegasturbineisnot
inoperation.
Thesteamand/orhotwaterproducedintheHRunitisnowusedinasteam/hotwaterabsorption
chiller,andreturntotheHRunitinwater(condensate)form.Nowaterisconsumedintheprocess.
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Theabsorptiontechnologyhasbeenfirstintroducedinthelate50s.Itisnowwidelyusedinthe
absorptionchillerfortheproductionofchilledwater(712C)whichisusedforcentralizedairconditioning
system.Basicallythismachineisacombinationofheatexchangersworkingatdifferenttechnical
condition(pressureandtemperature)ItusesLithiumbromideasabsorbentinsteadoftheenvironmentally
unfriendlyCFC/HCFCusedinthecompressortechnology.CFCisresponsiblefortheozonelayer
degradation,andwillbereplacedinthecomingyearsbymorefriendlyproducts.
AdvantagesofAbsorptionmachineversusconventionalsystem
Staticmachinenomovingparts,
negligiblenoiselevel
highreliabilityandavailability
vibrationfree
HighefficientmachineC.O.P.1,14
Compactandlightreducespacerequired
Negligiblemaintenancecost
Theconventionalapproachtotheenergysupply,istopurchasetheelectricalenergyfromthe
publicutilitygrid,andtogeneratetheemergencyelectricityattheplantsitebydieselgeneratorsets.
Steamand/orhotwaterisproducedbymeansofpackagedboilersfueledwithnaturalgas,lightDieseloil,
orelectricity,andchilledwaterfortheairconditioningisproducedalsofromanelectricalconversion
process(electricalchiller).
InaTRIgenerationsystemthegasturbinegeneratorsetwillproducetheelectricalpower.Thehot
waterorsteamgeneratedinaboiler,whichrecoversthethermalenergycontainedintheexhaustgasof
thegasturbine,willbepartlyusedfortheprocessuseandtogeneratechilledwaterfortheair
conditioning.
StudyforTRIGENERATIONsystemcomparedtoconventionalsolution
Assumption
InordertoillustratethetechnicalandeconomicalbenefitsofaTRIgenerationsystemfollowing
loadprofileareevaluated.
Loadprofile:Electricaldemand1MWe
Heatdemand1t/hofsteamorhotwater(8barsaturated)
ChilledWaterDemand1000RT(3516kW)
Loadprofile:Electricaldemand4.5MWe
Heatdemand2t/hofsteamorhotwater(8barsaturated)
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ChilledWaterDemand3000RT(10548kW)
Anyotherloadprofilewillofferthesamebenefitsasherebelowmentioned.
1.OperationCost
TheattachedanalysisshowsasignificantlyloweroperationcostforaTRIGenerationsystem
versusaconventionalsolution.Herebelowaretheoperationcostresultsforbothconfigurations
a)MioB/y b)MioB/y
Conventionalsolution 49.04 176.13
TRIGeneration 17.87 65.52
2.Backuporemergency(electricitysteamchilledwater)
Electricity:ThegasturbineoperatesinparallelwithPEA/MEA.Uninterruptedpowersupplyis
guaranteedwhenswitchingfromonetotheother.Thegridwillactasemergencywhenthegas
turbineisnotinoperation.Industrialgasturbinesaredesignedtooperate24hour/dayand7daysa
week.FurtherDieselgeneratorasbackupcanbeinstalled
Conventionalsolution:Dieselgeneratorhastobeinstalled.Investmentcostwillbeincreased(DG,
fuelstoragetank,fuelforwardingstationetc.).ReactiontimeofaDGisapprox.30sec.
Steam:Whenthegasturbineisnotinoperation,theHRunit(HeatRecoveryunit)willworkasa
packageboilerthankstothefreshairfiringsystemandtheinductburner.Additionalemergency
packageboilercanbeinstalled.
Conventionalsolution:Packageboilerhastobeinstalled
ChilledWater:Standbymachineforbothconfigurationhastobeconsidered
TRIgenerationplantsofferamoreflexibleandeconomicalsolutiontoguaranteeuninterrupted
supplyofelectricity,steamandchilledwater.
EconomicalevaluationofTRIgenerationversusconventionalsystem
Electricityprice 2.5B/unit
Naturalgaspriceforcogen 109.63B/MBtu
0.104B/MJ
Naturalgaspriceforboiler 148B/MBtu
0.140B/MJ
Operatinghours 8760h/y
Exchangerate 37B/USD
ConventionalSolutionOperatingCost 1MWe 4.5MWe
PEAelectricitycost 45.22MioB/y 168.54MioB/y
FuelcostforBoiler 3.70MioB/y 7.41MioB/y
Maintenancecostforchillerandboiler 0.12MioB/y 0.18MioB/y
Totaloperationcost 49.04MioB/y 176.13MioB/y
TRIGenerationOperatingCost
Fuelcost 16.25MioB/y 58.22MioB/y
Maintenancecostincludingoverhaul0.005USD/kWh 1.62MioB/y 7.29MioB/y
Totaloperationcost 17.87MioB/y 65.52MioB/y
SavingusingTRIGeneration 31.17MioB/y 110.61MioB/y
0.84MioUSD/y 2.99MioUSD/y
Investmentcostturnkeybasis
Conventionalsolution estimated 0.5MioUSD 0.9MioUSD
Trigen estimated 2.5MioUSD 4.5MioUSD
Investmentcostdifference 2MioUSD 3.6MioUSD
Expectedpaybacktime 2.37years 1.20Years
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