Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HX Design Basics (Fundamental)
HX Design Basics (Fundamental)
HX Design Basics (Fundamental)
5HeatExchangers
Thegeneralfunctionofaheatexchangeristotransferheatfromonefluidtoanother.Thebasic
componentofaheatexchangercanbeviewedasatubewithonefluidrunningthroughitand
anotherfluidflowingbyontheoutside.Therearethusthreeheattransferoperationsthatneedto
bedescribed:
1.Convectiveheattransferfromfluidtotheinnerwallofthetube,
2.Conductiveheattransferthroughthetubewall,and
3.Convectiveheattransferfromtheoutertubewalltotheoutsidefluid.
Heatexchangersaretypicallyclassifiedaccordingtoflowarrangementandtypeofconstruction.
Thesimplestheatexchangerisoneforwhichthehotandcoldfluidsmoveinthesameoropposite
directionsinaconcentrictube(ordoublepipe)construction.Intheparallelflowarrangementof
Figure18.8(a),thehotandcoldfluidsenteratthesameend,flowinthesamedirection,andleave
atthesameend.InthecounterflowarrangementofFigure18.8(b),thefluidsenteratopposite
ends,flowinoppositedirections,andleaveatoppositeends.
[Parallelflow] [Counterflow]
Figure18.8:Concentrictubesheatexchangers
[Finnedwithbothfluidsunmixed.] [Unfinnedwithonefluidmixed
andtheotherunmixed]
Figure18.9:Crossflowheatexchangers.
Alternatively,thefluidsmaybeincrossflow(perpendiculartoeachother),asshownbythefinned
andunfinnedtubularheatexchangersofFigure18.9.Thetwoconfigurationsdifferaccordingto
whetherthefluidmovingoverthetubesisunmixedormixed.InFigure18.9(a),thefluidissaidto
beunmixedbecausethefinspreventmotioninadirection( )thatistransversetothemainflow
direction( ).Inthiscasethefluidtemperaturevarieswith and .Incontrast,fortheunfinned
tubebundleofFigure18.9(b),fluidmotion,hencemixing,inthetransversedirectionispossible,
andtemperaturevariationsareprimarilyinthemainflowdirection.Sincethetubeflowisunmixed,
bothfluidsareunmixedinthefinnedexchanger,whileonefluidismixedandtheotherunmixedin
theunfinnedexchanger.
Todevelopthemethodologyforheatexchangeranalysisanddesign,welookattheproblemof
heattransferfromafluidinsideatubetoanotherfluidoutside.
Figure18.10:Geometryforheat
transferbetweentwofluids
WeexaminedthisproblembeforeinSection17.2andfoundthattheheattransferrateperunit
lengthisgivenby
(18..21)
HerewehavetakenintoaccountoneadditionalthermalresistancethaninSection17.2,the
resistanceduetoconvectionontheinterior,andincludeinourexpressionforheattransferthebulk
temperatureofthefluid, ,ratherthantheinteriorwalltemperature, .
Itisusefultodefineanoverallheattransfercoefficient perunitlengthas
(18..22)
From(18.21)and(18.22)theoverallheattransfercoefficient, ,is
(18..23)
Wewillmakeuseofthisinwhatfollows.
Figure18.11:Counterflowheatexchanger
AschematicofacounterflowheatexchangerisshowninFigure18.11.Wewishtoknowthe
temperaturedistributionalongthetubeandtheamountofheattransferred.
18.5.1SimplifiedCounterflowHeatExchanger(WithUniform
WallTemperature)
Toaddressthiswestartbyconsideringthegeneralcaseofaxialvariationoftemperatureinatube
withwallatuniformtemperature andafluidflowinginsidethetube(Figure18.12).
Figure18.12:Fluidtemperaturedistributionalongthe
tubewithuniformwalltemperature
Theobjectiveistofindthemeantemperatureofthefluidat , ,inthecasewherefluid
Forheating( ),theheatflowfromthepipewallinalength is
where isthepipediameter.Theheatgiventothefluid(thechangeinenthalpy)isgivenby
thefluidand isthemassflowrateofthefluid.Settingthelasttwoexpressionsequaland
integratingfromthestartofthepipe,wefind
Carryingouttheintegration,
i.e.,
(18..24)
Equation(18.24)canbewrittenas
where
Thisisthetemperaturedistributionalongthepipe.Theexittemperatureat is
(18..25)
Thetotalheattransfertothewallallalongthepipeis
(18..26)
FromEquation(18.25),
Thetotalrateofheattransferistherefore
or
(18..27)
where isthelogarithmicmeantemperaturedifference,definedas
(18..28)
Theconceptofalogarithmicmeantemperaturedifferenceisusefulintheanalysisofheat
exchangers.Wewilldefinealogarithmicmeantemperaturedifferenceforthegeneralcounterflow
heatexchangerbelow.
18.5.2GeneralCounterflowHeatExchanger
Wereturntoouroriginalproblem,toFigure18.11,andwriteanoverallheatbalancebetweenthe
twocounterflowingstreamsas
(18..29)
Integratingfrom to gives
(18..30)
Equation(18.30)canalsobewrittenas
(18..31)
where
Weknowthat
(18..32)
Thus
Solvingforthetotalheattransfer:
(18..33)
Rearranging(18.30)allowsustoexpress intermsofotherparametersas
(18..34)
Substituting(18.34)into(18.33)weobtainafinalexpressionforthetotalheattransferfora
counterflowheatexchanger:
(18..35)
or
(18..36)
Thisisthegeneralization(fornonuniformwalltemperature)ofourresultfromSection18.5.1.
18.5.3EfficiencyofaCounterflowHeatExchanger
Supposeweknowonlythetwoinlettemperatures , ,andweneedtofindtheoutlet
temperatures.From(18.31),
or,rearranging,
(18..37)
Eliminating from(18.32),
(18..38)
Wenowhavetwoequations,(18.37)and(18.38),andtwounknowns, and .Solvingfirst
for ,
or
(18..39)
where istheefficiencyofacounterflowheatexchanger:
(18..40)
Equation18.39gives intermsofknownquantities.Wecanusethisresultin(18.38)tofind
:
Weexaminethreeexamples.
1.
canapproachzeroatcoldend.
as ,surfacearea, .
Maximumvalueofratio
Maximumvalueofratio .
2.
isnegative, as
Maximumvalueofratio
Maximumvalueofratio .
3.
temperaturedifferenceremainsuniform, .