NUMERIC REFERENCING

1. Citation: presenting someone elses ideas in your assignment

In the Numeric referencing system, you place a number within the text for
each source you are citing. This links to a detailed reference list at the end of
your assignment.

Usually, you also give the authors surname, either as part of a sentence
when you are summarising or rewording their words, or when you are giving a
direct quotation. For example:

Nochlin1 has drawn attention to the implications for visual

representation of myths concerning the timelessness of the Orient.

OR

Nochlin has drawn attention to the implications for visual representation

of myths concerning the timelessness of the Orient. 1

OR

As discussed by Nochlin, The demand for contemporaneity was one

of the central issues, if not the very crux, of nineteenth-century
Realism.1

1.1 Putting the numbers in the text

The Numeric system uses a running number within the text for each source
you are citing, i.e. (1) is the first source that you mention, (2) is the second
source and so on. You may use square or round brackets around the number
in the text or you may use superscript as in the examples above but,
whichever way of presenting the numbers you choose, use the same way
consistently throughout your assignment.

If you use the References tool in Microsoft Word, superscript numbers will be
added each time you select Insert Endnote. A corresponding number is then
also placed at the end of the document for you to fill in the detail of the
reference.

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This helps you to create your detailed reference list as you prepare your
assignment.

1.2 More than one author

If there are two authors, give both of their names in the text. If there are three
or more authors, give the first named author followed by the term et al. (an
abbreviation of the Latin for and others). For example:

Heartney et al2 describe the impact of women artists since the advent
of feminism.

There may occasionally be times when the authors are not mentioned in the
text, for example, if you are referring to more than one author to support a
point you are making but dont need to go into detail about their work. For
example,

Developments in holography can be beneficial to architects. 3, 4

2. The reference list

At the end of your assignment, you provide the numerical list, with the full
details of the reference as follows:
1
Nochlin, L. Realism. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990.
2
Heartney, E. , Posner, H. and Prinecenthal, N. After the revolution: women
who transformed contemporary art. London: Prestel, 2007.
3
Graham-Rowe, D. On developments in 3-D CAD and holographic design for
use by automotive engineers and architects. Blueprint 2001, 81, pp.62-65,
4
Perks, M. 3D or not 3D? Architects Journal 2005, 221(10), pp.40-41

If you cite the same sources more than once in your essay, you do not need
to give the full reference again. Instead, use the authors surname and the
number you used the first time you cited the source, with the page number if
you have given a direct quotation. For example,
5
Nochlin, ref. 1, p.157.

3. Citing and referencing different types of material

3.1 Books

Details needed for the reference:

2
Authors surname, initial. Title of the book. Place of publication : Publisher.
Year of publication.

Example: Nochlin, L. Realism. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990.

If you give a direct quotation, you should also include the page number from
which you took the quotation.

Nochlin, L. Realism. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990, p. 103.

If the quotation is from more than one page, you use the abbreviation pp. as
in pp. 102-103.

If there are three or more authors, you give the first author and the
abbreviation et al. in the text as shown in section 1, but in the reference list
you should give the names of all the authors.

Heartney, E. , Posner, H. and Prinecenthal, N. After the revolution: women

who transformed contemporary art. London: Prestel, 2007.

If it is not the first edition of the book, include the edition statement after the
title, for example

Langford, M. Langfords advanced photography. 7th ed. London: Focal,

2008.

3.2 Chapter in an edited book

In the text, cite the surname of the author who wrote the chapter, not the
author of the edited book, for example

McLeod discusses the laws developed in the twentieth century to

control the use of images of celebrities 6

In the reference list, the details needed are:

Surname of the author who wrote the chapter, initial. Title of the chapter. In
Surname of the editor, initial. (ed.) Title of the book. Place of publication :
Publisher. Year of publication. Page numbers of chapter.

For example,
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McLeod, K. The private ownership of people. In Marshall, D. (ed.) The
celebrity culture reader. London: Routledge. 2006, pp. 649-665.

3.3 Secondary sources

A work which is discussed or summarised in another work is known as a

secondary source. In your text, you need to show this by acknowledging the
work of the original author, for example,

3
 Cottrell cites Gardners argument that there are several levels of
intelligence. 7

In your reference list, you only include the work you have actually read
yourself not the original. For example,
7
Cottrell, S. The study skills handbook. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2008.

3.4 Journal articles

Details needed for a reference to a printed article:

Surname, initial. Title of journal article. Title of journal, date of publication,

volume number, (issue number), page numbers of the whole journal article.

Example:

Perks, M. 3D or not 3D? Architects Journal 2005, 221(10), pp.40-41

Details needed for a reference to an electronic article:

Surname, initial. Title of journal article. Title of journal, date of publication,

volume number, (issue number), page numbers if available [online] name of
database used to access the resource or the web address, [date accessed]

Example:

Peterson, D. Changes in expressive movement with actor training. Body,

space and technology journal 2009 8 (1) [online]
http://people.brunel.ac.uk/bst/vol0801/home.html [accessed 10 June 2009]

3.5 Web sites

Details needed for a reference to a website:

Surname, initial if available. Title of web page [online] web address [date
accessed]

Examples:
Herbert, S. The compleat Edward Muybridge. [online]
http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybCOMPLEAT.htm [accessed 10 June
2009]

Artcyclopedia [online] http://www.artcyclopedia.com/index.html [accessed 10

June 2009]

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For specific pages from the web site of an organisation, use the name of the
organisation as the author.

Victoria and Albert Museum. Baroque: style in the age of magnificence

[online] [accessed 3 July 2009]
http://www.vam.ac.uk/microsites/baroque/exhibition/global-style.html

3.6 Works of Art

Details needed for a reference to a work of art:

Example:
Tanguy is thought to have been inspired as an artist by Chiricos Portrait of
Apollinaire as a Premonition8.

Reference list: (End of your assignment)

Artist name Title (in italics) Year of production Medium, Size, Location
of exhibition.

Example:
8
Chirico, Giorgio de Portrait of Apollinaire as a Premonition c.1914 Oil on
canvas. 81.5 x 65 cm National Museum of Modern Art, Pompidou Centre
Paris.

Original work of art showing in a temporary exhibition

Example:
On entering the gallery, the viewer is confronted with the piece by Parker 9.

Reference list: (End of your assignment)

In the referencing list you will need: Artist name Title (in italics) Year of
production. Medium, Size (if given) At: Location of exhibition Dates of
exhibition

Example
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Parker, C Bullet Drawing. 2007 Lead from a bullet drawn into wire. At:
Whitechapel Laboratory, Whitechapel Art Gallery. 13 February - 30 March
2008

Reproduction in a book

Example
Klees work has been reproduced in Partschs book on the artist 10.

Reference list: (End of your assignment)

5
 Artist name. Title. Year of production. Medium, Size (if given) In: Author /
EditorTitle (this should be in italics). Edition (if not the first edition). Page
numbers. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication

Example
10
Klee, P (1929) Old Man Calculating. Etching on copper, 29.9x23.7 cm In:
Partsch, S Klee. p.47 Koln: Taschen, 2000

3.7 Online images

If you cite an image or photograph on the web, the details needed for the
reference are :

Surname, Initial Title of image or description of the image. Name of

organisation. [Online image] [Date accessed] web address

Examples:
Mutti, M. Orions belt. Astronomy Picture of the day. [Online image] [Accessed
on 16 February 2009] http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap090210.html

Allison, C. Tornado picture. Oklahoma Weather Stock: photo and video stock
by Charles Allison. [Online image] [Accessed 16 February 2009]
http://www.oklahomalightning.com/TornadoPics/TornadoPics.htm

If an authors name is not present, use the name of the organisation:

Oxford Illustrated Science Encyclopedia. Volcano. [Online image] [Accessed

on 16 February 2009]
http://www.oup.co.uk/oxed/children/oise/pictures/earth/volcano/

3.8 Films

Details needed for the reference:

Title, Director, Country of production: Production company, year of release

Examples:

Abyss, The, dir. James Cameron, USA: 20th Century Fox, 1989.
Blade runner, dir. Ridley Scott, USA: Blade runner partnership, 1982.
Philadelphia, dir. Jonathan Demme, USA: TriStar pictures, 1993.
Star Wars, dir. George Lucas, Lucasfilm: USA, 1977.
Zed and two noughts, A, dir. Peter Greenaway, British Film Institute: UK, 1986

3.9 TV programmes

Details needed for the reference:

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Title, Director, Country of production: Production company, channel of
transmission, date of transmission, time of transmission.

Examples:

Coronation Street, dir. Kay Patrick, UK: Granada Television, ITV 1, 8 Jun
2009, 19.30
Eastenders, dir. Paul Annett, UK: BBC Television, BBC 1, 11 Jun 2009, 19.30

4.0 Email correspondence

It is important to remember that you must try as far as possible to cite

information that can be traced by others. If you would like to reference
information from an email conversation you must keep a copy of the original
email correspondence (you may want to reproduce this in an appendix).

If you would like to refer to information from email correspondence, you can
reference the information as follows:

Unfortunately, These images are too blurred to be of use. 11

Reference list: (End of your assignment)

Surname, Initial (of person referenced) (Email address of the sender) Subject
of the email. Month, date and year when the email was sent. Email to: Full
first name and Surname of the recipient. (Email address of the recipient).

Example
11
Patel, H. (h.patel@mmu.ac.uk) Online images or photos.doc. July 10 2009.
Email to: Emily Shields and Padma Inala (e.shields@mmu.ac.uk and
p.inala@mmu.ac.uk).

Troubleshooting

What to do if

A periodical or journal gives no volume number.

Do not make one up. Make sure all information about the date of publication
and location is provided to help the reader to locate the document, for
example the year, month or season (e.g. winter or spring) and page numbers.

A publication shows no publisher.

If the document does not state both a place of publication and the name of a
publisher, you will need to say these details are unavailable using the
following phrase: Publisher details not available.

If only one of the publication details is missing, you can use the following
phrases:

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Unknown place of publication use this phrase if the place of publication is
not provided

Unknown publisher use this phrase if the publisher information is not

provided.

A publication shows no date of publication.

Include the words no date in the reference list at the end e.g. Smith, R Title
etc. (no date)

You are quoting an author's direct quotation of another author

When quoting information in your assignment you might want to use the same
direct quote that the author of the book/journal etc. used, which are the words
of another author. You will need to present the quote as follows:

e.g. The following information was taken from Mander on page 118. The
information was presented as a direct quote from Carmichael:

Weeping alone is painful. Grief is most powerfully eased when it can be

shared12.

If you want to use this quote in your assignment you will need to present the
page number of the source that you found the information from i.e. 118.

Example:
12
Carmichael cited in Mander, R. Good grief: staff responses to childbearing
loss. Nurse Education Today, 2009, Vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 117-123, p.118.

An exhibition catalogue shows no author.

Use the organisations name in the citation and in the reference identify that
there is no author.

e.g. John Davies landscape painting has been described as capturing, the
British landscape in a permanent state of flux. 13

Reference list: (End of your assignment)

13
CUBE Exhibition catalogue (no author) John Davies The British Landscape
20th March 18th April 2009, Centre for the Urban Built Environment:
Manchester p.1

You want to quote a dictionary definition or an entry in an

Encyclopaedia.

Citing: (In your assignment)

Barquette molding is, A small semi-circular molding ornamented with beads
or olive berries.14

Reference list: (End of your assignment)

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14
Pegler, M, M The Dictionary of Interior Design. London:Arthur Barker.
1966, p.39

This guide has been collated by Helen Bowman, Art and Design Student
Support Officer, and Margaret Kendall, Art & Design Subject Librarian, 3rd
September 2009.