Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach

Expectancy theory
Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach
Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach

Introduction:

Vroom's Expectancy Theory

Victor H. Vroom, Professor, Yale University

Expectancy theory proposes that work motivation is dependent upon the

perceived association between performance and outcomes and individuals
modify their behavior based on their calculation of anticipated outcomes"
(Chen & Fang, 2008)

IntroducingmysummeryonthetopicIwasgivenforthe3250PIPDonlineclass,Expectancy
Theory.Alsoknownasexpectancytheoryofmotivation,thisproposesan individual will
behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a
specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the
result of that selected behavior will be.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy_theory).Basicallywhenthereisan
outcomethatisdesiredacertainmotivationwilldrivespecificbehavioursinordertoachievethe
outcomes.ThistheoryisproposedbyVictorVroomin1964.Victor H. Vroom (1964)
defines motivation as a process governing choices among alternative
forms of voluntary activities, a process controlled by the individual.
The individual makes choices based on estimates of how well the
Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach

expected results of a given behavior are going to match up with or

eventually lead to the desired results. Motivation is a product of the
individual's expectancy that a certain effort will lead to the intended
performance, the instrumentality of this performance to achieving a
certain result, and the desirability of this result for the individual,
known as valence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy_theory

MainIdeas

Expectancy theory has three components

1 Expectancy:belief that ones effort will result in desired

performance
goals .

a. Self efficacy - ones belief in their ability to successfully

perform a particular
behaviour.

- Individual assesses whether they have the skills

or
knowledge desired to achieve their goals.

b. Goal difficulty -when goals are set too high or performance

expectations that are
made too difficult, Likely leading to low
expectancy.

-Individual believes that their desired results

are
unattainable.

c.Perceived control - believe that they have some degree of control

over expected
outcome

-When individuals perceive that the outcome is

beyond their ability
Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach

to influence, expectancy, and thus motivation, is

low.

3 Instrumentality: belief reward will be given if expectation

goals are
met.

-pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of

accomplishment. When reward is the same
for all
performances instrumentality is low

-commission is also another way instrumental

outcomes
work.Performance is directly linked with
outcome (how
much money is made). If performance is
high the more
money the person will make.

-Factors associated with ones

instrumentality for
outcomes are trust foe the people who
decide who get what
outcome based on performance , control on how
the
decision is made on who gets what outcome.
policies, understanding the link between
performance
and outcome.

4 Valence: Value placed on the reward of an outcome

-based on their needs, goals, values and

Sources of
Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach

Motivation. Influential factors include one's

values, needs,
goals, preferences and sources that
strengthen their
motivation for a particular outcome.

-Valence is characterized by the extent to

which a person
values a given outcome or reward. This is
not an actual
level of satisfaction rather the expected
satisfaction of a
particular outcome.

Valence is one behavioral alternative, where the decision is

measured on the value of the reward. The model below shows the
direction of motivation, when behavior is
energized:(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy_theory)

Motivational Force- -The product of all three components

(expectancy, Instrumentality and valence.
Expectancy and Instrumentality are attitude
(cognition).Valence is
based on the individuals values

Examples of valued outcomes: pay increases, bonuses, promotions,

time off, new
assignments, recognition, good marks,
scholarships.

If a teacher can effectively determine what their learners values, this

will allow the teacher to motivate students in order to provide the best
learning environments and get the best results and effectiveness in
the class.

Implications for the class

Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach

(1) make clear to students why a specific outcome is desirable (e.g.

getting and A/A* at GCSE speaking exams). Make sure you list as many
benefits as possible, especially those that most relevant to their
personal preferences, interests and life goals;
(2) provide them with a clear path to get there. This may involve
showing them a set of strategies they can use (e.g. autonomously
seeking opportunities for practice with native speakers in school) or a
clear course of action they can undertake which is within their grasp
(e.g. talk to your teacher about how to improve your essay writing;
identify with their help the two or three main issues; work out with
them some strategies to address those issues; monitor with their help
through regular feedback and meetings with them that their are
working and if they are not why; etc.). A clear path gives a struggling
student a sense of empowerment, especially if they feel that they are
being provided with effective tips and support to overcome the
obstacles in the way;
(3) support their self-belief that that outcome can be achieved (e.g.
by mentioning to them examples of students from previous cohorts
of similar ability who did it) and by reminding them of
similar/comparable challenges they successfully undertook in the
past. DR GIANFRANCO CONTI

Cons:

Some, not all challenges with expectancy theory in the classroom:

1- students might expect or get use to expecting a reward for every

time they put
effort into something.

2-The rewards the teacher offers might not align with the students
desire or
values

3-It has to be clearly stated what is expected of them, communication

would have
to be clear.
Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach

4-Students need to see the connection between performance and

reward.

There may be other challenges, feel free to add some in the forum.

An individuals own perceptions of performance reward and goal

satisfaction will determine his or her level of effort not the objective
outcomes themselves. Accordingly continuous feedback is necessary
to align perceptions with reality..

Resources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy_theory

https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/PSYCH484/4.+Expectancy+Theory

https://gianfrancoconti.wordpress.com/2015/07/27/eightmotivationaltheoriesandtheir
implicationsfortheforeignlanguageclassroom/

http://www.citeman.com/9804howcanexpectancytheorybeapplied.html
Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach
Assignment 3 Topic summary 3250 Hassan Ayach