IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. IECI- 24, No .

2, MAY 1977

STEPPED VOLTAGE DC/AC INVERTER -- PART I: ANALYSIS

T. Lissack, Member, IEEE, and J. Appelbaum, Member, IEEE

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
A DC/AC inverter whose voltage is constructed from Direct energy conversion of electrical sources
discrete low level DC sources to form a stepped sine- (e.g., fuel cells, solar cells, etc.) and storage
wave-like output is introduced. The criterion of batteries are the sources of power in space systems and
optimal approximation of the stepped waveform to a some terrestrial electrical systems. These sources are
sinewave was the minimum mean square error. The inter- of low-level voltage and are connected in series to
nal resistance of the generated source voltage is time give the desired voltage level. Some electrical
varying since the total series resistance changes with systems incorporate DC/AC inverters to feed loads at
the wave shape. When a constant resistive load is certain frequencies. The sinusoidal output inverter
connected to such a load, the load voltage shape does voltage is generated in a conventional manner, i.e., by
not follow the source voltage and the optimal approx- converting to total available DC input to AC output
imation to a sinewave of the two voltages will depend voltage.
on two different switching policies: one adaptive to A different approach of converting DC low level
the source voltage and the other adaptive to the load voltages to a desired higher level AC sinusoidal
voltage'. The inverter operation for both cases is voltage is introduced in this article. Since the indi-
analysed, and the main harmonic voltage and power, vidual sources are low-level discrete voltages, the
harmonic spectrum and distortion are obtained. The desired sinusoidal waveform is optimally approximated
proposed inverter has superior properties character- by a staircase shape. The approximation is achieved
ized by its low distortion and high efficiency. by combining in series K(t) sources at specific time
intervals, using a sequence of appropriate switching
intervals. The mathematical analysis of the optimal
NOMENCLATURE approximation (in the mean square sense) of general
waveforms by descrete levels is presented in part II.
This includes the generation of a sinewave voltage
bit 1n
bn - main and n-th harmonic load voltage
which corresponds to the "no load" condition of the
b1( ) - main harmonic load voltage for a large
number of sources
proposed inverter.
In this paper, the effects of "loading" the DC/AC
D - load voltage harmonic distortion ratio inverter are investigated. Each incremental voltage
go (t) - optimal approximating function source has internal resistance, and by combining the
an
N - number of sources K(t) sources in
series, the total source internal
pS L resistance is also time varying. At "load" condition,
p1 ' 1
- main harmonic load power of source and
load adaptive inverter, resp.
with a constant resistive load, the load voltage will
not follow exactly the-source voltage because of its
p S p L - total source power of source and load
T 'T varying internal resistance. In this case the optimal
adaptive inverter, resp. approximation of the source voltage shape and its
- main harmonic load power of a square wave switching points will no longer be optimal for the load
1 ' DC inverter and of a DC circuit, resp.
r - ratio of the load resistance to the total
voltage.
Since the load voltage characteristics are of
internal resistance of N sources prime interest, this voltage will be optimally approxi-
p - as above, but for a large number of mated and its switching points found. For this case,
sources the inverter corresponds to the "load adaptive" mode of
ri - single source internal resistance operation. Using the switching points that approximate
Ri (t) - instantaneous internal source resistance the source voltage corresponds to the "source adaptive"
mode of inverter operation.
RSS - total internal resistance of N sources The purpose of this paper is to analyse the
2 proposed stepped voltage inverter. The two modes of
u - mean square load voltage operation, source adaptive and load adaptive, are
y,m - total voltage of N sources analysed and compared and the main harmonic load volt-
- load and source voltage, resp. age and power, distortion and harmonic spectrum are
VL' Vs obtained. Conclusions are derived about the number of
AV - single source voltage sources to be used and the type of mode operation
S L
n,IIT1 - source and load adaptive inverter according to the load resistance value, and the
efficiency, resp. switching control circuit of the inverter.The proposed
- square wave inverter and DC circuit inverter has superior properties characteristics by its
efficiency, resp. low distortion and high efficiency.

"SOURCE ADAPTIVE" INVERTER OPERATION

In part II [1] it is shown that the optimal appro-
ximation of a sinewave, suing N discrete level
Manuscript received July, 15, 1976 sources each of Av volts is
The authors are with the School of Engineering,
Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
g0(t) = [N sinwt + 0.5] Av (1)

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. IECI- 24, No. 2, MAY 1977

where [h] denotes the largest integer smaller than h.

Assume that N identical sources are given each
with an open circuit voltage Av and an internal
current independent resistance of r. ohms. When
combining K sources in series at a given time t, the
source voltage is KAyv and its internal resistence
Ri(t) = Kri. As K varies with time, the AC voltage
source has a time varying internal resistence. When
connecting a constant resistive load RL, to the source
voltage terminals, the load voltage waveform will
differ from the source voltage shape, thus deviating
from an optimal approximation to a load voltage sine-
wave form. The term "source adaptive" inverter oper-
ation refers to the load characteristics for the
optimal approximation to a sinewave of the source
voltage, in contrast to the "load adaptive" inverter
operation, which refers to load characteristics for the
optimal approximation to a sinewave of the load voltage
The load voltage VL(t) is given by

V (t) =v (t) RL (2)

L S R()+R
where Ri (t) is the instantaneous internal resistance
of the source VS(t). Using the switching sequence Fig. 1. Source Vs(t) and Load VL(t) Voltages for
points developed in [1], we get source adaptive case, r = 1, N= 5.

V (t) = g (t) = [N sin wt + 0. 5 A]v = KAv where Ag(tK) is the step size at the point of dis-
continuity tKs
for tK< t< tK+l (3)
and
(t) =vL(K)
AgAg(tK)= =
(r +
r AV
K/N)(r + (K-1)/N) (10)
Ri(t) Kri The n-th harmonic bn(N) is derived from eqs. (9)
= for tK < t < tK l (4) and (10)
where the switching points 4V N r Cos(nmtK)
of the step size
tK are at the mid-points
(N) 7TNnm VNr
b I1 + + .K) ,_ (11)
K=l (r + K/N) (r + i%K-1)/N)
tK 1 sin 1
N
-
).,K =l, 2, ..., N (5) where Sin(wtK) (-0N)
K = 1,2, ..., N
The behavior of VS(t), VL(t) and The amplitude of the main harmonic is
other than in the interval (0, /2w)
Ri(t) for times
are obtained 4V N ~ 2
similarly from symmetry considerations. b1(N) m I -r2+ (K-1)/N) 52 0
The voltage of the load RL is obtained from eqs. b1N =
t'rN K (r + K/N)(r -- -
N
(2) to (5).
(12)
V ( t) = RL
KAv Kr+L t < (6)
L K- t -< t + and the third harmonic is

Denoting 4Vm N
bNKl(-
-2
+ K/N)(r
V = NAv -r-RNri b3 N)=37TNK=1(r + K/N) (r + -(K-l)"/N) I K-0.5 2
4(K0.5)2]
m ; RS (7) 4(1- ;- )
1 (k-1)~
IN -
X
,K-0.5 ) 2
we obtain x
N

vL (t), = (K)
Vm N r
K , tK -
< t < t
- K+l (8)
(13)
N The behavior of the main harmonic bl(N)Vm for
various loads r and the number of sources N is
where Vm and Rs are the total voltage and internal described in Fig. 2 for the two cases: the source
resistance of the N sources respectively, r is the adaptive and the load adaptive cases. In the figures
ratio of the load resistance to the internal resistance both cases are illustrated; comparison of the two cases
Rs. The source and the load voltage for the case N = 5, will be discussed in the conclusion section. Similar
r = 1 is described in Fig. 1. It is clearly observed to the results obtained for the no-load [1], it can be
that the steps of the load voltage VL are not of seen from Fig. 2 that for N greater than 10 to
equal size compared to the equal steps of the source 15,
bL(N) is practically equal to b1(o). This Qbservation
voltage Vs. The load voltage steps are attenuated as is used to derive a closed form expression for the main
the number of voltage sources increases. The switching
points correspond to the optimal approximation of the harmonic bl(N) for N > 10, assuming that bl(N) t bl(X3
and also assuming that the internal resistance of the
source voltage. N sources in series is finite for N tending to infinity.
The amplitude of the n-th harmonic of a piecewise Denote
constant function, odd and symmetric around rr/2w is
given by [2] lim RL lim r
N-+- Nr.I N-~ (14)
4
N
bn - K=l Ag(t )cos(nat K ), n = 1, 3, 5, ... (9) the quotient of the load to internal resistance for a
large number of sources.

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. IECI- 24, No. 2, MAY 1977

The mean square load voltage and the distortion ratio

bi/Vm, D are related by
T
ra o 7 =fVL (t)dt = 2 I b2 = [b + b2 D2
0.8 _
6
r.4 0 n-, n 2b11 (17)
hence
7 rz2
0.6 2 2u 1
D =
(18)
:_r- b2
which holds for any periodic waveform. In our case
0.4 A SOURCE ADAPTIVE
bn = 0 for n even. Using eq. (8), the mean square
L r=Qs load voltage is
J LOAD ADAPTIVE

02k 2
u2 =
2J|VL(t)dt =z ij
N

(r+K/N)2
tK

5 10 20~)) X N 2@r2V2 2
Fig. 2. Main harmonic load voltage bl/Vm 7TN
2 K=1,29 ... Ir+KNI "tK+l -
19

source adaptive load adaptive

where tK is given by
eq. (5).
Then The distortion ratio D is plotted in Fig. 4 for
various loads r and number of sources N using eqs.
AL 1
(12) and (19). From the figure it may be concluded
- 2p + X7 - Cosh O< p < 1
7r /1-P
bI(00) -2p + 4
2

Vm I7T 7r /p -2- ~
Cos11 p
- > p > 1 (15)

8
-2 p =l
The proof is given in the appendix.
The load voltage of the main harmonic amplitude
for the source and load adaptive case for a large
number of sources N are plotted in Fig. 3 using eq.
(15).

Fig. 4. Distortion ratio D source

adaptive load adaptive

that for a large number of sources, the distortion is

almost constant and is nearly equal to that for N-+oo.
A closed form of the mean square load voltage for a
large number of sources N is derived in the appendix.
Using the notation of eq. (14), we get

V2 22[p + 2p3
22 3(2 2
coL <
rr 2 3/2 p
p],O<p<l
'
-l

7v(1-p ) Gosh
01 Q2 Q5 10

u2 () v2 p2 2p o Cos
2 p22) X
=
Fig. 3. Iain harmonic load voltage bl/Vm
large number if sources N.
for a
iT(p -1) (p_j)~~~
source adaptive load adaptive

In order to further evaluate the inverter charac- m [1 -37T p 1

teristics, the distortion ratio D is calculated,
(20)
2 12 The distortion D(oo) is then calculated using (15),(18)
D
=

b
bn
(16) and (20)
L-n 3J

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. IECI- 24, No. 2, MAY
1977

2 2u(X) 1 (21)
Dl (0
(oo 2
)

The result is plotted in Fig. 5 for various loads and

shows a decrease in the distortion with an increase in
the load resistance. The same result is also seen in
Fig. 4. Finally, an example of the harmonic spectrum
for the source and load adaptive cases is given in
Figs. 6a and 6b for N = 10, p = 2 and N = 20, p = 2
respectively.

i-2

5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 n

10 Fig. 6b. Harmonic spectrum N

20, p = 2. =

For given but unequal step sizes, the K-th

switching point tK also occurs at the mid-point of
the step size between the K-th and (K-1)-th voltage
level [1]. The load voltage at the switching point
tK is then
I0-5
01 02 05 1.0 20 50 10 20 50 100
VL K 2 (VK + VK-1) (22)
p
The source and load voltage for the load adaptive
Fig. 5. Distortion ratio D for a large number of case is described in Fig. 7.
sources N, for source adaptive case, eq.(21)

10 b,,/Vm

,,2 LOAD
SOURCE ADPT1VE
ADAPTIVE

I!
I0s

I
9 13 17 a1 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 n
Fig. 7. Source Vs(t) and Load VL(t) voltages for
Fig. 6a. Harmonic spectrum N = 10, p = 2. load adaptive case, r = 1, N = 5.

"LOAD ADAPTIVE" INVERTER OPERATION Substituting eq. (8) in eq. (22) we get

The previous section dealt with the inverter

VL (tK 2 Av rK/N FKIN (K-1)N1
r+(K-l)/N (23)
characteristics of the "source adaptive" case where Setting K = N in eq. (8), the maximum stepped voltage
the optimal approximation of the stepped shape source height is
voltage was to a sinewave shape. Accordingly, the
switching sequence points (times) were taken at the VL (N) r
mid-points of the step size, i.e., at half way of the L = Vm r+l (24)
constant Av. We have shown that the loaded inverter The switching points are then determined by
gives rise to unequal step sizes AvL (K) of the load
voltage as is seen in Fig. 1, where AvL(K) is a
function of the number of sources and hence a function VL (N) SinwtK = VL(tK) (25)
of time. For optimal approximation of the load voltage
to a sinewave shape, the switching points are different then
from those of the previous case and hence the inverter
characteristics are also different. SinwtK =
K (r+ K/N

~ 2- ri-K/N
+
(K-I)/N
r--(K-1)/N , K = 1, 2,,...N
(26)
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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. IECI- 24, No. 2, MAY 1977

Vv2m { T 12
The n-th and first harmonics are as in eqs. (11) and
(12) pL 1/2+p) [1 r Cos -12p
1 ]-P-
I
RsY"p-+2OS;j1+ 7Tf(l+p )
-

4V N r Cos(nwt )
b (N)
n
= Tm
7tN K=1
K
(r+K/N) (r(K-1)IN) (27) (34)
and the efficiency n P /P , using (33), (34). =

4V N r Cos (wt ) The proof is given in the Appendix.

(N) = TrNm K (28) In order to appraise the high efficiency of the
I K=
l
(r+K/N) (r+-(K- 1) IN)
proposed inverter, it will be compared with the
efficiency of a square wave inverter and in an extreme
where is given by eq. (26).
tK case, with the efficiency in a DC circuit. The main.
bi(N)/Vm is plotted in Fig. 2 and it is observed harmonic load power of a square wave inverter is given
that for N > 10, this value is almost constant. by
Therefore, a closed form formula for the main harmc nic
bi(o) (for N-*co) is derived using eq. (14) :, v2 8
P
L = RS Tr2
P
(p+l) (35)
b (co) = V p 0 < p < oo
1 m p+l (29)
The total power delivered by the source is
The proof is given in the appendix and it is plotted in
Fig. 3. v2
The mean square load voltage is given in eq. (19), P m -1
=
(36)
and the tnain harmonic in Eq.(28);the distortion ratio D
T RS (p+l)
defined in eq. (18) is calculated and plotted in Fig.4.
The switching points tK in these formulas are given Therefore the efficiency is
by eq. (26) for the load adaptive case. For a large
number of sources N, the harmonic distortion o} 1
pD
= 8 p
(37)
approaches zero. The proof is given in the appendix. ni - 2 (p+l)
Examples of harmonic spectrum are given in Figs. 6a PTT Tr
and 6b. or 2
INVERTER EFFICIENCY
In this paragraph the inverter efficiency made of
1
pl/(5) /R 3 n =
Ti(l - 8)
w (38)
a large number of sources (N > 10) will be calculated The efficiency for a DC circuit is given by
for the two modes of the inverter operation. The
efficiency p will be defined as the ratio if the main
harmonic load power to the total power delivered by the T p
'DC p+l
sources (including the power loss of the internal
resistance). Using eqs. (7), (14) and (15), the main
harmonic load power for the source adaptive case P S or 2
is Iv
b2 v2 b DC RS DC DC (39)
S 1 m 1 12 (30) V2
1 2RL RS 2p Vm where Rm is the source shoirt circuit power and
pDC
the load power of a DC circuit. Figure 8 describes
The total power P delivered by source for the source
adaptive case is given by

S+V2 ((t) V2m

T

pS= 1 b
R ) dt = 1 ) (31)

The proof is given in the appendix.

The inverter efficiency for the source adaptive
case nS is then given by eqs. (30) and (31):
PS
nS= 1
(32)
psT ( V
m
)

The main harmonic load power for the load adaptive

inverter PL is
L V2 1 b1 2
1 R 2p (
S m Fig. 8. Inverter efficiency
L
where b
is given by eq. (29). The total power P the inverter efficiency for the four cases: source
delivereA by the source (including the power loss of the adaptive and load adaptive of the proposed inverter,
internal resistance) in this case is given by
square wave inverter and the load efficiency of a DC
circuit. The abscissa describes the inverter load
power to the source short circuit power ratio. For the

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. IECI- 24, No. 2, MAY 1977

last two cases, the curves are expressed by eqs. (38)
and (39). 'The efficiency curves have two branches of
which the upper branch corresponds to loads p>l,
(heavy lines), and the lower branch for which p<l
(dashed lines). The inverter working range is usually
the upper branch. Maximum load power corresponds to
the matched load* p = 1, and the uppermost is for the
lV2
DC circuit (PDC /(e ) = 0.25). In the figure, the
load resistance ratio p is described as a parameter
and plotted for some typical values. It is evident
that the proposed inverter efficiency is very high
and is significantly higher that the square wave
inverter and approaches the maximum possible efficiency
(of the DC circuit). The source adaptive proposed
inverter has higher efficiency than the load adaptive
inverter; the difference in their efficiencies
diminishes as the load resistance is larger. It should
be noted throughout the analysis that the computed
efficiencies are theoretical ones.
Still, further to compare the efficiency of the
above-mentioned inverters, a load of 5% of the source
short circuit power will be used. From eqs. (32),(33),
(34), (38) and (39) we get
S
= 90.67%, iLL = 90.39%, ni ID = 75. 70%, pDC = 94. 72%
CONCLUSIONS
A DC/AC inverter whose voltage is construicted from
a given discrete low level DC sources to form a stepped
sinewave-like output is introduced and analysed. The
analysis pertains only to a linear and constant load
resistor. The inverter operation for nonlinear and
inductive loads will be investigated in another study.
The electrical system contains a time-varying resistor
since the internal resistance of the source voltage
changes with the wave shape. Therefore, even for
constant resistive load, the source and the load
voltages differ in their shape: the source voltage is
of equal step sizes given by the DC sources, and the
load voltage is of unequal and decreasing step sizes.
harmonic amplitudes decrease with increasing N.
It is also observed that the load voltage charac-
teristics for the two cases become closer as the load
resistance increases. By comparing the switching
sequence points of eqs. (5) and (26) it is clear that
the contrc.l switching circuit would be more complicated
for the load adaptive case. Taking the complexity of
the switching circuit into consideration when deciding
the type of inverter to be used, 'we may conclude that
for low load resistance, the load adaptive inverter is
to be used, for for high load resistances - the source
adaptive inverter. The switching method for the source
adaptive inverter are independent of the load. Hence
the design is a general one in contrast with the
switching method for the load adaptive case which is
load dependent. Thus, for a given load, one may decide
which inverter is preferable. (The difference in
efficiency of the inverters is marginal for the opera-
tional range of the inverter). In conclusion, the
proposed inverter has superior properties characterized
by low distortion and high efficiency.
The realization of a practical inverter of the
proposed type was hi'ndered by the unavailability of
solid state electronic switches of required frequency
and power. The presently available switches inherently
have a voltage drop that cannot be neglected with
respect to the source level voltage. The waveform of
the porposed inverter was constructed and some of the
results were verified.
APPENDIX
Derivation of eq. (15)
The amplitude of thne main harmonic load voltage
given in eq. (12) is rewritten again
4V N 2 2
(Al)
1( ) N K-1(r
)(r+ K-1
K=l (r+ -) (r+ -
l1 N
For N-+-, K/N becomes a continuous variable denoting it
by i , then the differential d E A i =1 .

The optimal approximation to a sinewave of the N

stepped waveform function determines the optimal
switching times when the source levels are to be incre- Replacing r by p = lim RL as in (13), and the
mented or decremented to give minimum harmonic distor- N-too Nri
tion. Since the switching points are at the middle of summation by an integral, eq. (Al) becomes
the step size, these points are at different times for 1
4V
the source and load voltages as is clearly seen in
Figs. 1 and 7. The inverter can thus be designed for
two operation modes according to the switching method,
b 1(X) =
= Tr
m p2
J (P+0) 2 i (A2)
one adaptive to the source voltage (Fig. 1) and the
other adaptive to the load voltage (Fig. 7). Since Using the substitution g = (1 - w ) /(l+w2) we get
the characteristics of the load voltage were of prime
interest, they are different for the two modes of 32p 2V 1 2
operation, as seen in the figures. b 1(X) vr(p-l)) 2 (w 2 +l)(w2 +a) where a P+1
It was observed from Figs. 2 and 4 that for
=
p-l (A3)
voltages constructed by more than 10 or 15 sources, 0
the main harmonic load voltage and the distortion
reach almost constant values. This important observ- This integral is evaluated for the two cases; a > 0
ation was used to derive closed form formulas which (p > 1) and a < 0 (p < 1) . In each case, the integral
assist in the determination of the inverter operation is decomposed into partial fractions and integrated
as is seen in Figs. 3, 5 and 8. The main harmonic term by term, we get
load voltage and power is slightly higher for the
source adaptive case, but the amount of load voltage b (co)
m 1 + (a+l) mj 2 a 2a>O
-1) 2vr(a-l)2L'-gla - 44(a-1)
1
harmonic distortion is far less for the load adaptive 32pV
Tr (p-) 2(a -(a__ l2j
case and approaches zero for a large number of sources (A4)
N. From Figs. 6 it is clearly seen that the harmonic
amplitudes of the load adaptive inverter are lower
than of the source adaptive case. In both cases the b 2Op)
= m 1 + (a+l) 2 ln )-al -
_ vT
1 a (p-l) 2 (a 1) 2V a -1) V-a+l 4 (a-1)
*
Maximum power for the source adaptive inverter is a< 0
slightly less that for p=l. (A5)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. IECI- 24, No. 2, MAY 1977

Substututing back for a = (p+l)/(p-l) and using Substituting T = 7r/2 - 0 and then tg 0/2 = w, I(p)
-l 1 _1
0; and ln vCa
-1 1 for a > +l -1
tg = 2 Cos
2
-
p
-_ =cosh 1 is transformed to
i
-a-l 2p2v2 I
for a< 0 we get
I(p) = m 14w22 dw (All)
2
(p-l)2 (w +a)
4p - 2p2 + 4
Cosh 1 110< p< I
where a = (p+l)/(p-l).
The integral in (All) is computed by partial
fraction expansion for p > 1 and for p< 1, we get
b1(o) /Vm =< -4P -
2p2 Cos 1 I 00 > p > 1 (A6)
Tr 7T/ -1 P p2v2
1 - P Cosh 11
m

P ~j---2 p
0< p< 1
- - 2 p = 1
(1-P2)
Tr
2 2
Remark I (p) = 2
m
.2P Cos-1 1
_
1 0 > p > 1
At the limit when N-K', the stepped voltage source (p -1) ,rpr- p p
becomes a sinewave, Vmsinwt, with a time varying
internal resistance of the magnitude When
such a source is connected to a load p, it can be
Isinuti.
2
shown that the amplitude of the main harmonic of the v2 p = 1
load voltage is as in eq. (A6).
(A12)
Derivation of eq. (20)
The mean square load voltage is Now, from eqs. (A6), (AlO) and (A12), we get the mean
T/4 square load voltage.
2 4 J 2
u2 = 4 | VL(t)dt (A7)
Cosh , p<l
0 m [ (1-p2)
v(l-p
T Tr (1-p2)3/2 -1 1.
using eq. (8) and integrating for each interval
2 I
tK-l< t< tK' we get u= Vm [P 2-
+ 2
2 3/2 Cos1 }, > p >1

(A8)
T K (1 m N (r+K/N)) (tK -
tK-1) 21- 8
m TTw p=

In the limit, when N-*w, the sum is replaced by an

integral, K/N + sinwt (eq. 5), (tK-t K)+ dt, r p (A13)
we get for (A8) Derivation of eq. (29)
T/4 The main harmonic amplitude is given in eq. (28)
2
TJ
(Vm psin wt ) dt 4V N r Cos(wt )
p+sinwt
0 b (N) =
1
m
7rN K__ (r+K/N)(r+(K-.I)/N) IK
(A14)
2v 2w v
22
~~~sin2TdT where
0r (p+sinTv)2
s inwt
K -
> K/N + (K-l)/N] (A15)
2 lr-FK/N r+(K-1) IN
or
as in eq. (26)
Tr/2w p2v2 7r/2w 2v2m 2 For N-*c and going through the limiting procedure
di as was done at the beginning of the appendix, we get
(A9)
O (p+sini)2 0 (p+sinT)
0
42v 1

b (co) m Coswt d (A16)

1 7

(+0 2

Substituting i = sinr in the second integral of (A9)

and comparing it to (A2), it is seen that this part and

equals [ Vm ; therefore, Sinwt = (A17)

7r/2w
changing variables f rom i to t, then taking the
[ dV 2 = I(p) (A10 1) derivative of eq. (A17) we get
(p+sinTc)
~mm
0
d = (E+p)
p (l+p)
Cos wt dt (A18)

- 198 -
(A24)

~O) K e