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Nursing Research - 1972.: Betty Neuman's System Model
Nursing Research - 1972.: Betty Neuman's System Model
Nursing Research - 1972.: Betty Neuman's System Model
INTRODUCTION
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Many known, unknown, and universal stressors exist. Each differ in its
potential for disturbing a clients usual stability level or normal LOD (Line of
Defence).
Each client/ client system has evolved a normal range of responses to the
environment that is referred to as a normal LOD. The normal LOD can be
used as a standard from which to measure health deviation.
When the flexible LOD is no longer capable of protecting the client/ client
system against an environmental stressor, the stressor breaks through the
normal LOD
Implicit within each client system are internal resistance factors known as
LOR, which function to stabilize and realign the client to the usual wellness
state.
Content
the variables of the person in interaction with the internal and external
environment comprise the whole client system
The basis structure, or central core, is made up of the basic survival factors
which include: normal temp. range, genetic structure.- response pattern. organ
strength or weakness, ego structure.
the amount of system instability resulting from stressor invasion of the normal
LOD.
Entropy
Flexible LOD
a protective, accordion like mechanism that surrounds and protects the normal
LOD from invasion by stressors.
Normal LOD
It represents what the client has become over time, or the usual state of
wellness. It is considered dynamic because it can expand or contract over
time.
Line of Resistance-LOR
Protection factors activated when stressors have penetrated the normal LOD,
causing a reaction symptomatology. E.g. mobilization of WBC and activation
of immune system mechanism
Input- output
Negentropy
Open system
A system in which there is continuous flow of input and process, output and
feedback. It is a system of organized complexity where all elements are in
interaction.
Prevention as intervention
Interventions modes for nursing action and determinants for entry of both
client and nurse in to health care system.
Reconstitution
Stability
Stressors
A stressor is any phenomenon that might penetrate both the F and N LOD,
resulting either a positive or negative outcome.
Wellness/Illness
Wellness is the condition in which all system parts and subparts are in
harmony with the whole system of the client.
Prevention
focuses on keeping stressors and the stress response from having a detrimental
effect on the body.
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
o occurs after the system reacts to a stressor and is provided in terms of
existing system.
Tertiary Prevention
o occurs after the system has been treated through secondary prevention
strategies.
o offers support to the client and attempts to add energy to the system or
reduce energy needed in order to facilitate reconstitution.
PERSON
Human being is a total person as a client system and the person is a layered
multidimensional being.
ENVIRONMENT
the condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in harmony with
the whole of the client (Neuman, 1995).
The client system moves toward illness and death when more energy is needed
than is available. The client system moved toward wellness when more energy
is available than is needed
NURSING
a unique profession that is concerned with all of the variables which influence
the response a person might have to a stressor.
person is seen as a whole, and it is the task of nursing to address the whole
person.
The role of the nurse is seen in terms of degree of reaction to stressors, and the
use of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions.
interrelated concepts
logically consistent.
logical sequence
Research Articles
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
1. Timber BK. Fundamental skills and concepts in Patient Care, 7th edition,
LWW, NY.
2. George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice
, 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton and Lange.
5. Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science Of Nursing Care 4th ed.
Philadelphia, Lippincott.
8. Reed PG, The force of nursing theory guided- practice. Nurs Sci Q. 2006
Jul;19(3):225
9. Delaune SC,. Ladner PK, Fundamental of nursing, standard and practice, 2nd
edition, Thomson, NY, 2002