Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bridge
Bridge
References:
1. Foot bridges,
2. Highway bridges,
3. Railway bridges, and
4. Combined highway and rail bridges.
Types of bridges:
Deck Bridge: The roadway rest on the top of the supporting structure.
BRIDGE DECKES
Definition: A bridge deck can be defined as part of the bridge forming the
carriage and spanning between piers and abutments. Its length and width are
determined by the functional requirement of the bridge, while its structural and
mechanical properties are influenced by its material, geometry and loading
condition.
Types of Bridge Decks:
1. Slab deck:
Normal in iraq 30 to 40 m.
3. Composite deck:
The minimum cost design is not necessary the best design rather the
choice of the true optimum must take into acount such factors as
functionality and appearance.
Sub-structure:
The portion of the structure below bearings and above foundation.
1. Dead loads:
Weight of the structure +Guard Rails+Hand Rails+power pole+Water lines
and other utility line.
It is necessary to make a preliminary estimate of the D.L and then perform
the design based on estimated value. The weight of the structure can then
be calculated and compared with the previous estimated weight. It may be
necessary to make more cycles of the design based on new D.L.
2. Live load:
2.1 AASHTO
2.1.1 Truck loading: consist of : H10, H15, Hs15, Hs20.
H10, H15 are used for design of lightly travelled state roads.
Hs15, Hs20 are used for national and interstate highway system.
For stresses in simple span bridges, this spacing is the min. value of 14 ft.
However, for continuous spans a spacing greater than 14ft may produce the max.
effect. The influence diagram indicates the proper spacing of the axel for max.
stresses.
2.1.2 Equivalent loadings
For the HS-truck only truck is to be used per lane per span.
For longer spans the equivalent loading produce the greater stresses than the
single truck.
For instance, the H20 truck produce greater moments in simple beam span for up
to 56ft (17 m).
For spans >56ft (17 m), the equivalent lane loading produces the greater bending
moment.
A-Group A:
A-2 Portions above the ground line of concrete or steel piles which are rigidly
connected to the superstructure as in rigid frame or continuous design.
B-Group B:
Impact Formula:
50
I
L 125
Is the length of structure that would be loaded to produce max. stress if the live
load consisted of a uniformly distributed load.
For continuous spans use the length of span under consideration for positive
moment and use the average of the two adjacent loaded spans for neative
moments.
L1 L 2
to be used in impact formula
2
For shear due to truck loads use the length of the loaded portion of the span from
the point under consideration to the far reaction except for cantilever arms use
30%.
0-25 85
26-100 60
>100 P= (30 + )( )
Where:
Moment and shear forces in slab bridge and In the top slabs of beam and slab,
voided slab and box beam bridges may be obtained from a general elastic
analysis or alternatively by yield line method (B.S specification)
AASHTO:
Case A
The L.L moments for simple spans shall be determined by the following
formula (impact not included)
ML.L (ft-Ib/ft) =
Where:
Slabs with the main reinforcement parallel or perpendicular to traffic should have
a min. thickness of:
Fc= 0.4
Fs=0.55
K=
K=
Case B
. =900 Sft-Ib
Span 50 to 100
. =1000 (1.3S-20)..ft-Ib
HS 15 Loading:
Use of the values obtained from the formula for HS20 loading.
Each beam (AASHTO) shall be provided for all slabs having main
reinforcement parallel to traffic.
The beam may consist of a slab section additionally reinforced, a beam
integral with and deeper than slab, or an integral reinforcement section of
slab and curb. It shall be designed to resist a live load moment of
. =0.10 PS
Where:
P=wheel load (lb), =12000 lb, =16000 lb
S=span length (ft)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Min. slab thickness = = =40 cm<50 cm .ok
( )
.= = = 43.3cm < 50cm .ok
a) E= 4+0.06S ,S= effective span length in (ft)
=4+ (0.06103.28) = 5.963< 7ok
b) Lane load
2E=25.963= 11.936= 3.64m