WAVE OU UAAAUUZLsMBAH MHKYJI4HK XEPAKJIEJA. JIMHKECTHC AnrTiaKit rpaj, Bo Maxeqourja IVAN MIKULCIC HERACLEA LYNCESTIS Ancient City in MacedoniaVisa Muxysng = Ivan Mikuleié XEPAKJIEJA HERACLEA JIMHKECTHC —_LYNCESTIS Awriuku rpaq eo Maxeyonnja Ancient City in Macedonia Hsoaca Published by © MATOP - Cxonje,2007_-- © MAGOR - Skopje, 2007 Cirre npasa ce saqpxani. All rights reserved. Coxoe penporyuupame Ha TexinuKnTe Hayerpangnm All reproductions of illustrations signed curaupaxit co nimunjamire xa astopor (H.M,) with the initials LM." have been permitted ‘camo Mo ROrOBOp co aBropor. _by agreement with the author. Mpeoo9 na andaucku jasux ‘Translated into English ‘Mapijam Merjy Lone Maria & Matthew Jones Ausajn na xopuya Cover design Enewa Mlevkoscka Elena Petkovska Ova nyGamkanuja dpuntancneKnt ja nowpxa Musuctepersoto 3a xyatypa xa PenyGanka Maxexositia ‘This puplication has been financially supported by Italian Government/Italian Cooperation throught IMG - Skopje far the Project ,Plot Activities for Education and Culture“ International Management Group CIP - Karaxorisauja wo nyGamKauja Hapomua u yausepsurerexa GuGsmiorexa ,Ca, Kawnent Oxpugexit, Crore 90-711 424(381)°652"(056) 338.483.12:711424(381) °652"(036) MUKYITYHK, Han ‘XepakatejaTumxectue: amu rpax wo Makenonna / Han Muxyak ; (npenow na aursckn jasix Mapua u Merjy Llowc) += Heraclea Lyncestis : ancient city in Macedonia / Ivan Mikulti¢ ; (translated into English Maria & Matthew Jones). - Ckouje : Marop = Skopje- ‘Magor, 2007. - 160 erp. : mayerp, ( eaystto BO Gox) ; 30 em ‘Texer namopenso wa Mak, Haka, jasHk.-)yeHOTH Kow TeKCTOT. - Bunuorpacpuja: erp. 153-155 ISBN 978-9989-183-18-8 1. Miku, van sug Magyarung, Hat a) Xepaxseja Tkeevitcka (apxeoouisn soxaaMTeT) « Bows COBISS MK-ID 70148618VMBAH MUKYIUMK XEPAKIJIEJA JIMHKECTHC Auruukn rpag 80 Makeyounja IVAN MIKULCIC HERACLEA LYNCESTIS Ancient City in Macedonia MATOP Cxonje, 2007COUP2KMHA Tpexronop 1. BORED esses on 1, Meropnja a orkpuparse 2. Tonorpagpuja na payor H pernoxor arma, cTONaHCTBO .. 3, Tmax: neropacxH ocapt = rpanior JT... 4, Xepaksieja: ueropuickut ocepr ~ pata neropisja IL. Xepaxaeja Bo panopencna PEE sn 1. Heeropuieei ocppr . 2. Kamen COME HINA og 1 no III Bek... = Harpo crioMewtit. 3. Ppag6ut ox pawopunexo apeme Teattiap = BPEMETPAEHE wren Tpes co tovecnu u sasetnu ciamayu - uctopiija Ha rpaqGara ... - Kya Bp3 Tpemor = ucropija Ha uckonynats Tpagexu tazap (Azopa, aaxen) . Tpagexa ous. IIL. Xepakaeja Bo jounara auruKa (IV - VI wex) .. 1, Meropuckit sacrantt... 2, ouopustcks rpagcxu apear . = Ppagexu apeaCONTENTS Foreword 1. Introduction 1. History of exploration... 2. Topography of the eity andthe region . Roads, Economy... 3. Lynk History... The city of Lynk 4, Heraclea: Historical retrospect... Early hist01y soo Il. Heraclea in Early Roman Times .. 1 Historical retrospect. 2.Stone monuments fom the I*to the 3° century Statues and relief... Deities -Bpitaphsand and other inscriptions 3.Buildings from the Early Roman Period Theatre -lfespan ofthe theatre o The Porch with Honorary and Votive States (Soa, Portico). B - history of the building 2B ~ the house above the porch 2B - history of excavations 5 The City Market (agora, maccelum) . ” The City Villa (villa urbana) 3 TIL, Heraclea in Late Antiquity (4th - 6th century) + 85 1 Historical events 87 an 2.The sizeof the city in Late Roma times.= BOAOBOP = rpayeko o6sarqee TY. PanoxpucrnjanexH npKent 1. Basnamxa A ..... 2. Tonema Gasumnxa (C) 3, Enttexonckit (60 . 4, Bashinnka ow oOsiuero (JI) 5. pyr upkeit Bo oxoay Xepaxaeja V. Jounoanrnaxn rpaysu ox spopan Kapakrep ws. 1. Fpanexa Garba . 2. Tpanteka ena (‘powrana .. 3. T.n. mmxpocranGena yesua Bp3 Tearapor Vi. MosnayajHit sBIDKMH HAO OF HOMMOAHTHIKO BPEME soos 1. Fipenmeru of Mevaa, KOcKa H CTAKIO .. : ‘VIL. [Ipauianse 3a cpeanonexopna Buroaa (ocmpt) ..-water supply -city walls IV. Early Christian Churches {Basilica A 2.Great Basilica (S) 3.Episcopal Residence 4 Basilica Extta (D) .cunsnnonsnnnnnn ‘5.Othet Early Christian Churches in and around Heraclea .... V. Secular Buildings from Late Antiquity 131 1. The Public Baths . 2. The City Fountain 3. Micro-complex of dwellings over the Theatre. VI. Moveable Finds from the Late Antiquity 1.Metal, Bone and Glass Objects «nn VIL. The Problem of Medieval Bitola ...TIPEDTOBOP Apxeomounkare nexonyparba no Xepuusreja TnaKec- ‘Teka, oO MANN npeKHEN, Ce HSRERYBAAT exe CEA TeME- sam, Pesysrratsre ox onite WckomysaisajesyuHo ce OF abe ‘bo nloseke TepenckH HSBeMraN paceaHN BO WHA CTpy'IHK Tacia H IpHEeKyBaAT BAMMAHe, TABKO, Ha eMelDyja- ANeTHETe-HO ORpeneHE cTpyst mpobentt. HeKoH On OTKO- rrawutTe rpanGu, aosamstitre ancanGl, Kako mM KaTnMciTe a KaMEHITE CTIOMEHIIU, Ce MpHKAKAHH TowcKpmHo HH ‘ceompari0 co cooxnerHit Kowesapy. THe H HaTaMy Oc- TaHYBAaT OCHOBA 39 WRHHTE cryaH, 2 RUB cw KopKeTELE wasropor Ha ona xunra. Cera ockosHa GuGauorpacpaja ‘3a maoqTe on Xepakateja e HapeyteHa BO HanMOT TEKCT, CO ‘ogpeqeHit KONeHTapi H HOBH AGHCcTeHa 3a OxMKE MpaMtarba Kaje ITO nocroemte oTpeGa 3 Toa. Ova ce onsiecysa, ero Taka, it ka weTOpHjara Ha TpagoT, Gasupasa Ha W3- ‘ecw sacrapelm npeTmocTapKut, KAKO Ht MieMeR.ATA ITO Gea wapeneHi ON HB, a KO HeMaaT Hay'Ha nopTOrA. Hlocera Gea o6jasemu i xBa BoRHa 3a WeKonM- ttre Bo Xepakaieja. Fpsior om sms (aeH Bo 1970 r:) ‘onan e neupnen a sropHor (0 1998.) ce yuerpuGyupa ano no toKatin pai HM naarra noma ce mutmyBani Bo orpaHieH oGeM i ce Gastpanit Bp HamymmaTHt NAC- ‘essa, Ges HOBK coaanifa, Sapagi ITO HMAwT H eKPOMHa Haysna coapamna. C2 yurTe Hegocracysa enen HcupneR "perme Wa citte orKonanin rpayGu co coogserHa TexHHKa ‘ROKyMeHTaNuja n MOH TPOTHMeHSHOHATEN PeKONCTPYK- 1, Ha Toj asin noummpokara surrarencka nyGmka ke Moxke a Fo pasGepe Hk TO BPE Uta OHA ITO e KAXKAHO BO ‘Texcror. Ona ro nocranicnMe KaKo Her sa Haumor npernek. Jlowauimara, Kako m erpancKara, crpysia H n0- upoka jasocr ojawa 4yBcrayna norpea na 403- Hae urro ck ¢ oTkpueHo BO Xepaksneja i AO KON HOBH coaHanija e Aoj4eKo Bo BpeKa co ncropHjara Ha rpanoT, 2a marepujanrze it yxostatre gocrurstysarsa no Xepa- ‘kreja n 3a MecroTo sa On0j rat no perMoHOr 1 HOLIpOKO. Tlewee paenonarante co onostH0 Hao 3a pa oxeMe sa aGopynane sa Nose ke npalliaea of winkaTOTo Ha pastor, Buicruna e jeKa orkonaswor nex ta Xepaxneja e ckpoMer no Gens, MefyToa OTKpHemITe OcTaTOM, CeNlaK, NPyAkaaT ‘MoskHOcT ya SupHleMe Ro WeTopijara Ha rpajor, BO OCrBapy- BaibaT@ Ha PHCKOTO 1 pavOBHSAHTHCKO rpasleAHINITBO no ypeaysaasero na spanor. pen srac nek Gorara KaMeHa rmacritka, Ce Hasmpaa HekOl MOMEHT Of {YXOBHOT xaIBOT BO TpaqOT HO THE HeKOM, A, roneKe Ox ce, MMMpecttoNNIpa pavositianTHeKoTO MosaNuHo TROPeMTTBO BO Xepakaeja, Tlotcerysane jexa cromiarimme wosamga rH mpeT- crasyBaar majyOaBuTe 1 Hajspentat HeutTa urro Ht ocrTa- wae Of ARTHKOTO MUHATO, NEN ON KYATYPHOTO Hac- JIeCTBO ITO € HEMOBTOpANRO TO ChojaTa COPIA 1 enMHCTBeHO TO yMeTHHUKHTe ROCTHTaIBa OR TOA BpEMe. Heopana Kaj wac ce nojaBn mcr BakoB MpmKas sua anrrituxwor rpaq CraGss (Cxonje, 2003 r.), Goraro uny- CCTpHPAH, KAKO PeNpeseNT Ha AHTHKOTO HaCHEACTBO Kaj ac. OxpaGpen co oa eno mocaKabMe wa Her Haha a ja npuxarxene « Xepakaeja, rpanor-ceerpa Ha Cro6u, co xoj ja Reneme peuen ucrara eynGuva, rar goxHDyzaume MeTHTe crOnaHKH uoJeN H IKyjOBKT, NeTITTE NOMIETREKH "HpoMeHH woes nycTOUIEba, CosaBAnIE HCTH yMETHRIKH peau. Kako t1T0 HerompeMeHo ce pos, H 080) rpaj To AOXiiBea HCTOBpeMeHHOT HacHIeH Kpaj. LIpukasoT wa Xepaxzeja uecondeno ke ri mpoumps & KOMOAHH aunTe CosmaHa 3a BpBKHTE OCTBAPYBaISa BO paHtara tt owwara awriika Bo Haute xpanurra. Cospeant ce yen0- Bitte jastlocta nox06po xa ro sanosHae O80] Gucep on AasleHOTO MuaTO H a TO WTKae BO CBOETO CeKOjAHERE, Cxonje, 2005 r. AntoporFOREWORD Archaeological excavations have been carried out in Heraclea Lynkests for almost seven decades with only short in- terruptions. The results ofthese excavations have been published ‘n numerous field reports in various professional periodicals. Some ofthe excavated buildings, mosaic ensembles and inscriptions on stone monuments have been reviewed more comprehensively and {in greater detail with complementary commentaries, They repre- sent a starting point for further studies and were used as such by the author ofthis book. An inclusive but essential biblio- ‘graphy onthe finds from Heractea has been quoted, incorpora- ting commentaries and new opinions on certain subjects where necessary. These additions apply to the history ofthe town, re- vising certain outdated assumptions and opinions deduced from these assumptions which were not scientifically grounded Only two guides tothe excavations in Heraclea have ‘been published to date. The first (published in 1970) has long ‘been out of print and the second (published in 1998) has been clstributed only locally. Both guidebooks have a limited scope ‘based on outdated opinions. They do not incorporate many new findings and are consequently of modest scientific content. ‘A more comprehensive and detailed account of all excavated buildings and structures, accompanied by relevant technical documentation and possible three-dimensional reconstructions is stil lacking, Such an account would result in better un- derstanding and appreciation of the subject-matter amongst ‘@ broader readership. We aim to achieve this in our book. ‘Macedonian and international readers, experts as well as the general public, have long felt need to Tearn about the fll extent ofthe discoveries at Heraclea and the new insights these offer into the history of the town and its material and spiritual activities which defined its positon within the region and beyond, ‘At present we have attained sufficient evidence to be able to discuss various questions concerning the past of the city. It is true that only a modest part of the city has been excavated; however, the unearthed remains do offer 4 glimpse into the town’s history and the achievements of Roman and Early Byzantine architecture and town planning, We have before us ample examples of stone seulpture and cat= ving. We can deduce certain stages in the spiritual life of the city through the centuries, Most impressive of all the finds, however, are the Early Byzantine mosaic works of Heraclea. ‘We would like to reiterate that these mosaies represent the most beautiful and valuable surviving remains fom Antiquity left to-us as part of our cultural heritage, exceptional in their on- tent and unique in their arstic achievement, An account of the of Stobi as an illustration of our heritage from An- tiquity was recently published in acedonia (Skopje, 2003) in richly illustrated book. It encouraged us to attempt a similar account of Heraclea a sister-city of Stobi with which it shared an almost identical fate. It experienced the same economic ad- vvanees and defines, the same political changes and ravages of ‘wars, and it produced similar artistic ereations. Just a hei be- «innings were contemporaneous, so were their ends—in violent destruction. This account ofthe city of Heraclea will undoubte- «ly inform and deepen our understanding ofthe finest achieve- ‘ments of Early and Late Antiquity in our region. The time is ripe for our public to become better acquainted with this peal from the distant past and to incorporate it within their everyday life Skopje, 2005 Ivan Mikuléiéi H H Map of Lynk wih te acihbourng “Macedonian and yan ressL Bosey / Introduction1. HCTOPHJA HA OTKPHBAHE Ocrarorprre na anrruuxnor rpat Xepaxseja Jin KecrieKa mM Gea nosnaTit Ha yuenuTe ayFe yurre BO XIX sex. Osite ocratoni rH roceTu7e, npoy'ysaze 1 ommmmysane J. G, von Hahn, L. Heuzey, P. Perdrizet w apyru. ‘Hus ice mpuapyaxi i oxpufanenor M. Zusaa, nps ro- ‘Te MaKejOHCKH HeTpAYEAY Ka anTuKaTa.’ Baronapente Ha OBKe KeTpAxYBANICH HBHHTE MpeneH Ha HaTmHcHTe wajzen no Xepakseja, a KOM jenec ce nsryGent, wevite ce cnacenit sa naykara, HeKoaky KoHSyA1aTH ta eBpOTCKH seujit, no mefyapeme oTBopexH no BuTona, Heto TaKa, ce maTepecnpaar 3a axTixsitrerirre ox Xepaxneja. [Ibe asi Mepmepau Gucri - a rpuxnor dpinosod) Ajshin a e7eH HenosHar noer - Torailt Gea orkyneHM 3a British Museum Bo JIOHOH, Kaye IITO H AeHec ce Haofaa Bo Tekor wa [psara cweteKa nojtia wa mpocto- por Ha neTonnoT Kpaj Ha Xepaxaeja Guuae BKonaH Bojmmaxnre pososit, Bojckara on Hits Hemtocpenxo ro ewnesa MefyHaponRHOT naT WTO TyKa BpBem BO HacoKa Kou Fpunja. Ha npocropor nomefy Puwckwor Tearap 1 Basnuankara Li, ascrpickara sojcka ri 3axonysana caouTe {YMpeHit go ntcTara gojsa. Oso} npocTop, kaxo omurrecrse- Ha Mapwena, no Bojara ocrawa HeoGpaGoreH 1 BO 1936 r Ha Hero 3anouHaa APXEONOLIKH HeKONTYBAKbA, KON MPOROA- -xuja No eHec npormpyBajkn ce Ha OKOAHHOT TepeH. Tppnre cucrematcxit nexonysawa Bo Xepa- kaeja ce 3anounara Bo 1936 r. 80 oprannsann- jara na YweTanaxwor my3ej (Kapewen w My3ej Ha kwesor Manae) on Bearpag (M. 'pouk). Jo 1938 P. Gea OTHOpEHH TpH MHCYTH: Ha BpHOT Ka akpOTTO- tara (I), no jyxHoTO Hlogwoxkie Ha puyzor (II) 1 MOKPaj Cana Boga, 100 m ucrouno on mperxoguara (III). Bo uieyniara I na axponozara, raasto, Gea OTKO- haw eaoBHt Ha ceBepHHOT H SanapsIHOT TPagCKH SIM CO HeKoaky Kyat, BuaTpe 80 oGsiqneTo Geme OTKonaH em of nomana rpaj6a co ancuga. [Ipyru uscbopsanu weata Bo nucyaara III axyewror Geme erasen Ha jyKHNOT TpaXcKH shy 3ajaKHaT co Ky.AH H MMpOKA BEsHA nopta fo uns. Fpandwre, normpenn onwarpe na oGsnan- TO, Ce OTKOMAH CAMO jleYMEO H THE NOTEKHYBAAT OM ‘PAHO H ROUBOPHNCKO BpeMe. H oBaa HHeyna, KAKO U Mpes- XojwaTa, HleAOcHO € aciana H ReHeC HeMa TparH O7 Hea. ‘Bo mteynara II Gea orkonan crosMoT Kpaj Ha Tonewara Gasnamka, sanajunor yea wa Tlopritkor co cra~ ‘TY jyxHO OR Hero MOTOTEMHOT Jex Ha Manara GasHuttKa, TpGuk ne snaen jexa m'Taa npeTeTasysa upKBa, MefyToa "HOAEHTE MosANI Bo EKCONAPTeKCOT ItHajeHATA TpaReEHA aacTHKa TONHO TH OMpEREMHA KAKO paxOBHBAHTHCKH? Bo 1959-61 r, ona macyna Geure nouncrexa of raqHanit npocbini H nonroTBEHA 3a HoBiTTe McKOTYBarbA, oit co noManit mpexuti, sponomacja Ao jenec. Bea axra- DKHPAHE HeKOAKY BpBHN sam on CojysHMOT MHCTHTYT ‘a gamrrura wa cnonteximrre Ha kynTypara on Benrpay, ta Kon uve ce mpuspysxnia Gpojant wag erpystsayt on CKo- nje # Butosa, yuejku on mpowre. Ha ro} Has Gente co3- agen ena sHavajHa KoxsepsaropeKo-pecrasparopeka Inkoza, sim mrTo oGyxeR crpysibaxyt BO CHemHITe FOREHIE TH pecraspupaa oTKonannTe Mosaniy m siztoBH, Opmte ‘Mo3aMIM No Ceojara yMeTHMUKA speAHOCT npeTcraByBa- ay api jesra oTKonaN HO PenyGamKa Maxenonuja, ‘Yurme ene orkonan oGjexr Bo Xepaxaeja onsen MHory Bpeme H aHasmrTeaH PitKaReKeKH cpesersa. Toa € piNckHOT TeaTap, 1a Koj Gente paGoreHo pestten Tpit neuen. Hog pakosojervo Ha nosickuor pecrasparop J Pocrenjopexn Gene wappitiewa omTiMartia peKOHCTPYKINH- jaa raexanmurrero u wa chacaara co apkn, Ha To} nasi © oBo3MOKeHO, TeaTApOT KAKO OTBOPEHA NeTHa cueHA, Na ‘ce BksOnN no coppeMteHHOT KyaTypeH akHMBOT ta Burro. Ona cexaxo ¢ 34 nowpan6a, Mefyroa ronem jes ba kysrTypwiara jaBHOCT 34 TOA Hwa HlOMHAKBO MueTEH. T.5.G. Tan 1867, 349 ows J Henney 1876, 301 EP iia 1897, 16 EM. Dimas 1896, 2-ME ptt 1959, 231-235, Heapnen ooops om nay F Capenne 1961, 35-13, 41. HISTORY OF THE EXPLORATION OF HERACLEA Many scholars from the 19° century were familiar with the remains ofthe ancient city of Heraclea. These remains ‘were visited, studied and described by J.G. von Hahn, L. Heuzey, P, Pedrizet and others. To this group we can add M. Dimica from Ohrid, the first great Macedonian archaeologist of Antiquity: These first researchers produced facsimiles of the inscriptions they found in Heraclea, and although some of the original inscriptions have not survived to the present day, these facsimiles can still be employed in contemporary studies. The consulates of several European countries which ‘opened in Bitola were also interested in the antiquities of Hera- clea. Two beautiful marble busts —of the Greek politician Ae- schines and of an unknown poet—were aoquired by the British Museum in London, where they remain to the present day. During World War One, trenches were dug out at the eastem end of Heraclea. They were used by the military to keep a close watch on the intemational route to Greece which passed through the area. The space between the Ro- man theatre and the Basilica S was used by the Austrian Amy as a burial ground during the same war, This space ‘was in ownership of the state after the war and remained ‘unexcavated until 1936, when the first archaeological excava- tions started. Excavations on the site have continued to the present day and have expanded onto the surrounding area, The first systematic excavations in Heractea from 1936 were organized by the Museum of Arts (also called the ‘Museum of Regent Pavle) in Belgrade (M. Grbié). By 1938, three insulae were opened: at the crown of the acropolis (I); in the southern foothills of the hill (II); and in the vicinity of Siva Voda, 100 metres to the east of the second insula (I), In insula I, excavations unearthed parts of the northern and ‘westein walls ofthe town and several towers, Within these walls, excavations unearthed a part ofa smaller building with an apse. ‘There ismo other information on the excavations in ths insula In insula TI, the focus was on the southem walls of the city. These were reinforced with towers with a wide gate in between. The buildings annexed to the walls from the inside originated in Early and Late Roman times and ‘were excavated only in part. Both tis and the previous insula ‘were completely buried and no traces of them remain today. ‘The excavations in insula III unearthed the east- ‘em end of the Great Basilica, the westem part of the Por- tico with statues, and to the south of it, a major part of the Small Basilica. Grbié did not know that this building was a church as well; however, the floor mosaics in the exonar- thex and the architectural ornaments discovered there allowed it to be identified accurately as Early Byzantine? In 1959-61, this insula was cleared and prepared for new excavations, which have continued until the present day with minor interruptions. Several leading experts from the Federal Institute for the Protection of Monuments of Cul- ture were engaged in the excavations. They were joined by a lange number of young experts from Skopje and Bitola who worked under the guidance of these leading experts in Yugoslavia. An important school of conservation-restora- tion was thus established and in the years that followed its trained experts were engaged in the restoration of the exea- vated mosaics and walls. The artistic worth of these mosaics ‘makes them the finest works of art excavated in Macedonia, ‘The Roman theatre in Heraclea consumed a large amount of| time and finances. The excavation and restoration works on this structure spanned over three decades, Under the guidance of the Polish restorer J. Rospendovski an optimal restoration of the auditorium and the fagade with arches was accom- plished. With this restoration, the theatre became a part ofthe contemporary cultural life of Bitola as an open summer stage. ‘This endeavour certainly merits praise, but the pre= dominant public opinion differs. The substantial reconstruc- XG. w Hahn 1867, 349u07 J Henzey 1976, 307 BP Paras 187, ToT TEM. Dims 1996, 2M Gib 1050, pp. 237-25, Fora more dalled ocount see Z. Suibevie 1961, pp. 35-8, 15Osemnara pekonenpyxunja Ha Tearapor no GetoKor 13- leq mpeMHory wanajwo, rpyGo u HeapresTaTO. Pexon- “expymrpantara rpaj6a co cxojara ronemmnta HenpajarHo ce aMeTHYBa Ha HemMOT AOKaAITET H ro Hapymtysa ANG eHTOT Ha AHTHNKKOT rpay. 3a Ocysa e, HCTO TAKA, WTO ropagu paGorire xa Tearapor, 3a cuTe BME FomIHH He € ‘oTKonTBaHo pewter! HuuITO npyro. FlocetirreattTe ocran aa HenpujaTHo 13KeNAnenH, KONKY MAIKY HampenyRaTe HeKonyparwara HO HoCTeRHHTE TPH No HeTHpH jReKeHH Caenejk ro xpoxosomKn cero ona mrT0 € mH lntysano 2a ocratowure no Xepaksej2, maxes saxyco Fa ro Kaxeme cneHoTo. Tlocxe npsuTe nerpaxyRa¥H bo XIX Bex mITO HaNpeR rH crOMHABMe, no cpemMHaTA Ha XX nek tTyKa raapio HanuyBame H. Byank on Besrpan, ebiqenTHpajku rH HovoHajrenHTe Kamen coment uit (1931, 1933, 1934, 1941-48 r.). M. Fp6uk on Beatrpay pakonoxeule co upaure Hckonysawa (1936-38 r. Buroisiankara ®, [anasoray, naKy mporpecop no Bez- pai, nmmyBame Bo HoBexe HaBpATH 3a ucropHjara Ha ‘Xepakneja (1957, 1961, 1986 r.) u anaminpame noseke natniten co cnenuiana coxpxnia. Kousepsaropure M. Menng 1M. Yantak-Mequk né wapectynaa sa ncKo- nypaibata no Manara Gagne 1 $2 wosaungrre 80 Hea (1965). P. Tosamesi ro npercrasit Tloprixor co novectnt 1 3aneTIM crarys a0 MeTHOT 3GopKHK (1965 r.), a noToa 4 Mozauirre no Tonemara Gasiumxa (1967 r.). Boenuo HaMpabM ahaa Ha eHrTe Mosaitist OrKPHeHH nO Xepa- kureja it Ha oxommure soKasurers (1978 r.) m ne- Upnio ri npirkaxka Mosammutre Bo EMickoneKnor pop (2002 r,), a no 1973 r. ro Hamma n npeHoT soginy 1its Xepaxaeja (saemHo co T. JanaKHeBcKn), T. Jasiaxnencknt ae novege npikasit Ha on eat pBIPAHA Haogut o9| Xepaneja (1971, 1975, 1978 1). Bo 1987 r. ee nojanu nerosara woxorpacpnja 3a ‘earapor Bo Xepaxaeja, Hrara oGemita TexHWuKa rpafa ja nosropi no xurara 3a Teanpirte Bo P. Ma- Kesionnja (1998 r.). Bo 2001 r. o6jasi 1360p on OWHOAHTHEKA TPuapija KeKoNaHa BPs PHMCKHOT ‘TeaTap, a no 2005 r. onpe HeKOMKY cHTHK HAOAH Of Xepaxneja, Herupajéi ro mpuroa nocroeweTo Ha cpentionexosia Burona eps anrwaxitre ypwarHal E. Maxesa nocser isa Tepeticki W3Be- Tan, MpHKASiL H CTyAM co esleH MIKpOK pertep- ‘TOap Ha ABIKHH H HeABWAHN HaonH on XepaKteja (1977,1979, 1981, 1985/7, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992 r.). Ona e HeconHewo ssammor wajxoGap nosanay xa cuaure aoa ox Xepakneja. Fonege pyr anro- PH ocrasuja coon npHAOSH 3a aHTHHKHTE MOMeTiC (JL Cumocka, 1965 r.), 3a anTaekure kyatoRn (C. Jia, 1977 r.), a B. Kaanaxoncxa co A. Popfuencka 13naqoa kaTanor wa axTuuKire Harmen os Xepaxsieja (2003 1.) asropor a ona kuitra warunnia nopeke mpHii0- SiH CrymmH 3a OcraTomTe on Xepakneja, sanmManajkit ce raanno co Tonorparpijara Ha rpagor, oxSpamGennTe siijoButw ypOanara xommtemtutja (1966, 1973, 1974, 1996.) ‘Ce o6it7e na nae w TponuMeNsHONAMAIH peKoMeTpyKrM Ha MoxHOT Haren Ha loBeKe OTKoTIAHH rpanGn on paHara Ht owia asrruka no Xepxcneje (1999, 2002). Manor na rpa- or co oGsugutero m BNarTpemHITe rpayGH ro Kopnicrar cure [ApYTH apTopu urro nuwuyBame 3a HeKOE O7 OBME pauTarba. Tloptopysam eka Hukoj jocera He ce Guest a anmure exten ceontparren npersiey Ha OTKOTAHIITe crapmt so Xepakaeja. Crpysniara, a nouapoxara ky:1rypua jas- Hoc mnta norpeGa, @ 1 mpano Ha Toa, sa MpOXITA Bo exeH Kottreke e tlero e HajOuTHo 3a Xepakteja. ToKy onaa ‘sagaa cH ja Nocrapue Kako MeN, TPYAejKH Ce Ja OcraHaM bo pankisre Ha een neupren Bom, Bpojanrre mayerparciat H peKOHCTpYKEU noMaraaT KHMTATA Ra ce OCTOGORH On nenloTpeGHiTe ‘vexMIKK OnMCH 1 HeNETepecH eras, ‘Taka urTo cexoj vurrarea Ke MOE s1eCHO HCO ONTHMATHO snrrepecupatbe a ru een ueTOpHcKHTe norsaBja, rpar- Gure co uusuuTe yxpact H ORGpaHNTe ABIEKHN HaOmH, Kena hake ya ce OxUBeAT OBHE CTapiM, 38 ja -Moxe jastocra noxoGpo sa ro pasGepe, BpenHyBa Ht 3acaKa ‘ra ITO eK Ha Ta MeCTO.tion of the theatre in concrete appears too imposing, coarse and inauthentic. The reconstructed buikding overshadows the entire site with ts size in a disagreeable manmer and spoils the ambi- tence of the ancient city. What further aggravates the situation is the fact that the reconstruction of the theatre also brought to a standstill the excavation of the rest of the site forthe last thirty years. Visitors are often surprised and disappointed at the lack of progress in excavation over the past three decades, A chronological review of everything published about the finds in Heractea can be summarized as follows. ‘Afier the initial explorations in the 19% century, the site was mainly visited by N. Vulié from Belgrade, who recorded the newly discovered stone monuments (1931, 1933, 1934 and 1941-48). M. Grbié from Belgrade conducted the firstexcava- tions in 1936-38, The Bitola-born professor from Belgrade, F Papazoglu, wrote about the history of Heraclea on several occasions (1957, 1961 and 1986) and analyzed several inscrip- tions with specific contents, The conservation specialists M. Medié and M. Canak Medié wrote about the excavations on the Small Basilica and its mosaics in 1965. G. Tomagevié ‘wrote about the Portico with honorary and votive statues in the same year(1965) and later about the mosaics in the Great Basilica (1967). Tomasevié also published an analysis ofall mosaics discovered in Heraclea and the neighbouring sites in 1978. In2002, she published an exhaustive account of the ‘mosaics in The Episcopal Courtyard. In 1973, she wrote the first guide to Heracles (with T. Janakievski as a co-author), T. Janakievski wrote about moveable finds from Heraclea on several occasions (1971, 1975 and 1978), Jana- kievski published @ monograph about the theatre in Hera- clea in 1987. He incorporated the same extensive techni- cal material in his book about the ancient theatres in the Republic of Macedonia (1988). In 2001, Janakievski published a selection of Late Antiquity pottery excavated ‘on the site of the Roman theatre. In 2003, he wrote about several smaller finds from Heraclea, contesting the existence ‘of a medieval town of Bitola erected over the Antique ruins. E, Maneva dedicated a number of field reports, ac- counts and studies to a large repertory of moveable and im- ‘moveable finds from Heraclea (1977, 1979, 1981, 1985-87, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1992), Maneva is undoubtedly the greatest authority on the small finds from Heraclea in ‘Macedonia. Many others have written about the ancient coins from Heraclea (D. Simoska 1965) and about the religious cults (G. Dull 1977). V. Kalpakovska and A. Gjorgjievska published a catalogue of ancient inscriptions from Heraclea in 2003 The writer of this book has also written several articles and studies about Heraclea, dedicated mainly to the topo- graphy of the city its defence walls and its urban concept (1966, 1973, 1974 and 1996). [have also made an attempt to give three-dimensional reconstructions ofthe possible appe~ arance of most of excavated buildings from Early and Late Antiquity in Heraclea (1999, 2002). The plan of the city with its walls and the buildings within has been used by others who have written about these subject matters. I would like to reiterate that no one has yet attempt ed to offer a more comprehensive account of the excavated antiquities in Heraclea, Both expert and general audiences feel the need and have the right to read about the most important features of Heraclea within a contextualised framework. I took this ‘ask upon myself, with the aim of staying within the limits of a comprehensive guide book. The numerous illustrations and reconstructions should help the book be rid of unnecessary technical descriptions and uninteresting details, so that every reader can enjoy the chapters on history, on the buildings with their omaments and the selected moveable finds with ease and interest. My desire was to bring these antiquities to life so that the public could gain a better understanding, appre- ciation and admiration of the finds excavated in Heraclea.2. TONOFPAOHJA HA TPAOT H PETHOHOT Ypaarumrre wa axnixor pay texan wa jy nara nepucbepaja nia xenemunor rpag Burona, Bo n0- crapute Gextennkn 1 npuxasn 3a Xepakaeja, wejsnnara MecToro70x6a e onGestexaHa riomaky. 3ouro? Jo mpen rmomosnia Bex Burona aacpakame MHOTY NOMA rpageKH pean, Taka uno Xepaxateja Gewle oxnanevewt 2 ker of rpagot. Kaxo rnanent opwewtup cayxea jyaknirre rpaytexit rpoGnurra, wapeenn Bykoscex. Onnte rpoomita, KaKo 1 ci P Aces Beranci Ero ROKI/S MHOTY NloMasitTe, KaTomMHKHTe, Ce NOCTABEHH HO canuiTe exon sa Xepaxneja n ups axruKH MpoOmTa, Oceex toa, wajronemwor jes Ha AOKaAHTeTOT NO "npen wononna Bex Geile NoxpHeK co 703), WIN UITO con CcTHEHHUH FaBKO Gea xITesH Ha Coce|HOTO ce0 BykOBO, Tips o6paGorKa tia semjumrrero THe Hexonysaa Kamen ‘HloMe HIN CO HaTmmtH, cKYANITYpHCH APYTH MpemMETH KOH eracaa no HeKosiky yeu. Tite norpeitio ce OGeexkaKH ako aoa Oj BYKOB0, of uITo mponstese W NHCHEHE teKa Xepaxueja nexea xaj Bykono, Asmiruxnorrpag aesxen wa santana nepicpepaa ua Tenaronmckare paweuna (Tlonero), 10 MectoTo Kaye urro ea erpaniuea gonmska (co pekaTa JIparop) Hanne- ryba wa sanax. To osaa nommiKa Boje npactapuor nat Kou Fpecra, Oxput u Janpasickuor Oper. Xepakcteja ce ‘nommpata wa exen On nspaReHieTe orpakoMgr Ha turanaTa Heommta - BaGa. Ha xpajor xa onoj past, wssuuten SO m nia TloaeTo, Gua uekayex ceneposanajlanor nex Ha tpasor, Tipuposso Gpawer co erpmnu nasi, o80) Aen My CAyRKen ako axportoma (rapjiuta) Ha rpaor. CranGennior jes ce panmprcr wits Gnarara jy ncrowa raja Ha pirseo uno paNsxwturTa to Gperor xa Cita Bora, Ovaa rlopoja pexwska, 8o neTHHTe Mecettt e220, uitkoran He mpeTcrasyBana suICTHBICKA Mp"pOrKA nmpevvxa sa nanafaunte. TIpeg ce, Cia Bona cayxera kako rolanen KOEKTOP Ha OTMagH HORM OM FPAOT. Bo xesenuctaknor nepioy co oGpanGexn su- ‘oBH Guin yTapsleH camo BROT Ha purrs4eTo (aKportostara) CO Tr a 7 nospuuna 07 oKoaly 1,5-2 ha. Bo pumcko m panopisanri- i ‘ko npeMe yrapreuor apear wa rpaxor Nompat XO CHA Kaye ya pero conaotatN ot Boga wa jyr, a Ha HcTOK jo nator 3a Tpuaja, sacpakajka rpeapavetompeve. mospuimia 07,5 ha. Bo patloswsarHcKo Bpeme ncTowHUOT = pane rae nea ua rpaxor O13 xanynyren u yTBpaeumoT npocrop -o-0~ ra amo eit na ena} S ha. Hamanen xa enBaj © 04 panrrn mesenmspoon 182. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CITY AND THE REGION Kad oP ‘Map ofthe Lynk region with sites om Pre-Roman times - Sutbare, z Therap Lysis - Major rads ee Selena sop fm hE Aaigy ‘The ruins of the ancient city of Heractea are situ- ated on the southem outskirts of present-day Bitola. Ear- lier observations and accounts of Heraclea marked its situation differently. Why should this be so? Until the mid 20" century, Bitola occupied a much smaller area and consequently these older accounts located Heraclea 2 km to the south of the town of Bitola. The southern- ‘most cemetery of Bitola, called Bukovski, served as the ‘main point of orientation. This cemetery, and the much smaller Catholic cemetery, were adjacent to the excavation site and were positioned over a cemetery from Antiquity. Half a century ago, the largest part of this lo- cality was planted with vineyards whose owners wei mainly villagers from the neighbouring village of Bu- kovo. The cultivation of the land unearthed stone mo- ‘uments with inscriptions, sculptures and other objects which were acquired by various museums. They were wrongly labelled as finds from Bukovo, which led to the assumption that Heraclea was situated near Bukovo. The ancient town occupied the westem fringes of the Pelagonia valley (Poleto), at the point where ano- ther flanking valley (of the river Dragor) joins from the west, Along this valley ran the ancient road toward Pre- spa, Ohrid and the Adriatic coast. Heraclea lay on one of, the projecting branches of the mountain Neolica-Baba, On top of this hill, which rose 50 m above Poleto, the north-western part of the city was erected and, owing to its natural defence in the surrounding steep slopes, it served as an acropolis (fortification) of the town. The rest of the town spread along the soft southern and caster slopes of the hill and the floor ofthe valley, re ing the banks of the river Siva Voda. This flooding river would dry up in summer months and was never a ser ‘ous natural obstacle for possible invaders. The Siva Voda served as the main collector of the town’s sewage water. During the Hellenistic period, only the acropolis ‘on top of the hill was fortified with defence walls, cover- ing an area of about 1.5-2 hectares. In Roman and Early Byzantine times, the fortified area of the city reached the banks of the Siva Voda to the south and the road to- ‘wards Greece to the east, covering an area of 7.5 ha. In Early Byzantine times, the eastern part of the city was deserted and the fortified area was reduced to barely 5 ha.Bo upewero na puniekata osuwayuja rpagor ce palmpaa m Ha ecuwor Gper wa Cua Boga, sacpakajkit oppurnita of nosexe xeKrapH. Onoj nen jocera He € apxeonomnen nexonysar. Cerak, 07 ola lTo ro KaxyBaar eweumtusre skurrenmt Ha onoj noTer, TYKa ce nporerano enH0 upenrpagie Ges sauirurin sujosi Ges sGuena ypOana poSuurra ce nporeraiie raaBHo Ha ‘npoctopor cenepxo of rpagor, Ha NOTETOT Ha yenenmHUTTe Bykonckst rpoGua, Tlenaronuekara pawinya e wajroseMa makeioH- ka pani, otra 0 100: umpoxa 16-23 km, Tipercra- BBA AHO Ha HcyIIeHO esep0, cOceM SapaMHeTo Ht Garo wasenaro Kou jyr. JlexH Ha KanMOpCKa BHICouNHA On (600-650 m, Perwowor Ha Xepaxxeja ro sacbakaa jyxnwoT ‘ea Ha pawnimara (FloxeTo), Bo aNTHYKO BpEMe HapeeH Aunectuga (unu JTwnx). Kon Toxero rpasurupaat H nepubepHnTe ROmNH H MIAKUHEKHTE BeHH. Ha aanagmtara crpana ce w3qutra MacnBoT Ha BaGa co TTesucrep (Bucox 2601 m), Mysa (2351 m) Heasmta (2146 m), a wa Herouara cxpawa ce mporera nenenor Ha CeeKa (1472 1m) # 3anaqunor xpaj Ha waciBor Haye - KajMaksanan (2521 m) co sucopamnara Mopnoso wefy nits. Orpano- rurre tra Huye Ba6a (Hepenexa) ro sarsopaar Monero oniyr Trapnara pexa urro reve Hs peruoxor € LIpxa, Hapeteria Epu2on no akriaxo pene. Hisampa no nan nie na Sananen [lemmp Xucap - axriraKnor pernoHt Zey- puott (wait Teppuoa). Kaj cenoro Bysnn pexara wana 80 Foaero x warawy Texe Gasto, popaupajxu Gpojra we- aap # n0nr0 Moyypmurre HapeseHo Baaro, Ova Bnaro epiositsto ce nperBopano Bo exepo, aro 121 mHpoKO 1-3 km. Ha jyxxxor kpaj a Bnatoro, xaj cexoTo BYkpU, ce waqura 30-40 m sncoxa npeyxa, Bucox Pag, Mopaat ‘Hea, [pia Ha Toa mecro ekpluly®a Ha HCTOK H TOTOa Ha ceneponctok, poOnajdit ce wis naHMHCKHTE TECHN Mt ‘pace;zinH 80 Mopuioao xow TuxBemnijara, 38 KOHEHO Kaj CroGu ga ce see no Bapaap. TIpen Hlonopuna ex, co Tones Memmopantontt sacar, Baaroro Guno weyureno. Kaj Byxpit ocranta- 10 esepite-puOHUK, a TaMy ne:ka M ypHaTHMITTe Ha paHo- annixnor ueHTap xa Stmakecrinta, payor JTueK, Hajronem 6poj mpuroxs no waumior peritox Lipa 1H xoGina on enojara necta (xanaguHa) crpawa. Hajroemm efy ns ce Mesama, parop 1 Buetpita urto oafaar on naguumure wa BaGa n Heomma. Harranty ua jyr ce sepa Eneurka, n1T0 ri coGupa noyueTe on jyaknara nepibepita ype Gy Buona, poe aor: Gpovoea rane son Vl wx ap. Xp. Bukri near Bitola: prvefind a bronze helmet fom ee fate 6 century BC. xia Tloneto, noroa Koxjapka, Craposusicka m Tosymuka Pexa miro cxerypaat on wachpor Ha Haye - Koxkyd. Tiavmmra Tpanor Xepaxaeja Gua ocnonaH Ha enowwarara nosmuyja on erparemxn mpi. [Joa waruerpaaun ava ce ospsysare Ha Toa Mecro H ja onpensine oBaa mecronoox6a. Equuor Gut Tx, Ersarnenior nar (Bua Euauuja) wo rH noepsysaa 6peronurre Ha JanpaHicKoro, Erejexoro n Mepmeporo Mope eo Ananoaija. Joafajkn ‘on sanag no Tpacara wa eHemmHor nar ExnGacax-Oxpin- Pecen-Buroaa, a nosmujara Ha Xepakneja Toj oc- ‘Tpo expulmysast Ka jyr OxoAY MocaesMITe HSjAMOU Ha BaGa - Heomma u Harany soxen no aanaganor paG wa nonevo. Ha ws1es07 op Tearonnija naror ppren Ha ieTOK xaxaj Coays, Haptanesure (nojousa waxaj Bocsbop) 1 poxomxysac His asuckwTe npoctpanicrpa. Bo Xepakneja on Eratuennor nat ce oxpojy- an APYF TpaeGANKAHCKH aT ITO BogeN Ha ceBep H cenepoutcrox, HapeteH of HeHemHuTe yaenH it Juaro- anes nar, Tlaror nojen no TpacaTa wa ReseMMOT nar Burona-Ipunen-pageko, ro npewiuysan Baprap no CroGut w Rogen Haxaj Actaudoc (neneuen Hfrun), noroa npexy Onve Tose, Crasnurre 1 npesanenor Tene Banp, u36uBan Bo Maymaauja (nenemen Kycrenqua). Orramy "npogoscxypast ia cenepoucToK KoK Cepouxa (neHemsa Cocpuja) u Oeck (nenemex Turen) wa Jlytap, a mpexy pan 20Under Roman rule, the city spread over onto the right bank of the Siva Voda, covering an area of se- veral hectares. This part of town has not been archaeo- logically excavated to date, However, from the accounts of the present-day inhabitants of this area, we can de~ duce that this was a site of one of the suburbs of the city, unfortified and without a compact urban structure The cemetery was situated mainly to the north of the town on the site ofthe present-day Bukovski cemetery. The Pelagonia valley is the largest valley in the Repu- blic of Macedonia, 100 kilometres long and between 16 and 223 kilometres wide, It is the basin of a dried-up lake, flat in surface though slightly inclined towards the south. Its altitude is at 600-650 metres. The locality of Heraclea is situated in the southern part ofthe valley (Po- eto), whose name in Antiquity was Lynkestis (or Lynky). ‘The surrounding mountain ranges and peripheral valleys gravitate towards Poleto, To the west ranges the mas- sif of the mountain Baba with the summits of Pelister (2601m), Muza (235im) and Neolica (2146m). To the cast is the range of the Seleska Mountain (1472m) and the western end of the Nidze-Kajmakéalan massif (2521m) with the highlands of Mariovo in between. Branches of Nidze and Baba (Neredska) close Poleto from the south pacing, poben nag, nami oGeren eo swerve pa, 3. nex apen Xp Gracinice:grave-find—goldn etrngs with an inserted garet stone, 3 century BC. ‘The largest river flowing in the region is the Cra, called Erigon in Antiquity. Its source lies in the mountains of western Demir Hisar, the region called Deuriopos (or Derriopos) in Antiquity. At the village of Bugin, the river breaks into Poleto and continues to flow slowly, form- ing numerous meanders and a long marsh called Blato. This marsh would periodically grow into a lake, 12 kilo- metres long and 1-3 kilometres wide. At the southern end of the marsh, near the village of Bukri, a natural ba- rrier 30-40 metres high, called Visok Rid, forces the Cma to flow to the east and northeast and break through the ‘mountain gorges and rifts of Mariovo towards the Tikves, valley, where it empties near Stobi into the river Vardar. Half a century ago, the Blato marsh was drained in a large melioration project. Only a small lake now remains near the village of Bukri, This is the site of the ruins of the most important town of Early Antiquity in the Lynkestis area, the town of Lynk. Most of the tributaries of the Crna in Pelago- nia come from its western side. The largest three are the Cemnica, Dragor and Bistrica, flowing down from the slopes of the Baba and Neolica mountains. Another tributary, the river EleSks, joins the Crna from the south, accumulating the waters from the southern fringes of Po- leto. The tiver Konjarka, Starovinska and Poleiska empty into the Crna from the Nidze-Kozuf mountain range. Roads The city of Heraclea was positioned on its site for strategic reasons. Two major roads joined in the area and dictated the position of the city. One of these was the Via Egnatia which connected the coasts, of the Adriatic, the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara with Anatolia, From the west, along the route of the present-day road from Elbasan-Ohrrid-Resen-Bitola, at Heraclea, this road turned sharply to the south, sur- rounding the last outcrops of Baba-Neolica and con- tinuing along the western edge of Poleto. From Pela- gonia the road turned to the east towards Thessalonica and the Dardanelles, continuing through Asia Minor. At Heraclea, another trans-Balkan road branched from the Via Egnatia, This led to the north and the northeast and contemporary scholars call it the Diagonal Road. This road followed the route of theSJomsoExpa- ype: pepe spa -9¢2 0 peo Gora xo (Azexcaap Il, Ceneys, Aa) Pa I exp. Xp Dolno Egri~Bukr: slvr coins, part ofa hidden treasure (Alexander I Seleucid, Athens) easy century BC, cxnor Mocr wa JIywas His Jlaxuja (neHeuHa Powantija) a cenep. Flavor upercranynar Hajxyca npcKa nonety fasKHOT aallagworpaskuor peron mt warweusara rama? ‘Cronancrso Cue tro mmysane 3a Xepakaeja, ro neraxny- saute arpapaiot Kapakrep ua peruoxor I i10RHaTa NoMa, Gnaronapexe na Koja wspacnaa n rpanor, He caKane maja Herupawte niogocta Ha pernoHor, Metytoa MoTeeTyRaMe eka PeTKO Koj Tpajl BO MuBATOTO YerteaN Aa ce HIAMTHE Gnaronaperme caMto wa arpapor. BupoveM, KaKoMfeHec, 3a ekOHOMCKHHOF pasB0) Gusto NOTPEGHO cHETHO 3antaeTHHCTBO (aenee mayctpuja) co Toa noBpsana Tprosuja. Toa ‘yep rota tn -sovareaen Gena cin Jone Ve Xp. Buk finery vase of Athenian Leos, wth white base a enty BC axker0 Ht 3a Xepakzeja, Tprosijata Gusta onosmoxexia wr oGyeroKena co qBeTe cHlowMaT GastKaHicKM warwerpa- sn, Mefyroa, 3a paswojor na xpyritte cronaickit rpaHkit ‘masio e norpeOwa MeTanypruja, Taka Guin0 H Bo aeTrHsKO peMe, Taka OcTanaO H BO exeREHITE BEKOBI 0 EHEC. Co meranyprijara nopaHo Gitzo TecHo Hospsa- no pynapersoro. Mlosexe nexanita Ha xeslesHa pyAa BO jyaHo Mopitono Oue excrenaisiio exentoatipant of oveTOMHTe 10 KPajoT Ha arrTHKATa, NaH Bo CpemHORE- KonneTo, Tae TEXHNITA TeHEE We Ce PeNTAGWM 3a HE syetplicka exenmtoaraunja, Tyxa ce HaofaaT nexuurTa na jarnen (Cynojo:, Kinoj0). Oxoay Burommurre no Koxytp stexar waj6pojnn rpart ox Konaise m ToweHe Ha -xene30 n GaKap.* Her e caysajor n.co Resp Xuicap, co Spojxi rpa- 1H of Komtasbe H TonerBe Ha KesIesHATA PYAA BO AHTHIKO peme. Onaa rejocr nporomxiza 1 Hits cpesHOBEKOBKETO MW nonouna (si3aHTHCKHOT rpay CrmepoKAcTpOH), a oT- ‘vasey foafa nm mmeTo Ha pernowor ([lewup Xetcap wa Typexn sua Kenesen Cpa)’ Tyka m Tay Gane orepHBAHC eXcILIoaTHpaHit H nExHUITA Ha o:IOHHO-cpeGPEHA pysa- XKenesoro Gusto wayeHo ce No ocywmecerTtre ronmEN Ha XX Bex (Conorumua, KnaH 1 jp.)- Oaa fejtocr jenec € ‘nporsacesa 3a NepenraGuata, 3. anraasare anima wo pertonor w nowmupoxo: H, Manyara 1999, 203-22, 238-25, 4a eronatictuoro xaj ac a9 aHTHIIKO BpeME, £0 OCDE OCAFT Hs Pynapemato 1 weranypenjera: MH. Muxysting 199, 51-38, 7-80, 1-92, 6-118, 285-29, ‘5H. Mayu 1996, 193-200- 28 cpeanonexcenor Kenestey-Cit- -epoxacrpot:Tlodpyit anejena nocrapa mveperpa; Hera, 1999, 72-80, aa aur rpaziont wo Jlemp Xu. 22present-day zoad from Bitola-Prilep-Gradsko, crossing the River Vardar to reach Astibos (present-day Stip). It continued through Ovée Pole, Slaviste and over the ‘mountain pass Deve Bair to reach Pautalia (present-day Kjustendil). From there, it continued northeastwards to- ‘ward Serdica (present-day Sofija) and Oescus (present- day Gigen) on the Danube. A Roman bridge crossed the Danube and the road continued northwards through Dacia (present-day Romania). This road was the shortest link between the Dacian western Thracian region and Italy.’ ene, nara 0826. npex Xp ape wo pase ao. ope a noGeara a une Vn apace leven: nseriton ona ernie plate fom 206 BC commemorating the site of Philip V's vctary aver the Dardanians 3. About the ancient ads In he vegion andthe lua are, see MRSS 1098, p. 223.229, 24-236, 4. About the economy’ in the region in Antgity, with particular tention to mining and metallurgy, see Mika 199, pp. 51-54, 78-80, 91-92, 116 18, 285-290 5.1 Miku 196, pp. 193.200 for medieval elemec~ Syderocston Dobrun and quoted alder sources. See Miku 1999, p).7280, forthe ancient towns in Demir isa, Economy The development of the city of Heraclea has typically been ascribed to its agrarian character and the fertile Soil of the region, We do not intend to deny the fertility of the region, but we would like to point out that towns in the past seldom developed owing only to agri- culture, Not dissimilar to now, economic growth neces- sitated developed erafts (now industry) and trade. This also applied to Heraclea. Trade was facilitated by the two aforementioned major Balkan roads. However, the advancement of other economic activities required de- veloped metallurgy. This was a prerequisite in Antiquity and remained so throughout the centuries until today. ‘The development of metallurgy was closely related to mining. Several rich iron ore deposits were extensively exploited in southern Mariovo through- out Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In our time, in- dustrial exploitation of these iron ore deposits is no longer economically viable. The same area includes coal deposits near Suvodol and Zivojno. In the vici- nity of Vitoliste and KoZuf, we find the most abundant evidence of mining and smelting of iron and copper.‘ ‘Numerous proofs of mining and smelting of iron ore in Antiquity can also be found in the region of Demir Hisar. This activity continued throughout the Middle Ages and beyond (around the Byzantine town of Siderocas- tron), and has given the area its present name (Demir Hisar means “Iron Town’ in Turkish).* Deposits of lead and silver ore were discovered and exploited at various places throughout the area. Iron was mined as late as in the 1980s in Sopotnica, Zvan and other places. At present, ‘mining in these places is no longer considered profitable, ‘We would like to highlight the fact that the region of Deuriopos - Syderocastron — Zeleznec — Demir Hisar has always had close economic links with Heraclea-Bi- {ola as the closest and often the only town in the region. We should also draw attention to finds of ingots of im- pure iron in Heraclea and several mining fortifications in Demir Hisar, Evidence of mining activity has been corroborated by fragments from two marble statues ex- cavated in Heraclea, Only the bottom parts ofthe statues, erected in honour of some local functionaries, have been preserved, one of them consisting of a foot and the sup- port beneath it. This support bears a relief representing the symbol of the function or trade plied by the subjects of the statues: a metal ingot of a specific shape and a hole in its 23Harnacysame yexa perionor xa [leypuon-Cune- pokacrpox-Kenesweu-flemup Xucap orcexoram Gua Cromancki Teco nospsan co Xepakneja-Burrona kaxo ajOnn30K 1 Hajsiecro equnacTBeH rpaq Ho pernonor. Bo ‘peka Co OBA Ke crlommene # HAOAM Ha STYPHEH ONAHTBOKN xa HenpesicreHo xene30, Ra0faHM BO Xepaxneja mt BO nlogexe pyniaruxn Tepaunn 80 Jemup Xucap. Ke cnomweme i es10BH of jae MepMepuit CTaTYH Hajzent Bo Xepaxne)a, 2 NOMMNHATHL BO ect Ha HeKOH sIOKANHH CbYHKUMOKEpHL On crarynre e santazeH caMO ROARHOT fen - Hora H NOT- nop so Morava. Ha nomopor npetcraen (Bo peatjed)) camboxior na ynkyijava Wii RejwOcTa Ha Opn rparaE MeTasIeH OmmBOK (ImtTOT) CO KapakTepacTHHA opMa 1 epenturia aynka 3a tpasenopr (ex. 4) Tlopakara we.cn- Gonor e jacua. Borarersoto u mokra xa dbyskubosepirre noreKHyBaze On pynapckO-MeTamlypunkara lejHocr. Bepau, gen ot aren ake rposor a Tletanen.Oxony Sr. nea Xp Berane, Petey, grave-inds—golden objects from the early 5 century BC 5-11 Minn =F Migs 215,0p216, 7815 TYanaitenck 1980, 97-110, Bo onneawn kpusu nepnomn meranmTe 2oGuBame BuCOKA HeHa H crpaTeMKo 3HaXIeRe. HuBHHOT 13803 TO xowTPOAMpaTa ApKawara u Toa O1tn0 perymNpaHO CO rnoceGuu saxon (Cod, Theod. I. 32,5. Not. Dign. Or. 12,659). Toa naxxeno m13a RajNectuor weran, xxEe30TO. Kes1e30TO Su0 npepaGoryBaxo H KopaHo Ho pyRAKUKHTe TEpAMIL bo peroxor. Bo repauwara Kaj CTpexeBO € Hajneno eqHo BaknO 3aKonaHo “GoraTerEO" OR NeTHpHEceTTHHA chexo HcKoBaHH npemMerH, saKonaHMt NOR 3emja mpen werosara ucnopaka, a cKpHeKO NpeX HeKoja HenaRejHA onacnocr” Og Gaxapor u cpe6poto Sune wapaGorynanm ogputt i cKar npemMeTILH npeKy Hise Oxo HeKaAKyRAKO GoraTerHOTO H MOKTA Ha ceKoe ceMejcTBO. Bepan poe wa pseu sere ons ax pet Xp Beranci near Bitola grave-fnds--poden jects from the late 4 century BC, mst probably acquired by Macedonian soldiers as rewards for Service in Alexander he Great's ‘campaigns inthe Eas, 24centre for easier transport (illustration 4).The message of this symbol is clear. The wealth and power of these functionaries was derived from mining and metallurgy. In periods of crisis, metals attained higher prices and greater strategic importance. Their exports ‘were controlled by the state and were regulated by spe- cific laws (Cod. Theod, 19. 32,5 - Not Dign. Or. 12, 6- 9). This also applied to the most common metal: iron. -Kpyatesaua cto Burra: pepe yxpa -Toprosejon, skp Xp. Kusevica near itl: siver Gorgoneion, $* century BC. {6P Mak and L Mikule 1961, 49, Ne Seals W Sokolovaka 1987, 215,No.216,7 815, 7.1. Janakieski 1980, p. 97-10, ron was smelted and wrought at the mining fortifica- tions throughout the region, In one such forifiation a buried ‘treasure’ was discovered, consisting of about 40 freshly wrought objects hidden underground in the face of some unexpected danger.’ Finer and more expersive objects were manufactured from copper and silver and served as tokens of the wealth and power of each family. LUpudyan- Bepam, narod ce a (Nese) pun Pa ee pen Xp. Craobuk Beran rave of (ena Biko, Early 4 century BC. 253, JIMHK: ACTOPHCKH OCBPT Pernowor no Koj spacuata Xepakneja Gun wa- peven Jliitk, mero my novekHyBa of rophowaKenoH- exoro titeme JTueu nm Junxectau, Ova ro saemexame p§kHOT Heropusap Tyga (IT,9.2;1V, 83,124, 129,132), oroa puncknior ucroprsap Tir Jlieuj (31,9.33; 26, 25.4; 430) 1 reorpacor CrpaGox (Vil, 323, 326). Peorpacpor Throzomej (80 II nex) ro Geren KaKo TankecTu, cpopwa xa kero mpheharewa no sleHezmiaa Hayka KAKO ockORE, Cope foceramirre ncrpaxkysatba, JIntKitTe ja nace- nysane jyxxnara Tperuwa Ha Fenaronnja, Toa e noxero ‘oxoay JTepi, go Broa wa cesep, co nanmnara BaGa wa sana, jykHo Mopnono, Hie Kajwakuaviaa ta ncrox. Tipexy auckuor npenaen, Kupan Jlepsen na jyroncro, Tsikecrata Gita nowpsaia co TopHOMAKEAOKCKHOT pe- riiox Eopgaja,a npexy npensior Thrconepitco Opectauga (Koctypexo) ta jyr. Hivevo Tunak sna pic. Mocaegsure piicosi xuneaT i nenec no mnysirre wa BaGa u Heomma, ‘Chtopen apxeoourxurre Haonu, uniKirre ce ace- tune Bo 080) pernon Bo Hox«Hor VII VI Bex np. Xp’ CrpaGon sa6e-texat nexa co aMB anamteeste KPacIeBITe On caananor opeKu pon Baxxuaou poxym ox Kopuurn (VIL, 326). ‘Tyximnn (IV, 79, 1, 2; 83, 5) packaxyna sleka no ‘rexor na Fesorionecktire noji, cnapranckior kpaa Bpa- cuga wy HoMoriat ia jonwoMaKesoriekior Kpaut [Tepouka TI po oOwquTe ja TO ocnon MHK H a TO NpHK AY’ KOH ‘Heropava apxkana, Hupwaa Menaxa Bojcka, noTmOMOTHaTa ‘on cojysiituxnire rp'ku rpanosa - Kontonim ma NearKHUK, Gpoena nkynwo 3.000 remko soopyxent neuianu (tou aut), 1.000 Korbanmi a HeKOAKY HOMOMI HaINpCKH onpenu. Besa 424 r. np. Xp. Tue nterne wo Timakecritna Tamy re apesexaa sunyxectucknor xpaa ApaGe), cmor Ha Bpowep, u co HoMou a Reponoviere Hxupy rH pas6itn W rw ws6pKan of Sink, Ce sim sJeKa NET BaKOB OCHA Ce rowropitn w 90 1eToT0 423 r. mp. Xp.,Ho co weTHpesyaTaTH, Bo opie wacran ce HasecryBa H nocToeteTO Ha Tpator Tink, ncrounexa npecrosmama wa apxanuKara Jn! He nanzerysajkr no naraMomnara weTopitja Ha Jini, Ke cnowmtewe eka enopes xeneumrTe HeTpeKYBANIL nocroene yurre pia Hal rpH BaageTe.Tx co HMeTO Apase} (aan ApnGaj), notoa eka x ananeremire, ysypniatopi Ha onHoMakeJoxicKHoT mpecron (no Ajzau), co MMe Aepom (397-394 np. Xp.) Maysanja (394-393 r. mp. Xp.), KAKO erpanuu, novexuysane MoxeGu op JiumK. Espusna, anac- ‘TomyGunara majka Ha nposyeHuor JoaKoMaKeONCKH KPa ‘un I, Ona ucto Taxa JhmxecrajKa. Tio c& ce sum nexa JiKecTinga Onna sedpunmt- ‘THHO MaKeAONIENpAHa H MPHKMYeNA KOH OHOMAKE- oweKava npxapa no spewe fa Antexcaatap HII Bexmku. Herosire Gnorpaypu saGenexane eka Bo GynTOT Ha He- Towara BojeKa, 3a Bpeme Ha HCHpMyBayKHOT NOXOR KOH ‘Huxuja 20 326 r. np. Xp. mefy saroBopumyrre ce Hlaofaze H emHOBHTe Ha sHuKecTHeKHOT Kpax Aepon: AmeKcanap, ‘ApaGe| w XepoMenec. Jsajua on nm Gea nejauu noryGerst (Apujas AnaGasne 4, 13, 1), Harawoumara neropnja xa perstonoT, BO paukure Ha OGesuHeTOTO MaKejtoxIeKO pauterso, ocrawaza Ges vaGemtexcanit acral Tpayor Jim Tpanor Jinx, 0 Koj croaysate sukecrHcKirre rageresit Gamsy PW BeKa, He € MOTEpREH co ciETypHOT xa tepewor. Moxpaj jeseusnuor Jlepun (dnopuea, wa rpuka Tepuropifja) tlocroema esta siiavajua Hacen6a on xenenmicTHTuko BpeMe. HeKoH rpkit apxeomosit pest M0- snopitia Bek HacrojyBane TaMy sa ja noKanusupaer Xepa- xeja, Lypi OTKaKO Gite OTKPHEHH RowOBHTe HaOAH Kaj Burroza, ova mucaeie e wamyurreno, MoxeGu Tay ce aofas rpagor Tuc? Ha nonpaseto wa Burosexaa oxomaja ennenti- ‘pan ce apxeosiourki ocrarow om pasa atruka (VE Bex np. Xp.) kaj ceaara Bucrpuna, Bpon, Byxpu, Ppajeumna, Tpageunna, Panemt, Sonn w Kupojso. Mety ame wajro- tema i cliopen Haonute HajGorara naa HaceGara Kaj Bykpu. Haq canoxor wa Upwa, a sapamwerwor eps a Bucox Pug, ce nasitpaar ocrarourre Ha nacenGa on THe ‘exonit. BO He)suHoTo CeBepHo nosHorkje, Ha noTerOT TIpo- OH, BO HEKOIKY HaBPATH ce packouysakH PaHOaHTHIKH rpo608it On rpoGosirre Ha Tporon mpuGpauit ce Kepastt- ‘IKI BAGH OR KAACHYHOTO H Of XEAEHHCTHIKOTO BPEMe, een Oponsen WiTeM Of TH. rpyKo-mMpeKH THN (VI BEK 3, Minny 1966, 2736 wen. 1219, 9. Geyer 1928, en. Makexoaa, 75-716 (aeropja a Tins wo V- we ‘np. Xp.) co nanejev saopu x tenet, 3a nowoute MH MM. Eringon 1985, 23, 29,251, co expats GuGmorpapn KOMEXTAD 263. LYNK: HISTORY ‘The region in which Heraclea was founded was called Lynk. Its name derives from the name of the Upper ‘Macedonian tribe Lynkai or Lynkestai, as recorded by the Greek historian Thucydides (II, 9.2; IV, $3,124,129,132), the Roman historian Titus Livius (31, 9.33; 26, 25.4;4,30) and the geographer Strabo (VII, 323, 326). The geographer Ptolemy (in the 2 century AD) recorded them as Lynke- stai, a form accepted in contemporary science. According to research undertaken to date, the Lynkestai populated the southern third of Pelagonia, including the valley of Lerin (Florina) in the south, reaching Bitola to the north, the Baba to the west, and southern Mariovo, Nidze and Kajmakéalan to the east. The low mountain pass Kiril Derven in the southeast linked Lynkestis with the Upper Macedonian region of Eordaea, while the Pisoderi pass linked Lynkestis with Orestis in the south. The name Lynk derives from the word lynx. The last remaining lynxes in the region still inhabit the forests of Baba and Neolica. ‘Archaeological finds confirm that the Lynkae moved to the region in the late 7® and early 64 centu- ries BC.* Strabo recorded that they were ruled by the re~ nowned Dorie dynasty of Bacchiadae from Corinth (VI, 326). Thucydides (IV. 79, 1, 2; 83, 5) related that dur- ing the Peloponnesian Wars, the Spartan king Brasidas helped the Lower Macedonian king Perdiccas I in his attempts to conquer Lynk and incorporate it within his state, Their joint armies, assisted by the armies of the allied Greek colonies from Chalcidice, numbered 3000 heavy infantrymen (hoplites), 1000 cavalry and several Ilyrian units as reinforcements. In the autumn of 424 BC, they invaded Lynkestis. They were met by the king of Lynkestis, Arrhabaeus, Bromeros’s son, who ma~ aged to crush them and drive them out of Lynk, aided by the perfidious Ilyrians. It appears that in the summer of 423 BC another attempt at conquering Lynk ended in defeat. These events indicated the existence of the town of Lynk, the capital of the small state of the same name? 8.1 Mikael 1966, pp 27-36 andl. 12-19 9. F. Geyer 1928, sv. Makedoni, pp. 703-716 history of Lyk inthe Sth etary BC) with quoted sources and opinions. For more recent opinions se 'M. Emiglon 1986, pp. 23,2923, and comprehensive bibliography and ‘commentaries forall opinions Without further probing into the history of Lynk, we would only add that, according to many contempo- rary researchers, there were two or three other rulers called Arthabaeus (or Arthabaios/Arthibaios). There is also a hypothesis that two foreign usurpers of the Lower ‘Macedonian throne (in Aegae) called Aeropos (397-394 BC) and Pausanias (394-393 BC) might have hailed from Lynk. Eurydice, the ambitious mother of the fa- ‘mous Lower Macedonian king Philip Il, was a Lynkestian. ‘There are strong indications that Lynkestis was subjugated and adjoined to the Lower Macedonian state at the time of Alexander III's reign. His biographers noted that during the exhausting campaign in India, in 326 BC, two Lynkestian princes (brothers) were among the plo- ttets, There are no recorded events from the later history of the region within the united Macedonian kingdom. The town of Lynk ‘The exact geographical position of the city of Lynk, the capital of the Lynkestian rulers for almost three centuries, has not been established. An important settlement existed in Hellenistic times in the vicinity of present-day Lerin (Florina, in Greece). Half a century ago, some Greek archaeologists claimed that this was the site of Heraclea, Only after the discovery of the more recent finds near Bitola was this view abandoned. We may speculate that the site near Lerin was the site of Lynk. In the Bitola region, archaeological remains from Early Antiquity (6-2 century BC) have been discovered in the vicinity of the villages of Bistrica, Brod, Bukri, GrajeSnica, Gradesnica, RapeS, Zovik and Zivojno. The largest and the richest in finds was the settlement near the village of Bukri. Remnants of a settlement from this period can be discerned above the bend of the river Cma, ‘on top of the flat crown of Visok Rid. In the area called Progon, in the northern foothills of the Visok Rid, graves from Antiquity have been excavated on several occasions. Finds from these graves include ceramic vases originating from both the Classical and Hellenistic peri- ods and a brass helmet of the type called Greco-IIlyrian from the 6" century BC. Also originating from the la- yers surveyed on the northern slopes of the hill are the fragments of painted vases and an Attic Lekythos with a white base, a specific type of funerary vase, which indi- 27np. Xp.). Op enoentre urro ce cousmpasi Ha cenepHara ragyina novekHysaar 1 napsinesa O7 CTHKAHH Basi MATHER 2eKT co Gena ocKoBa, cneuuua BPcTA rpoGHH BA3HL To HaBeCTyBaaT ReKa TyKa Gitte HacemEHHL ATHIGAHH BO V-IV sex np. Xp. Bo nuitre cenepno of Iporon nsopan e 1 exeH cas co cpeGpenmt napu (Mewipagpaxan) ucKoBAHE on Anexcanzap III Bexakn n reronitre nacnesaungu." Ta- pirre One cxpivenm nog sea 80 paxnor III Bex mp. Xp., nepojamno no speme Ha rostensor noxoA Ha TaauiTe OR Fawonnja kon Maxeyonnja 1 KOH coevimurrero Jleadya 0 puja, no 279/78. np. Xp." Muory e nepojario eKa co ‘ocravowuiTe Kaj Byxpi TpeGa fa ce nenruebuxysa rpanor Jina. On osite nexoni noTeRHyDa 1 ema nz10%a CO HatT- tc, Hajgexa Kaj ceaoro Onenenut, Ha Hejsniara mpeswa etpawa ce raenaar 13 penosit co narnue. Fopatre penosit ce cnnso onrrerenm 1 lenymio orkpisienit. Bo TeKCTOT € coxtar xpanor Puauit (MakenoHcKH), waBecHH Kamae- cttion 4 apoanuutte. Tekcror Genexi HeKAKOB MCTOpHICKH HacTaH, € jllekytipan€ Bo HeKonky wappara.” Apxaitanocra Ha GyKoutre KaKo ja ynatysa Ha nocTapo Bpeme, MoxeGH Ha ‘uzun I. Cooper ova, natmcor on Onenenn Gi MoxKer sa xe wajcrap jasex warmme wajext wa nana nousa, CenaK, apxanasocra TpeGa xa ce o6jacim co rpyGocra wa KaMeHOT into He Osmo mmuynarbe co GykBH ON CTAHAApHEK THN. TloMenor Ha Jlaprannurre ynaryBa 10rMsHo Ha BpeNeTO Ha ‘nan B co Kou 19} HocrojaKo Bojysan. hopes iiarmutcor, wo mecenor Ranemoc (crapo- akejowexn wastes 3a Majin) go 16-ra roma (on aragee- wero Ha usu V,urro 3Hayn no 206 r. mp. Xp.) Dun Vr abi onpentre na Jlapaaniqure Hexaste no MimaKecrHga To nonurHar o80) noGesiitKH crox6 (ipottajox}. BaoKor co HaTmcoT jeHec CTOH Brparten KAKO OBPATHK BO KPK- nara Cs, Awa nay OaeneHtit Tea e JoHeceH HeKaTe On oxonmmara. Jloxanane jeka Ha 0.6 KM cenepo2aniaH0 O7 Cp, Ava, na paor ,Kysia" am cenoro Buerpuua, eu ‘saviajna.xaKKecriteKa T=PANHA Of TOA pene. Bepysame eka MectoTo Ha cygupor nomefy unum V a Hapnanuuere ce Haofaro HeKaze Ha To} mpoc- ‘Top, a HaTMHCOT, BPEXAK rpyG0 H HaGp3AKA BO TOKANER Tpanntex Grok, TpeGar ja To onGeTeAH OBO} HacTan M 08a MecTo, 3a Xa2, Onoj HSBOHPeANO sHaYaeH HarMIC ‘Rocera e camo jeaYMHO MPONHTAH H HeNOBOHO o6jacuer BaGenexano e jeka Hapsamuyere Tora npospene npexy Tis s10 Opecrinta (KoeTypexo) Ha jyr. Crapuornaemenckn uetrap, rpagor JImEK, er3uc- ‘Tupaa no mpex xpajor Ha crapara epa, sa urro nwa H apxe- OTOUIKHC rama ToRaTouM. LIypH no HeupnysaHKuTe Punickit rpafavickn soja O80} rpay sampem tlemocHO, a Herowara Yoram Mecto rH npesena HoBoOcHOBAHATA pana Tapimsa Xepakreja Jnskecrucka, Thinnysajéu wa cammor xpaj Ha crapara epa, re- orpador CrpaGou saGestexas1 KAKO HO ropHoNaKejoH- cxitre o6s1aeTH ReKorau notasio MHory rpanoBi (VII, 326), efyToa no puMckitre nojitt sajroneMt jen OK HeruTe 32- nyctee. Ona sanyeryBatbe apxeosiOUIKH e NOTRPAEHO HO Jloanioro Mlosapnapite. Hajjacio e cormexano Bo rparsero a Bapxapexst Puy xaj Penrennja (awruuka Amiaaanita?). (Osa rparue mTHesuBHo ce uckonyBa Bo nocnemaTa netle- ulja w ykaokysa feKa Ha xpajor og PuckwTe rpafancxn Bojsit KUBOTOT MpecTaHaT Haeqwaml, enOCHO H sace- korau.” epuxnej,rpoosu cenepuo og Aspocotre:nexap sa no, 2. expen Xp. eraclea:grave-fiadt the noth of the Acropois—a 2-1 century BC chalice for wine 10.14, Maya 1973, 157-173 11M. Entington 1986, 146, co koneuap na nacranee so Maxesonja 12.0 Flanasoray 1969, 430-431 Mero, H. Mayan 1999, 40, e120, 13.1. Mayon 1999, 30-36 -f Murpenexu 2001, 5-59: eruor mp Bapaapexu Puy row 1, Cone 2005, 7-13, 28