Unbalanced force:

Constant Strain Triangular element (CST or T3)

In numerical mathematics, the constant strain triangle element, is a type of element used in finite element analysis which
is used to provide an approximate solution in a 2D domain to the exact solution of a given differential equation.

The name of this element reflects how the partial derivatives of this element's shape function are constant functions.
When applied to plane stress and plane strain problems, this means that the approximate solution obtained for the stress
and strain fields are constant throughout the element's domain.

Example:
All strains are thus constant in the element. So, CST or T3. It is observed that the strain within
the element remains constant. Though, these elements are able to provide enough information
about displacement pattern of the element, but it is unable to provide adequate information
about stress inside an element. This limitation will be significant enough in regions of high strain
gradients.

Kinematic Hardening:
The isotropic model implies that, if the yield strength in tension and compression are initially the
same, i.e. the yield surface is symmetric about the stress axes, they remain equal as the yield
surface develops with plastic strain. In order to model the Bauschinger effect, and similar
responses, where a hardening in tension will lead to a softening in a subsequent compression,
one can use the kinematic hardening rule. This is where the yield surface remains the same
shape and size but merely translates in stress space.

Associated flow rule and Non associated flow rule:

The plastic flow is mainly due to the rate of plastic strain increment vector and material flow at
yield is governed by the gradient of the plastic potential flow. It is called associated plasticity, if
the angle of dilation is equal to the angle of internal friction. It means that the plastic flow
develops along the normal to the yield surface. In general, however, the material plastic flow is
non-associated in nature i.e., the vector of plastic strain rate is not normal to the yield surface
and therefore, the dilation angle is not equal to the internal friction. The dilation angle is always
taken smaller than the internal friction angle in numerical modelling, particularly for cohesive
frictional materials.