CFapter One

eed windunneFeOr
Tune es pnd U
Wind tnds are devices wEch prOdm an aiamwingnder
COntledcOnditiOnSOthatemsOrintQaerOnautiengineer
cSbetedHigFSpeedtunneSasastEteXtbOOkiCOnCern

Mach nGmbr
2atakabOut thati00rygenOCitytOthm
peedOndintFQairabOuhQbOdylaSamOretypiparameter
tFanOCityAlOWeimitOrighspeed3mightbecOnSideredtObn
WFRO the MacF nGmbR iappOXimatPulabOut umpFr
sFnddsnaQYdcOmditiOnS
TpOWOdriveaSpQawindtunriesasthecbeOrtFQ
OCintWindtCnndAlthOthisedOeSnOtFOdintOtFe
FiSpeedregmehQipicatiOnOrrapidyimcrnaSngpOWmr
mgtS WitF increPtspeed is cOrreca0the pOW
reementSFigFspeedwindtunsarQ0nOrtFe
pLnwFichQrmyisbrainthQmOrurOOrVaCumOrbOth
andiOWedtOdIihcmOnyaWCOndsOutOacFpupng
FOur
EtiauresOhemtunneandthreOpesOrint
mittentnnesarQShOWninFigslNLUandThecOntinuOS
tunndFigisusedthrOuOuhQearangeTheinterittent
bOWdOWnandindratunSFigsLNandarenOrmaEyused
MacF nubersOm Pu tO abOt POand the intermittent pressur
aCumtnSFigLearenOraEySrhigherMachnubers
OtF intmrmittent and cOntinOuS tunns he their advantages and
disadantageS
Adanta escaind0rintermittent tunnes arn
TheyaretOdesiandObi
JayeaSiy runseeraunds Ordirentcapabiities
 j
1m tJI O

11

Figl4SchematicdrawingofSandiaCorporationpcbbleheaterhypcrsonlCPreSSureYaCuumtunncL
t
lb l l 1 p t tJI bI m O

FiDgatiCayOtOrCOSeduit8ntOuSWSu1nicwi
tune
FFN Diramatic0tOriQrmintbOWdOWntnnL
PUP
FFU DrpatictOrintQrittndrawindtun
L
J
q j
UMOdeestingSmOrCOnVenieCeaOtOrtiQndnOtbQ
SpthewhOcircuitandtingthedriQmOtOr
tOpeed
rPmOdWSlynOtrmSuntunr
ExtaisavaiabOStarhetunne
LOads On a mOdd during theabishment Or higFSpnaW
areessseerQ becauseOrPsterstarts
nuOuS tun
WeareOreimcOntr00rCOnditiOSndaySuaEyretuntOa
givenwcOnditiOnWithmOreF
P SincetheanicOrrapidtestinSremOedCheckpOintsarQmOrQ
SiyObtained
TingcOnditiOnCSbnFedcOnStStOVnraOnmpOdOrti
AthOuintermittenelsseemtOhavOmOreadantageSthegt
reainsthatverywinterittenFnswOuEbebuiEreOr
nOqOnSuenCeWeshOdasOnOthatPtunne1sbngcOntinuOS
dOeSnOtguaranteethatwi1tunOutmOrQdatatnanintmrittt
tunneL FOrOnetFing ster instrentatiO isSuayemp0dwith
With atmOSpherprueaWith the indraP tunelOr W
atmOSphericbreSSureaWthebOWdOWtunneHOWeVer
thereaeanyhighSpeedwindtunndsOpeaingaIMacFnuber
WhbOththeindaPandbOWdOWntunaePaCiLiOrlg
adatageSOrtheetWOtyPeOrtunneswheCOmPawiIheachOIher
EOW
SOmeadanta es OrtheQ 0erthe3 tunnearQ
Sstanture
NTOtaair pressure at supply cmditimSstagnatiOn preSSui
COantduringarunthOuitaybQOWehandesiredTh3arm
nOVarhatiOnintOtpeue SuCh as thOSe a pressurereatOrmay
CauSe
Uhe airstream iseeOm COntainant uChaCOpreSOrOi
butayCOntaindustmthOdccantOrthirdrier
TheheadachesanddanrSOreSSurerm uatOrSarermmOVed
uLOadsOnaOdeduringtheestabihmentOrthmhSpeedW
startigOadarQ
acuiSatOhandethanpree

00J C
intermittenttunneSandeenicOtiuS tunneswerQtOFaeSuCh
ThenOiseeveOWer
r sOme CuriOuS reaSOn ner SeetO thm tieOSt
Obtainin OWairdSitycOrepOndintOFighatdenthQ
pGmpnmthepreurOtnnelpand dOWbrinnmthedriveptO
tnnesnOtdicut
SpeedndstOppmitmPyOheadvantageOrbeingabetOrunPr
Phe indraP tunneanher Mach nubers beQ
pFm hingSrequdtOpreenheqtnrairdurFhmeanSiOn
tOhighspeeds
Fraglindran
ItissOmetieuSngtOistentOanOpmratOrOranintrittnne
andOeOraCOntinOuStunnediscussthprObeSltisaOSsir Advanta esOrthe tuelOertheQ tunnearQ
FF
dischargQpreSSurnunndthantOkpitrunninThminter
MiFg
maybePChed
mittenunparticayeFdrahepeSraCuumtype
P nOStiiOWqtntOetnOnOrthatOran
amOSlatOmaticayprOVidethOratiOWhenthevave30mOr
indtunneOreyn0nuber
thesnintrmittttunnesisstsnappaOpOnanearYaCuumlprOYEed
uShOtimQburnnaaHypObe
athO Stagnan preureu and tFmYeryarg
GingIhetunndstatedinOpObemataF OntheOtFehandhe AOuweskanOnin3dswhOSW1indBtne
Opea100rPCOnIimuOutunneYOryWeawamOrtheghathis bysayngtSChtunnesabtwithtstiusOrOng

CmprerSWi1yipartiarprnSSuatiPpartiar tOTuChaOrEpentOeaCuupuPS
U Summpr resseOW TFeOr
ThqQiEechOicQimthypOrint0mittgunneObeSEahO
FigherMachnmberThecOpeSiOnratiOreqentSarehigh InOWSpeedaerOdynaicwOrkwSumeIhaIaianincOmprnS0
that p tunnesdictptalsmOtpraCtica00peratQ idhatihahndenityOraidOenOchageaIheairW
q2 3
arOndavhicnEggOrinawindtmTEamptiOnpercEy

saisgOqminnpOintuptOMacFnumbersO

PrWOtEsspdwi1hPYQOnyminOrChanSinairdensiAt
MacF nCmbers abOePN the dQtycFanS incrnaSeu bthQ mOSt
impOrFnteCOrCOmpreSiiqarenOtreaiNedntiF0OCi
atsOmepOintintWdexcnahQThiEnS
OamOStneOCCbeOWuWnmayCOtOnitPbOYQ
HP00
ThereasOnPrtFesOuctisPmarkedchaninthOCharacr

OheairwwhichbnsassOOmaSthOSpeedOrSOdmxcmaa
TFeseectsincFdtheOCaiZinmOrtFmectsOrpbOdyintOaNOne
andaNareerSahOSubsni NSRA
erninndnOrOCkwaeS NQb
WesdmscribQthesQectsdiscutheirreatiOntOtFeWOVeran

airndthensummaiNetFeawOrwthatVenIheiappicaiOn
qZQ C3Ne BC Anund3tandingOr
iphgOmenOnisbasedOnthe2ndamtacOnCQpFa
inaPuidwiE Omthe OFtOradisturbancmaFeOCa
ect8nbedbyFigLWEchi
theprOgatiOnOrSOundwaFtietOapiceinEghtindin
U
A


SimnFiguEtayb8dettaiceFggn
intOStaFmpnaimQNOgdatFrInd
Atme0epicelEmgintOtheairpP
ditbanttVattSOrumdndFiOAIamm
EagthenbyeinitidistEbanibndabya
SpheOrdr MnWEepicmOYimgatFS


A

OrSOndFgmOVatFOhadisFnOrO0uQAsO the
iidisturbanWaVpinmtpaacA5eanOth
0 N
dturbisSantimAndNspaC
urOPagatiOnOrditubanRWaeSsOudwaeBde102ghtatvariOuS
bytdtubaniniaierOelndstOp1PdiuOrA
MachrsIMachuberqSPeaOrSOund
WgetFtiniatatimPieXpandinOadiuOrnF ThQpPacQ
isnOWpabybOFwavCOntimF1mmimtEmannerinFi
prOpagatiOnpatternssOmQWhatdir3tnthiscasethedisturbances
WQtheaBdOrepicmwwaysPCabythe COaesceahObOWOrtFmparticandPrma COnCentrated wave POnt
dtbanWabmthQpic1UhiLispiOrSub26 FOrthiscasOOrMachhmpPicQmOYthrOughtheairahepeed
WdisturbPbdWIWEch00tBdOr OrtheadanCngWaeSSO thahe airahead Ortheparticehas mOt
bOdytOppPQpahdtO0edeSiiayuat receivedasigaOrtheparticsapprOaChTFShereglOnaheadOrthQ
tprOrabOdyOrgEndit8m1ChardandcOnEbuOIhn
particeisaNOeOrSilence
wpatecOpeteWdisaCbyeeqOIher FOhecgle0ingataspgreatehanthespeedOr
pOinnthQSbsOnicW0isnOgneOrSi OundhditbancepOpagatnpatternshOWnFigLlm
ingatFigLwEchiFstathe8SeOrapaCe thiscasetheradFsOreaChdturbancewaeiCreaSeSataratmessthan
an ate sOrundbwn StFdturban therateOJVeentOrtheparticeTheresusthahedistubancQ

 j
i




WaeOacmintOpCOnhapedYOphaspMachwaQhavin
itPpeahnparticTFglOnOutSEnthiscOneiZOneOrSilence
AsindatedinFtFeFranOrthnCOnmiSi5
brrqqSqh
airwimtFOghaductatMacFnumbmrnSS

increasmSinMacFnumbQrWiEbeaccOm
C
anddgreasmsindens TheveOCityOrtheaincreases ster


111

tnthedensdreaSeS percentincreaseOeOCityyyied
rcetdecreaseinh nsuchacaseumberO ECOPrmSSF eES

1qbOrductcrOSeCtiOncreas
Dturbance0iaCOPngdanpaniOnOrSC3n
WnreasingnumbCOPequenttheductareamustdse
OW
dwithWSeeasORePu
itistOrOmaim

deOpSWhichwSOWthewYeryightlyandturnitvOqSl
AnumberOrOWinWeakdisturnceswiEdOthQSamThaCrnad
ln thcasthe nmber Or
wveOCitySdchanmedwdirectiOnaruChthateacFsuccessive
wimg grqbOrductcrOSSSeCtiOndecreasesthat
disturbancewavehasPatincinatiOnWitFrepeCOtheOri
theductaePutbeincreaedtOa0mOdaIehewancrean 7
directiOnThmrStisacOascin enumberOrWnakc
MacFmumbeCOnVerSey tOdecreasmtMacFnumberOraSu
OCkwave WhenthecOrnerissuchastOCauSethe
tFeductarmamStbedecreased anactiOntFatwOEdincreasetFO
atOpandFaserierWeakditubancewaveasOdeOp
MachnuberOraSGbsOnicOW
IntFiscaseOWVereaCFsucceedingditubanceOCCurSataFerMach
InQairWWQePk OrstreatubmsmstnadOrductsStream
numberThehrMachnumbeaSWeathechanedgwdirectiOn
tubmSareiaglnaqductsin WhicFcOnStantaSS iscOnSidmred tO pOW
Streaineare tFQFes CauhedistbancnWantOdiYerrnuinnaerieOrpaniOn
r2mmthObOundariesOrtWdienSiOna
WaVmSCaedarandMe ansiOnm
SteamtbeStreatubmandtFeeetreaHnesaSSmFQSFapO
TshOCkwaQhFisledanObi unhOCkbecauseOr
Orperctydenedductsu incrOSSSeCtiOn Whnn a Subn
itsaereativOthmwdirectiOmIrthntu2mganOrthewis
nOWisaeleratedandLncrm incrOSSeCtiOmWhenaW
SmaheOCitydOWnStreaOrthQObiqueshOCkwbeessthanthe
isaccePThusheicawsgOernmeaineware
ainstreawveCitybtlrSainsupSnicrIhmningan
revnrSedwFenthmaOrSOundisXCeeded
isarghQShCkwibecmenathewandmthe
AsmOtaabOeSdiatedFFuCOnCtrata Wand thQOCity dOWnStreaFeOrashOCkwibQ
jentsareestabishedwheaparticEOVngthrOutheairat SbsOBetwethesneeetunngamSheObiqueshOCkwiu
SpmOdOrMachOamdabOYeIrtheQWaYeareryWmakS01 becOmeeperandthedOWntrOaYeOCityOWeratheurnngang
aTprOpetiesOCCuratheypasthOugFtFe
NOWtFatnOrmandObiqueshOCksFaYebeenintrOducedweshl
airthe wave is Said tO be aMacF wave andisiinaatanang
Sin5withrSpeCOthewdiriOnWavnOritestrBgth diCSthepOpertiOrShOCksinOredetaiL UpOnpPSnIF0gFa
thrOgh wEcF air prOpiesarer ShOCk wavehm prOperties Orthe aOSnstantly
COnCentratiOmOr achwavesandarCaEedhOCkwavnS q andhe veOCit decrSnS
FigurenpresentsacOmParOnOrtheMPChwaYermatiOnCauSed
bycOmPeSSiOnOrPSupenicwwiththaIcauedbylhXpanSiOn

theeOrthe
TFaircan be brOuht tO
WChanmeSinwdiriOnqreaSmalhOgF restatthntOtam rature u StreamOrtheshOCkbt
FusirapprOaChinmaCOrnednJOndthecOrner OWmrthanthQinitE
WFnn COrneriendigtOCOmpreSStheWisturbanCeWaVQSWi1
AshOCkwawaysdeveOpWhentWeOCOVeanOct
devpgi1uatndinFiAweakdisturbancMacFwav SuperniclrthwOehCssityabOVOMachhe

CkwilmamdtFSSettFeshOCkwibnmaFr

tWdOCiiEmr thQ ShOCk ma bQ nithnr

n tFe an tFrOu F which thQ turms tFQ airAt a

Localveloc0naiil
glgMFmumbOSSeSthrOFan0m8sFOCkarnawPyr
tFn0SmtFOugF an ObiqQ SFOCkNOrmaOCks OCCin th
pQr50mwOrairthrOugFaduCtgCFPWindtnnnWncOnditiOnS
SCF as tO reqrQ p reductiOn inpeed tObsOnicWThe
POrtanCe OrmOrmasFOCkstOWindtunne OperatiOnWiEbmdiscSSa

ate
r
NOWtuSdiuthertiOnOrthepnOmenadnSCribedabOO
tFewOVtheairiOrFiairpasngOeFerge
theairmaSmQeFnIFOmainstreamwbecausitFp
PCtChOdeadgage
disFncOtrainthesameenFOrtimQOvmWa

C

pOaOnOrtheairnbsOmicwwIEckmeiincrnaEg
eOctiYOWarepisbredgtFaOCincrnaSng
tt SpeaOJ2d
increasthaFQOCityidecrePSngandtstreamt5mSarO

Lalvelocu0nairbil
gettingargerTFe disribuIiOn O0OCiy OVnairs
iEratedinFigrawMachnmberOrabOtOP NOtetFat
rtFOidecasman geatiOnOrtpreradingOVerair
MacFWdaN0ceintwdireOn ZerOdra
PCet0dehe
e
gEuatiVciargOnOSurPceOranaatvariOu
StrgMachnugrs


LIveIityonairil

FlilierIhewardpTinheairareaccOmpanied
byreducedpressureswFicF thm airirward Simiy
FereOCitiOS Oer OrtiOn are aCCOm
TFmrcesinthetwOdirectiOnS
exactycanceeachOth InpracticetheairiwiuhavSightprere

wiIhlsamirginanairsreaVingaabuMj
FChQeOCOrairPWinthestreamtbmPgalnreaSeS
rapidyOVeFewardpOrtiOnOrtheairiandintFiscasereachnS

 ISg
r

COrrPOndOanFcreangStrmamtubQePandcOneqenIlyIOan
FcreaslnVeOCTFesatgdgCy1tVcitytOCOntinb
tOiCeaSeWditanCetOWardttaiingedOrIFeaire
rd02ngtFnaimstrnawdOWnStreaOrtahewmStbe
deceStOth0igiubnicYeOCiIyDeceeaIiOniaCCOmpished
asFOCkwaQtFatrms OnthQSugeOrthQaiAninIeaiOn
OrtFeidealprereOadingthiaSQWOdyieldiEedragInI
actuacasehOWeVerhOariwOudhibitasubstantiancreasQin
dragOVOrthatatMacFOnbecaSnOrintnraCtiOn betwmthQOCkand
t h m
yWhtheairpacedinaperSOnicairgwFi8
thewOeheairearnOreSembenceOincOprebeW
lnthiscasnucOnditiOnSeXistPrasFOCkwavaFead OrthQairir A
decrgSngSteatubeanaandinceaSmgOCiIyareqiIO
ghaiappOaCEngtFeaiarOundthQdingedOrlheair
SincetheeCOnditiOnreCOnSenOnybsOmicwandtFQmn
wissup30ichOCkwaedlOpheadOrIhiCauga
ti
WiErapidyFceaSetOperSOnicandIhenwi1cOntinuetOincreaseasit
paSOehearAtraiingedOrtheairPthmYcity
aJ
ciIyInIhiCaheYclIyOYQhQwardp0iOn0hir
j
FOrCOntinuOuSwinaductOrStrQamtbhn nqakCmOr
magwatanytwOtatnsispeCidby thQqQ
N
WrOicrOSStiOareaOrthedCtataemtatiOn
qihQwYOCityndsubscSadNdqOtetWOStatiOnS
intheduct
uIrnOgyaddedOStduringIhewOapOrd
betwetWO StatiOnS in a ducthasLrthew is adiabChQ
Winsvaid
j
u
WFSstspeciheatatcOntantpreSSuresecPandthb
ipdenOteSCOnditiOnSatZelOOCityOLdenticastagnOn
cOnditiOS
lrthecFanOrStateOraiddringitsWOmOneStatiOntO
anOtFeristheOWigthermOdyaicreatiOniapplicab
WreisthatiOOrheatatqqOSpeCi
atatcOnStantVOu
FrOmtFegatiOnOrPrcnbetweentwOtatiOnSinacOnStant
arepstrQatubeOrdCtWitFnOct tFeEOW 33

isbOWreamYeOCsOthPhO rSSurQ is abOe neStram ibtained
theaPpOrtiOntFeOCiabOereaSOtFahepresre
u
isbeOWQamAnintatiOnOrIhQpeOadininIhiCaSe
nadditiOntOtheabOVeeqatiOnSLFOWindeitiOnSardnd
asbstantiadra bQCaSQtdamCOmpOngtrIheWardand
hedpmentOrthOredatiOnScOpreibleW
aPpOrtiOnSOrthQairiarr
With thibackOund in cOmpreSibew lheOryWe Sha1mOW
q HH P
dOpqiOndninCOmprgibQWAirgwinenQra
ernedbytFeeOWmgaw



rAtanypOinnPWdFepreredeniyndemperaIre


1
arebyth93
WFerenistFes nmdOrSOund secisMacFnumberandist




SCOnStantsec
WFerQprnSSurlb FrOmthmermyequatiOnUandthQdeitiOnOreqStOe
densi WQt
tQmperat
1N
gaSCOnStant 1l

hh
CObiningeqwitFtheeqOnrentrOpicWyieds pbl
I




TpuainuuberndicaIhnnuberOCeSIhaeciaObQ
mOVpFOth0giuStOtheeP
COmbinimandwitFtFeequatiOnOrStatyds

0000000000000000000 1ltHH 2222222222222

000000PPO0000000000000000000 lllHlI 22222223

Sr2

00000000PPOO0000000000000000000000 111 8r228

0tAUu N N NrN u 8







Nl
AddinminthnCOntininqatiOmNWQget



N
FrOmthedeitiOnSOreqSetOtFeOWingnqatiOnr
lhisObn
Q

gggSEEEEEgggESgEEEg
FmtheprecedingeqOmgmtherwitFtknOWedettsta
natiOn COnditiOBS WnXist attheOWngSentrO icw
larQObtained






7



e




u


HT













usimganareaat1cOrreSpOndingtOthetFOraSp30nic
geasarerWObtainFeOWingmq








I






N
TFeatiOnSOrQqStOaretabuatedFabrair
atMPCFmumbnrSOrOtOPO
WFenanOrmasFOCkwa00XistnaPOWLherE trOpyCFan
acrOSOCkCOnqueyhmpreCinmhp
TFeeqatiOnOrStathSOntinymqGatiOn
thnrqiOnthmntumatiarSdi

 gj
LmtbscrandN TPblN
tFedQriiOnOnOrm
rOSpeCtirQpreSentCOnditidpStreamEdwnPmOranOrma QC

FOC

gG3AAMuNNN

UllhAAAuuuuNNNNNNNNN 1

00000000000000000000000000000000000000 555 HHIl 2222SS3ge

0000000000000000P000000000
TgereqatiOnuainydq

00000C00000000000000000000000000000 5 llHHHHH 2222222222222222222222

AAuuuuUUNNNNNN b
TFecOmbinOnOreqSdugie






eCOmbimatiOnOrtFQCOntinEqequatiOnWeqsand
iS



N
O





WFmqNOisSedwitFnqsandtOWingatiOn
rwacrOSpnOrmasFOCkLntmSOrtpStrQaFMacFnmber
QObtained
PT N



1


N
N


WntFmdatiOnOrtiscOmbinedwitFSandNN
tFQdgSityratiOaCrOSStFQSFOCkisObtain






N
U

AuuuuuUuuuNNNNNNNNNN bbLuNN
TsFgnatiprQdOWneamOranOrma0CkisesstFantFat
peEn OrtFeFkTFe rtiOn OrPtictO StagnatipeSSe
dOWneamOrmsFOCkisObtnedOmeqwFentFeMacF
numbnrdOWmtrnamOrtFeFOCkiAeatiOntOtaprQ
dOWnStreamOranOrmaFOCkisObtainedasOW












N
TreatiOnS OreqSNOtOarQ tabatedinTpber
MaCFnnberOr0AsOimcmdinTableparameter
WEcFibtaibydiYidingebyQqJ

 hq

88PlhO8LhLhuLhLuuubJU
1000huUJNl80011uJulr800uulJ8001u

rOOOC00

llllllllItlllllllllltllllllltllllIl

888888888888888888888888888888822

11ltllltllllltlltlll1111lIltlllllll

88888888888888888822222222222222222
Od

11
22g
COCO

33egd23e tN1UtUU00000JlJ

llIIIlllltlltlItlllllltIIltlllll

82222222222222222222222222

utuJLdDChJV1lLuD000LdJ00000

bH0S

DV00000000000000 0V00JChLudJ880JChLuNhLLJJ

0000eOOOOe00

lllItllllIlllIItllllIllll

eeeeeeeeeee
0000OCOCH

IltlllllIIllIllItlllllllllt

eeeeeeeeeee388888888888888888B
0000000000000000
j

lllIIIlllIllll1111111111lltlIl
000COO

0000000000000000

J1AV00JChVCh00Lh
ljIllllllltlltlllIIIllllIlllltI

H3

SEEE
 r

00uuuulLtA bbauNnuHJ

Sa8

UlLHtuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuLu b b

GhtuNNN00u 55 l

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 11rlllllllllllltlllllll 888888888882222222222222222222222222222

0000000000000000000000000000 lltlIlltlllIlllllIlllI111IIIl 8822222222222222222222222222222222222

000000CH000000CQ000000000000
aOmOrtm0CEan
WFereQaCOnStantLuRPra

OWQqiOnpheatratiOCdinctsOr0ear
ctsincudedFebeemderdinRePFrOjIFiencetFe
bratiOnLObtain

airPOWinwimd
mOeeermedtbratiOdegre00edOmnstOreaCF
SiiantprOpOaOnWFentFisOStem
airwith2rtFeraddEOnSOrat estFanitwOd FaebennaOWer

bytFOdereXCitatiOnOrtFanSaIiOnalamdOIaliOd0
OWOpnratFninternalnrOrFeairiC
QXChtatiOnOrtFeYibratiOnad

ratiOrair

gS
u RQGPS E
AnmperaebOV08RamaddiiOdmeOredOm01Fe
tiOnpaininOtwOrairinwindtumneswitFYibratiOna

TFepmCedinquatiOnandatiOnSWEcFdeFeprOperiQSO

gP
perctSueOrSpeCheatratiOLair
tempQratureR

SpeCiFmratiO

SSg
q l
WitFm
0

mraturOrtFnDOWarQbeOWabOut

sarebasedOntFepremisFt

33 l
ThisprnmisQFOdstrer

JJ

qbq

lllIlllllIl

HHH
TFirQSEthmaFes

AtthQSe

00000 ldtJtJUlJJtJ
eraturQ incrQaSQ Or

111111111l 0

NNNB8888888
ppOSe
dennOd


N
u

bb
EqiOnNSisPctq3eSngpurpOSnSatairtempStureS
ptOuOndyistFernrFiEminatiOnOrNu


55
Uuuu
COmpicaedngt0utiOntFecaeOranOrmaOCkreqEr
teratiOnand thO rered IO RePWhOSO SOOnS in

apFicalmarmrnprOdGdinigstO00etOrt
eSaQpeSentedintermsOreratiOOrtrSwpalametmr
incingYibatiOnactstOthesamewparameterdby

Ratioofspecificheats
Jl

8 l nI t 8 8 g tJl
asumngaOrtFOgFOuheWTFebscripttrm
perr
indicates Ptherma wEcFinturnindicates thattFe
mqatiOm isYaidThis idiFOdsasOngaSth
diOmicmOecesOrnit0nandOXyninairNandOdOnOt
dissOCiateintO msTFSrthOuresisiFstrataasEOWS
DeteminhergasstatictempStOraina
MachuPOWWithatOtamperateOru000R
FrOmFiaIaMachnCmbrOandOtaempmaturQOr
RaueOrOieadrthOr0

f
Trpe
33p
FrOmTabeOOr33PrQatMacFgwith
FTFgOnOaliSeaIilhlepu
MutipyingtF00rmtFeurQJyEis
EwhicFisteOrJincEinbratiOnamctsMtipying
OrU80yispstatic

Il l
g
A ldeOW iBp S SOn TGBPe

N U b rI l t r l t h J O lO
TesIabishm3OraperSOnSIreaminadtFamanyerestFm
PcetmOheastOrWFichiFnOddFappaPtFatmStbO

u
prOedHnOrdnrthOWtObecOmp30nicmbecOmQ
sOniccageOrmarkedcFangnthecFaCteriticOraiOW

jr1 JoI

tJl
tFatOCCSatMacF0psOnicOCitycOCCurOnyatamimimGm
crOSSSeCtiOnOradbtHgCQPSperSOnicnOemStstcOntraCt
andtFgOandsmeFindRe

ThertiOnbetweareaandMaOFnmberFasbeengiineq
UnunayFOWeVehimpmpOViOnOrthmprOpductareP
wi1nOtaSSuQunimsupeOnicwbecPSeincreSinslperSOnic
FOrCaCOnIhprassu
WOCitydOnOtOCCuhrpanesnrathedaxisAs
discussedpreyXpanSiOndistbancOnasupSOnicwarO
nOFcOnquiaeclrViscOSilywgdESaiPthSi
N
J
t
 u
FigE00iCiPEOnlFO100rdytd
FigE0Oric1Om00iclIut
tu
FigN
prO

rT
rTmJt

0000 JOt80
Un b J D

0
E00iciEOnIhdyncprr

JNlInr
N U p n F t 1 Jl J I l
l N U

1
l

lil l t F lO el J p lJO
tJl l F l I N ll

Jl N i ll h J
0 lD l
1


8

8 1l N 8 U 8 ll t 8 0 lI
ECrOrpertiOnOmthOIaIiCPrurOaSSnOrm
FOkwa

mtugtOth2rOtiO8thepOinIwherO
u EctOrOriCpnnsOnthat500crOSSCtiO2arQaOrP

180UtnmJ

N N J01

U
N t

b
gJUber

Machuber

UT

h J

N u lJl
tJ lJ O Il
0 lO 1I

N
u g
ll Cl

I
 rrr

hq

Figu E0iciiOnOnlhdIyatiCanOr

hOCkwpvP

Fign E00icimpOIiOn1alalerac0nO
FOCkwPVO

Fig1EOricigiOmSOmIh00auOaCrOOr
shOCkwpYQ

rm

nJ

bdhll

bO
J
l00
ggg l l N u
l N U

l t gCn 1 J 0 tD J

Ul
Jl n r t J

lJl J tJl U N 0
Ch 1 J 0 lO l O Ut U8 N 8 1

0 N U C lI tn

ll 8 8 8

0 dr r

lO J O
gL
r0eCOurSandFCOrPOrat

hOCkwaYQ

FFEctOrCOriciperctiOngntheMghnEbOrdOWnStrOamOranOrma
SOnnONNhNIraOnpenwgIunFOW

l N N

U 7

hUF

Ul

J O u C N

ld

prOpaeErcFarStnwhiFarimS
incaFnSgi5witFreCtgwdirn
ROn0pSpmOrIFepbObythharacteristiCinO
SnOnCndbyQdisbanTincePSndarQa

dCtCtQrinentitF
OrtFQdirnC01nl

cSedbydiverFWaSrtFeddmSnOtactFWattFe
rigimnmaFObeginninm
ninFigLcaCSQOr
IFiddedmctOrCFangnmar ratiO OntFewthrOhOthndt
grcarQmbeex3SnObIainingeprOperaXiadistibOnOr FHNOWnaCdrgductwaSTheWpeaOrMach
areOinimwiObOObainaWOFadisgdi WaVbCandbCunactndthaieg3
0EspObiniOnn30nicnOndei
sFOCkwaistFmmeCFanimbywhichmSpmnicws
ingIFOeiWind2mneQSOWeddOWnWFaSdp30nic Pp30nicwindtunacIicOnPtiOnSFOWeVerend tO
wpassQStFOPckwaSSintOprrrsTh negatOtEscOnCOnWiEbesenbeOW
AWQtartPSupmrSOnictGnneheeispIaOWGb3iOed
OSStFOFtsFOCkwntarpiOnOrtk
tFO0EthuncircitamdthepOWqrequiredcOrreSpOstOtFQ
reqremeErMnFmbererSOnictnpStn
tFecOntin0typimdtntFutsFOCkiddd OrtcOmpciitAhistimetFMacF
tOtFUtFmOStObQIOpFd tCnndrivOmprSrdmay nmbenthecircOCCurntFmnApOWnrisin
rRntOrtFQtOtaOS CreaSedFespeedtFrO0FeciauitriseuntihQMachnumbmrat
ndermeCOnditiOneprS
ated with trQtn tObsOnin tF0QtFOatStatiOnFigbecOmeSOanda nOrmaFOCk
TFein tOprmure a
dQOpSaOrtdincedOWnSgamOrttFOatAt t

speFOdanOrmFOCkipOttainFigCyitisr his pOinFQ

i1OperalimgMaCFnbmIisPbOrg gQEbEwiEmOetgrmashOCk2rtFerdOWnStrQam
ThbOObsSatiOnFsed101dOrmOStp30nicwind

tnnmswiPdiSFmgacOPgSeCtiOnminimmCrOSSI

siOnnOndtdtFgPdiYintiOn
TppOSIEesigIFOWtWindtGnne

bOWtFPtOrtUtiOnWiEbntntFO
PndwiFmSFbEsFP nOrmsFOCkintF
tiOmOrtFOdiSQr

rPMpcFmb00IFesecOndthintFe

N
iinIWJIh3adiserwitFPSOniCw

imtsecdtF0istPnmr10pOWreqErsprObemin NN N UO u
ghber
m0gsOWabytiOnOr80ing
FOiOnO1CEWhichOWiOWamd 3gR00rOnPrQSOrOnkwQ
63nOW2OnicRd

j

NuNuA00NUj

11 L
FiglNN NOrmshOCkpOSitiOinPnOOdurEgthuningprOC

Compressionratio
OrthFrOatStOnWrFeMacFnCmberisperOnicgdth

OSSStFOthnnOrmsgckarF TheOSSeStFOugFtFenOrma

SFOCkatthispOintaROCnttFelinpOWerAstFepOWer

is2increasedFQnOrmFOCkmOSdOWnStrnamtFOhtFe
naIidCCurSatprerMacFn

I
TheresuEngnCreaSedbFPPFLbareaddatOthQbsOnicdragOr

l
L gN r 00
l
tcircuitandcOrreSpOndtOprOgreSSiyincreasngpOWerreqrementS

l
FinayLhmnOrmashOCkmOntOttestsectiOnStatOnWhSit
OCCurahQtSiOm MachnmberandtFepOWQrrQqEQmt
COrrepOndtOtFmnOrmaOCkOSeSahOdgnMacFnmberAt
tEspOintinthetGmrOCtFepOWneqremgtSarQnOt
byeesbwinthOdiSrissti1S
SOnicHninspitrtFehOpOWerrOqr35mtStinm

l
asupersOnictunndstartedcOrrnSpOmdtOnOrmalOCkOSSmSahQ
dgnMPCFnmbOrandareEghaFQEgFOrMacFnGmbQrSMOrQ

J

CuStOmariyhetnennQratFertFanePkingOrpOWmrsm

Ul

01
hJ

lp
D
N
thatiOOrneSSaqStaatiOnprrOdismrtpresseWEcF
hQCaEtlincFdingmasswthwOarean FFNeOuerlhQCOPreS5CasQndperat
reatedTFetFeOipresrerOreiEwitFaOCkwaint
testsectiOnisshOWnaSCasnFiNU
SincFQMacFnumberinIFeOndIFminmumcrOSSSOn
WithtnOrmalshOCkinthSiOn0ynpOWmr
CannOteXCtheOndlFrmusbaZedIOpaSSIFemassw
0Ed bO reqra tO mOVe tFeOCktF0 secOnd tFrOat Or
11L
OrtFenOewanexpansi80airdOWnStreamOrtFOnOrma
tdiserbecautFenOrmaSFOCkMacFnmbQrandcOmSmquty
ktaMacFnberPSiNingOrsecOndtF
tFenOrmsFOCk0ISFOEddnCraSOaOCkmOVehrOFtFe
tOOWthQnOrmalshOCktOpaSSIFOduringIarinrOCSSis
COernSiOnOrtdiser
OmpidaOWSTMacFnmerintheCdtF
WitFtFmnOrmOCkimthetetCtiOndnmttnnelstarting
as2medtObTFepanSiOn0airmthecOnditiOnS
prOCeSSOtFeimitatiOm tOe seCOndtFOPtdieCtieneSS
qQOrthO nOrmshOCkin tFetestseCtFntOMachOaheOnd
appOarSDOWnStrePmOrtnOrmasFOCkwissdbsOnicHemcQ
tFiSSmatObeanWiIhIeaSumptiOn
tFeWOCityintcOngtiOnOrtdimuStbQ
Nisusedt00btaintheratiOOrSeCOndareEOtetiOn
CrqentiamimGmOCityisreachedintFQSeCOndtFOat
f l l l nPintermrtMacFnumberdOWnIream01hOShOCkTMacF
J

jg jhh
mmberdOWmeamOrthOShOCkisptedtOtFOupamMachnmber arBratiOartOCkhaepresuratiOreqr9
byNOCOmbiningtSwOmatiOnSandsubng mrunnnhetunCdbeducedcOnSidSbyHntFeO
yied WitFanOShOCkdiserusecOndtFrOatMachnumbmrCOud


8 bemadeeqa00
GettingaitteahnadOrOurSevmstOCOnSiderapracIiCPSnWQnOIO
WrnSQCOndltFOatareau tFatse1aFigFspeedwindtunsFaincOrpOraedhideaOraP
teStCtiOnPrma COndthrOat aayWitFadereQOrSuReS PrbdOW
1teStSeCtiOnMacFnumber AmatterOrgtheSPhesOrSuCFatecFniqhasgene
eSmarQptinFTheEacFnmberinthe 0imitatFatmanytunneswithvariabeeCOnd tFOatdOnOtFem
secOndtFOahetunnelFatartedcOrreSpOndingtOC
OWbetwegthetwOtFOatS
OP HitunstartingpOWeeqrementSmuStbQ
tyarQhepOWOequrementOperaiOnarenOeaprObem
prOdaandwn
igLincunctiWitFeqWFemthis isdOneWendtFat
ActuOW F p Su ernic Tu
IherQqremenha11Fetnndbbretin a nxedCOnd
tFrCOnSiderabytgnedtObringthesecOndtFr nSectiOnAwediscuwinasupersOnicwindInnemlhQ
MacFmGmber60e10gduin2mnngFOreXampeWFentF ndpOintOridPOWAtFtFisdiscSSiisuseEindescribin
sectiMacFnmbnriOandthesCOmdtFOatiSiNedPrstartin tFnmeChanismOrtFeWFecOratiOnWiIFacWqiIep00
itsMacFnmbRis uUP SiiarytFOOuhQrangeFesecOd messcOSectsPreincFdnd
tF0s that pmitarting dO itte ersOnic diPSin The i0SectmaybndescribainlFgOWngWayAairW
tFgrelipresselaliOIFaIwOdensOptimumedUOnd thrOgha tunnethere is P PictiOnrce deOpedbetwmentFQairand
tFOSFOWnaSCaseNinFig thOWaEsTEscaua0invcityandmOmmOraiiayer
srnasOnatFrtFmsnCOndtFOat0EdbQOp330tOaEOW nttha1aldthObOndaayerTFebndaryayer
ttunmeltOtartandcOdtnbOCdOWntOamOrOneyidma landttOtaSSrmOmumincreasOWitFdincQ
mthnEFOrthenOZeandbecOmqiIeimpOrIannIFQI
SnCtiOn articuar inEnFMacFnumbernOHOS
iCOSectbetweQn thQShrOatandtFetnStSeCtiOnOramO
arOtSyOratrinhesteadyStatnOpStiOnOr
thmeHTFirtbOudarP
P

l
Testsectionarea1
Secondthroatarea A2

thmhFOaseeSecti1CanbQ
rin nONNQ deh
P
OI

CanbQaChiQVedt
J
DuringthmtranSientprOCeSSinwEcFtFQtunneSprtiscOS
ectreremipOrtantanmry WenderstOOdSO im

P
pOrtantare theQbcts tFat cOm tO Start mOSt
MachnumbeunndsnOWinOperatiOnaSyaeasper
thanthQHnnCl
Sanm thatOSSeS due tO ViscOS ects dngthetingprOCeSSa
g
1 t l C q r 1
Sy at e
X
panatiOn these
U
FiYis850SSeSOCCur
Machub
FiNYariOmdhheOageOntqSeCOndtharepwith inieS
MgFnumgrP StabadYmatendencytObreakaway0mthQWau


whgIFrurOiincreaginIFQdiriOnOrWtF AsanOrma

N8

J 3
a

Or tsFOCkwiFcgSertOPOWP1prd inI01hesnicpOtiOr

trePmOre rOSttFttbOndPq
PyandcOnSequytwintdarearedOJp

pOrtiOnOrthOnO0
lmthe disR Ortwind tnneYiscOuScts arprObPbpr
dOminanIdngsartingandsteyStatperatiOnIntstartingcasQ

9 Otp N
TunneIcompressionratio
arthQnOrmashOCkmOntOtcOnVergngSeCtiOnOrtFmdiser
annPv ieStablisFedatebeminnmgOFe
hn0abQprueadiprOdCedbytFma

COmYer eCe
rsintne0miOnndabYP

g
mthQCOnYergenCmCreadditiOnOrabQprr

J
F
WFen the AtFOtnndisartaasO

ntsi thtFOnOrmaSFOCkFasmOdtO
asabQpOiiOndOWnIreamOrIhQ08mdIStabbecPuSOSma
redtiOnS in dierOSS draw tFe sFOCkrdOWnStreamWFere

aargeOSS
FetOprQSSurQ

inthmtlingcFambQOtFatadismrCtFatareOrinr
tFremrideathgrcactiOngw and tFrrtrOr
practicasP

Tsma1estistFQratiOrnqatOrGnttnnelaranabQ
dismrhpsbeenOSeddOWmtOtFeminimumarntOryO

PpprOaCFes0WFicFcOrreOndOnegibeOSS
ThOPeXIisIFOratiOr0iratOruntFnwFgPnddi
OftFOatareajlargegOugFtOetnnestarsempOy
N u O
TheargistratiOneededtOStaFetndqFiCOrrmOnds
MuChUber
tOtFCOmditiOmWntFenOrmasFOCkisintFQtQStSeCtiOn
3gNu TFOprObuprureratneaedIarIinadlbQ
COmpreSSiOnraIiOCOnditiOnaanduaIeOWninFi nrunnlngaObtaFedmdatagIunnOVIheOr
MghnubQataimcFdOtnStWithOdnstaEed
hgrcasP ThangOOraCEcOmpriOnratiOSrrting

andrnngbtnedmamFmbOrWindtnissFOWnin
FiNuThQaepbetweemtcGeS PrtinmEdrunnnman
mnS Olimthm disnWEchreducnparatin OmQ
instSCknOWntOtauthOuOwaObIainedbyacOpreiOn
TFCtuartingatiOSareFigFeryetaSOWn
ratiOOleryOWurgthatStiOnSmbejustidecOnOm
TngcOmpIeSSiOnrOSinFigLNumaybbySlng
icaEybyeCEcOnidRPtiOnOraVaiabeeqpmen




J

hq
nESpeedwindtunnedentFeimpOrtamOrprOdingate TEsatiOnimpiehaOSSmintOtaeadretin0theshOCksOn
COmpSiOnBtiO cPmnOt bQ Oernm pOWerSppyis P PmOdeldrintFestartingprOCeSeqErQaSeCOndthOat
tFatrtFQCeartunndTFishasbeenPnd tO betrueinactuawind
tnnOperatiOm
wibOmOtOdtFatPCOmdtFOataSmChpuO rCOntOrnOrQ AnOtFQrimpOrtantCOnSideratiOnis thQmaXimummOdsizePrtunn

QidNEredPmestartingwi1beneededinOrdQOmakO rtinTFimaybeudiedinthe mannerOrthnSeCOndthrOatana
OWanCmPr tFm WitFPnOrmasFOCkaFeadOrthemOdtPOWaheadOrthemOde
inthQteSte SubnicAminmCrOSSCtiOna areawi1existatthestatiOnWherQ
inwindtnndHtcanbnqOmbarrassngtO tFQCrOSSSeCtiOnaarePOrthQmOde greatestAhisinimumarea
FveenOhcOmpreSOnrOt00peratmPWindtnneandtOFep tMacFnmberHBCOthemOdemStbmaE
SeCOndtFOt0titstarted 10ughtOaOWthQmaSSOWOrtFQnOZNththe
lncOnCOnWnnOthQlOWnmnnratmmscOngrninwim ObstCnO22mCrOSSeCtiOnWiIhanexpansiOm theairdOWnStream
SperSOnicmONSWhichFptOthipOintOnybmipia OranOrmFOCk tOaMachnumbernOeatehanP lrthQnOrma
SFOCkdOnnOtpaaCrOhQOdddingtFetatingprOCnSLhQ
TMacFnmberinasp30nicnONNSnbytFOnOe
tnnissaidtObechOkaThetheOreticaunObstructednONZcrOS
arnatinOtbmChangEaOnSitremainssupericby
eCtiOnaaeaaFemOdreqdrtartigthesaeaSIheeCOnd
eitherpStreamOrdOWnStrnampreSSurQ
OrFiHnpracticQiWisetOSiNeaOdemFat
NJrtFedOWnSgamstaatiOnpreSurnisOWeredwitFOutCFnminm
SmalhanthisaysissuggestsIrtFQmOdispaticuaybunILhn
tFeupePmpretrOWienOChSmeinthsectiOnwubE
mOdesiZemayhaetObetheedCedJrthemOdeSuiey
tOSintFOdisnr0CksystOmWi1bQincQaSaThisincreased
San0mFOCkenveOpStheOdetheannitraaby
iyattibQdtOtnOrmalOCkbein
FNP
lWhereitOCCrSatrMachnCmb nFig erimentadataOnOde SizePrstartinOmSee
uJrthepStreamprQeisincrnaSedthwintFeteCtiOnW
EgFISpeedwindtunnesarumarizedAtMaCFnmber
0RurataFirpreSSurObEahesameMacFnumb
aFOWabeOdeNnSarmChsmaEertFan anindicatin
thangQrOrCOnSEngpytheOcaWSupngaw
HtSdseCOndaqWnmberprOducedby
inncesIFvQpermittedtumstartswhenthsiznSWerQ
Chanin bOumdaqayer thiCknesd COnSeqnt ChSin tFe
abOYQtFtheOry3ine
nctivOarQaratiO
Sttim ip MOhd in tFOt StiOP
rdiscussiOnOrwinpserSOntunneFaegeralyimited
nUY
rtOtFecaseOrPCePrtnneLetnOWCOnSidtheectOra
mOdentFetestsectiOn OntFmStartinOrPSperOniCtnne
HtcambQOWn tFattFe armP OrPCOnd tFOatSiNedr MacF
wdrinmthestinmprOCeariesPStOSSOrimth
CtiOnUsingPuQOrSdQqWeObtaintFati00r
armPtFmnOJFOaOarnPatiOmDidintFOarmP
ratiOOnqN8bytErOatiOeF00rthQOndtFrOat
areP tO tFO nOHtFOat argWFmP tFiis dOnO and tFe rmtarO
COmparawitFmNewOdt




FigLNn SkhshOWigthOPrOgrOOrthnPOrashOCkthrOghatestsFnwith
l p30dTFmwiyabHain
 j
qhLl

picaamQannCFdescErensySOrarscOnneCted
tOteStSeCtiOnprmS00rC

hm MeOd Chpaeristics

TFemOdOrCFaractristiciamOddntFeprOpertinSOr
SupernicWnthQprnCrayingbOdarimSuChainawind
tnnenONZrinthepeSenCOmerOdynamiccOnuratiOnina
r

I
l OI
u

wbecausQWeakcOpreSSiOnWaeSFave
N

WidseparatedtaVidthmatinraShOCkandcOmSequent
entrOpyCnges
lllllll

TFeethOdOrCharacIerisIsiprObabyIhemOqeyed
ethOddeinhntnrcOntOrSOrSperSOnicnONNsinthe
re10n betweenthe thrOatad thetestsnCt5n ltthisappicatiOn
WFichsOrpriaryimtSSthere
l

ThnethOd OcFaaCIerichabeen deeOpedbOh Iw

dieniOnalandthedieiOwsWmShaudiscusOnyIhW
MhUb
dimgSiOnaOWethOdTFetwdieSiOawcOnSidered isOnn
FiMauOddh0aF3unIOdeSe
inwFihwcFnOCCuntwdimennssCFaa
SharedmOddaFamunIOnmaXmOddF
Sp30miCnONZlQWithparauesidewand cOntOured pperandOWer
1StSOnCrOPesQpOducI0bOundaryr
displhknandlIFnr waS
IrapadwatPMacFnumberOisexpandedarOundac0mOr
OccayamOdepnIhunandthetunWmOtrt
thQOrthewwiechandandtheMpchnmberwbQ
incgedTheMacFnubeOWFichlhewwieexpandbyIhe
TgOWingactiOnSmOtinamypaaOrdemaybmEandd
CktOa COrnisatedtOtheangeOrthecOrnerThireaiOnislabuaIedin
TabuWhSthu2mgSgeAOiudedinIheabrn
MOngtmOddrwardinthestCtiOn ansOrMachineWitFpeCOthedirectiOnOrPOWRandratiOS
SrtinrWrintOthOStagiOnCFamber OrStattOtOtalpreTdatPOrabeUarbasedOntFQ
AddimanabOdytOthemOde
qu Ju tJ

aspti30rpectgaWTheuesarenOiiIedIOCaen
OWingarOu10rFOlesnearthOmONNktFrOat WEchthgwiXpandedmMacObyaTheyarn
CrQainhQdiserpr appicabtOCaSeSinwhhthQwiurned0OnedirectiOntOSOQ
ncreasinhprureratiO
mamiiOnWihreSpeCIhaId5CIiOnlFrOugFaynuberOr
AddinrQmOabeFarpnOeIOthOmOde StepSTheyaeasOappicabOthecaseSinasupersOnicON21e
WherethenOWturnedtO aXiinciatiOn Wrespect
eanincreasnmddanrattaCkrerenincreasr
tOthedhrectFnOrPOWatMac dthenisturnedbacktOthedirectiOn
pratiOetmmaynstdnruniCsOn
OrnOWat Mach01thisca theangesOrtErngOtadbackarO
ampaniedbCnmtmOperaI0nOI
e
additindetermnlnhOtaurnmange
weQrmeandnsararemucrred
lnOrdertO dnSCribOtFQmethOd OcharacteristicsetSaethe
hrknWrgSchttFdrunthatstartn warOundac0meiEatedinFigMachnubeahead
EintthrgCnndatOtickmhr OradeCnnrisP FrOmTableuWedthatFOrdeOreaCh




 1 Tr l

quS
Tu
t 9 b ll

00000000 b

gEgEEEEgEEE Oq

JJJNJJJNNJJNNJNhJJJNJNhJ 1

0000000000000000000000000000 S b

T

uuLhOLuOuLuOuuuOu

uJlJuuuUUuUUUuUUuuUJjNJNJJJJJJJJNJNJJJ l R rl

1MH

OOeO00000OCO
j

dSSee 000OuOuOuOuOuuuOuO

uAAAAAAAuUuuuUNuu t

33 JNAVChU00000JJ0J00000J

00rrrJJJJJJJJuUAjtuChqh

COQQ000000COC0000


U
Eeu
100000000

J Oq

K
00tJtJJUUl00 00J00UO00tu

Ulutu
Oq

q
J00lldh
00000
00

00

eeE
Cl0
0000JChChChChhhL

6
g8 jH3 3 b

FFSketch derng hOW nhprergcing eXPaiOn arO

ctbyasObOunda

l1

directiOn arQ COntinuOS n the methOd OrCharacteristics

tFO na
thbiqaecOrnnrgtcOndiiOnSdOWea

FOhwOrFhiscOrreSpOndstOSayngthahegw is at
MachnitsOrdirectiOnntitreachesQCWhentcrOSSe
QCits MachnmberistOEuanditsdirectiOni
instaycFangedbyudegTheineQCis caedacharacteriicine
tisappartthatthechangeinMachnumberandwdirectiOn aCrOSS
theMachnuberOOWaFipOinIhasbeenlurnedlFO
tFePnShaped20neQbwbdecrnaSedastheturngangeisd
anamOrNudeitsdirectiOnMachP WealsOdthatata
CreaSedThuheassumptiOnSOrthemetFOdOrCharacteristicsapprOaCh
MachnberOrLeangeOrIFQMachwaveQwiIhrepeCO
tFeactPOWaSthmapprOaChesNS
thdirOnOrwis00egTurningthewthrOuanadditiO
nsOmeSupernicwprObleSarticEaryinnOdesignLti
retsinattaurnngangleruegsOtFattheMacF
necessarytOdeterminewFathappenswhenamexpansiOnWaVeStrikesa
nmberdOWntreamOrIhecOrneSEuAandtheMachwaeQbha
S01idbOndaLetSeXaminhiscasebyeencOFigLNP The
ananr3demWithrepeC0FwdieCIiOnOrNNdQm
initiagwisPtaMacFnumberOObetweenthepaEwans
WithrespecOthOrigiwd5CtiOn
andbQAtpOiEthppWamakSPturnOrudegpWard
tweentheMachwanS Qand QbthewMacFnmbQrand
FrOmOpr0eXampOWFavedeedtFecharacteristicQand
tMach numbmr dOWnream Or0NOWLetS draw ainn QZ
A HrthearQabmtWeenandQZisaOWedtOrepreSent

tPOWChannedOWnStreamOrQnnOCharacteristicsOCCurdOW
eamOrQbecausenOPrthertrnngOrthewisreqiredlhi
CaFharacteristicwavQQwOudbedtObeOm
ikingthHOWeerPistheactuabOundaryOrth
WdOWnStream OrQ and thw aOng tFis bOndPry muSt be
paraeltOthObOndaHencmaCharactsticwavQisrequiratOtrn
theWmthtOthehOriNOmtairiWCan
hathavingtheactuaOundaryQinsteOrthmbOndaryQZPr
nirmOWOWSOre rOOm Pr thm air POW dOWStream OrQ
SupSOnwarOundpnOrner TFushegwiXpandatOahigherMachnumberbytheudeurm
J
L
L

Fj
backtOpF
tRiicinOtadi
nr
de
tc
Fti
eMO
an
chT
nFu
imb
bQ
er
in
dm
Od
We
nt
S
tm
ri
Qne
amd
Ot
reFl
es
n
C
O
nd
Jc
mh
a
ar
ia
m
a
intprQ eribndmann
mrn NONNe Di
TpnrSOnicnOOCOnOrabsOnicpiOnWFicFaccdmraIe
tFesettingcFmberWptOnicspeeddasCp30micpOriOn
WEcFFtFeraceratmFePOWanddvertasaim
StramtOtFsectiOmCOnSideringFWed
tFatisexceediyditOaneratetFetimgCFambergw
FUOatiOnOrPtStOpgPeaOnicnOQdg
WitFOutFavimOarnPSOrdmnrOnneahewaEWEcFtendtO
t ReadtFnturnmangePrtFedeiredMachnumbnr03Tabu
COmpeyarbitraqprOCedreiSedtOdeterminehe2bnicFapQ andcOmptQ thOmaXimum WanqmPO
SincmanONZbOEaFOrizOntacenterinQWiavQ
Draw a Sm00tFcEVQOrMacFnmbmr aganOeengthPOm
ymmiPOWhprObemiSOmeWFatsFOrtenairwedesOny
SchamberMacFnmbeLqndtFgSng
tFnupperhaP H3cmWenOWdrawFuOthQCterinmQanda
COmputetFecOrreSpOndingarearatiOTFmnOtdrawingthe
VeShOrthOriNOnsectiOnbrepresentinhmdOWnStreamendOrth
areacurvediriFaFOrapyisamuchmOrQgradcurvO
SbsOnicpOrtiOn
tintitiOnWOEdnOrmyindicat
uCOnStruCt P SmOOtF and arbitraq Cue bCb that expandthQ
DrPWanarCOruWreiiggOrtSOnictFOat
minimum sectiOn tO Qmat SOe distancn dOWnrnaOtF the
uUsethec3madebyamesQhanmraXiqtOthe
distancmdOWtramandthQCC2ear6mpOrtanteeptintheway
thrOatFetandtFeminOraXist00mFartFrOatFA
ty ectFm OVOraditanCQ btWmQn the nOe tFrOat and thO te
deineitFgredmsettlingcFambeOthp
InpernicnOes

IntFmSacaseOrinOmarOdtinmChambmrIOareCtan CtiOn heinhtP WithtFeOWerVaFS
mEPrSiOnaFenicpOinnONNmtFOabOut nmberP
S
COntrO
atiOnSSFOdbeSedHnactacOnStruCtiOnthesbs
thenOeOudendatnGOrbeOWtOaYOid
tiOndwhatQrjOintaEymVOFOd tmpOrnOmOre
thanP00incF
FOrdesnnmthepOOnOrtFQnOObetwnthetFrOandttest
SeCtOnLhQmntFOd aracteriici nOrmaEyudAnOinQOrthO 0EpWOrkandeexamptFtOWSpP
StepSrequirainthmdesign Wdimensnan02NbyIFQmQIhOd nOCFmtiOnningthepaOnWaV
OrCFaracteristicWbegi WenOOanpandedveaSeandPa200F
NOthatSeOrtFOmFOdOrCharactsticreqrmdividinFO CurVOthrOuthepOintsOrintersectiOOrthewaveswiththewa
divnrgnmpOrtiOnOrtnOOintOpimOrtsiOnnOrder
tO denne the charactertiCinamd thrrectiOnS

HOWeVer ahQCharactsticatiOnSFaebeencOmpeti
Pnst2CtSps2ClOetOb
pOSet00btaina SmOOtFcu WFicFarOWanCOFabeenmadQ
MgFngrOOmtObeinchEgFH
r tFe Ls suitPbercreatingP niPrmsupernic
Sn8ityielnVnuOrdnu
StrePOrapredetermedMacFndmberTgenep01akQae
rMacFnummeyluin80atiOnineFbeS
asPOW
wi0

FN11ustiOOrtheeCrrtingthecOanTarnaSeCOraONN
pSa
TFOmpletestsinpnONNeMeasementOrthearearatF
FiuCOnStriOnrPStepChSCttmetap30mnO0
yduCOmparedtO00mltisnOtedthatinthaes
FrOmTablNduOHeQm OranONNbytFecFaractcmethOdhOMacFwaveOrFU
P FrOm00thearearatiOPruON00issOtF arQSuaunOthedibmcaShmyincreasethecOmpexrthe
distancQQOrhOEdbQCOnStredasPNX00 drawingnsteadhe pertinent MachwavQ angare ObIained
OincFes mabythetwOMacFwavesarbisectedayticaandthQ
uSincewesFaVn0yOneStepOrnO00FcQPeedbe CFaractSSticineisdrawnOntheure
aidintsFdbemOtedOrCOrSFaEemSepar00arg0and 0ntertOCOnSideFerQSOrSIartinIFOCOnSanIarnP
tEeXampeSentedOnyatFempcaseSeEaaSIarIing SeCtiOntOOearySayatbFiAtbthewisupeand
pOFt tpOeytOtheWiimedsrewdprOdCnOVerpreSSQ
TFeMachnmbeprOdCedbyPdemturnimTPbUu WatFatwOudricOChtdOWntheductFurtFerurarePctiOnWat
UBuTheMacFanrOieandNiti CbwOEdnOtbncanceedand00WOudcOntinedOWnStreamTFe
uPdSketcEmgintheMachwavQPrtheinitiawbCandthe dinwFthemOdetObestedwOEdhaYnaa1icQOrhOri20mta
panddOWnwrerVanpeedandsuccmS2inmWOd
bmmOStdOubt21

respecOtheFOrizOn
uWeFndetrminedtFEthe MacFwavdOWnStrmOrthQst
turninceduPedWitFrespCOthQWsOWQknFinsucFa
WnCbWFtupwitnadOWne00btaFt
dgnMacFnumberOuON00uWedimTabFaFeMgFwPe
isincinedNdegwitFrespecOtWSucFawaCbJi
etcdinThQangebetwetsetwOWaeSisbisectedtOObtainthe
SeCOndcFaCteristicimeCbWFicFFasamanrqdWitF
reeCOthehOriNOn
AhQpOintOrintSeCtiODOrtheCFPraCteristicinOCbwitFt
nOewaubbhQSeCOmddtGrnOrtFOWasmadOtOrma
hOrOntasegmentbSincheWWhSdOWnStramOhe
CFracteristiCCbitOtFebOndarybnOPrFnrunOr
thePOWirQquiraCOnSeqgEyFQWaOCbdOeOtrectwh3it
StrikestFQWaTFip0iOnOrInOewrethearacterists
StrikethQWaandaenOtJcIiscauedFencgOnrOn
gleU COnStruCtatWStepperSOnicnOZNePmchesEgh
tOyiedaMacFnberOAnaddiIiOnaepmbeSedu
buEsprObhenOWQmbraceswaeintersectiOnanddemOmStratehQ
COmptecaseSOthatanynubeOrpmaybepOyedinan
identicaanner
namamnnrSiiartOExampeisd
The nOZZtFrOat dienSiOn Qian A incheFiU
FairingOraCuOdeethenhOrpsinWStepnO
nneCeSSaThetep turnng thOw up u deis arbirariy
COnStrCtedwahbAtthesecOndstepturnnhhQW
panaddit5mademiscOnucted
UThenetwOrkOrWaVeSWiEmammberOrSpaCnSeaChhav
itsindividwaeandMacFnumberHtiCOnVenien0abe
naCFspaceaccOrdinmtOaC00rdinatesytemgwherebdenOteSthe
numberOrdegrenSOrtprOducedsObywaemlhepper
 q
TcharacteriticFmnkideterminedbyaerainaueg
trnggOandudepgwwithadegturnaehOrOnta
POuOuu
00TFQCFaractsticinmbisdeteminedbyaveraginae
tnanamddegGpwwithbPraegturnangandudegup
WeuquNSdeSinchOWdOWnStreaOrb
isudegpLhCOntOurutturndOWnudngI0hawdCiOn
atbtOaOidarectiOmOrbOmthewaE
C
PTchaaCteiclineidminedbyaveraang
FFuU Tchat3StiwOrkdesr0WilhatwOppan02
turmanwEPYdegtunanandudemupgw
Sdeg
SrPnnndEthenmbQrOrdreertrmprOducedsObywave
hhSCteisticinehqdeIe2inedbyaveagingaeg
OmtOWSPceSincQWaYSOmtppeWurnhOOW
nanandudeupwwithRaNdmgturnaeuq
pWardandtFOS0Omt10WOrWntFmOWdOWnWardOCal
7FT

NAdeSFchewdOWnStreamOrhdishOrizOntahe
OWaneseqa0bandthegwisFgCQFOriNOntalwhQn
nOZNcOntOurmtrndOWnUdeOthatwdirectiOnatqtOaVOid
biseqa0TFetOtaSdeeSOurprminaqgridi
arectiOnOrbqPOthQWam
FenceasOWninFiguu
AnexainatiOmOrtpreiminaqgridOrFigmdicatesthat
FmQOrQminOtObigatOlrbQwerenncinedOaStO
WQWiFbecOnCernedwitFtOtanngangestOrOndNd
CanhenbwOEbeecandtheOWpaSSnhrOgh
itiCOmni0intarrman0pingtMachwavmS
rectnwOudbeaccerataHCQtFeMachnubehatcOEdbe
WitFptO thQFOriNOnPSan aidindetenmgCFre6
ObtainawithdeginFbeeaSedby
inestisnOtatFeincinatiOmWitFreeCtFeFOriNOntaOr
OWinCbandatOberectedandtrnnFewauwrh
dOWnWardmOVingMacFOSistFQdirgCebetwnemtMPCF
intersectiOnSStrikerwavecanceHatiOnThiechnueissOmeS
anand tFQpWardw an0P Syhe incitiOn
SedtFeMachnumbersbecaSethe
WithepeCtheFOriNOmOrpWardOVingEacFwaeSis
eratiOnFabeenundtOyidd mOrOunPrmnOWsaHOStner
P UsintFesetwOatiOnOgetFerwTab0uOWSthe usedMPCFnmbersabOabOudeedbythe
rOEOWngtabatiOn
mQtFOdOrCharacterticnaturaEyithnumberThe
rFOWUp bfFOWUp bndaryayhicknmSnCreaSeSWithdCeatsMach
UU
numberincePThuLhebOundayayegOWFpOSeSapObein
EMacFnmbernONNswhenthenOZZesareshandtprObm
0
becOmeSm0mprOnOunCedwhQmnONNeengIFincreased
Nl801

l
qqO u00
ThehOdjustdribeddeingnigwcOntOurSCanbQ

NuuuP
drthedesranyperSOnicMachnberItisnOtedOWeVer
u Iuuq
thatisnOtSyabOVQMacFnumberOr0JSCXiy

uON00qN
MacFJbnONNwithPquareteStSeCtiOnWiththhrOatOrae

dienSiOMacF022kFOrprpOSeSOristratiOLetSaSSue
tFatthWdimeniOnOehasaNbyNinchIessecIiOnandIhO
tFrdienSiOnanOe has aNCh diaeter teSt SeCtiOnFrO
TabHwendthaFetestsectiOntOthrOatarearatiOraMachq
mONNleisHnthetwdimensiOnanOZNlethethrOatWOudhavea


tOtuIbuentbOndayayerwiEOCCuOWeeynOdnumbethan
NLnchwidtFbwOudFaOaitOPuinchln tFO
PriniIialwshavinesserdegrees OrtubCnnanycaseFe
IFedimantwdhaviameer
pOinIaIwhichacFangmaaminartOatbuenayROCCuSi
nchesprec10mOrgricaIiOnOrtFenchdiameis
tmrmthOtransitiOnpOint
ahIharicaiOnOrIhyEnchsHeatin TstyOrwinbOGPdaryenOWFicFanntOdnumber
OrtFeairbecOmeSSaqaMachnmbersPbOPbOMain
OrmanyarSFabQOndeOtedandtOWFicusticecannOtpObybe
taininhestabigrtFintFprnSgCrtFQhOtairismucFmr
dOnOFCOnqeyOurpmStatiOnWiOagenediscuiOn
diuFInmainIainingtabiityOraCiraCOSSiOn
OrtFeatiOnOrbOundaqaymOnOZNedgnandSQHOWQV
HnthrdimensiOnOdeiFemmthOdOrCFaractSSticis
rmCnismadthnWOrkOrScEictinginRePAPrthetSOr
asOSedHOWertFemmtFOdSedrereq1reSOdiatiOnbecause
bOndaqayeOrynggera
OrthFirddienSiOnTFereadmrisreredtOePuPradSCriOn nahiSpeawdtnnOZZhmbOundaqayeraacenOt
OrthetFredimensiOnamethOdOrCharacteristicnOtedthaFis hedistanceOmthQ
WaEOrthenOSneyimitatOa
ethOd ismucFmOrein0vaththmtWdienamnthOdand
nOe waE tO the nOZNe centineAn iFstratiOn OrtFQelOCi
J

thatnOCaSeOrathredimensiOnawFdtunnenONZlededbyhand
ariOninthbOGndaayeSVeminFigAhQnONNewaE
cOmputatiOnknOWntOthQWitHSpeacOmpterShaway thOYdOCiisNerOandaheedmeOrtbOundaryayertheveOCityi
beenSed
equaOthmreamOCiOCalveOCiqapprOaCFesthe
NOHnd nr Tremnt namVeOCiasymptOtiyadistancemtFewancreased
TEmakeslheexacIndgnOrthQbOndaqaymrdiuOdeHti
caSSWe1asanyridvisCOuFmwOrairOYQr
cOmmOnpraCticetOdeedg2UrthmbOundaqayerasthepOintat
ErgeSIsinIhOIimmpOrctiOncesbetweentFeairand
WEcFtFeOCaYOC pnrCentOrtheestrnamVeOCityH
tSeTFeSutisaSinveOCiIyandmOmentmOrthOair
bOndar

theparametermOcOmmOny
streamastheisapprOaChedWitFZmrOOCiOCCurrngaCty
ahesurheglOninwEcFIhOSSimOCityamdmOmum
OCCurSistermedthebOundaryFyer
gGndaryayersYObeendividedintOtWgenecatOrinaminar
andturbuentheamiabOundpqayermaybQdnSCibedann
wEchthewinlhmbOndaryayedividndintOanubnOrea
tbesdeacFnamsmOOyOYthcentOnthat
IOnyanS0geisdiOnd10pedbeensIream

Heightabovesurface
tbeP ThnrSnOtranSOridOmOneStrmamtubQtOaac3t
strOatbesThurb3bOndayayOnthQOtFerFPndmaybe
describedasOnOimwFiChnaCFstreamtbeFsameanOCityimthQ
directiOnOrwbutFPSipOSedpOnthisuctuatiOnS
inadirectiOnSTFetOrthesectuOniaIin
andpbetwe38Cstreamtubes
WFetherthewinIbOundaryaynrainarOrturbdmpend
numberOrthepOW AOWReynOdsmCmbS
prarilyOnth
tFebOndaryayer W nOrmaybeainar AtheynOdsnumbei 0
incredthebndaqayerwi1cFangemaminartOturbentTFO
F
cOnditiOnOrthes00erWhichIhePidiswinSasOimpOtant FUA VCp0inlhebOndaryayqanOthQSurPOra
lrthesurgeishechangemaminaOtrbuntwi10ccur 0q distancOPOthQONN3rPcqOCaOCity51VCOutSEQ
aOWneynOdsmbeSIFanirlhureiSmhA0 thebOndaqayebOudaqaynhnnSSbOundalayOrdHacent
thkSS
inEalwshaYinmaE deg0urbgCehOChanmainar



1 1 1
FiemlOrlh8mIOu0OWpnCbOndaq CaSmSrunuSuaEy
a
TlIl111
imFspwimdtnndnTEamOby
WEcFtnOewawOFaOb3Edmlgdedy
tFmetFOdOrCFactSStSacctFa0ndaaysthe
00rFatwOdbernqiredaIeIreamwcOnditiOnStOmakQ
FtdigjmawinIhebOndaqayDispacnmen
tEcknideedaImyasOW
h
q qq
r SureySnaCtaunsaregOOd
Whermdenityslu
qVOCityeCI
IdianCeOmWaE
bOumdaqayQEckness
TFSriptestOCmditinSaFemrthebOndaayer
WnthQbOndaqayerdispacnmemknessisdetOrmini
addedtOperctdcOnI0raIedbypr0iscuSedIech
nqt00btainthrdinatnStOWhicFlhONNcOnOurWEacy
bOmainedFig
25daqayQrnFspnndwindtunnesareuyturbE
WngwiseeratedmaWpeedinthmtingcF
nicYeOCiaFFOranOelFebOndaqayerinmen3
becOmmbYthinahOthrOatThO bOundaqaybtOt
diCedOWnStreamOrthetFOatandMacFnumbQnCreaSe
SintEsiSJcewrespecOdOpin
imperSOnicWIhnregnbQwe3thetFrOatandthetsectiOm
3
itheem10minwhichbOudaryayedispacethickeSScacuated
andrQSEngcOrreCtiOnSareadetOtheideaidcOtOurS
hehasrauarSSiOSadOInONNesupIOa
MachnbmrOrabOtgiCutOaytheewasOrtheOZNes
tObepaaeiththeOthetWOeaIihgOnIOdeeOPng
unimsupersOnicWthiypmrnZNe
thesEewasas COnpraCticQ
issttOdetrmie bOundaryaynhicknessOnbOththesidasand
the cOntOured waE ad then tOake P COrrnCtiOn tO the cOntOrS
tO Fande thQ bOundar r POW OrbOth the Sidewaus and
pOOqityWeultigthSeOrlhiImChniquehavebeennOted
andisappaenhatn02ZeiOcOnideabypdyIhi
thelrthenOZehascuarcSSSeCtiSdOOSthypersOnic
nONNeshe dacement tEckness iscuated as an increenn
radFsWhipyrEtsinanincreasedradiusateachstatiOP
NOeXaCtethOd trbEtbOundaqayerdipaceenI
1 1
thicknessessupersOnicnONeiscurlyavaiabIeCOneqyu
acalating methOded tO date he FvOved
apprOXimatiOnSFOrabriersuaryOrSO0he methOds m O
inthmpaSherwaprSatiOnOramOrereCent
OdnreadeeedtOIhewOrkOrSieEsandPayneinRe
COmpariOnSOrthheOyOrReudaqayer
AnepiricaethOdeIiaIibOudaryayemknStw
dieniOna022WaiuOrCaCaIiOpeenedReP
P AethOddeter1nmgnViscEcOtOuadbOudaylayer
dispacethickeaxiayyeIicnONNepreetedin
RePThirerenceasOiCFdesa
prOar
COpetethreedienSiOa OZNecOntOurCcuatiOS
O CdensiOmTFe Ndr Dr
TFntOrmOturehacanbeheEbyacubic200airincreases
WithCeangtepeesindependen10hepreueCOndi
tsaOrma1ysucFIhaIaOSpheraircOOligaiexpand
isentrOpicaythrOughawtuneaybecOeCedtOa
tmmpmraturnbe0eperaturMOurewihencOndeSe
OtairtheOisturecOntiSCtyhFappearasad30
i
es inOCa nubnrand Othr
OWCharacteristics suchthat datatakinawindunneesaybe
rrOeOS TwchangesaenatuaaPnctiOnOrtheaOutOr

eeasedthrOCgFcOndiOnTheyhaYebeggimS

t lll11l




N

PoundsofmoisturepeTPOundofdryair
wherO1MacFnmber
SpeCiheatrat
ataddedthrOghcOmdenatiOnu
1FapypQrmitmassu

0 08 tJ t1t L
N tt q
ductPrep
taticprnSSurQLb

ThesneqatiOnindicatethatpmrSOnspeedsLhenubQr
landtFhnlWithcOndegtiOnWhereasEb
SOnicspedthreVerSeistrue
HnOtedthaheprSemCmOr

OrigniancaSastempe
nubndrminamisenlrOpCreaIiOnarOCOnrnF0nXampQ
thnerrOrinprEerOdupOundOrOistureperpOuOr

dryairrtivOhmidityOrperctatFipmrCentsem

WhnthrCOndiOntakQSpaceiaPnctiOnOrparameter
theaOuntOrmOistrQ inthestrBmtstatirtstream
QairmperatuhatwOudbetbyPnOctmOngwitFthe
StrampSOppOSedtOttOteperatrQthatwOudbetby
lwhichstOppatheairstrQpstream
amdIIiedngwFicFthestisatOWtnpateTFnSe
parbOdiscussedinn
ThpmOnOrmOisIurQthptmaybecOntaimdinmOraatmOphc
airiFstratedbyFigLUnamdSyYarienthggeOrPOOO
gpOndpepOdOrdryF MSyintuentSSdtabSm
gnspepundrdqairierCbictApOundie
008grains
peeIhatcPnbeChedinapeOnicnOeisquitQ
10WTFisiustraIedbyanFwiIhP10apSt00F
andSigStatictOtOtapStuatiSmTab0atO
IempSIeSWhenthisdOneWedthahetictpurn
wiEbeFatMach0andlqFatMachdwtOaOW
YalOruSFalMacFuP TFQStatictmpatrQaChadurFg
panSiOngFaiO MachnmbSabOYeuarQCOnSiderably
bnOrmaEyndinthtmOpFrHQgn
g
000
DrybubtPatUreF
FUTheOunrOisturOFatOSphCratvariOurtivehui
wQSeQthaheticaimperatreinPup30mtuncanna
bOWenOutOCOndenseOEnOrmaathericwaterapOr
hedatPOrthirndicatOthadpOintdecreaWitFd
crnaSnprurWhichwOdcOrreSpOndtOincreasingMachnumb
ThiseCtOr Oint is desFabethe StandpOFtOr
p3mtinmCOndensatiOnHOWeVeriurnsthattheectOrpeSurm
tOtFOpreSSrQdecrnaSeinapicaOZNexpansiOmiscOparedwitF
thestatictmperaturmdecrmaSe
ManylmVeStigatOrShavestudied thQeChanicsOrmOisturecOnde
satiOnpsperSOcwFdtunneL ThewOrkOrOswatichdiscussedby
LkasiNiRePOsFOWhahecOndeSatiOnOrOistureinan
streamistheretOrmOecEescOEidinmandcOmbininmandeventay


Ul

lb bI t
0
I llt

bl t lt

N JtJ lllO

J rD t l
TemperatureF
B
g

Nominaldewlatmospherepressurd
BO

DewpohttemperatureF

l 0 N N tt

N N N
l

AO01N0

aCa0gtUaSnhes
l

ariOnOrapteP3tu3anddOWpOintthnaXisOraEPer

On1mFOWipadinmtONrFandp
l

DpOFtuFtOSPhS
g

N O u 0
PrSurwhh ditOCCrSPS
FigS VargiOnOrdpOWprnSS
buildingpinIOdrOpeteTFeikhOOdOrCOndensatiOninPp
sOnictunnwithperCOOin0ingOrtairbeOWthedpOintOr
TFnrQarOtOSOintheprObkmOOndensatiOnin
supSctCnSTtSOthatupOneXpanSiOntO
thQdesiredMacFnmberLtsPtictempratueWieabOhetem
pSuOrrOnditOFOrupeCingThiapprOaChIurn
0 OubmimpracticacaSeOrthehitempeatrereqreentSFOr
ampmWithaUFdpOitLuFOrSuperCOOingwOudcOrepOnd
tOaStairtemperatureOrFIrthoccursatMacFPOLhetOta
tpIatrerQqirawOEdbeuFAndrCOSmhereqiedtOta
IqpeatrnWOEdinceaSeVeryrapidywithinceaingMacFnuber
ThOOndPPprOaOhistandthisisthenllprOCndurm
EqipmtPrdngaiOdewpOintntebOrhOOdOrIuOFi

e
s tFam uuF is ne ibF Since COmdeSatiOnispresutOral
cOmmSiayPaiabeandnOteSivmAtFOghthisdis
buipmOuaOdrOptsiNdum0earcOsiOnSis StEic te ikey tO eXisn superOnic
COnSideraby
ObiuSyprCeSSTEsFsbeidbyperient tunnesLhSOnlngSedisthPttFeactuaamOuntOrWatmrinthear
lnPtunwithPsectiOnCOndenatiOnhPbe3und
atsdewpOintissOSmhatectsOntunnewcOnditiOnSWOud
tOremain10WuptOlOrperCOOlinlnePr Lndquist bQnegibeniritdidcOndene
repOrted F Or Su hgac00inmrateOF TdpOint OMr paSnthrOuaupernic wind tunne
cause cOndgSatiOP is a tidep3dt prOCmSS and mOre time is thrOuacO
nOrmy mOnitOred passmg
rqedai0raeretunndsthgSunsdgna mOadpOint mntat atmOSpheric pressurQIrcOndQnSatiOn i
thQSamirupSingtOerabliunnehamin SuSpeCtedanyniant amOnt OrCOndnSatiOn Can nOrmy be
SmaEtunne
1 1 1 1
dntaby thmEtaneOSmeaSreent OrTF

pressurririhechbnra00Wtube

8 CH bl l l 1
WitFitsOPengdPcinmintOtheaireasseintFetestsiOd
astatiCpreSgreinttsectiOnrcOndnBtiOmhasOCCurredbePre
theairlehesthestsectiOnairahOpdOrapitOtprObewiubQatp
tOtapressrebeOWbSdwiudedrOpHetsOrWaterUpOnStrikin

thQprObehOaimmpQraturQWirtOtOtaempmraturthnWat
drOptsweapOratendcOnSeqeythpitOtpreSWiErisetOb

Ul 0
thOait wOd hpvm bQ3WitF nO COndensatiOnThSthQ ratiO
eraly SFOWnO nicantctOrCOndOnatiOnOntFOthOr
gFasOmmmQaSaOntwa10ratnneltest

J
SeCtiOn COnd3SatiOnaprQ0ynOtedCOnSeqCenty
btWnthatiOSOmaCtmeasur
entSandOmprOuSyddOpedwreatiOnSaybmanindicatiOn

OrCOndentiOn
E Fi unPctiOmThNd Pr Hmin
namannOrthatpaEsthOgndSatiOnOrmOisturQinanaiream
00U8100 00
COOdbeOWitsuratiOnPOintcOmpOnentSOyt
StagatePeratUreR
WFemtheprOpemrEeandprnSSureCOnditiOnSaremetWeg
ROPNgivehnCOnditiOnSPratratiOnaS FU MachnurheOanquiiECOndensatiOOraF
gu

IIl

llll
Wherebprneatmnd
tepmratureR
aFesPmeqarOpOttedinFigLUWhereissnthat
iquePctiOntrOubesigFtbOeXpeCtedtOStarOCndrFigh

llll
lltl
pressure air expanded POm rOOm tempmratumatFOugh sOmnWhat

Jl t lp
EgherMacFnmbermaybeSedwitFOEdiirthQStagnatiOn

pressure iOWeredTFe cOnditiOnSrstatic saturatiOn prOSted in

llll
FigUhavebegSedrsayearOdeQdgntOmperature
rp30mic wind tnneSecentwOrkby DaumRmPUFa

l
Ill

indicatedthahuiredtnpmratrmSOrFiarOqQb
VYOrwindtnedeignarticaryattSiOnpJQSurebdOW

lltl
FOWSaCOmpariOrXp3my

drminiquePctiOntempQratureSinwindtnnWithstatiC

ratiOntemperatureStFOuarangnOrpreSSreSThedatPOrF
Fabeeninterpretnd tO indicater exampeFaiqtiOnW
nOtORuratMacFnuberstOuwithtOtapressreSO00psiaand 000 N00
StattPeratrR
tOtempatureS abOeat Mach nbers t0m witOt
prnSSeOrApsiaamdtOtaemperaturmsabOVu00RndatMach FStatpSuadtraturnthCtiOnSOrW5dtunnenO
nmber0qwithtOtalpreOrpiaandtqtaempratureS EbnningOuntiOnrrOpRePuePctiOnORurS8Q
abO000R tFOSOidiFP





tJI

05
N
Fig141McthodsofdetectingliquefhctionorairinahypersonicwindtunnelNoliquefactionourSattemPeratureS

tJl b
J tlJ

n lD

6
lO

l

J

JRisingstaticpressure

b
h

O N bl

b
l
Sl

Ul
b
l


AQCibrat5n MOdEquatiOnOrnOSnr
ngttuctuationsinpitotpressureassnOnOSCill0SCOPetraCe WmprOntuAXthk
Sampm datP POm mnaSurnmentS that may be made IO deIeche
prnCmOriqgtiOnaeOWninFigLTheprOCedurQOWed
inObtainFgthesQdatPWaStOhQOgrevey
WEQhOdinthePPandtOnOteawhenthQ
rurbwhthebant01170r
whthpitOtpreSSurnbent
FethreeethOdOratnWeEthOughthestatipreSSremethOdis
lmatSTFQSupSngreSusthatcOnideabiqiOnha
ntiaEy nOnct Om tFe nOrmaTrce andhinOmmnt COet
CntsOrapicaOddAGADMOdepFigLirthedatre
abyusthOMachnmberdrmdaempStureSF
FaHngpitotpressure

30htOaVOidiqPctiOnTetOrthe mOdelwereadeencOm
paSmgatSperaturrangemFtO00Fganda
OnprmSSCreOrPbOuOpmysmaariatiOnSWer0Gnd

AtFOgFwedOmOtCaimthahQabOdatParmaincFSieL
parBFatsOmedatamaybQSaytakenwh3iqegtiOnets
mtFeOtherFandncQdOubtstsispreabtOaYOidiquegtiOn
WFenpOSThn OperatiOn Ornm hiSpea tunnes at

abveHgonurVeS
tempSturOSOWOutOaEOWiqmgtiOnithXCQptiOnrathertFa
tF DaumWOkindicatesthatwiEbepOSSib00peralea
tpSOnSiderabybeOWthOWFicFhaybeenacceped
aQqtOadiqggtiOnartuaryirthnaiStreamCanbQpt
QOrparticlQStFatmightactaneircOmdensaiOndrOpTFQ
SiiamcQOrbeiabOrunCOdQrWithOiquQPntiOniesintFO
CapabyOrOperatinmanubSatPir
tmeratrm
SeDSRtiOrnOgCatErndnEOnOrCOncients
 2 gj
TFQrnquiredaccuracyOrwvarithIheIypeOrIesIIObecOndCted
Cr p WFdumm
MOrrandWintReecOnSidSdanveraairpaneOd
TibratnOraWindtnndcOnSiOrdetemlntFe
anddsedthOWnCriteria
andOrYariOSwparaeteinthOmtObSed
mOdeingThepar2aasictOanyWindtunndcaibaIiOna rrOrSinda0bemSSthapC



rrOrS in pitchingent ShOud cOreSpOnd10eshanE
e

intaisettingtOtr
OrCOndemsatiO iquePctiO rrrSimcentQrOrpreSSurSitnshdbeesstFanrCent
ExperiCeOeheyearshaprOVthaFenOetOtsecnPOW WgmeanperOdynaicchOrd
OrairinwindtunnemtFeOWSubnictOthOpersOnicrangecanbe
hOCritQriawOrkOutaSPHOWS
CnSidewFenwavnS OrWaterYapOr
OrliQuePctiOnOrr ThisPcthasmadethObOrthWindtun
CibratOrmuCheasierrsFOCkCOndensatiOmndiqePnIiOnar
r
bOdaryayerchandIO prguradisarQCOnSideredlt
avOidedandisgtrOpicwistsacFieedFetOpressurQinthet
d3OphaheOpercemterOndJagCOrreSpOndIOapreSurQ
SeCtiOnisaO thecOrreOndinYauewnthairisatra
adnt OrOOONat1 ndtOP000uat thadientbeing
parantetcanbmmeaSureditFatiSeinthewFdtunn
S expressedasthechimpermdnenTheabOegradie
COrreOndstOnumberrapprOXatey percentOr
tFOnOmiMacFnumbepemOdeh
tFeratiOSOrtOtapresreandtempeaturntOgmqantitierenqu
2nctiOnSOrMacFnumbr CHMOMTThe30rinpitchinentaresOSy
OnCOSinmCFPmbercOmditiOnSareknOWmu
theibratOrhahnChOiceOrmnaSumamyOnQOrlFeIesseCIiOn CFanei1ahetaiL
CeRMSApercgtSEEBCemterOresgre
parametersinOrdQrtOdeneOthersFeexistencQOrthchOicOis
tunatn because byseingpparaeIern piculaSpeed pOitiOnWOrkOuObeadientOpercennMachnberper
gdyh
raneSneCanObnspereSSaSWOhaEdCSSinChaptQS
TOmeehnSeCriterFthOMacFnbenthteStCtiOnmStbQ
PPmdAsOnOmpedirRhOdOreaSimghasbeemd
ChpaamrPOCityStatictepeurmandMacFnumbe
mtOabOuercentatandtOabOuercent
atandthOWdirectiOnuStbeunitlEIM
U DesrplnOW tenneeraCCeptw varnOrdObe tse stated abOV
bgaisdidObettnr
easupersOnicwindtunneltlSmWFat
WitFbOththeOdeObetetedandtFetypmOrtetngeneOnQis E EIOrEdrS F Mgrhm
juadinrequirimmFierwq8inatunneObOSedrresearcF
TOprOVideanindicatiOnOrtFeathOnOrMachnubVariatiOnStO
ascOmparedtOOnOepymeithercae
CaibratiOnaCCuaCyerctgawequatFnhavebeendirgtiated
isOSSgtia WitFrespecOStaticpeSurandpitOtpreueWtheOWng
FOW iregEarities arism in aperSOnic wind tunm a pOOr
rnSts
mONN COntOur0COndensatiOnOr OistureOmlgOra
PTFeOrFdrnMachnumberObIainabyunIic
OrOm eCeSSVe OiOrdustinthe aireamCOrreOnOrpp00r
prmrPndtOtalFead8Vgby
nOQCOisdiutbEapprOaChabebytOit
SOueWe Fam discd thO prObOmS Or mOistrQ COndemsatiOn I

SiOnandiqegtiOnSectiOmyStnOrl

u
N






eitFeOi0dcOntOrtFegwFasbeend3OpmOrdOWe
OStF00Pr30CaturdnEOn
FaCCeptanCeCria


eOrindeIermininmMacFnGmberObtainedbynmpitOt Rard MHdLmvtiOm Or SpOntangS COnd3Fn30
DThSCrplnsttQOrThn0OgyLP
prnurQandtOFeadismlemby

01LukaicNEctOrAirEuFSup30nWindTu2
1 ylunmh
LquistRt ExrnWOkatZOLOCOnde55On in
COmprgibmFOW68psiOSePrChrNPADCLy


u
u WerOnThOE3mgtmviatiOnOrHypersOnicOWNa
OrpnbbOratOqOPOrt
TFQ SOr in dmmng dynamic preObtaimby uaLDaumAFCOndgSPyrWTunm
measuredtOtaprrmandcaibratedMacFnmbnrisnby u
FEMOrriandWFRqUnirmiOrWFSu
h SOnWFdTnnAENAOrONu
ll ggpqhSq3ganbFgCOrpOiO


q
pNP
TOCarystiinOribratiOnaCCaQtOaldataaccaaStep
therWOEdbOneCeqtOCOnidtFOOrtFQ
pnSmmaurnmymaIiOdetmminQWFat30IOprOdCnd
bySay a POTinch errOr inmanOmetmr readingTFispSnnCmS
becPSe Ortheeat dir3Cbetwmem nitdn Or Statand
i

pitOtprOSSurOpeViOuSlyindicatedbutmOtamgabr
b
thePndamahapressur easinr tO mQaSEO than
Sgicpresrn
RnrgC
AnS58rChStaEqu0STand CCOprOSOFOW
2mpOrt
N CScrnHmigOPOrMOddgkpgOWFdTuEdtMach
2ubOrSutOPAEDCZuP
U AOniOhqTMgiEpn
COmpa
HOrnSchtinpqgThMcGrHi1OkCOpp


u hOSCSindggrtOnmAmOdOrCngndPqgr
OrOh PIHySOmic MghZub3AEDCASTADRu
ADNOS
HMWdJhankNOndgCcuatiOnOrTrbuntgupq
3OpmWDiNNrSCniOWindTu
AEDCT2uU
CFOhnn1ilaCEOndWaynODckn
QgEcIOnHyNOCOrWilhPMOdOrCcuOn
ZASANC
ChbrndLChChOmthatnaeOWOrOpsTh0PubO
WHExchgmgrChiact0epu
 beqqr
andFCemuStbeOptimizedPrthaypeOrteStUnderuChcOnditiOnS
CFapter twO itisprObabhahesiNnOpratingramandYnrSatiiOrthetun
WirrtedsOmeWFatHOWeerudesiginFunnesOnmade
mFatnaSierbecaSnSOmeOrthemrdsiOnredigthedesign
ar0bythpeCialcOnditiOn
nOrdiscussiOnWe1assumethaherQarenOCOnditiOnSipO
OnthedesignOrthetunnXCeptttthedredOperngMachnuber
nOrintermittent rangQisknOWnSdthReisaimitatiOnOnCOStOurdCSSiOnWnOt
bQ8petrdant tOthm CaSn WhenO SpeCiacOnditiOn is
bOWdOWntunneS
t
OmcadecisiOntObuildatunereaChOneOrtheOreipOrtant
tasksisdgtOputitildigSOrSOme0tarerequdr
Gen
eryWFdtunne1andthesecaCOStPOmaSiNabeCiOnOrtO
TFmbasicprObenthQdOranyESpeedwindtunar erharthQtOtalcOStOraWFdtunneepedFgOnthetypeOrbding
aWFOSeOrprOYiding SitabQdCtWOrkandPOWCOmtrOdicestO maOuntOqpenhatmStbeeterwhetherOespacmistO
enshatairwEpasstFrOuthetesteCtiOnOhetunndaFe beprOVidedtheaOuntOrOrSPaCeauOWedrawOrkarnaadPr
desirwcOndiliOnSGOingOnetepWeCamSaythahe SmtpSheatOrOrSpaCeaEOWedPrcOntShetyprequp
M mtandinstrentatiOhOtypQandXttOrFeatingadaircOn
ditiOnFandayOtherPctOrCOmOntO buingdeslhe
perSndamdtmamFtsiNeandrntim enneerCand a bildFmuitaberEtnhSPaed the
rOremgtenOhtOaVOidcOndatiOnndnOtO aninmmXprnceOrSeeingaargepOrtiOnOrh
OidiqCePctiOn imsteadOrtune
ewaysOrS01vinesOprObenbasictyprWind
lunmdsbOWdOWnindrprVaCumand cOntimdOThn 0stpbihi tFMimum AOWpEe O rSur
OWidiSSiOnOrtSndidividedaccOrdingtOtnndpe WhgtheMachnumbersatwhicFthetnnestOOperateareknOWn
intFOOrdeistedabOVeWiththediCuSSiOnOrtFebOWdOWntCnnd tFOminimumpressreS atWhhOperatiOn is pOSSibe ahese Mach
inthischapterTFOariOpesOrWindtnneFavmmanyCOmOn nbersareObtaedSmgFigLNuSFcethebOWdOWntun
desprOblemsandinthesubsmentdcuOnOrtheOtheypmOr mder discSSiOn eXhpusts tO tFm tnnel exit pressurQ i
tnneCeismadetOthediscussiOnOrbOWdOWmtndswher nOWnandthQinimmaOWabeOperatingpressureiseasiydeter
necnSSaqtOaVOidrepetitiOn minabyusngaratiOOmtherelStrOysuggestedtham
inratiOOm FiNr determnng miniuOperatig
N Di n OrInterminmt OWdOWmnnS
prnSrQSuOmeSethe tOpOrthe bamd raththan the middOWer
A11hOgFsOaiatiOnimarrmentQpOeFeintermittgt
partOhQbandOrbetter yethOnOuSea urQNupercgtgrnater
bOWdOWntunnFiNycOnSistsOrpbasiCCitO tFanthatahetOpOrthebaThmdenerrtunWhOSedata
pSOrrstOratankaatiOnpremCOmtrOsystsi WitFinthQbamdwerOStmgrperatingOciCyndisdOb
andmXhaThnNimgOrCOmpOntSandtFesdectiOnandmatcFing tFattheniitiadcandObetterThecOnStruCtiOnOratunnelthatwiE
COmpOmentagOpOrtiOnOrthesciencrbOWdOWntunndd nOt WOrk becau0uciet COpreatcam be
ntFedOrPbOWdOWntnneeatyinencedby eXpQn
ltOthetunnedgnQrandcanreqrextensiveand
SpeCicOnditiOmFOreXampeSOmOmCOmpOngtagiding OdimcatiOnS
h lrthedesiMachnumbesbeOWthOWnimitOrthebandin
FNuminiCOmpreSSiOnratiOOrNssugStdesh

J

 bqaq

neadOaOrIhOiNOFPnadThispOYidQItimOintm
pGSeSTheselnhiscpeSSiOnratiOdSpurpSS
wEcFcanCatecOmpntunninsatiOmacOpWith
insteadOrmeOWerratiOWillpChpbPFOrIhebOWdOWntnme
SimatedcOStIrtEStimatisessthanheFsaaiabFhQSpy
bybamOnt
ectsatettiOnSiNeandgOeSthrOghthQCOpltun
Omchminimumpue103uesgtOqOpeatiOnahQ
instaatiOnCacEatiOnSaSeCOndtimntOObtainasecOndQStimaCOSt
desMachnumeeSIabihedhGndgnQmWishtO
nthismannOrhewiarriveptatnnesiNeithtaYaiabe
cOnSidmrhirOperatingpruHWeertFipOinnthmd
nOpOiIiOnIOdOObecaSrlhmSyramiatiOnSOrOpSting AwOrdOrWarnngapprOpiateatthipOintTh20teStiatnS
0dbethOrOandcare21yObtainedbnCauShSismuchnqp
pres50nhnd0cOmpOnemhaIFPY0yOtbeencOnidSd
tandOmmanysytinPthebaictnndcircuit
A Dmimi tFn SiOre whrereqisatiPctOryurthmtunandwhichcanaccunt
TsizgrthnWindtmnIiOnperhaphnmOStbaiCdecisiOn
lrthecptetunC
thnnddgnnrmuakOWiIFrnC0Awindtunnd Rmimes
cOmpOnentSmbeshnndra1y
TdnruntimsnOralydrmined Om COnSideratiOnS OrthQ
IargeheleeCIiOnehecOrghcOmpOnentand
Q ad amOnt Or da eireddnga1Yenrunlnturnhi
ncIhnCOpeIQWindlnWihinreaablecimitatiOnS
dQpdsOmWhOther prOSrQ OrPrcOteStSarOtObQmlnpreSr
ttunengineSywanIsIIhOtestsin
teSpureOiernnOrma1yinledatvariOuCatiOn
wilhIhmOnmyhQhaYaiabLagQOnSmpkpOSSib0
inthesurPcOrthewindtndmOde1COnneCtiOnarQmadetOthesQ
argandSlymOrymdLmOdermrQ
ri OriSWithxibbesthatruntOtheOEsidOOrthunndOutsidO
tFetGnnthbesarecOnneCtedtOmanOmterSOr tOmOtherrm
OrpreSurmeaSingdceWhichIhOpreSSrnSarereCOrda
mOdesurehQrWihaCiaIedIubintOndiYid
InthtypeOrtiantamOntOrtimSSruired
purnOmninIruensideIhnTheyarmmuCF
prereahemOangdcetOtPgiZOaheOriepresure
SinWOrkOnthamsaEmOdandthisbythOWaySem
t

impOrIanlecahep30ninwFdInne0kwhOhaIhland
patieOraLnWrkigWithYeryamaniSisrare
TuarenOrmaEyquitQSlbecaeOrOdelsiadah
indeedWhichianimptantparaeterWithrespect
rstancelOaiwidpedAsthepressaheOimandat
tOCOrreatingwindtundaIramdewithhtcharactristiS
rdceapprOaCFghOthehepeSurediia
increasnindiIeClpOp0iOnIOmOddsiNPWilhlOrthOn
airwdnCreaSnSWiththeSEFameauredpIeSreapprOaC
makingIhelunaaapOibeiappOpiaIthatS
thripressureWhgtheOripreSSureis10Wr
gdsiantwOrkFPSbegaCCpedinwindtswitht
thanlhmeaSredpresurhesIabiiiOntsgreatehanwhen
sectiOnaSSmapsncharn
treYerSQtrueWhieIhQeaSuredprQSurQiapprOaChingthiQ
sppprOprgOSIaleIhearenIthsabest
siOnActuapgairppyandagVruntimhart pundesdiiaaVaiabeWhespeciYOumeOr
ReymOdnmbe0ainedbyIheetSeCtiOnandthn airimthQmeaSurindcntingeatnrandnceanincreas
umrwidquiabiiiOnThisnctOntabiiiOn
avaieExceptwhgaRnyds
tincrOaSnSrapidwithpressurmSlnebOWdOWn
nmbQrisOecriteriOnheargum3sagainstemOSaEnOSS
tunnetwOEdbeeIOdependOnpeurObEiOninesthan
gpbOareOYeWhdmingbabyIOralunneceith
rOndswithasystOrthepndescibedThisamimpOrtant
siimspitrdgninginthcasehepressure
specingruntimQerentOrcOrSeithaartun
hQpOSSibiOmdIhepOSOdOrSOphcatiOnar
nGmOgtOOWdrmimatiOnOrtherpWindIunthptcambn 1
btwpCiamOrmnyCntaCtinthnrpewith
lnCmOdesusuaEyaItachedtOaStainebaance
windIunn0heewanObdhumdCangetP
h barb
murentOSugEesttmOdeariventFOFanmQ COmbFingeqNUandNwehave
OritudeswithrepeCOtalamtOObtaineCOrdOrPrcOSand
mOmenasaPnctinOetimeredtdOtEsirjurS qg
N
u
dQpdentOnthedriYQmeCFaniFeaneOrinteStndthOea
rPP EqNthgbecOmeS
iS8yreqira 3PN
causeOrtFndarecOrdingtimeeqredcQgdpru
gNJPN
a

Ne
imimuruntimesOrNOtOsecOndArunIimeqrmenlOra rtwratebeinCacuatedisrasubsOnicMachnumbereqNis
eastuOsmCOndatePCFMachnmberiprObabyrSOneartiary alatedbySingthe CtiOnMachnu COjunCtiOnWiththe
PEspOFmthOdesLaterdetaiedanalysesOrdatarecOrding tOtammperatmandpeSelrthOwratObeingcuatndisra
trumentatFnandtRiqendOrtheRdivemecFanismayreSuF SpeSOnMachuberisSycOnVenienOmakethOCaatiOn
inachaninthQetimatnOrruntimeeqQmgt at thQ WhnreMachnubernqaSP FOhiscaseQq
ebecOeS
NCCim AFOW Res 0JN
TherateOrwOraith0hthetunneOneOrtheprimayCOnid
atiOninNnbOththetunneandtaOCiapentls snOtedthatbOWdOWntunndsinvaripbOpeatnataneSSentiauy
CCatedasPlOW COnStStpeSuQdineaChrunThmpaqprPOSeOrthisOdr
UA N OperatiOnist00btaastgdyWrebgrecOrdedThus
ttOpressueStObeedinevaFatingnqSNeandNarethe
WremaSPOWrateOrairSFg mimmOWabeOpeatinmpreSreSdeteinedan SiOn Nu
1adensOrairSu TarQaatthQthrOatOraSuperSOntunnesOrCOurSeObtainedPOmthO
qVeOCityIsep teCtiOnaradtheratiOOrteStSeCtiOnareatOthrOatareaJ
ductcrOSeCtiOnaarea 0nqOrTab
FrOmequwitFweget
CC Rm
PN1
TheeawOWaySinwhichbOWdOWmWFdtunaQCutOmaiy
WhichWiththeequathOnOrStatbeCOmeS OpStedith andwithcOnStantmaSWFOr
cOnStantqOperatiOnthnOnycOnt0necearyapeSueeguat0
3PN 1hath01dthestagnatiOnpnSureCOnStantThQtagnatiOntemPerature
saccOrding thestOragank3r
WhmrnSCOnantLsecNR
shOrtmaSSrunSappOaChiLPrunSWiththerma
a
tOtapressureLb
massOpenCanSphereRcimthetank
tOtaemperatureR
FOrCOnIanImarunSlhestaaIiOntemperatureutbehedcOn
FrOmeqewithwet
JPNl
rnninglEObtainedEvenOrimpOrtantecOant
FrOmeqSandWet IempeatureOrthQCOnStantarunketheReynOdubeCOm
StantSincealdurigarunisquitecOmOn withOut heat
qI13 additiOnhiaSubstatiapOint
1 1
 be1b
3hp
g
AssmngLhg

uUJ IJ

pOytrOpCeXpaniOminthestOratank
g
aerthatknmphe
Ppe0hatkpFOprOSrOCOa
mOhaSSinthOdCtWOrk
ienIrOplCeXpaniOmmthetlingchambeOthetSeCtiO

RnaItankpressur
Initialtankpressure pi
and

b
g
Pa303tumn

JuN
l
WemayprOCeedtOCOmputCntime
TheratmOraSSwtrOttndisiYenbyNSFg
thQprOdtOrwratmandrntQeqtOtheChangQOrminthe
tankWeget

ru
W
rumtiemC O u O P O O P O
tOraakY01u
and2bscriptgOtimitEcOnditnnthankanddgOtmS
NRnti0rbOWdOWntunncOantaSSOratiOn
cOnditiOSFtOtPnk
FOapaOnOraEnthQtank thntOtamOunt edndthOhmStOra
wEc rFthrisSed
tankFrOmprminarydataisappearsthat3mbQimatedOm
FirindritpnksrwhicFThSaFram0m
rtkstnndsOr tOWardand WithatstOragemat3an
TatiOnOrStatyiTheruntimQisthg
ttankitapprghQSihrmabEquatinNmaya
dwit00daccuaycOmpressrnunSinwhiFthn
EqNestherntim0rtheenecasQOrbOWFdOWmk
undnrCOntantaSpSeCOndcOnditiOnS
ThmaXrnti00bviOOCCurWhSaminimumNOte
thahndOenOtCOntinntihankpressdrOpStOthO
nOn pmLbE rathOpWF3thO prOSSn reaChmSOmn
EghruQWheOtmS theOSSeSinthmdCtWOrk

J I 1
lumSeqNnpaichaObepOttedinFi FNVyaPPrOatharngpOytrOPCeXPOnaOrpgS55
thanOrThprOpmruQO tsdripPnctiOnOrthOratO pimindralprertOragkLngdhpt

tOtaempSturSSnCetFespprOaCFthecOnStantmaSSt
tlCmptetuntimabOWdOWnWindtnn
witFthnOWSpeCaliOnSsectiOnyNimch
aiSI0a000psiganFTFStOagetSkhaheat
Sinkmaterianit
FrOmFiNuascientstartpreSatiO
UUAisgtOWiuXsia
AreasOnabedandrQatOrvepressuOSS11Nu
cObeuOpercedinguusia
UFrOmnqtFearatiONuisP
SstitnginWeFaYn
guunS
AcaatinthmdspngtunnerntimSW
1
CanreadiycEate theaOdntOraiObeeddnmarunatmF
dMachnmbeThdOn mV dSahQ inPrmatnWQnd
drmnmIhOSNrIaippyytFOWnYQTe
COrreated with the required qGenThOSpeCiatiOmOrthe
quencyOrrunSinitemwith
rthebWdWntS1ghighSniandW
supersOnCSpeedcFinMachnmbOrSyrequirycFange
imOpeaIirOSObecaOn0Sayedthied
rangTheCFanreqrkratrVaV
astmCOnequeneiaynOtimQiequichan
betwerSWiIEEs00rOpSIiOnlh3aIIwOemOpOSSib
iIiesedingIheairplycOpr0and stOragankOne
pOSSiiiIyi10akeIcOmpr0andraISksOrSgFp
thEitudtakeFOShecOmpIeSOrtOtFmaiStOa
tgkandwh31hanksweheaiStOredwdbdQq
mPkOperhapadONnrunnpOnFOrperiOdWitFthisarrang
menunOpSIingp30mWdbObCyWithttestdn
heIFO0hedayWdgFOmOddchangaandrdythe
XIseies0uminpapsranhOandwdbQOtr
wOrkdngparmOparrIhdayThetFnrrpSSibigwd
beIOmakehQCOmprnrndraIankrSCFphthO
raIamkWdbeeSia1yempieddnOnanditwd
9
taknNOOrminutestOrthQtanksWiththisarrageethere
wOudbecOnSiderabliedurigWhichOperatingpersOnewOudbQ
idnbutrundbadeataytiedurigthnday
IrthebOWdOWntunnessupersOnicinsteadOrtrSOicaChangelna
mOddOranthewindtunnOsrequdbetweenruns
excOCCaSiOeynOdsnmhdiesGeneaPSers
OrrunSisadQptOneMachnbrandthentheseriesOrrunSisr
peatedahenMachnberWiththtypmOrOpeatiOnthetiQ
reqedrchagPmOdeandgettinmSetupgtheXtrunisusy
abOutNOminutThetietOChagnOmOnQMachnubeOthmne
picaEyYarSuinteSOeSmOrethananhOurdependingOm
thQdOrthenOeassmbyrchanginmMachnuberTOObtain
thmaXimumutiatiOnOraPcityOhtypeandtOhaeCOnuOu
OPeatiOnChOreS POperatim perSOmhQ COmpreOrand air
StOraetankShOud beOrSuChasethPhQPreSSuretankswi1be
pGmpedupandreadyrthenextrinabOutNOintQOWnga
rnThistFereasOnngSuyOWedbywindtneesners
HOWenrinOtpartiayOmdedbecaSeeaChdesierShOud
haeagOOdknOWedge eOrtne eratiOnheis tryigtOt
andshOddesignaccOrdingy
CO ressOrpndum
TrOareVariOStypeSOrCOpreSSOrSthatcOEdbnuSedrpupnm
pthQatanksOrabOWdOWnWindtunnerbutbythQt
quentygedtypethrhereasOnSgeneralbmg
nCOnOmyandcOerCiaavaiabityinaySiNeSPtOnCOprOrS
CanbeObtainawithtagQOrCOmpreSSiOnrprOVidinguptOabO1t
igrdihargmprrWittagSOrCOmprnSSprOiding
ptOabOutOrdihapreSuradwithathirdstageOr
COmprnSSiOnrprOVidingstEhigherpressuFOramlVenpump
CapaCitytheeisaakeddirgCmbetweBthsingStaand
thatOrPdObStagmCOpreSSOrPStbeexpected
Arcuatinmtheminimuma10WablQOpatingpeeach
MachnmberptwhichthetnestObeOperpdhunndesigner
CankahOqCirOpQratingprQSSuret
SdSuacantqukywhetrheigOgtOreqErePSmStagOOr
PdOubgecOpr0ThnairOrapreSSureandcOnSequey
sibnpgdinmOnthecharactercsOrthOntsysteandthe
SQOrtheairstOra tank reatie tO the mass pOW Orthe tunnA
 q 3

l
tnnedWdcOnSidmg5Orthimat0yirhi g8
minimreqiredOperalingpreurWeeOntheOrCrOSOY

J
m P SintO a Csidy m0m mXpSivm dOubStaCOm
prOramdthBnyirtahQOpernb

werQcOmpatOttnnddenThe

TimetopumpEpPerthousandcubicfeetofpressuretankrnin
OrisqeythecaQWh3thnntOCOVmrEar
ranOrnumbFOWMachmberheprnSSrmSrui
OperaIiOmarOWbIhm0etFIiargP AMachnubR

inceahQprqpStiOmincQaSmbtNNO
thrOatdecrQpinanPaIPmOrapidrPwiththmrQhthe
mPSSwrOqrenar30yOWthehestMacFnmbnrP
ncpeSSOrgreadOrheatiaddEtObythOmpiOn
pOCeSSauSQOrthi WaterinOrmayratOkmepthQ
tempmrateOrthQWOkin parOrPny abQCOmpreSSOratanaCCQpT
yOWVlnmiIagecOmpeOrSCingwrisaOuSa
kSlnrdetakeaytheatadddbyStr
cOmpnSSiOmbehirehstThii

HrcingwaIernqagmCOOintOWmmaybQ
eqed80mgWiIFPSSOCidpipingvingandpupinOdeO
S
lrathehamwatnthec0ingwatrthecOmpreSi
irthubricatinmOielstO0OWOrirthaiscFargOprrnstOO

hilSSydrabtOprOecOntWhichwsht
tcOmpreSSOrdOWnWnttOragkrOaChQSitsdesprurO
andwhicFwi1sIhpreOrbPCkpWhenthQtgkpeSSE
0 0 N O O u O O
belOWmQimF HnditiOn tO thO PbOVQr a cOm PrUederePS
peSSOpmOIOrCOnIIeiyImqitchinmtha
FiNu TFOpmpdadnaevaF
PmOnOrdectripOWeimtImlngthOmpIOrOnd
OA10rtFtrpmStbakenimtOaR0ntinarrnmmaSO
abcOStimatObmCathmpyrrOSgt OrtiOnOr TprmarydiVtaQOrthibstOnihahecarbOnOr
thmCOmpreSrCOSt tmrimbmOrthanthestrings
SmlamOntOrOinEprOCprntpCOnSidQrPbe CarbOnrnmSarOrmaypeCtOWrabOgnchperyearOr
sPtyFBrdandse3iurFmOCOrredin hOurdayOperOmndinthisCaSeWOEdhaetOberacedar
windlnndySl8SQOrtFiFPdiimpOrtannwFd PbOEuyP ThgenrnmSnmeinstauatiOnSmthavO
tndestOminimetthO Thm bPCndasquyasOVyOhOrrCOpreSSOrOperatiOn
indOtFianbakaFQCOmprOrCOmpreSSim COmpreSSOreratedataspecinmberOrCbicOraevd
apQminutQhetiQtOpumpatankanFiIiapeSSur10P
prurOmaybend
aJ1h

intOthiprurOCircisFHOW3raYnrynOmicOStth
StedrinCanbeaced CaaOFOrteOn rnWEcFdOnOtrire

N

Obricatn
 i3

1kmydOpEa0OrO101hiWhichmustbtOeiminatm
Wrpmptim
IhpOibiityOranaiTOilnXpOSiOn
COmprnmCsBe
aprOSSurepSP O AC001S
initiaprurepSau
Anarc00eSSuaEypOVided tOreOVntheheat OrCOpreSSiOm
mYOFmrpISra
OrnhCOpreSSOrThQarcOOkiaeySipOdevicQin
Inpr2OIhe2mIpthun
pFOOmpnpIimmSaIaiIdPhma3 whichthehOtairmthecOpreSSOrisOWedtOgwaWOCiq
thrOuOrOVOr tbes Or ppmAtypicaarcOOercOn
OnStantOinhdbacedwlhmC0ing
stsOrpStraiteCtiOmOargQplpeehapsNOuOdiaeterSOng
0eiaIcprSriIOppeaCic
withseraapipespaSngthOutheinsThesa1pipesarQ
etOrairraankarQOWninFigNu
maniEdedtOgratOaChOndandprOVidOanairwpassaThO
tlCOpulpPIipNtank cOOingwatngtSthtendOrtharppeOWSthrOF
psialOUSpia1mgaCOmpreSOrratedatC theargeppeadOVmhapsttcarythOairandavmSat
II
1itS
Tmub0EminetairppanaC9issipy
tedtOyngthOnr 00O

N



r

wherO1ratingrCpOrmin fd8
0
gair d
n

rpr5atCmprerinet u
1gPOnSttR

Poundsofmoisture
aimperreatCmprnSSinetP
CsinIOgeIherwiIheaSwtFOtFetCnm
Wan1ydYIhiOnOrppinmOring
time

1E

DewintFat
lOatmosphero

I O
pPdyIFmsOeCitimend

l
ECbtdtcOmprOrCapty

11
N800000
ArcPrgrpS
FOrySma1andpbWdWnWdtnnanOrdinaq
tiOnOmprnSOrmaygThesOmpreSOrSpledyr FMauaOuntOrOimlngnOSPhCairagrcO
dYeqeCOnOmicaphasndmainnAW
pSindctdtuWpSurQa

1

 93
COOed backtOJ CentOrthewaterwbQCOndensed Outr
theairiscOmprm tO00psiaamdc00edLhnmOueapOr
ntentOrtheairwprObabyberaCedtOlevessatisPctOryrhh
tunswithOt2rtherdryingFOrmOretypipeurnSadrinr
Ob0O WiequirananyQVentOitureSeparatOOC01ectwaterad
mwhicrwateraybOdradshOEbQinstaadOWrma0hm
anrCOOer
r
0 E Oilt
l0

I
O
OiersarnmeededinmsystShmyObviOupurpOOr
l

d
n kpinOiwithwhichtheaFC0eincOntaCtOutOrthOtemThO

U
mOpOrtantreaSOnPrkeepFOitOrthecOpeSedaiyteS
um
DewatFatl08tmOSere

l
Poundsofmoisturo

00ectOnWindOWSOrthenONZtQStSeCtiOnPndcaSeadetriOratiOnOr
83
theqiUgraPhs
SuyheOisaeChanicadeicethatprOVEQageatarea
upOnWhichtheOivapOrCanCOndeSeAsketchOranOiterOrthe

typSedibOWdOWntnsshOWnFFP lnChaer

theairisrcedtOpaSSthrOabedOrdesiccandyiagentinthQ

l
rmOran rmOrthedesiccantprOVEesaargm

I
rcOareaOmWEchOi apOr CamCOndnSQhndnSiccatSedinthe
OhnrWiaybethesaSthamtheairdrierrcOnVenienceOr

PciperatiOmJrerseEgchaberisprOEednepOu
N000uO00000
OracaCeanU80pOnd02ir
AgrcPrSUrP
0
a hOmeadQ
igNu MpOunrOituranph3Cairag
dtiei
piOgdc0tOdiateatrhpaa
COnSEeredThFO0rSeuSiZedaccOrdigtOthQairW
thQTitedOhgeppeTh00inWatnrPhearc00mr thecOprnSSOrhedccanthQrWhavetObere0dand
CanedwithanOiventOepacedperiOdicaybecSeitwi0eits
wOudtypica1ycOthQCuihatsuppiescwatnthe
mctivenesswhenthesurPcQOrtheganesbeBeCOeredwithO
COmprnSSOr
ThOpqatiOnaybnnSSarynVnqwwneksOrOyarsevn
C00inmthmediatamaVmS thecOprmOrSe3
OnthsdmPendFgOnthOuntOrOntheaireaingth30preSSOr
3puPOSmtucthetPStuOppOwhethier
AnOhnrOhypeshOWninFiawi1sereaanectie
andthirdrierSectiOnandNcanbmctHtre
emperaIurmOrpipinYanSandOthercOpOnbetwnthOgm mOireparatOrrcOEectinthewatnrdrOptscOndgSedOutbythe
ar80erWatWnaturaEycOmCtFthQCaVityahebOttOOrthQ
pandIherstrtanktpintwh3theeis
bnOpe0nethmeqnmentOnValvQtOthepOtwhS
tQrandcpnbedraFedO
merCgveraththanhighlteperaturevnSaybe
SaItredCeSthVOumetrWeandthusthesOrOiFe
amdairdrrsbmtWe31hecOpreandIheIOrageIankIta
mOist5COntOrtheairatedbyFindN thiHp
rraIedaImOpheicaiaIFiCOpret0OatmOphSamd andtheaXiCOpreSSOrdischagPrureAmOnhnreaSOSr
h e


b10WdOWnWindtCnneldriersismOStawayseitactid
S
OrthQgranesisdrawnintOthepOreSOrthraEesb
tV
abOethObOiintemperaturQOrWater
P
ThOamuesadsOrbwpterapOrntihQpOreSareedtOapOintwhere
thntQrnapressureOrtheadsOrbedidinthepOrSEPVnntem
papprOphmSaSaiiheOrthevapOrinthe
SrOndinatmOSphQrmahesaemperatuP
WhenOistuQadOrbedbythedccantheatiibatndequiaent
tOtheatentheatOrtheadsOrbediquidplSanadditiO
aOuntOrheatknOWnathQatOthQSOrthetwObeing

lb

knOWnaStheheatOradsOrptiOnhisheatisdissipatedintOtheadsOrbe

typicanHatiOmaOut

itCOntainerPndthedriaai teperatre riseinthQdrdaina
reachainOrmOisture reOVed
pmrCubOtOraiatatmOSpheicpeenatypsytthi
amOGOatepeatu0eOr0OUOFduingOnndrygCyCe

Whiet3gmeeSSeSiPgebeievedthPtmOStSe
OFt
lD

thOaFmaWhiessecientthanaOWeeperatureSCanStdrytO
pOOrFwhieitFuiaisasOesssSCnpte


tO pOWdeA cOpaOn Orpingt ChaaCterCOraCtivated
auiandsiicasm1VenbeOW

b
Sugg0rOCapaC0nd
OrWaperpOndOrdccant ON POu

r SggedtQperaturO

JLJ
u o
FScharaw5gOrO

2

rCtiatOn

0t1
thperatiOrthOdrieahprerhahndn7 MaxitepatrnWithOut
daagO
hbrtdrieraIedCedbecSethnYOFmCwOr
rOuthrieanhenannrmySain
SphuF
bOWdOWntnnddrierWh01dmOreWatathierpeOrthe
V0pObemOddntFQmRFOdSyaimbOWdOWn DyypigranlnLb

O
windgmnehead0pIiOnmFOdinwhichmOiesc0ectedim
COinauquatitiemrPOund

cOndensedrmOntSPceOrPdRantThndesiccantd in




capaciOrPdrrmPybedrminedwhemthelOWlnarn
SpdathQdesiredOrthetunaFgthamOnt
rtbpathrOuthriebetweQnMndq
thea3mtOrmOireFthFen13mhedier
CemFasbeemdisS
iPSiOnOandimadiyObIainedaaPiOnOhQmgm
MacFnmberOrthmgiHtismSathatrardeSOr
thOdewpOineqedrcOndgSatiOnWthedriedbe
denedpOintEisnayandchmapyaped
andprOYideirsuitabrhiMachnmbersinthhahQ
Op3timgMachnmberranOrIhmgyisincreahQue
t
treCOrIheaIOSpherabeperpO02q
airthahetOtalOisIueeterhnCOpre0duracyce
g00lbThaOunI0aIerisnOIperInhe
ddesbtanerestiuretOCOpareWthere
handEbythedrierFO0C00iIhewaIervapOrCOnIentOr
thairisgbperpurdryaFNwhichyiedsatOOr
g00NOpOundOrWaleeterigIhedrierheaieaeS
thedieatFdewpOieeCOne31ssIhapercet
OrthatnhndIhahedQruStCOEectab9EbOr
WatedFgthecyceFOh80waIeObecOecIedbylhedieru

htwdbeQaOnabetOpEe80icagegercetOisturn
ThetOtaaOuntOraibQpaSSedthrOthedriertweenrna
tntOraCtedauFaeCentrecOteOr
tivatiOnCyCesiOrCOudependOnIheraIQaIwhichaispassed rpayaeCldrierwabwatercapacatF
thrOthedrrsandthebetweenreactnCyCesherateat dewpOrtheIFdewpOinIcOSEeabybeOWlhatC
WhichaispasthrthediedmpgdynthOpumpnm dSatFewahehesuelMachnuberheabOVedrier
CapaCityOhQPOmprkncPuaiQaYnhOCOmprnSSOrpaS paitytdequatebecaShedrcapacityi3aSedasthe
thrOuthedrierThetimebetwereaCtivatiOnCsisdbythQ dewpOeSpAIaFdewpOrrcanhOdabOhr
OrPci des5dlrthQPciityisdenedsOthahQ tieChmO1ueadewpO0F
COmprerSWOpQrathOurdPyandbeidtheremanmOur OrdiyeblOWdOWnunegneer0caedupdea
ngQCeOrtrWdbequirandthaWd aTdrrytIeadheghveaCOeCiaruPprFFatiOn
prCtiiOmdurinthQidhOuAlcOpOnSa
eshOEdbeiudedindrrddintheabOVQ CF
prOPnratiOnitwOdb8SOnablOdgnthdriQrhOurS
V
betwe3eaCttiOmCyCeLnthIhIheaCIivaliOnCyC Ct
gentwOuEstiepOSbetunthenextdayAOreV3atiQ
driersyObtaFedby1rdrierWhicFarespy
twOdriersarraedsOtFa10nedrieriawayeinreivaledwhilhe
OtrdrierbningedWithIwimIOWedi3heOpeaIinmQCe
deabythimequdrreactivatn
AspreviOuytedhQamOumtOrmOitueimlhQaimglhe
arcSeStiartFOCnditiOnrthirering
thOmprOrIrahewateCOnd3edOutOrIhirbyIhea
000etappedhenthemOuOntenOrIheaireinmIdie
yOnthetOWhicFthiscOmprnSSedand
thektOWhhEscedbythOgrcerFiAand
N
u

AsannXapOrmOrhandEngcacEatiOnSLetakePuSC
uSpiacOmpeSSOFandHnat0hCaaIFandpeCenI
ativehumiditywithanhOurQCIQbetweenreactiatiOnndwithan
F300hnatmOSphCdengdbthahOahr
handedugJuX1000bFrOFigLunWedthe FFNShatdrhighpuredrrsyste
 b
perIinen101ecOmpre0acOOerandIhedrieeandreactiY

aliOnCyCndhesuppimemdasyste DustpasgOughthO 00raPidbOWOROrdPSgrOCa
tunnd
W

AschemaiCdmgOypidimrSpnnFi tbingandrubbingOrdes8ntRedCe
whenitbecOeimetOreaCtivIhedier1hetwOvnhatagpem SiNOOrbOWORFQOraddacOnStrictn
dryngrarOdO1appngpeSIFediebedThipeSSurO N2gCOpreSSOmbingde
isrpsedsOWyIhrOaaavnaustigtOtheeOrthQ CamtAdd a13gtF OrpacOuSt
dap
buidingbecESerdexhEhrOargavecddathn
OrdPOintsataes ArcOOernOOrkadairenterdrr
desantbedOhrateandscreensupprtthnSiccantWh3
tOOhOtOWRepahraC81
1kmpreSrQhabeensaIhwOreaCiYaIiOnaivnareOpe
lmprOpmr rBCtivatiOP nheck rCtivatiOn
dasaOWertrmedOmtOCiraterOOmaiththnbedtOh
N
CyCe
Oisture that WbereePduringIhgIivaIiThisai
r20rWaterandeveyOisI

U
SuaEy OutSidhidinAhesa00tag
agdieDrainOier
1icaOWmrisuppiedIOCOicOppubingSbeddedinthe DmScatCOeedwOilCeanOrracO


dccateramdedperE0imOrt dmscant
cOpperCOsw11aihnpSIunOrtFedesiccanOatemperaturm
idestheheeateddieSdescibedabOVeeeisanewypeO
thatwcaSeiandtFirciatingthrtF
dnWaVabeharneuWWerS
bedwEcSylhiswale0GIWhemIhep0peeaCtiiOntmmperaturO
disarrandsOthatpartOrtheairdrEathpressur0nOnetOWer
isreachedQeectipOWIFOisiIunedthereactiiOn
iendedandmade1drandbedIhrOughthQSeCOndtOWertO
airbOWQristrnaandiscirdthrughtcOi
rennratQitAswitchinmCircitsendtheair0tOWeOtOWem
bdedinthaescanhiadyrOYhmhstOinthQ
NtOminte C Aeatly redCedaXimmectricOadLes
beddwhenthQbedteperatureisrnducedttFhbOrhOOdr
WOar On thedriermateindemainIenamcarnadanIaCaimed
IheaCIivaIiOmCyCOiCOmpgandlhediany
rthQneWtypeOrheatedrier
ThQmrdeviatiOnSreXisIingdriersymsmtSatia gkressS
yinIhemehOd0minheiccduigtheeaCtiiOn nSect5mwanOtedIhalairdiereaaysOpeed
cycehiayeampihabyppssngmtFthesOr aprQSSreSQanhdrdischarmaintheair
bypanghOIprOducsOrCObSIiOndiyth0thQ
StOragawhichwi1awaysbebwdespressurewhenthndrier
anatOaticreactivatiOn CyCObecaSO

Driersaeyd isbngussOQmeanSruiredtOmatainPhpressureinthe
isnOpracimSeCOnOmicndpOinOpOVidePperSOntO dierThiaccOpedbyabackpreevebeWnthedrr

mOnitOrhreaCIiiOneArgIivaiOnCyCnCaybn SdthOpFtOraetankwhiOhisautmaticaEyastitOmaintaina
upOnmQasiOIhghpinIhngIiiOnprOCnSStakpacO
rrerdeSOrthepresureinIheairsIOrag
appeCierivOSIaringIieWhenthiOnhSarQ
QIdgnedtObecOpaImiewiIhIhe
slglriIOpnIdIidamageihe3m COmprOrCapaCityandpreSurndisObInedcOerCiaEy
me11mdOnnOIwOkpOperyFOreXampeeargeaCtivatiOn
SmuStnOtbOW100pehepuQhPSba Ar StOr
thrOIhesa1ndricahingcOiluStbO TheraSpeCtOrdecEinOnIhQrlhearsOragelaksar
turnedOrthedeCIempeaueOhgIivOndiaIgO COVeedFSectiOnNONienayapOia
IemperareeXCeedpreSCibedu thdependentpaiyOnaSOWduriWnern
LikeanylypeOanicapariShtheidiutSIn athequencyOrrndesired
maSeStrOesmaybeOCaIedrapidypndcOriySO SipSSureatOtrnducmStratankpressuretO
icarOeamdIheiCaueSandcOriOnSarOnthQ tuntaatiOpeSreaChOWexIwiIhrespec0Orapr
Pcinmpe SureSiOnirtheavaabOCmPrrdischapreSSueScay

L

11


L
abOVetheaXimumtuntaatiOnpreSurluOuhahQ
WhSrHtnmperatreR
COrStOinPm33umbOrpOundOrairibIhenO
1prSSrb
mattWhahe prerthm hpermS rrmmSauer but
FiticOnditiOSinta
StrOmmeankP Hpres50rama50rSaOnCOmpr
ndESank
SiOnratiOstartinhunnhadantathQStandpOintO AchartshOWapprOXmaIevaues03ypiCitiOSis
dngtheairndmakpOeateunndanhighnrMach
prnSaFFNTheanknaInIePeraturesa
nberOmththerhand0themdpOintOrSaandmimimm
expanFnt0OWerpreeanassuedexpansiOeXpOnentN
aatiOn peratur dmgarGOWairagQpreSSurei
arnprtedFFiWhereaybeseenIhaIarOnS
advable
RaQpOSibe
SSuranksarmdbythiaandchemicandustriesthQy
ThiOpinstaiOnIemperaureaIheaaveIhesOraank
CaheeCersandaencyaYaiabeOna
CanbecOebOtheSOeacIIheMachnubeFthetestsectiOn
erbasF lm thmaEerestOAthnyarS
nCahachanbOudaayehickneScan
andaybemOntedhehOntareticadQpdingOnthQ
abancestaFreadican1yddOeChagQ
SpaCOaVaiabeanksquyprOVeSSeXpSivethQ RmydbeduinrSO2eeerejusttOeeir

argersiNSinmnCPSeSpeCialthstragQ
thetPeratredOpCaeredCedOrperhapCOpeeynu
upsiOrSOlpreSurpOrOgenCOntainQrreuSed
ObiOSyaheaterdSea01heIankcbedeedIOyg
ThetankshuEbQinstaedwSmeSOrtOrxibejOintbetwQen
entiayZerOIempeaIredrOPandsuchheaIeaeimese
COPreSSOradtaandirinstauedhOri20mtashOEbeOnaSt
pOyed
atthOWeStpintTFehdbQ Ortin
mthndainveOthardrainingnnCSSaqndeperehQ
aimthemetadIhQdOPSmChreduced1hecheapescansarn
rl
airbatWnOtikethepeSOnOpeatiIhQveThelakshOud
FF

bQpaitedbackinOdeainthQmaXiuteperalurmpOdCed
COmptethOutOrheaInedIObrIheapaed
heatingbySaSunSheOVehetankrathnhaJriskexcessivetank
andintpbendinIrthankisOutSidndpOSedtOdweather
Withp101hedeiperaueUsu
ObnthmPaemperat
acOmerCiasteambakntW SerVntOkpandinturnthQairFit
NSacansanddeIerinehOWmanycanbnpuhetank
ueapaCkinCOrO0dpercent
hetakshObeequippedwthatdnSedtO
uFrOmthepchOrlhealOhecaadIheIwe
ataprSSurenOeatnhgthQdesigmpressurOOrthtankSCha
OrtcansterincanIeperaIureFeequirednuberOr
discWhicFcg be Obtad cOmmerCiauyWl Sd aEOW
T1TliTrJrTJ1

dcharhe tank peSurO bethQ Iank pee CS becOQ

danr12Syhhinthee3tOrSOmOPnctiOn
hepynOteddeceaeimatiOpeaumduinma
unidetOmXpaniOnOhQaiamngintheIanksIOaOWnr
prnSSupatOheainthanksrOVat00pQatQthu
TexpanOrtheainthetamknOtanadipbapOCmSbecau
astheaepmratureinthetankdrOpSeastanSredmthewaEs
OrthmtanktOtheairTheresuEapOyIOpCnXpaniOnprOCgWiIha
VaueOrbetweenrOtheradradiabaticinthe
equatiO
113
FrOthequd2mberOIhOCanSureareaeru
tiandthehearancOenaumedequaOb1Iu
SecOpthebeweencanandaiempeatureeded
tOmChemSayhtrans
TexapnbeOWWseeIOustratethQOd
meE COpheaaieperaIrethecOnditiOn
descrdbeOWircansarQinIaedinIhea0aank
tamk0inaieperaIurR
iitiarereuOpsia runtieuOsQC
apreuOpia

N

SOeayheIOCuhndI0Ihay
 380

FrOmtFeawtheitialairdensisPbadtheinitia
UOS WnitOrairh3CeU
NFrOmeqNthnaemperatrnWOudbeRwithN
60 580 560 540 520 50 480 460 4 0 420 4

01020304050607080910

ThQaVnrageperatureOrthnaieavmhakwOudbeR
uauedthahecanpmitnOtepeaIuedOphea
airdSityisNbatheaWhSF
P UsgaspeciheatOrairOrwedthaheheatneededby
theairwb
IlOOeugN
uAssumimaCanchesimdiaeterandiChes0Withan
guLnchwaacOmerCEdOOdcaWndthahesurPcearep
Fig28FinaltempcraturesinastoragetankassumIng12

isPhenOmiauePOtheetOFeisOOOOud
andtheweiPb
FmmaXimmubeOrCanthatcanactuaybQpunIhankI
assuminapaCkinmPctOrOrPJuWbe00

Theirweitwbebandthehrsurpc
TheaepeatOrthQCaiudbyettingtheheatneeded
bytheaeqtheheaakehecaadingPathePeCC
eatOrirOn
PNuN0

lnialbnkSure pi
ltinkpressu
l l l llll l
uNOI
UR
00TheeXtSteptOdOuthOWChtepeatuedienCebetween
thQCanSadtheaEsneededtOdebPthedesdheatgrate
NHAO
1P
008uO
PThSaS thn CaS CO010thahePeratureOWS the can
tQmpnraturmVQryClOSnhestappOXatiOOrtheaaie
11T4W

pratureR
ecuatiuinmuRasanendteperateOrairFthe
tSknOtjustidSiCetheaccuaCyOrthehearaScOeien
nOhatOd
TFe tank wbn hydraicaEy pressurm ta by theanuPcturnr
SOetiQS bning suppOrted durithe prOCeSS by being sen sand
AccOrdinhOuEthennrQteStinhetankarbecaused

heweEinmOraddE0attinaStreSSChmCkshOudbemadebePre
inmitwwatinthQCuStOaryOuntingsaddSOmetakswil
berwhenOadedndersuchcOnditiOnSTheeryhpressre
tankshavenOSuChprObSincethedensityOrairitheu009psiranm
t001
uOUu5 apprOaChestFtOwat

Eh1
q


1 I t

1 l tn
MeasuredwaterpSSurePg

tI f

I l 1 1

0 N l N u
iday
FiN hOOnctOrSOarhOat drthQhydrOStpressCheckOran air
OBgank
AprObetOWatCFwFinChmckineaksandengthihepressurQ
increadhetanki0ideThedatamOnm
SChteprnSgtFFWhereieenthahankprQSSur
increasedbydpsiasthetankwaEeatedbythnSuntranSmittedtheir
heaOthewPterimsidQThisprOCOtheniitiatediabanm
thingndanyaStudeShbackwCbOardhandteCda
tankQakaratQhasbnterridtOSehepul3pteadOr
dOWnThesenFrEthOrhadOneSuChadbackOinaweakeh FFNO SchaOrPrnSSu3Cae
headandnXCaimiOta
Ascmaticdiagramu1aIIhedespnC0apressure
ressure Re
CrOVpreSentedinFPInIhedeewOPen
OWdOWnWindtunsarea0nvariabydesignedrperat
YariabydlymOngIwOSpherp0IheirealwlO
atacOntStStagnatiOnpreSurQduringanyrnThepressrQreaOr
puaeSedteadOrOneIOincrnaSOWalthrOghthae
is PeCEvaeSa tO prOVide acOnStanwind tunnd stagatiOm ThQpseatcOnranOrpreSueCO0aemaaqCOn
pnSSurQWhihaVaiabepressurnthestOragetankideSngJm
tryOStanyvQCdbethippSeJnptice
FOWevesntdesedthipurpOS0keveqp00rrers
atrvnSarePeratedbyappreSSuretOOne
icathQprQrnwhthpe2mhrO rabeWStYeCOethetensiOnOraSPgWhichisdesdtO
WEchthQairaSSeVarim umimywithVOSiiOnm2uy keeptvaeCOSed
COSatOEOpenFuHOpenthwarnath0theveOEd ssStSCanhaveStanydeeOrSOphcat5n
ththedeseriswinmtOpayWithcO0aleSSitOthOSe
rFictOrypeSreCOcanbeObIainedby
StOratankpresseSWibereqiratOmaintainpmtunn annXpedOpeatOhiCaSeapeSereguaIOrYalveOappy
nOnpreSSurandtumnelunti2eWbedCed
pratinthaandaprnssureetheOperatOrtatCh



WdbetheOyreleenIshIhnrgeme0cOnIe
OphticatiOWOdbeOneFwhichthedrencbetwmdesiredSd

g

tL
actstagpeueSedaneecSgnalprOpOrIOnaOthis

ditOanIhOCmpuIercOntin0y
CateegatOeC0eCtiOnSmcOnnratiOnOrbOthdir
gebethedesiredandacIualprndiIraIeOchan

t

andasalmthecPuteCntinusuppgtOcethat
ratSthepresettheaveatmaknCOrreCtiOnStOvn

StagnationtemperatureTiF
pSitWiththrCntsyWrkprOpeatiOn
pressrSaybntrEtlith
ThereatOrCaumdrOpnprurgndthSCOntrOsthedOWnStream

tr
prbyeaSOraIlprCWiththeegaIOreO

partiayOpenthelOCinIhQCOcledarea01hevnisger
thaninthnpeadinthevaland2ayVaryanywFeremthe

VciheadinpPetOependimOepOp

ac0heYaleWhhinlurndnpeen10m

pOWratebndae

pOSLrthmperedrOpaCrthme perceOreatnr

seeTabthewthrOthecOnStrictiOn be sOnicAs the
gw thrOthn cnStictimlthn plPQ dOWnm Or thQ

VaitaWtaernandahirvciythaninthepipe

3haveassuinmthSaepipesiltaybeatr

ata Peratrethanthegatreaependinn

J
cOnditSThredWknOWnaOuhOgw

8 tJl
adisaStantenthaprCnSSHWeeauseOrthechanin StPPSi
thntSOrSpeCiheat8StapeSSreWpSturnd FhaageOIuhCueSe
pSethStatiempearthtey thandhOWIhng3hgurrFOrVeq
thiCCurSmphenOenOnigEhaOWpreuea pSuOdhred01hhededaXa
SayandpsiagEatedta0ndpshereOSSOra thSayaasQF1pSIue
rdegeeSFaheF FOVnqhpeueSI0ageIOde
ttdinthSEOnrecOndstOaEOWtun
thrdhSmaybePSmnatinIempSee
StndOWapOSiIie1020ideOpg
FigN
preSSureratiandIhenaHOWedlOCOnrOhnpeSureahisvalue
RatOrvearimvariOWPySinwIuOpSI

durher
SratOSbehaOS0OperaIngair
COtperthpenlnglOincreaeandlhrOWSOraOpeSSureintOthe
COnStantatiOreSSueSOmeIuneaquickOp1mYQ
WgtnHOWhOSQsaregEaIOrSerbeinmpuI
ineswithandFgnCtiPWithth0atOrYeLhnSO
intOOpiOnSOeseadsuddenyOpenirnOtSed
tnh3atOrVveltheappXimatOpOOmrired
prOpey
th
therThQEnnickyrIedyOperaIingIhmqOpenn
OnQtwer0atOrsthat
dthnth3atOretakeehnIrn
nOmJO therea
WhereEeCmSaqIOCOnSerirregEaIOrvesheblSedin
athOrSthguctuaIhabempercIOupmrCOrthm
tianOtrwnIupeaIiOn0hmua10Ya
tmagndndwIhauencyOcpTh
prmmdsthaqickpdtprYthnprQSri
OSCi1atiOnmtbnIadceiepesasmaOpe



11
35
CentOrthedynamicpresreIbEmetFOdsOraeiatingitarnay
Obsc5AnOtrdiuqwitFmerrscOnCqnaym
etriwcreatedwFentFatOritaeqOpemng
SereatOrrQmWEchcOmbinhedutinOrgatavm
SinbrOpeminandIeg0STsemPybO
OperatedFydayngmatiyeectyrmanyand
OdcOntwithtactiOn
EmnirCFaruOrYalveiSedLWeeriigEydrabetO
FepquickOperatinve inieWitFitwhichcanbQedaP
backupaVintentOrrEatOreuIe
ThectiOnOrPpeSureguatOrabOWdOWnWindtGnnecan
metimebQdicEtIrtMachnumberranOrth2miswide
1heanOrOpeatinmpreSdmPWWi1asObQWidn
diVuttOObtainasin8rOrYavQthptwiisgtOryprerQ
cOnI0epWidangOOrOpeatinmpruendws
U eS
ThecOStOrpipingamdvencreasmdlywitha
preSSurandhgCQtisanaturaendencytOuSnthesma
diamrpOSSibTOPYOidOctiOnawhis1inmandprnSS
thQpipin0dbeectattattmaximmWS
er OrthetunneLhQMachnberin
ThOprgCrOdrOpinthepipFmandvve
betwnemtherstOra dthepruereOrshOdbn
atedbnCEShOairstOragOCapaisarmihisprnSrO
drOpmayrnaniantrediOnimpablenti
As mentiOmed in StiOn Uugme t5nehn PqickOp3ng
YeinerieWiIFIh0emuptOavnhatSaFn0maun
Op3iOmnIhVenFPthPvQinOtuSedOhthee
SediOtattutOqemOtheravnWSuaEybequiF
sQieswthegEatOprOYidQPghtEOandtOdOuasa
ayvPThettsFtiequiredtOpreVeneaka0
prermairmlheIOratankthrOghthetnnelnadditiOntO
cOnSrlngairhetttOvOeiminatesanannOymWhistlnd
EraOraiIhrOughIhumnehichmaknmOdecFnmmeauaby
mOrOdicut
1mewOhmneedraBStOnOavninserinSWiththeeguatOr
VaSWeEaheneamanyvainthaugbyteOrthO
bOWdOWmtunsOmQ0hmmOreCOmOntypeSOrveswbQ
dussabr
PtteThieCOnstOradiscinthewpasm
wEchisrOtatabOESasthrOuitentThedCaedwith
be
IhOWWhemIhevaeipenandiSSenIiaEyperpenda01hegw
WhBthmi10SdttervaeanbeOpeatedqickybecaSQ
demOrrOtOnOrthavQmchangesthavQmEycOSed
tOEyOpenTheyaen0maynOigFthuIORvnbucanbe
ObtainedwithanintabeaingrnmIOprOVidighshEOqsOme
appicatiOnP
NGatOPhismientiaEyOneOnWhichPpaIeiSid
acrOthewpaSagrtpipeInthQCOSedpOitiOainmSugnS
OnthepatndOnthvebOdyarecedin0giaIecOnacbyIhQ
prredirenceTheeVsnOtnOrmyaquickOperating
ebuSgrrtiecedeveedwhenthevO
iCedandthepeSSueOadhOdinmtheseainmsugesIOgehe
uVavepumeSCOnSOrhaCyindliOrPCOmi
puginaswithahOhrOghthtOtheinsidediarOr
thmFnratinthQpSdegSOJhOminthe
reseatedusmFiiNiuerequiredFOpSti
BaveBallveCOnSitOraSphereWithathrOughhOeeq
tOtheidmdiaet00hepipeTOnrngaOundIhneIand
OQtwpassagesinthQvmbOdyaintainthnprOperbaOSiti3
amdprOVidQaVmqOdsThesQYalvesareqickOperatinginthat
dOrbaOtatiOnOpen0COSeSthmdl
S WidA lDiqS
IthPSbnkmOWmrmanyyeaSthaheniityOrwiaWd
tunnecanbmglypOVaraaareaLOWeOCitysectiOnis
pOVidedmedieyupeaOrthenOZNthataargOn1aCiOn
OrthOWisprOVidaasitenterheZNThisaraeaFwVeOCi
SOntermed theerAs we have pOta Ot
previOSEsdrab0OmaneCOnOicstandpOiOuSethesaHest
PraCticapmizQtOdeierairmthestOrametaktOthetnneprOper
adthissapipmSiNQCORepOndtOhighwvOCitieAdeia
denwhh higFVcityWChathatFthnSmaEpipF
deceeatedtOaOWVeOCityWSuChahamthetingchabe
RdatiYeyOngShaam disers habenn tried betwn th
PpgadthQSgchaberasameanOreCOVengIhedyna
r
aturbEentadnSyetraWeavingthnpeSSureruatOrVae
WhpeitintOtheettihaberandcOequentyintOthQnOZ2e
h 3
COFOtOprOYideanirmdistributiOnOrgwareaOehQdCtT
rQadQrOudbOOrrgEcOnStrtiOnbecatwbQprObaby
SgectatO dugstartingandstOppnmOrthetunnen
additiOmtOpEsatiOnSthQCOmteAnesIimaIOOrperO
dIOpthOughthQSpreadehOdbemadebecaushis8Edhaea
CtOnthunndrntimeinsOmnCaSeAtypicadesi
WreqthedynamicpreSuFtheinetpipe
NTm Settin
TFntinmChamberisSuaEyaindraediamOtOrmOre
OnWhicFacceptstheairmthnWEandiserrOesength
ing t00btainimWprOeseenIF prOOIi
niPrmityOrwandrreducFrbuenceinthireamndth3
0XhaustsintOthOSubsOicpOrtiOnineOrthnO
ThestatiCpreSethQShambmgherthanatanydOWn
eamintinthunnelHOWrLsnOrmaEycOnSidrabybeOW
thamthestOragmtank0inthQpipigtOthnprnSSumrQguatOrcau
it is ecOnOica SettingchamberadOWmStreampOrtiOnSOrthQ
tndarnSuaEyd2thm0mOpQratinreSratheham
d tFetankpressrOUecaShernisSythOSSibiityOrama2mctiOn
FigNN JgOrPd31a2mpOOdpland OratnndCOmpOngtWhichcOudretinOXCnpreSSureSinthn
DrdpwcOntFu SlinmChaberChaheprnSrQrmatOrSSuddglybeingly
Opened with maximmpreSSre in tairOragtankheting
EOWdOWntnneOrypicaSQthe CgmbernOraycOmtainsa bOWORstack extdingthrOuthQrOOr
IramsiIiOnmlpip01SinCFambCOmmOnyincFda OrthebuidinThQbOWORPCkisequippedwithp COmmerCia1
abUOrbOWOtdiaphramratatObeannSa
antWeenOppOSitWsatdcEOrth
turbemtand nOnnimWyXiting ahe diSm pnSSueirnaChedinthQSettimCFamberThQnXhatckandty
dis3FOEdbedsOthatadequPtePOWpaSSargVaiabOtOpregt
ariOdeiceaed10preadlheOWmtintpipetOthQSinm
OVpreSNlngthetFgchamberimtFQCaSmOrthmWOrStCOnCabe
chbThSar3mOStaSmanyeadQdessatherretn
AwIypipead3aaIedFFigNNMgygr ma2mctiOnsemphasizedthahmwOrStC

dOQSnOtCOrrnSpOndtOthemS3COnditiOmdngn0m8
spSSimiaIOIhOrFigndENOCCuSdthe
OpmratnnWbendthatabOWOckandPSatydisC
armribdprimartOthnhihrnurdrO dOrthOpQrata
cBOrpatOimtSditerSeCtiArecOmmendedcOnatiOn
WPtOthatOrthept3mgthewidng
diSWieadeqatm
isirdinFigNF Thinpeammth
tshOudbnOtedthatbOWOtdiaphragmCOmeintwOtypmShOS0
ingchambmOWjppOrOna10WpreSSrdrOpd
rOmdirectiOna0sandthOSOintOrmaEyppOrtedagaintVaCuG
andFasbeenPnd10preadlhWsPctOriyThQpOnS
kQpthVQaeYeOCiq urbt desiedr OutWPrd OVpreSSurO bOWOutThQ On
hOdbOdedwitFaOWarnP
theOStSmVnrperag directiOnaypesarenOtSatiPctOryrbOWdOWntunneFCedem
1hrOFIhOpOratiOnWedOWM
dInOnunndSngP EdOWnSCanrultinbat0phetunnepueSathOmOmentum
cOndiliOnTEpOintdnOtbe
OrthOtnmeaircarriesitOutSidrOppngthntnneprnSSrnbOW
perapPtOSpr0WithincFEespndincienwarthe
btOrtFeh0mSWpS0nOutOt10dtPWededscrn32 ambntThOrdiaphramhwithtempmratrSShOWnin
FDUIrthewspreaden thewEangOdiSrisprOpy
incFmtEe1hOpnshdbepOitiOnedintFq


hS Q
10

g
b l l O

r Fi l

g
7

reenpressuredropcodIicientg

N t
PercentoHksignload
g83

l t

ZI i

mg

g
l 10 t

g

0

r 0

8
N

J 8

010N

0 00
d
8

8 8

APStF FFNPrrmdrOPOu
gU LOOr3withtrObOWOutdipphr
0hepmnntindicatedthaheductiOninturblenceevesP
PnctiOnOrthepeSSurndrOpthrOghthQSCe
dOSairwilnrthOFambWErmdistri
butiOmHnmOSteadmrdgnstarentSthrOperatiOSad
N
e
atQdistancQWieithOinditsOrrmthe
individpnIaIiOnIOCesc0mPnimWHOWr whqWrmgSquarrYCctuatiOsec
tbugCrtFOWaIingmlhOCOntvaFdherew qHHeangwvnatysec
nOtbOVdbytsprOadIngtdditiOtrbEQi qWscreen

certainIObeinddbyap0atndpad qwithOscreen

FObQYOraimOWpeedwindtnemey
d3SSu
impOr1bueIhQpOinlOmamOdnwEchabOundayPynrha preSSrdrOpthrOascreenq

trSSitiOnOmFminarblatedttheturbEgCQVeL cmOrthCreprnSSurdrOpCOCntasP2mctiOmOrReymOds
hQaSdynamicdrapmOddaOWasisgyinFencdby nmbQrandsOidirati00rareabOCkedbywirecreentOtOdCt
IhipOin10ranOnhQimpOrIanOrlrbencei3y areareprentFFVSOrSOityandwSizeariOS
SrOdecrSeaewindIunnepeediCreSintOthaSOnic SCrearOprOStainTabeNtnOtedinRhataargO
SdsGp0SOniggAhSpsIhQmOdddrmailyP preSdrOpCOecientsLrbenceaybecausedbyscenSadis
gc110m0pedribuIiOnSdIhctOrbOndayaynr rnCOmmendedthptsevnapreSudOPSCnSarpeabtOa
iOnSSndPNrthQmhispWindtunndO ShprmSrdrOpSCreenThisthepaCticQmOaEyOWed
dgwitheennlhelinmChambprmtQWm FbOWdOWntunneden
andtOreductErbnceetheairisexpandathrOthe AcharactQristicOrwFwFdtnisthaheagniteOrVeOCiG
nOExpSmOdeheIurbedampngapished ctuatiOintFSettlimChabeWeainessentialycOantdurinm
byscreennVdCiywshavQbrOprinReRts tmXpaSiOnOrahhrOughthnnOZ21eTheresuEsthahetrbuen
 e
TpEON CO0yeCOndpeSSepOrtWieqEiredObIainiP
prOCQSpreSrObOSbythOntrOyStemTFesigChaber
brnrq
0dasOFaprOVinmeainOtaaiempQratureSessrO
rnMhWSOidity andtmmperaturmnaSurOmtSShOEdOrCOurSQgmadedOWnStream
rnch DiPOtOr OrthQSCrmS
ThesiChaberandwidandhsershOEdbedesedaccOrd
0uOu itOpeSuYgecOdnd0EdhaYeahydauicprSuChecka1
ClJ
uL Llu

P0uuN
uOprCOrthedesprureThnpruQChCkwrnqubind
OuN
ngethegdrthmindicOmpOnenIOrhnaSSQmbyF
Puu OqA
Wa0QqEeiFgwwaIadbeedinai
NON
eYdSsmuch10WOmthnteSttiOmOrPhSpeatunnhSis
inthOSeEingchamb
OWdOWnWFdtnZZes wi1bO desmd qudien
depemdinmWhethehntnndipeaIa11anSOnicspeedper
ThecOnCS0wiunenmeeSisIhalseEinCFmbeaShOd
SOniced0bOthTFeemtrancOSeCtiOnratransOnicnOZZeis
bedesedgwYcitingrhanttpQrSeCOnd
pOSSeIhOWOCinIhesingchambQben0mSS aEydesnedtOgivnaSmOOthvarFtiOnOrMachnumberwithstance
betweQnthesettigChamberand thOminimmSeCtiOnOrthenONN
IhanabOpnOndAOWiiOmVcityinSiO
JpicagFstheanCSeCtiOnarOneOwOteStSeCtiOnhht
preenIcOnVeCIiCurmcESnmannimtnmpmratrO
dibthWdpnIstmthOSinmChabQrthrOutt pOWmtreaOrthQinmh20aHyhaseCIanmEarsecIn
WithpadswaandwithOpandb00mWaEshavinmpr
SiOnCOnYiOnCrrgtanbmCOmQpprObmanytimQthmrearQ
siOnbeFmvaiedmpaaueOpehapsNdThQWasOr
sidiencesbetwntairtpeatunimthOSingchamber
thenOQaeVentedmapOitdOWeaOrIheminimutOthe
andIhQWaEsOrlhOSinmChambeWEchisnOtnSuanbOWdOWn
tmS1rtheairishOtterthtwaEhOairaCenOthQW endOrtheCtangulareCtiOnbymeaSOrSOIsOrneOuShOseither
StrahrOthnWaEsOinedFadOWnSteadirectiOnng
WbQCOOgThiscOOairnepFmWaWhavQEendenQtOdriP
inidt00utethQnO22eTypicaediaeInnpeaIed
tOWardtheOWOpOrtiOnOrthQdrtheWCthrOughthed
issmtherewimampimePtQperaturradienObOSetp mONNlesareabOtequaOthwalthkness
WOrkOnntiatedtsectSransOnicwFdIneWap
bnhieaSIhe1ingchPmberThisprObmnrympOrtant
inhigh13peaIurObOWdOWnIunnbsbeBtedintunnnswith neerabyWrtOrthQNASAThepraryprpOSrVenthenONNm
WStOiithQir ects On the airOW Oer thOOdeAt
aiemperrrabOtNFltpyshOWpintumndsdes
tanniashSbsnandOWSuperSOniuShOCksand
a1yaMacnberangeJrEunndpsinm
chamberwvciyO0peOndaIMachndOpStnd pans10n WaVndpngin thQVicinity OrtFnOdeWbneary
nOraOthnWlrshOCksareaOWedtOStikeasOidwalheywiE
withthQSPQtCtiOnatpMghnberOhOSing
randstrikheOdcEmpwOertheOdedirent
chambVeOCiIyaIchgwinytpnOndAmid
mthateqindt00btaindataappicab102ghIIrshOCksarea10Wed
utiOnIhisprOblQmhasnObegWOrkaOutbQSOgOn
tOikeaQaibOundaryhnybnpectedapamiOnWae
aretFSrOrmanOn1ingchambnrOhmSOOrgbna
andwalnStriketheOde1CauSibaddataTheventiatawa
ttOainIainenabnSingchamberOCitimSahmh
bQFmpartyOpenadpartycOSedrndedtOiniizetheeCOr
MacFnmber
hQSinmChambmdbdedayeOrmaSy rectiOSOrOCkwaeandsayOreXpaSiOnWaVeAeCOnd
purpOSeOrVnntFhewatOmennatQaOWSuprSOnMachnber
StOitsinteriOrSincCmgWrnqrSOmQmaintanCnIt
InChaptertwasnOtedthattheneraIiOnOrSuperSOicWinnONNle
whaeaprOOnOnniOntOapreSSurmOaSrnmirum
rQqrOS a COnVnrCm tO ainimum arna CrOSS SeCtiOn ad then a
N0myIhiWineedIObeOnyasIalicpeSrQpOrbSOCity
divnCetOaageaeaWaspecaaeadistibtiOnequied
adwiEbbeHrthunneOFaeanautOmaticpressurm



r
h Fie
aCFindiMachnmberFOsinttrgSOnispnedran
dpPrOnOmreqPtaFgFnmberintQThiWOEd
rrQarnumberOrSOidwnOHOWn1bytakinm
YtpOrthQYtiatedFOmdSQPnOOtOneratn
mO5imitednGmbOrOrlOWSGp30nicMachnmbSTOdOthis
thQpreSEidOtFenOsredOPeneastaticpr5
PhedaOpSIinMPChnmbOISdtOpeSPnthOpOtiOm
OrIFepS1eOrIFentFQMacFnGmgidtFOtic
prQSSOibOYQtFOEsidhenOP WFgthisFprurir
reacFQYtedstiOnOrtnOPwtOthOWerprO
sidhOnOQbnP TFiswthrOttOntinOSntih
prerQinOIF30QbOmealmetOtFptOEOthONNF
Wh3EspOinipCFedFQpirinIhOnONNQiPOWingphOdrE
MPCFnmbTSFewOEtFrOt3tawasmiQStFm
dretawinPdivQrgmidwnOe
emtiatiOnSOrthnndwaSayaOmpishainthOmannnr
edimFiP ThOgincrQaSeOrthSOtOrF0marQa
OWmOpmOrIhPOWtOthQredMpch
nmberandmi22Nehikh00dOrOYerXpSiOnWithcOmSut
OnnirmpOWintFetesttiOm
FQaIiOOrOpgSE00waarQPWiypiybnbOtWabOE
ndUOpCenlWiIFIFOSmerpemIagnOrOpemaIeaitwi1bQ
mOrQdieneratOtFeEranOnicMachnumbersbaSQtFO
prCrarpthrFthmYiapreawibQhNOCOatiOm
thenIhaeenndcOmpyclOrymttdpOint
OcancelinbOIFcOmpreiOndpSiOnWaYQSmthQmOdd
FOmpishedIe1eappearthebsFOCkandeanSiOn
wQCgOnhasbnacEeYawitFcircarhOesstd
manOrmaOtFOWnpdiriOnIOenCOag0tWdWThO
sndhOesprOQCanaliOnOrOCkwaCOmpaOthatOr
nOrmhOesbutdOabObOrCanCmgpanSiOmWaThQrOnr
irtOmPNNdN1pbibiOgraphyOrWOkOntid FJpl arragt OrVgOn S transOtseOnShadF
prgtgti3rrataSs01ta
waSrSOnicteCtiOnS
WthQrOrnOhepr0ymiOnediabgnWasara
imcJOeCtiOnthanthetSiOnSOthateaYinmthQteCIiOna
pprandenEagOnthepcuaunndTFPY
aspQrniceedexpandstOahierMacFnumberandOWpreSSure
beIOimprO1SiOnwOrtOimprOVhOdistIbancQ
it3thQditatiOnOrthwardendOrIhQpsaway
CaiOnprOpeIiesOrIh0ndOrCiOpeatimgcOnditiOnS
mthetCnnelcenteFeprOVidOSapthOuwhichtheOWpreSSure
GgSEyIhOZOiOSinapChberandOnrtWO
aiIBtSnmthediCanpaimthQpnumchamberhS
mgSisSnmthQprQSSmth0eintFnum
ucinmitspeeFapsasOmmmSOCataOnOtwOWasand
mbFiPhOSIcOmmOnydmOdisthptOrYabl
SOmmtimOmarWaEs
pinOnthiseWandingwardtth
ThesecOndtFOdOrCOnt0inmpeinthetesttniswithan
dOWnPmgd0hQpQIPedwaThQdiseiOmeWFaage

aqsuc
OrOSPh
TtCliOn
d r p s P U
FignIdIOrYOm tOnranCnOB00thnmSSandcOntFuityOrCuVatuOdOWnStreamOr
auiaryppmgSymOrydiryaumCFpr
tOth3mOpWhenIhOpmCFbmriyYOthQ
OSpheneXC0OperaIinSSQirenOrde0aisQ
thatieSndcOnSQquylhenuprOSSthQ
pOinIweirwiOWmIheentOatmOphS
lsnOtndthPtaipqIiOniIOCOmmOnyaaO
cinOuStunsthSbOWdOWmIunneSInargnndWithin
admqWereddOpeachnerOn
withpreatiYelysmpngSymisSySeCOnOmimOr
inaSnepQrgCe
sOetrSSOnictnSSChOkOOnic03iOnSa
cFOkssOmmSpYOdiermmQSpSpder
dewiIharbOdywCanb0IOYarylhOdirmini
mdmCrOSSSeCtAlaCOmnIs1yprQSShkOCangSed
lOYprylheMacFnrinIFelseCIiOnbQCaumSOnic
sndthrThecFOkOb100piIFinceaa
tumneOnpeecOnydsnumbi
incOnCnwllhpmCFpera
OpOnpbOnicspeeddOn0rOWth0thn
tiaWS0hiOnCOnSyinecprytO
thrQinIhbeOWIhanthtOn
ThisistecaWiIFsOnicWirisCOmpin
pngm1n10FirIFiscOmpOnFPSp
tOincIhOprnSSurQinIhChabbOhin
tnOSOmOtranSOgneOpaPsubsOnimdsr
CdIhIhOpSnWhypmOrOpOmi
SrWOm1mbQn101h0Cngp
thicking018yIapparyFngnOads
OnthOtteCtiOnOW
beqrb
ApOintOrimpOrtamCOWrrdtOpyisthndQSignOrthQdi
pssitivQOShOdbeprOVgdtOgSurOthaFepWnOt
COe00SOandb0CkthOdirtFeydidLtcOudeasiycausOan
OYnrpreSrOinthQplgumCFamberwithdisastrOuSrntA
discineXCemtEeairthQrsanycOnCeivlewayPrhiprreS
tObQdQYdOpedimthOplQnumChamb
ThQaQrOdynamiCdOrpernnOhasbmendiscdin
ChaptlntranatFheccEatednOCOOrdinatesintOpnChan
idthmOWabtOFanCeaecOmQampOtantgtOrThec
OrpnOOWincrePrapEywdecreasm0ranCenthOnO
COntOSernce haOWm that POW tOnramCO Om thQ aCtua
CgrdFatnOra nOOrCOnSiderabyess impOrtaCe thanOW
thQ initiapaSFn at the thOatSmsupnOnic nONNns with
tOleramcesOrOg0nchOrnYmOrQmaybeOXpeCtedtOyi
tPctOrywhhO COntOmOOth amd haaCOntinSCur
YatrO
ZONNOSrgp30nicbOWdOWntumndswibebuitaccOrd
immtOOnnOrrbadgnsItnOtedthE0lytwdimSiOn
nONNearQCOnSidera inasmuch aaXgyymmetric nONNSaen01
COmOnyusainbOWdOWmtunnSThestbasicdgnOneim
WFichthetwOSEWaEpndthetwOCOntOuredwaEarmPbricatedFtOp
riidsnmpermamentaSSnmbyandarQinedintOthunciCa
apnCOOrpwOdbQWithbOtedngesOrWithsOmeOtherpOivm
COupinmdcP AnOtherbasicdesignOneinwhhOmSidQWauOrthO
nOniaedpartOrthetrnnecircuitTFQOthersidnwaandthn
tw08mtOredwasarePbratedintOardsempermanentaSSemby
ThPSSQmbyisinst81edbypHacimmitagainsheasidewanSngp
pOSitiYeCOpintOattaChithQSidewrandthenusngpOEve
00pimg tO thn tumnd CiCuit ahnpStreaamd dOWnStream end
AnOthQrbasicdesiOnFwhiChpeCtanguarchanwithare30
abnSEQWasPedpaltOrthetumCuitThwOCOntOured
WaurthenONNaresecurainpFCmthQChanneandthemOYab
SidewasthgpOSitivCampedtOthOChanneTheandby
heOStCOmpatanONNOdgmisOmeimwhichthnCOntOurawaEr
tFetunnearexibQpatesFigScrewtypejacksarmattaChed
tOtheOuterSurPcOSOrthbOpSandthgONNCOntOrisausta
tOthatPhndesiredMachnmberbySQOrthacksThePexibewaE
nONNHQhadantaeSOehOawnOmsinthatMachnmbCan
beatanydeedvaluein theOperatinrpngeTFipOinmOrO
theOrcahanrear SincQWxibQmOehPdbeprrangedr
mOre than a reasOmabe nmber OrCuStOmlySed Mach numb3
1t
 1r

OperatiOnSpreSentedFFP TheviatedwaEsOrthntsectiOn
geyFvenOargdvSnncIsOnthOWFthetestsectiOnbt
ayheanadSOQOnIheprguaIrdPrOperal
UO qm Tt SgiOm
hQpaqCOnaIinlhed0aIeseCIntOeSure
thatmOdeenWbeiiIedbyththOrthunOW
OrtFnOrthsneceynIaSOnicInneSIOkeepOdel
SsuchthatcOSS0aeaWnOexceedpeCenrthst
SOmaeainOdOminiizewanleenCneFOaCy
drimOdenaquaeIseciOthWdeanthahQOde
dFmetehdnOteedOnnith0mnhetdther
FattheOdeeaeeSraIentOdeterOde
dnOtneedOetsecthetTFnandOrthemOddshd
beamaOdeiaeIenIOIhewreg0he
niniiNhecIsOdisIubancmSmtheendOrthenOe
OnthewakQbehEthQOdandpOSSiyOnIhewOYOhemOde
TFStiOnenesIeCIiOnheighIshObadatn
mgnnSSratimddslrIetrhernessratiOOdes
aratatdteStSnnshdbeincreasedaccOrdingy
nsup30nictunehemOdeengIhwilimbylhnetiOnS
FiAQ patO mOPCOutq Arnd Mng DOp
OrbOWckwaYeSmIheIunewaSAnexacprOCede

t

detemaOWabemOdeenisavaabeHOWeVnby
HOWQVesqiIepObetOisdOpingthedesiredMachnber makinappOXaIiOn1eaOnabeeIiaIS0mOdeen
distributiOnandthisOmissiOnmayQaSiybQCOrrndwithOOtOr anbmadehmprObemsetupasratedinF00ThebOW
abOrurmCOn10byxibQpatesM0gVynONNIQ ShOCksaeaSuedlObercIedmapaneOCaedadCneq
tO thO bOdary layQrdiPaceenhickeSSidO the tunW
cO0srFtrOnyOnQRQynOdsnmbxiblmpatesab
AthOughitiCertainlhaIIhebOWWaWi1beeedbyIhebOudary
cOrreCtiOnStObnmadimpy
ayeathehanthnwapOFtFthebOudaryayeatWhich
ObeSOrSinmPnXibWnOQSiudh1traCOtOrtheh
reWactytaknpacnCannOIbespeci1OuWd
COnStrCtiOnSdmaintcmandtFOdiCtyOrainmthmxibe
bemOreCOneativOaSgnaSureOhmbOundaq
paInWherIhmyCOnghwaThispemXiststOpOr
ayerrea0abtOaueenmapaneequa01hdis
degeWithanybup0
WiththXCOrthexibewnOhmmataSa pacnmetthickeSSaWaythaETheanOrthebOWckOna
CngtaanrattaCkcanbereadydriTheassuPtFn
cOnCtiOnOrtFQCOntOredwaEdectedaccOrdintOhOWmCh
thahisaeequalttheshCkwaveaenatzerOanOr
wOrkcangOin10handhOWOnmitXpedtOatW00d
ackireaSOnepartiayamOderaIean8m0a1ackIObeen
aFminmanddaEwOrkweSdaROrdingtOthstrenh
uandAsthedistanceawaymthecOneapmXimcrnaSeSe
WhanOsdgnedPrtbOthtranOnicandsupeniO
bOWOCkwbe intOCurVe thmMachaneakinthnCC
spSwiypicaybededasthransOniCnOpreViOSy
atiOm nonseratiehe aOWabOprOXimiIyOrIhOrecIedshOCktO
discussedwiIFprOisiOninsingcOntOuabOCksinthepa
thbaserthnOdedepestEarnthOdecOnratn
pOaOnOrtFemOThebCksmthecOnYQrdivergprtin
FOhOdeshOWinF00hnShOCkpassesthnmOdeaseu
OrthOnOQandttsectiOmOrthrannicnONNeisnOtChanged
diaetermthemOdcenterinheOectwbnthewakO
AphOIOgaphOr8gSOnicnONNOWihcOubOCksMachg

S
FApprOmnrRrpattmmdrm12maWabdg
niIFOWgdggr
TFOMgFwnm0mgthwitEitt100dr
behindthQmOdehii0paiaEyimp0becgSwak
in10aaIOeXIbyIFenWECFEdFQmOdmOtFQ
tnemdddbPSQpremeaSwi1nOttFOSeOr
lrtFOmOdewere
eintFeabsgCQOrthQrmCtasFOCk
ntEscasQ itwOdbedemCiamintSiOmOrthQSFOCk
mthCOnSideratiOnOrprOXimiOrQrecshOCktOans
tibYiOymOtpOSSibCimOdenimcOmpet3
tQrmSHOW3rFQmpecOneindedbeOnOOrtOng
mOddstgcanbedinppariarperSOnictunSincFQ
tSiOnistObOdenedtFOmmmaOWabQmOdenh
anayiFiFdbmPpplicabtOtdetemiiOrt
tiFrOmmetriCnidratiOnOWingnqinS
cambOdrivaThemOdeimitedbythQShOCkiOnOnthe
CiOnSidQOrtmOdd
tan8tQ
cOSEantOt
ThmmOdhibythOhOCkrectiOnOnthepanSmsidOr
thOmOdeLi
tantCOte
N
ScOEantImtantCOt
EqOnugdNEndicathatLncreaseswithincrnaSinand
tFEdCreaSeSWithinCrQammF SimcQOWabHmmOdeenhis
imitedbythnS10rmdLtOWSthatmaxmOWabHemOde
hmLwOCCWhbThiscOndit5mimetWhen
1
tantCOtQ
tantCOtQ
ScOSEant
EqatFnN00aXiummOdeggIhindicaIeIhaknghwilbQ
imitedbytheNOrOaOrackcase
ltnOtedthatOthergtOrmayhOabmarinOnOdehand
ShOdbmCOdendbmOSpangtsectiOnlengthThesebtOr
arQtnOSeOrthemOdeamdthebaseOrthmOddmustbearQaSO
QdtanceOthebOndaqayeahehaesOrattaCk
andNdisturbancenthOrOntapanOrthemOdembQeXaed
imthemannerOrthepeCedinheiplaOrthemOddE
amFatiOnSOrthistypehavnreSEtedsOetunsthathaYeteStSeCtiOn
WitFheitreaterthanthWhsuThepOSSibithatdisturbances
Om the YinmWFdOW WikO thn mOdel shOEd be nXaminnd
nethQWindOWisshwiththminnerwaEOrthnnadistrbance
WItwi1bQYeqdiOkeepChdisturbancOSmsIrikF
thnOdirthOWdOWisar302OdOptcOeraandhr
theMachnumberisessthanabOEN
ArdninmmaximmhmOdSrapartEartestntiOni
mmesadYispbetOeXainethepOSibiityOrhavinapOrtiOnOrthe
mOddOCatndpStrQamOrthet6tiOwhichidnedasthQpOtiOn
OrthemONNninwhFthewinrmOVehecOpeteductwthe
nXCeptiOnOrthebOndaryayUpsteamOrtheteteCtiOnWedge
ShapedregOnOrdniPrmwahmtsect5nMachnubnreXi
ThiWedShPpndregnhasanapexOnthudcQntineamdis
bOnded by thQast canceEatiOn WamS Ohe characteristic netwOrk
WhichinterthQmONewahbnnngOrthetestsiOmAhe
OWerMachnmberherQinOtagmatdeaObgainabyshOrtg
a nOO tO takQYantaOrthwahapaniPrm POW area
HOWeratMachnumbersOrAOrugdabOVeerySiiantredCtiOnS
u
innOHeQnhcanbeachievedSuchreductiOnSarQWOrthwFiebeca
1 1
 h

pasticiqpppeSgdHOOkQSawthQprOpOrtiOnaiqOrStOai
Ortrapidincin0OSSmOnMnbQbOundary
FOdptObrQakimaCturOPstOCCSintensiOnandcOnSeqgty
aySWiIhcOnSincmcOmpreOn0ed
rCraCksOrSCratChesmatlyraucOitsstrghCuriOhe
OpeaItiimpiYaaOIhQIiOnbep0d
ggtFOrassCOmtaininCraCksisinencabythOmmimcOntaCt
mOdmlcnmenlOenanJcOSingdOOSisry
WiththeaSrPceWaterOnthecrackcanreducOthQmnhba
wardOCkmiSSiy3Op
mChaOperceWhernassubstancQSthathavQddOntherPcQ
DOOrSShdbQpOnbOIFsid0hsecIiOnDabure
gaEyincrSOthStrhTstrgFOrSsdeCrnaSmWithi
Ord00rSiudeIapidOpBnminmIOpmOakaOr
CrSlntmmpmraturQInthtOrthesePctsWindtnnewindOWOr
rintOthSOn0On0indOWdnmmOdd
SarearbFardesiawithaPtOrOrSatyOrusimgthOE
chanandpOSiIiYOIyniShdlhOdOOrbeais0
nprOpiesOrass
0pWhenpOS11hed00rhOOYideaOraCCnSStO
themOdnrremOVebOCkar0ed00Shd
TSstrenhOdFsOrruptue aSpsi

prOYidnaCCeStOthgPtO
COpreSnenh 000psiO

YOumSmOduuOreasticity 008
iSOnSrataYeragOYae PNA
FewianywindlunneavQbebwiIhwimdOWWithwhichtO
r I I
theOdddOIherimpOnIsecIiOnSOrIhunneMOdeving
WidtunnewindOWSSngtheabOnYanSandPctOrOrSatyhavQ
ecnSaqOPlianalysiIhOWWassimpbser
JOtedFessentiynOFrGasmaybetemperatOati
tiOnSOrhOWbadylhemOdjupngaOundandwhethhais
engthOrOpbutthembecOmeSbritteandOptiqaities
stOn6asssbndlObhemOsuiIabhaiOuS
arO nOtSatisPctOryrwind tunnduseThemaxmthicknessOr
laarsubIancnIichanOldOpedtheabIaiOm
StSdard pat8assisnchnS bteatehicknessQSmaybecO
rstancOqreddOIheypOSS1Qddicalp0peties
ucted byceenting thicknntOthnrSg methymthacate
rthnVariOSgassesOricpOWnSisprObabythOm
ThejOinSpiyOPOmchthick
suitabQtheusbOWdOWnWindInaINWidOWd
WimdOWhatarmhiy0edarQnOrmaEyrOundbutargmetimQS
inmOSthIemperreWimdnnasagreatnstancO
SquaOOreCtanarwitFthQCOrnSrOmda0TheprOpehicknnSS
thnrmckandasmer8ciranSinthanssHW
ampyppOrtedrQqwFdOWmaybmPundmROPNAps
ismmOr0enSiangassandismObtainwitF
isgtOqOptiqitie
u
AmiIyOwindInelsSn1pedwithCEierBSymS
N

dinSeciOndipimyIhisappicatiOn
diq11iOerFOhQSCEierenyStthass WhnrathicknnSSLnche
dhavemeyShOhavnhOm tOtOrnirydistrutedOadtObesppOrtedLb
S1Sddbe0inImpctiOnSSChps SWhQrQttI0sOnSrati0
dsandbSlrnSSa1himdOWSmaybQadOub
maXimmOWabnStrnSSLbinchmOCCurSahnCentmr
withth0mebeenYedIOIheIunneSpeSSThisbOth OrthewindOW
2khnnRpawhichisOrikeyIObescratcO UhmSactOrOWnhaY
racmdiiiImpeu0ingsOiSesliktO
6assiasyp1icOnprOdIhcanbeadeOrVariOuOm
gpsi ad1
pOSiiOninmIFQSa2eannme18icalOySMechanicat O P N
lOSeSitsstr3wiIhihebrePkinrenOrFOuCtwindOWl
rinsIanceihawh3duraiOnisincQand EqatiOnreducestO
Snd0hirIyminhsIehOrgasunknOWnSOQ gN
NN
O
bnli3iIaybWhenaisappiedIOgasrnOr
 9gSbu
h
mmdectiOPOemiddhQWindOWBd
U31
NN
pHI1

l
h3

whmrOrWindOWradiSinc

hYOOdES
EqtiOnNmpi0

NN
N

tEOup

b N UbuJt bJ
FrOmeqNOthEckneisndtObO



dO

ShO
00N FRanguprpatgtPng
00uincFOS
HtmustbenOtathateqNUi1aimpysuppOrtedpatandstre
NFrOmQqNtFeiOnahemiddOrthimdOW
0
ahOEdbeprOVEQd
00ONOincFS
COpthQaCCnptabeasstknesspSimp
ThethicknessOapysppOrrwindOWmpybendby
ppOrta windOW UO byOu imchtO Withstand aupSi peSSQ
gtF10WinStepSOPP dirnntha










rENbHHOFigN
whSmmmmOmqhemaximmOmwi0r
HiChb
PrmtOrtFOndimen
bHCOeientm rai00Onid0O ShOtSide and
POiSOmatiOSeQFi N

uO
itprerOSl
enFOrhOrteinches H uOiChes
AsitpbWFdOWmOntFrrangemenSshOWnimFiNPOSEQ
N 1 t 1 1
hOdimainsteitheprurQOreChanicaOadntwOdiriOnSi
Wreharth0SsthicknnS1 prOVEedThOued gPp prOdes rncn aS WeE aa
SpeciatOnrwindOWSmaytakhOEOWrm
mOmentOrimertianchwideipN
StatedhnprerQdrOrOrus
hm
bOthrsatyamdPrsmaEdtOrtiOn


PWimdOWObeOcEiQrgquaiqaminatedOmSeectedpOished
r
HnCO COmmerCiapatenchthick
m




FWthA
30Shrum
U
G
IrrhHH
andcanprreasabOdaheadahatar
mteraejCe
FNO6gde
aSOnabIshabQeXpenselecIeOWng I
PAnprOV0acceIOthmOde
SpeCcatns
aWWbagnabebubbesandseedeatehan ahe
bgbndesslhanumEiaShaarS hestartandrpreaIareaesae
anduydistribIedwhenlaIwedbythed OVpressrrequd
innOrdadcInperp0QpOd ThQprha0eadanIasaSuancmaSeOrequd
SugnOrthepaIe
COpr0ratiOdIhnSpejeIen0mOSease
ThepOedsuIhasabaSOabescratches
Usua1ssyp00ehathesOd
adchthecetSpercOrth1dOWarea
dThecetraC0ewwanaubernaOnaee
TheOpenjehe0aOCOStructad
rStriaedebyIhe3Wheectedadark
partuunkwherelheenaybedked
rbythuSstrpecIFeches
tOSipyeaynIaCeagaOdeca
eTheeandparae0hPliesOrthgOWSarQ
beIhaFacO0dwesIsecsOterest
S
dedbytheapprOpreeC0SOUSAirFOrCeSpeci
MILGuAddEOpOerCEpaIe
habenpedtmeehespecatiSutshdg
WeapprOXaleylhaIcOreSpOndIOaashOCkFthetest
avOaSibeiselpeSiveaddiFna nCaserFaIhnnralabOuhesae
deeedeCeSPhdbQOSIaaOnhebidandthenht
TheeevelmaOpeeeSandatW
COrthPeratiOmiIeiNed2daaandrac
SChatestsShOu0baIpated
digticSedIOSeCuegasaFalmhavOd
areanSIObeveya
caasadaaFanabpeaIeange
0FandapeSSden0N
TtChUber
NONN
Secl
desthOOrOnYsOidwaesIsecIiOnhperc
bOWdOWeeIieraS01hhelesI0Oina
rj1herenIpenwEdFOraSanOSed
FNNleIheCaeIhQWeavthenONZ
SedbaaIurbEenImgNOabOay
FFNNN SchecdFOr
e0ejestsFP


cO
ChambeTpOrtiOnOraejndtnmehasbederivedm
theOnReuandmexpSinRePhsmOd0mbe

0N
dSrdbyFNNThejetenteIhetestchbeCmthQ

l b

t
1eXitcOmtrydurinspasahrOughthhamber

ll N b
becauseOrmixinhejtWitFachamberair
ObHiquehOCk
WaYestFthmp30mic pOrtiOmOrthtandSterminatedbya

h
StrngnearynOrmhCkwaeSympeamOrthaithr

ll u b ll N
AYerythickbOdaayQrQXisIsbeImsupmrSOnicje1d
thewalOrthecractiOCiOnOrlhwpahrO

theremainderOrthediaIsOnicedWiIhIhiOWCOn

ressurQ in the

N
intOtaprmrrthewcausethe
hOCktOmOVedOWneam
WtherhaestchamberpressuredeceaSAsO

glb
LaragaEhEechaSPdecra

ItSydesirabeIOmainIainlhesIchamberprerenIhQ
FNhealIwdSar
ChureOPngg
OrtheprOpndependenOndiraAbe
exF HOWeVerthQIhrarahyabOVelhisimiIin
eCtedetestchaberpreSSreeaseaSlhedsehrarea

ueuatiYeyarimcreasensecOndthrOatarnaCanbQmadmw
FhehrMacnubersnOesetgOkeepthetestchaber
r pretOthe022eexiIpressreDrbancesreu
PrnSSuredieCeSWShaOWanaWOteChew
FtheceterpOnOr1meleIacOnSideabedtancedStreaOr
withdiseeiencimSranmOtMachgtO
thenOeexF WhreasOnneXperienIsweemadeatMach
PuOatMacFFhesecnditinSeejeggthistancebetwenm

nuberdReFanaxiaHysymmerictuwithdsQr
thQnOetddhseritO OZZeexitdFeterhadnO thrareasSIhanIhen022eexreakmSemSas
apparentectOntunOperaIing FireNsatheOretica ndthauOperainC3geaIehan00percent
pOtmRmeaIimgIheraIiOOdiserinONNeXia inseCaSeSSwadIhaheIuneeratiOnWaSSaO
ratitOtheratiOOrtetChambeONZlepressureba
thedwathaheunrequiredesspeSSureratiOtOrun
thetnneOperatingend
thantOReIheseesdicaIedIhahejeeshd
FFmOdeOrOperatinrtheeSedejetjdescribed
bQnOgreaIehanhudiameters
tunstartigpreeratiOiehanIhQununnreSSueraIiO
FcOmtraSOthnSOidwaunneLhereaOnisIhaFOOnmShOCk Nu MOdeS
nOtdrivemthrOCghthedisehrOat
mOde OrOpQratiOnCan be ThepOCeduemcOmySedObaFade
FWeThetpressure datainahspeedwgIeIOeSabWhetuwiththQ
ytOObainnicwithedisnradanOrmashOCkinthQ
eaxdwEheaearecOrddaaechagn
diverserWIhiwcOnraIiOnIhScherpressre
theaguarae0heOdeaWrespecheatream
rainsessentyprOpOrIiOna0henONZeepreSreadthaue
aOrat0eanegaieahenOapOSEea
J i I
 beqr
mOdOnavertapahuneai0ayhOri20malada
rajntOrtheOdWithrespecthetunaxiscaneasi
01 1

bemadQWasabuee0anCOmAHSChlrg
ymSedtOithwOnraOdarnpreablyarratO
thpitchpaneSchiermnSySteSeq1reatrrmandrd
instaEatiOnOrOptiQqupmentLthOrWhareOStCOnVenientina

hOriNOnpF

ThPshtOdecEeinthedrthOmdesuppOrtSemis

thOCatiOnhOStutbywhichIhOdupPOrInmiaIIachedtOth
J

tuntuCtueThmOdeWOrCOSebeOunedFtFesectiOn
WFStheOWisunimandthest2tmbeOuntedPSiant
distCQdOWnStreamOrthtiOnThineaYmhmmOdebase
r
StheaCrOSSSnwhFisslaativetOthatOrthemOdnand
uSthaeagthOraCOSSeCIiOneqVaIOSeVemOde

7

1
dFeteiZencthngOnwOeFQaeenO

themOdThgSendmQSeddvantaSFt
FigNNA SccOretistdstginatiOn isinhSyberandsucttbuidprStreSSOStOh3sat
theaWndOrthemaiaeterpaIiaryduiun1arIinnd
thenbackt00degandthentOthunThQOdsuppOrt StOppnSecOndaSthestingSOngeheanOrattaCkthatcanbe
yIem1henhOldingthemOdenthetnndandthnmeChan achievedbehnpOdhOdFgthestiOthestrthitsthOtnOr
rchanganOrattpCkdurinhetest aergeOratkeqnmentStaShasNare
BthnmrdsimhispeedwtunsaresuppOrted COmmOndthispacesas3iitatiOOnStigehBecaSe
byeanSraStingrSaiamterrOdOndFOWnStrna OhmCOntigreqreentSrednegcOPrOisesare
thebaseOrthQOdeadalignedwiththemOdeaxisFigNFe uuayin0vedinthe10CatiOnOrIhe1uWepeCOIheIesectiOn
reasOnSthestingpemOuntinaretWOdFirsthStrutOrStrtS OCat0hemOdeDistaCeStheeadedgeOrthestruOthe
endintFewa1sOrlhnWindtunneOtheOWeSgeOrthQ pOimthetestsectiOnabwhichthQdertateSWhenthear
mOdananyOWSpeedwindtnndsWOudhaverectn attackchanSYaryaeah0therangeOrONestsectiOn
thearwarOundtheOdewhichcOEdnOtbQHdadiyevuatThm hmitsinexnmWFdtuneSSOeWindtunsthesOwasare
secOndihrtitOSeXincQOrbubasesOnhitspedaircraPtO nCeatOauOWthpOdOnthestuaCIuanysinkin10hWan
accOOdatntneeededthehighspeedsWthgnt OrdQbtainanreasedagelntheejetwtunneSewau
baseshemOdecanbesIinSppOrtedwithOutanyateratiOnOrmOde retiOnOnanOrattaCkiOrCOurSenOprOb

cOtOuradwithIhOminupObabiityOrinterencnOrthnSupPOrt ThestrutshOudbedesedwasteamedeadiedgQandwa
OnairOWOVrthQmOd ntaaeaSaenOghtOmneIhaWnOIcaSeanydiie
MOdstimSymadeOrLaSaePtpr00rOrArCO instartinhetunelMinwastartintnneavebeen
stainsssteeThep00rSteedevpsayistrhO00 discedinSectiOnTheOntaareaOrthestrutshOudbQSall
psiandamiS1egthOrEOpsiBOthOrthnSeuesa 30tOkeeptherealnmgwareawebVethahmeticay
theuhetrQdPteadhencemachinigSeaSyThehasthQ eqitOahetunAmdeOhubtOhaveawarea
advataOrWithstSdinmhepSturnSandthQCOrrOSiOnS ahestrutwhhiswabOVQthatahthrOatOrthediS
timesndintunnswihedhe83lIrnqe0yF TheOdeSlydrig thrOuitRrabySlngeithera
attrmatmentpndhencehasiEewarpatrOubTheastrenh anarYetstrutwatwiCeWdivearraenIOraSOr
prOperIiesOpea1eabOVhOeOrthnggupr00rSted StrutarranetWithageared OrCrtyPediveFigNThe
UsuayhnmdeSptSyStemiaesedtOpitchchangth twineWSpakehtpOibetOVaytheOdescenIerOrrOtat
 S3
Fig225SchematicdrawingsortwopopularmodelsupportanddrivemechanismsTwinscrewbsector
FFNNAthethOdOrPghadeusgaCuartiOnFthun
WCOeyZOrthrOPnrPOratFn
bypychaghedrgeaSrdriegearSaretandsOthat
eachsceWtahesaeraeOrPeedewFscrewseIpp0e
amaSaSatniheverticaaerthelueThisarrang
enscOVentakigYeaaerSeSWilhpreuePObe

dralatiOOrthetunerWhenitnecessaOSurVethewakm
bdaOdehedisadvatameOrIhwhnsceWaametama

rypicateddesWanyartSandastOYeent
Drivescrew l ll OrOdecentmOrOtatnwThesecIOraaeequieer
mOpatSthanthetwFCeWarageetadhasaedcemterOr
rOtatiOThepaydisadvanagesOrIhesectOrarethaakescOn

Slidingblock
SbymOrer00thatheWinscrewaaetadpOSeSa

Pod
prOblemOrSeaHgaIpOi1WhehesecIOrpaSeSlhghtheI
WaSAthirdteisOWnFigN
FrOmanOerawpOitdObhaI0edrarangeen
istrsuperOrtOtheOtherdthereareabOutaSayOrOeaSOrthe
OtherWeitherstuarageeh3aeSeVeeralmsOr
pOrtaCeredthedesiWithredtOtheaerOdyaw

Sting
OeheOdeespeedOrrOIaOrhQOdeiIedbywOIhi
TheOdeshOudhaveaiantchaFarattaCkess
thangdedrthetieiakesasaperaOpaSSthe
II


nOSthQbaseOrthmmOdeThe1a1aIiOnVeOCeYeq

h
l
pOOntheOdedueI0aIiOmShdgethag00ieSthe
airYFOraTngdetchinbOutsnOSeOrbaseina
ecairstreaOrrOtatiOnPerSeCOdwOudbetheaXiu
rateIrtherOtatiOnSpeedisbelOWIhaaerOdynawehe
datareCOrdsystemmayhaveaigmManywtus
recOrdmdatawhiheguarIaJeigadeheab
rtherecOrdsyte10OWadrecOrdvarygOadccaIe
aybthdtrFinggtrFspecngrOtatiOSpeedrcOuS
datarecOrdedivespeedmusbecOIan10aVOidmeasunm
OaduelOangaracceraOnOheOdeaSSIrSOWce
datareCOrdimSySleisusedOOdpressueSaretObeeaSu
duriganaVeSeEesiabeIOuSealchpaSeecheln
thistechneemOdedivOaneWaeOalIackSIOPpedd
hedatadaIiIudeapeiOd0imelOaOWinsIruentStabNatiO
DataaeeCOdedandhemOdemOVed10heelIIhepich
paSeSyStetObeSedmXCusiveyepiIchraIeisiedOnyby1km
yadeasOrdgnOnthetherextreeemOdetchrate
mStbecOpbewithavabetunndrutiC
iOudbeadea10aicrecOrdiIhmOdea
OrattaCkduigIheIeAPrOOmShdbepOVdedakg
etriadsandpressurubIhejdehrOtheutad
tOShuTheOdeuPp0anddsysIeuHdbe
YqWHgrdwithararSarypOrdes
ThyaretheheartrthewindtunnerareSuCOaOreSeVereenvir
mehaisyestatedndhavIOWOrkesenIyahet
thetuerEng
teayeptStEtSiSteadOrIheIingsuppOrIseaeeOynd
tOdesinahSpeedwindIunFNqWheth
areedtheyareSuayathinasIrCIuraypOSe10iniiNhe
inteeCeOrthestrutOnthewOehnOdeHapanOdeS

ayasObeOutedOnaShieHdedpateFigN00OrhetunewaE
ZeOyaWteyhepaIeOhewaCasperC
rectiOuPcesshOCkadexpaiOnWaVeSFsupe0icW
wpattenSWiththeexceptiOOrVcOuSectsWOdbethesaeO
theharspaaheOthehrspaWSpmSAsOWthnhalT
SpaOdehebaaCeSySteeaSucesadetSca
beOCatedsidethetnwheerOOinOpObeOntheOther
hadena0SaOWheheplaIhetuwaactas
pmrtrePtnpaeSeecIOrahrwIhOughapWhmust
beaaiedbeweenIhepaIeOrWaandIheOdelaeqeSIiOae
adth0SectrequeStabeCSeqenIhehpan
 bqrbh

IechnquelsSyimied100baininnCeninaiOaduetO
mOdecOnraIiOnCangesinreglOnIhaWdbeinencedby
thaIeOrWaFAg00delapWdbethemeaurmgOrincrentS
OpiIchigOmenIadingmOendu0hedeiOmOnt
suresWhgahaspanmOdeIesledOnlhntunwaiuSy
sFimaaWaymIharhahepanQinwhichtheOdscut
isOCaaeedge01kmunneWbOa1ayeWhenapatm
SedSyisOCaedweabOVhunwadaylayes
apeysurgeaedwi1mtheIreaOnWhicheOdeS
OCathasashapig010ClyspihOWandhasashield
betwIhepandhunewaOp3maiOadsOthemeber
bywhichtheOdeSachedOabausidEnnelApOSS FShdarastabHedSd
sOrCrtrOubWiIhthepaIQiChanceOrgetigabOCking
RSutsrthSStudieshaebeeCClusieandIheIudesnr
cOditiOnbetweenIhpaIdIhewwihhereuhahmpate
mh00SeaCOnuratinthathecanreaabyexpecWOrkOnthe
cOmpyaIeIhewOehQmOde
basOrpudieSIudadhOpeiwOkWiht

IthasbeenpOinSecIiOAIhaanyuPeOnicIunhaQ
astabesecOdthrOatdsersasFUPheseareHycOPex
tranSOnicwindtunnestheeCiOnimediaeydOWnSteamOrthe
andStlySFaturSigatSiNeadqueyusua
testsectiOnissOmhaagemcrOSeCIiOnIhamIhsectiOnThi
dOOtpertOthedesersexpectatinSOurphSOPhyisthahn
argedeCIiOnpOVideameanSexpandingtheaiaYnmthest
desierWbeaheadhraeddseSSedadthecOStOraarFb
sectiOnaOWSuPericpeedsandIhuprOVidesaCttOpuai
diSrePedtOreasethecapabrthirsuppysyste
OrthepknmChambemraSOnicunataitiOn
DOWea0hesecOndthrOaheduerOrheupeSOne
asqareOreCIanguarOaCircuCSiOnissaedneahedOWn
5EdbethesaeaSthatratraSictuehateabetween
streamedOrthQdierpsWheSeCIiObecOmeCiCuariS
OpPOSitewasshOdbekepeOWgdeg
SinedwacOicadisQhavigaaXiuincdedange
Ordeg1hQCOneCnetilIheaearatiOiughP Nu SileCerS
OWMachnumberWperFapPlhjOinsy
ThescreaOrahSpwgtnaSmthethreshOdOain
drasectiOnWhakesPdegIurS01haheaithunnel
atshOrtdaCeStOVeryanygaareSAccOrdlythew
willbeexhaedstraiupCpreSSinratiSintransOnibWdWn
tunnebitwithOutSHeCeSrayslayIhaIwaylOgHOWeehe
tunesarmS0aprOblebecaSenSlnStagmprSan
dOraSeCerbeyOndthescOPQOraWidluneeeee
supp0psiaandsagiOpreSSeOrUieadOqe
eCeSaeaaHabncOerCiayadePreetNpercetOe01he
theOreinecinneS
COStOratuneL FOrpanmgpupOSeIheseCerdFeterShOudbe
ThOaerOdyaicde0dimrSsup30icwidtunneshas
argeg0ghtOpemiheahrtObebeOWphahediCharged
beendiscussnSectiOnanduIhabeenndthahQser
ThesimpetSHenceSaeCOPOSedOrIwOCOCecydeWith
shdhaeathrwiIhacOSSSeCiOnehanhaIOrIhetetSeCti
abOutaiChgapbmtWeentheheinnrOnehOughwhichIheaT
saIi0yIhaeaShav3deterOrheOperatigMach
isdischagediPeatedandthQSpaCebeweehecydeSied
nbHOWeereOVeraisercnratihasntbeedd
WithasOndabsOrbetSuChagasWOOMOeCOpexeCeay
NuerOuSStudieshavebeenadeintheattpiOSh
havesOdbsOrbcurtahngthecetaaSaTypay
aliOVaiabesa1maeOcOnVegenCebewehetSeCtiO
SCSaetWOadahartOudiaeterSThedeeO
aldthdisehrandthehedismhrndd
WhhtheysiencQthescreaOrahiTSpeedwidtunesquitmipreSSi
a0cOnVegenCOmquiea1p10e00ehavebeen
ScetheeCertheatpatOhebOWdOWCuFitshOudhae
ashavesecOd1m13ghs02e00etSeCtFlehs

t1
11
 hhh
OmeSOrOrdOkeOpbidsandinsecI0tOrthetuneThidOO
shOldhOWeerOthaOayOCkingsySOpOadsapttOjam
SiCeeracIiOnCOudree1pOSuNgthueCuit
TFepeureaIiOequdFtingandunEnmSupeSOmicwind
tuneshaebeendiscussainSmCtiOnAadustratedinFiNu
ThQdiscussiOmandureadtOthecOusiOnthatthebOWdOWnte
mustOperattSOquitQhighstaatiOmprereaStheMachnuber
isFcreasaand2rthehatnk0eCyCesthepressurreguatOO
p0ideahigherpeureaWUOnddurintartiguthQtunnewiu
haeIOruahetaIimpeueWa0aXiumruntida
OSSOraXiuMach nber
ctOradctOaedevthatwOktOWardO30mgthe
abOVedcutSlctOSaejetsOreatieyhenergyairahe
dOWStreaendOrthestsectiOnWhichaddermytOth0rgy
bOndaqayeadrCheequiedcOpeSSnratiOapaticEa
MachnuberectOrSareON2esOCataweOWntreamFthediser
whicharedireddOWnStreaandydrOppgtheexitpeSSurer
theedapressuratiOhyinstanctheectOSSaindrive
ar whFahe testaatiOn preSure ad bypaSSeS the test
sectiOMOretypicayctOrpreSSueShehantnest
naiOneFOhatOraddedtunepmaC0thcency itShyareSedwhereextraarsIeaaaHabHeOCay
OhectOSsupeiOrthatOrthctOrbhedirCeis
usaynOtOpOrtanCe
AveryectieCOnuatiOnaniectOshOWninFigN
wheeinaiaIsIaaiOnpreSepasedaOudthetsectiOad
terSthmdsehrOupdOWeamOrthetestsectiOP The
ictOaiectiYeyaSeCOdthThmpraCrSCha
TueaT l
AirOSem
Chabe
FiNUO DusejectOr
9S
upisshWinFExtrapaigtheexperentaauese
SehahOuacOpeSSiOnratiOOruueededtOStarhetuat
kTrwithOutaneCtruarati00rOisnedwthe
ituminWauCaiaSIhelunne0thQ
StaOnpeSSur0rOndimIOaraIi00rhadbeenaaiabn
WEanictremaxStartMachberwOuldhavebmen
abAsecaybesIhahesaIingandmeSueS
WiththeictOrareeSSyequalFN
FutherprOVeSCI0unehaebeendescdySIOke
FROWithecOpeS0SOargeaWaIiuOW
pressuerataMachnbeOrhabeeaChievedwa0era
prmSSratiNZewadAtheictOrwwhethe
aSSwOrtheictWaSaPprateyOUmesthemassw
OheteheeCearylesseciOaageenWSCOPxad
CyhQueOrnimCOPe0SeFaeIecOnOyS
theeeWdaIaeaIedOnpreueeCOeyhaebeenauabe
ThatnOrtheictraybeexpaiitWOWaFirsterise
FprnSueaSSOCiandw1hediiOpOduceadeeIeiOueParaIiOn
OrthOudaqayerWWhtheectOendst00VerCOead
SeCOndheiOrairrSaSeCOdthrOat
traStWiththeactinriectSuCIrSareSiPpuPmg
deveSedtOreduceIheIelexpeSQadaeOtaSeias
SctOrWwOtOtetieStheONZwthetuee
prSSurmaybeducedbtrtWAsetupOh
typeshOWnFFigdIhepeaCe00eC10hOWi
FiSOetieupIQrOreC0aeuedFserswhern
aOWtuneepeueirequd
MayVargSOrprtaCethedesadusrctOrSaybe
deedFuadaetedasOWStOhnrwiteaSOabe
VaFes
te ReasOabHeaues
ectOrpeSueExitpressure
00h LjlJ N
u tO00
ExtpressreuepeSue Nt00
hearearatiO tO00
helehaeterrat0hee
b AtON
ThepectnratiOb utOPO
tueetcOeageb
rr
utO
rrp
ctOrONNleaR tONO
OtetdiseraQ AtO q
aSSratituneaSctOraSS 00u tuO
1
 baSb

1 l Jl N b N NO b 0 N l U
8
U u ut
TunnelcompSSionratio

r O r r

FNariesrctOdesig

RereCnSNadNHOhOdbecOwheaictOrOrctOr
desscOtepated
NJ Spt pdr00
WithOteqOCatiOnthewidtueHegeeutpOVEetheaXi
OrSSW
reaSOabe saty ar as thn tueStuCtuantety ad

OperatnapOCedeSare COCeredteS tO becOSidered Fclude
FFExperi1arancIOrsthathinFigNua
pOPaeSOnStOragetaksOWOtpatChesducthattF
tuEMachnuOrUOral0pguquaOtunstag
ayWaybesctedtOOVeTpeuebOWOutpatChcOtain
pnSuFggndpOiarOtartigrg

earetbastshdsd00rterOCkseatShieEsad sOrth
RecyseecatastrOphexpOSsOrheayductwOrkcOtaFm

lNUUl1

auresFaepOtedOhereqeetOrOehpee
a
ir

l
A0gtheOSlpOrtatSatyreqeetStOeSuethatvaeS
bmtWethearstOretaksadthetucaOtbeOPeedntFe

Tunnelcompressionratio

n O
tnescOpetelycOSedEPandsecueSeeaatyrequeetS

O
haebepOedOuPeuSadOtFeSWillbeeed

Z
atreevatPacetlgFOuEsb00k
HaddtOteatyeqreeQTprOOgOrtuecOPOntS

tOpreVetdestructOrnqEPetWhePeesatyiOtF0ved

anpOrtantaSPeCtOrWdtuedenheeeWaythat

acOPOetCabedaagedOrdestrOyedthrOughiprOPeSevery
PObablywbeFOOTp00gOratueWvayWeyaccOdi

tOtetueladOyedeseOrOPeatOWbeiaPOSEOntO

drietheayCOPOetSthatrequ01P00OWeeJ

OeOdexaPeOrSuCaCOPOehaCOt020Sune

bl bN JbU U
istheOdsuppOrtSyteheaguaaVeOrtheytemWithOut
FigNUN ECOPeSiOraId0tadrun

Y 1111
 bebh
tJl
1

airdrierCOperOicleaertOragakpeSeegua10n
l l ll

YaveetSeCtddseAheseaybepuChaedeW
0

bheusuachecOnOypreVamOSIOrIhOpaaybe
Ul018Cl

ObtainedpasOrCeSarOVeWhenreeant
DRIERgthscaadactivatedauaaQCerCyavaiab

adcheapadaybeSeddmWituneairaccOrdinOS0
ndENTFemOistureadrbedaedrienOyeectrcO

higytuaaybeittedFanyparIsOhecOutry
l l 1l l rl O tp l

a0mPtheMachubekepbOWP
Tunnelexitpressureraliopo

COMRESSORThQCuStOarygtatiOntypeuOpsisadeq
SuchcOPnSSOhaeatedencyIOpucOSEerabOintOtheaiT

StrQautaybOYawapOrOuSerhenrwiiOrk
l

hbettnrirthQCOprnSSedahCQdbypassgEhrOacOiOr

COppebgbmmpemimiOenIeheer
TANSUsedpeSSuetakOrlhpsmeareaaiabFaHOSt
tI

aEcSawhudreddarsacapacityThissizmW

peritauSeCOndruninatwithaChSquarestsectiOn
AccOrdtOCdeqEreetSthetankSthaeaSataveand

mustbehydrOStataytetedtOethewOrkigpreSSrnPrnSSure
tankareawayapOlEsOuCe Ordageadd be1ealed
tJl
accOrdFg

1
MSSURgULATORaSatigtOqpreSrereatOraybe
bOrrOWedtheOCaCOpaY SuchareatOruStbeseected
1

tOWstadtheaXpeerCOureSChreatOrSigeera
WOkwedeChwEeOrOHueadpeSuelhathealed
VaeSMayreatOrSbzmisecOd
eTEVALVMAquickaCtFevavnnededtOaepreCuste
t Ul b UI Ln P O tJl J b

FgnhetptOOpStigMachnuberGatevavesare
FigVaepaIiOWilh0peraliOand avaabeatveryreasOabecOSt
a1Fig ESONhetestseclStbedeedeaseitiO
thOdeadakFgchagnSUHylheIeecIWEbesaSO
thatd00rSOnbOthsidesaybeeasydeedTheOWPreSSueuSuay
daageiiiIedVuIbeadeOeueIhahnpOWer
dintheteCtiOupersOnueandIhecOeqeagn
caOtneheyIe10atihepOdhheIuelwathe
presuedireCetheIesecIOIhe00Shdbekep
OdOeSheauthOrSSPeakwiIhgOnIhOitFihOugh
dadcaetakehaeaksdO00ccWheheydOIheIe
sagaJp00deYsareaveyp0anIpartOrWidtunel
SiOMachnubeischagedIhOughcleaPHaicaybeed
deycanbecaied10IhepOitwheeIheyaOubead
WdOWSaaaatnOnatepOarybaCatCheseas
intheTintedndppOSeudenOnIheparOrthedeesthQ
adssSprerred
OnypnIiOnthF
DUSasanstaatiOnthebeeeSlIigIheeaeOr

0
0 Fe S OWdOWm Tne
getttOthetestsectiOnW0tadseuuayOutWelheiCreaSe
isOtdicuObuidadP OrrmgtieWithODhsersdhOWeeredCetheOiseEs
saIC10ySaHbWdOWntun
discSSiOHraiaIueiinOde
hesseCethetunecOSistsOr aybeapatpOiSOetaatS
h
nstrumOmthwi1SywithmanOmetrS
pressurQmQaS5mWiIhsChinumentatiOneXperimsmpy CFlpter tFr
bracecOmpariOnOMachnumberpObtainEbyaQar0a
iOn1011cprnSSurOraiOaaIiOn10pitOtprQSumratiOreSSrm
OnSimpebOdinSandcOmpariWi0ySmSOhctOr
sIingdiame13nddaqdiQrSteP
nOrinermientindra tunneS
RmreCeS
E QSchubauOrW0SpgmbndSKlbanSeniCh
aclerIiOrDpingScrnNACTNN uee l
NN MPgndWChOWIrSmpqOrdWaEWimdTn
ntermittendraunaeIhOSeIhaOreenegyaape
SdSthnrnOdEnginneringDCAEDCT
dreCe betweeaOWpeSSurak ad lhe apheeDig
NU PHJrandhamSMCbbagelThQDnPOrnhby
nchSdunMPChZubersCPtONASATZD OpeatiOLhmawsthmaI0PheeIhOughheuneditO
N SiOnnkOQqqFMnGaHgOkCOpSy thevacutakCahetakpressretOriseTFeruedswhgthQ
Nu RdOHaDierEenOrJRSPQOnicWFdTunsat
ratOratOSPheic peure IO Iank peSe decaSebeOW Iha
arieTestchabePuhlun
nquiedtOdtheteheawOrwICOdiIiOSIaIid
Nn JDFOSdPLVOnEschenCilanaaOrannt
HigheuRSup30nicWFdTunOhiOStatnivty rungadneeddryaethesaeadcESediChapteThe
u OWgaethQaiCOPOeheiteeaPtu
N WiPGHarradRaPMcCOrDisQnYgatiOnFanA
Ad00rOrVaveahntueHesOetieS
sye1iCOpenleIHyp30nWFdTunbQQ
N
00 QgOHSl0mDriplnOaNFHyp30nFaciahmFy PAlargepaCtEhascapabeOrdrythearashSSed
RmPrChC3rNSTNDSOptQbn bythetunn0aterativSacapactyCOPreSSOrSa
N 1MSpieUHOgIandDMnhnAppinSOrAiaqA
prnSundrrdadyaOrabaet
ectOrStOSupnrSOWindTuneSMAu
uAsChaber
WGELmsandJSDract0mXpeiNatasTurbi
AOZNe
MstabshgtR
AtestsectiO
diSer
AvalebetweethetestsectiOadtheaCutak
00AaCutOragetak
PAvacumpup
ch Orthese iteWbe discuSedsOe deIatheOWg
SeCtiOS
hutinOrandatueitedbylFegpeSeIhe
VaCuutakWheFevacuutakpeSuestOthepOitWhee
thepressureratiOaCrOSthetueOtuCPeatethetu
ahedesiredMachubetheuCOetOaedetOtpeue
OrthetueheOpeatFgMachubeandthec0epOdmPeue
ratiOrequlareknOWthecOndStFeaCuutakaheed
h

hh
0heruWbeknOWcuatertiheprOductOrWeit
wOraFrOthuandrEtieiseqatOthOChani
wetOraithevacutankdurigther
whereaSSwthrOutnSec
teOrPOWSnC
aCutankvOe
aSSdeSiinYaCutakSu
andIhesubCipIdn0eendOrrunandeOtebegin2mOrrn
tEcOditSRearrameetOrequyds
hecOditiOSihetankduigaunCabeepeetedbyPpOytOpC
COpOSnprOCeSSOthat
wherebpreLb
3pOytrOpiccOeiettObediscussmdat
RgPungIhegalawadcObinmeqSNadyieds
where JtepeatetakatdOrru
COatR
AheairetegthetakwiavnatemperatreapprOXateq
tOthetOtaperaturrthirenthNZFThOWOrair
OthetakcaeSPCOpeSiOnOrIFeairaeadyinthankwitha
cOeqeneperaIrieshaaaieysa0eraectad abyadeqateAsce30ehOaeriaOdeiabe0een
isreasOabetOaSSueaaaktemperatrmJWithth
asupiOneraIeWeqdtheareaatiO byaheavrscnBstegthalOadisabOtiptheCne
nquebecOeS
uu
ThepOOpOCOeentntheabVmnquatinCanOnybeatd
breIheInneOpSIedhepObaiaiOOrthiOeen
manadiaaIicpOCe10iOthmapOCeThe OrCOdwiterairwOuldbQOStaOygtOaPerSOnakaOd
bqq3
ahmYaCutakandtFeshOtnheruntiethenahcOe
CntshOuldapprOaChEerienwOrkbyrukasiewNRePu
hasydedthQOWreSuts
MachNber TestSnCtiOSe RunTie COeCt
u
AtON00iChes UOsec
1t0uOiChnS secNOtONA
FOrCOputatiOnSinmPntuaaunusueSted
ue0OtaepatueatOpeSuetObeSediSOvinmeq
UushOdbethnVauesdOWStrgOrthndrierScethedrrw
CaSeapeSedOpandatnperaturerebOthOrWhichaedussed
in SectiOn u
EeuCOputetheruntieranindraPwidtuewith
thelOWg COnditiOSaCh tsectiOLnEatank
pressureatOSphnreStak vOHueU80cuP
StandaddaywithaiepeatureatFadadpOitOFnd
atypidriNeChedrinrpreSSurmdrOp
FrOFa reasOnabeYaue OrNu
Th3etheedpressreSNuupsF
NhQinitgtakpressurnsPOAqHPTSpsia
AsjStSuggeStSeau
F0Fia leperatre re thrOuthe drr OrNOF
rQaSOnabereSugnanatagatiOteperatureOrNO
uUR
uubstitutigFnq
00NOOS0N
u
uOsec
uu Airnet
hmairFktrSidatunneuuayedtOyiedYeFcitieOW
ghtOaVOEpickigppapeandeaveaVaunOrNOphipOb
aerOrthe2raCetyPeFineehsceeSOrersshOdbebacked
awdnOtWardahOPtOaknitka1ng
SOethOdOrCOSitheiEetwhQnthtuneSnusniseeded
OpeVtdustmentngthCuitLasOnededtOkPthe
WherOutSidethebuimWhenthetunneestsectiOnOpenAdraP
hhqj bq
thOetObeeaureddatethiredCeStheIequd1
abiatiOnOrpreSueauganteSOraSducersadcO
SeqtlyredCeStheruntierequiedt0mCOdpnSSurndata
1eXmteVaetheupteaPOtiOnOrIhecuitarn
aycOeCyavaabegateaebecaunOrIFgOOdseag
qualEesHOWQerbuttevaeaenOWaaabewatabO
gakehatpOVabetteeahathetandardgatevaveThIypQ
TemperatureriseF

0
JJ bJUl

OrbuttereWOudprObabybe0ePraCticathappcat
becauseEsuCheasbtarapEOPeatFOrthebutteae
0

thanthetQVae
0

uu AF Driers
0

draPtaOrCaeOPeateWithOutdrythueaiT
lrthnydOOtdythOWnertheauMachuLberatwh
thetuelcabeOPealawtCOdeSatiOnisabOudth
0 0 0 0

pSSeynadrydaylrttaEsIbedraybedrg
SOWyOVeaeXtmndapedOeadtOedFabaE00eI

aybmdriedasEsusedrthestateratSedtheethOdSed
l

rdryigEeticaOthatdescribedFSectNrabOWdOW
NO u00O 0 tunehedrygsysteCOnStsOraCOPreSSOraarcOOera
AtOSPhcdewpOF
0erahPeSundinabackPeSueValedabaet
FatEerOOraFpithrOughypiindaPtunr OrigthedyaiLrthetueaistObedriedasitSthedrr
OrnOgaCStOdthaahSheteadthetue
ChageintheteteCtiOnlrthetnadyaStOagQbaE00neta
deeSitateycOCeredwEdesig
COSreisrequiredtOprQentdqaieakadmthnba00metintOthe
AschnatdaWgOratyPsyterdyFmaaiIedFa
tuFOhepurpOSeSmtiOnedd00rCOnSitimOraSimpmhind
idraPtuiPtedFiNWhnheIuelOPeaI
PatewithrubbergasketsiatPctOry daperSatadCarnFthQpOSEOadtheaTeterSthetue
AthOaYveatthetnnetcapabeOragathevacuum
CFpaeSthrOuthedesiccantbeddthewsOtOthetue
OadisreativeyexpenssOetieSSedtOSerethepurpOSeOr
thed00randasOtOaddseeadatatOthQOPeratiOnOrthun
WhensuchavaeisiStaedSSedPrstartigadstOppthe
tunner ThnVave between thetesteCtiOn and thQ VaCumtank ist
OpeneduOWngequaiNatiOnOrthetunpressreadthevacuumtak
pressureThepStreaVaetheapidyOpenedOrC10SedPrrting
OrStOpPHnhetunSuchaaeisnecmsspryirOpeatFpeSSdeand
henceeynOdnuberOrthetdaetObecOntOdataL Partial
Ope2mgOrthYQCreatOSapreSSuredOpOrthnairgterFhetunne
SdhenceareductiOninthetunReynOdsnuber
ThepObiOrequiNingthetunnepressurnandthevacuumtank
PrmSSurQprOarunhastwOadantameP ltcanbeSedPSpmar
CheckinmthetunnemakitaOSerYmheppOSQOrOYaCuatin
pressureinesmOdunwaupressumOrieOpreSueSnea
FNgraatdrieradameerat5CuFdrarue


ll fh
 j
theductappOaChthebedWiIhIhsaeOCiIyepresuedrOP
pOperFOeaCIiiOnOrIhedieFedapeSatbadCaQpun
thrOuthhthickbediChesOrerCErySteCacuated
IhmpOiInandIheadheaIear0Thecesai
theEOWgeXPeentaydeiedeqaiO
OVertheheathehOtaeavigtheheatQrpaeSthrOthaesiccat
baadOutOhnCuihrOthetuninThmairteperatureis Ue
mOredatbandwhenIheIePeraIurea1hispOFtrePChesNuOFthe
WhereqHaireOCahebedgesec
desiccashOtandthQOisturehasbeendrive0AhispOFnthe
ThedcriOaaCCePIabepeSuedOpaCOSSthe
reactivatcyctheheateredthecOOlnrturedOad
bedbuhdbekepOapaCIicaiu0dekeepIhe
IhedaPealli20edIOpOSiIiONandthndapeatCtOpOSitiO
tueReydubeahighaspracIicaadtOaeethestrCtu
ePisreerSedandairiscOuOSyciCatedthrOughthnCOOeJ
PrObeetainthedeatbedSuccnSSEdershaebeebu
thrOthedesiccatbedandthenthrutheThiscuat
pressuredrOpSaShasesOrerCuryandthisvalue
cOntiedtihedecaepe8eireducedt0SFndthe
SeStedasaaXudesvaue
reactCyCmithencOpete
hepeSuredOpCacuaIedtheducCIyeedsiChes
heaOutOrdccaObeprOidedagVintaatiOnmuStbe
rmeCuryCOreSPdtaeCOrabOuteceductw
basaOntWOctOrStheaOuOrWatnObereOVedbetweenr
areahdbeiCeaedi0deCeIhepeuedrOPlOan
acIi0CyCeaIhepeiibepeSSurmdOpuStaedbthOair
acceptabevauehisuOrCOSeWOdeaneaSgIhOdccat
apaehOughIhedheaOrOitetObeeed
aSSabOVethateededhereqidryigthe01merhahe
shOldbebasedOhenXpeCIndwOrkdaywithareasOabeegtO
preredOPCacuatediseIhaCheOreCuyOWarea
theteAreasOpbevaeheeisIOPantObeabOdy1
CabeeducedbecaueIhedeaaWOudbednquaIeNOte
nrCetOheaXipOSSibuntnbasedOtheOWeStMah
thathedeOradccatbaaOWaCeSdbeade
berOrWhhtheeaPabeaXuaSWheJu
COegabOuOpeCetOhebedgebyuPP0iuCI
peCeaXiyisadequaleheOStCiticOditce aystOhOdthedesaaybeadeOCOStStruCturarOn
eimrnadylOunheiatthepresueisdOWnishadyacOntiuOSy
WeShstaieseeCeenlOhOdlhegaeBesideIhewei
achevabeslaIePrOidghOWMachubeeaPetyOr OadestructureshdbedesedtWiIhstadepressureOadW
capaciIyigherMachbShea10OituetOber30
agdgtrigybecauseWrkigthetrayscaCaSedust
0rareya2CtiCaSceeWOdwaObeabetOn
0hedesiccatCOneCtWduageWdesatshOdbe
OnOCCaSiOdapdaynthedtCiateFrOFaacO
Sndbtaatntreethedustcauedbysh

snrVativespecihuidcanbelectedayparhe0ty httaCeSthereeaiOnaccOPhedyaFheaIedby
MuiiOrthntOtaaSSOraipaSShrOughthtuben
eectitybyhOtgaeSnaIrabneSWharebOWn
reactatiOCyCHesbythespecihuidityObtaiFigLieds
ththQdrrsheaCbustprducIssuppiedatabOt
theue0pOudOr0eIhaIuStbead0bedbythnd uFCOParedwheeatieysapreSSredrthErier
DiidigthisautOristurebygrgudepedWhethnr
WhaveseesOuCeSOrSatheaOSSadtheseuStbecO
actiateduaOrcatObeedyiedsthenuberOrpOuds
SideedithedeOrthereacIiaISyeAbeakdOWnhOWig
Ordesiccamqiredinthedrr theahreentOrtheetOgelheWiIhOughpeCeta
desiccatbedthickeSSOrabOChes0aysectedtO
OrthetOtaatbasedOnaixhOheatCeOWS
akecertaihaInOarpaethrOghthebedwOutCO3gCOtaCt
Oheatad0bedwateeVapOaIeiIadheaIaPOOaeage
withthedesiccatadtOkeepthnpeumdOpaCrOSSthebwhis
teperatueOrabOtgFN0pmrceabOuIgIupepOu
prOp0iOaObedIhickeSSaiiunOWmgthebnOr
OrWatQr
pOund0deiccanequiedadIhndenityOhdnaSectBn
tOakepheandiChageda50peCe

uLJJ
NeCanClatethevOeOrdeiccathecrOSSSeCtiOarnaOr
thewpassagelnWhichIhedesiccanSCatedthenpatd OheatadsObeOaOudu00FNOIOuOpeCe
thQVOueOrdesiccantand thehickehedesiccatbed OheatupetalOrdesiccatb0gercet
AchkshOdthenbeadetOdetnrminetheaXimumaiYeOCityin tOakeupheatdCtWOkerCe

ThetOFeaIrequemensinIypidieCOrreSpOndtOOtO
pepOndOwaIeOVedOmparedtOarmamrgO
pOndrWaterinPSaerhPreSSurarir
AsthnairpassSthruadrtheOrptiOnprSSpSSPt
p35e01heaiWihthe1haheaieavesthieratP
IemperaIueaOVeaImOSpheicTheeC10rIhedrierOmthunne
stagnatiperatureiwninFm
u DOWmSmp
AtiSeaimveisreqibetwenntheteststinadthVa
tankinOrdeFatthetestsecI10nmaybeOpenedandmOdechageade
whithevacuumtankisevacuatedhiVaveaybeeitheagatee
Oraig1eveIraaVp0idaahnietOr
tFetunnesn0necearyIhahedOWeaYebetacting
bueIhepS1eameWibeuedIOSIarandstOpthunneL
HOWrinOpSIreameSedOWnSIreaieSa
SingandIOppngIhunnelandimutOpein0
sQCOnds
U
p c T pndum
ThQSiNmOraVPCragankuuauyahSSrCOrSe
2nctiOnOhnSizeOhnandIhQdeduntnditC
wiayadinAhepeS1imnnd0aperCubic
mOdiumSiNedtanksnOtSrePSOnPbThankSthaePaCQtO
enterinpeCiOnandpaimIinandaOWpOitdrainLamayb
yagOOdinaIiOLnOnmintanCegcubic
ankhadapressurismgpsigqgsiainhrS
cEainyPyatictOrypermance
lrthepipingmIheIunnedieeadtaiintOthevacujtanku
isag00didePtOinsadeCheSnsidethVautank
lOpreVendamage10hankbyaheavymOdhatmaycOme00Sn
duingarhiOdecaIchehObeinaedinawaythatw
peVenaydOpmpeSueandheydecreaeuntieLi
eadingm1evacumank10mevacuumppShrrangedin
awaythatwirnteignctswhichaygntthVauu
tankenIhevacpumpAhighOCatiOnOrtheieOnthn
IaklheWiIhamsceenattheeiesadele
heevaciOnOrtFnYaCuSphe0akePacQSOSOWythathis
easwihdaWnmIhewastOCOpenatQthedrOpinteperature
thatwdnOrmayaccOPanyhrOpnpeSureHetheprOCmSS
aybeakeiOIhnrAsu1ngIhahnppWdaWSaC
stantnumberOrCubicepeinag00dassuptiOeVWitha
bq3
WriatiOninietcOnditiOnthepptebecOeS
NUgl u
WhereIinitiapressureinthetakSg
alpresueihetakSa
StOragankue
1puprat
pumpe
1COPulethepPtietOuRIheprureFa
00tOagetakgpFIOPphepPgraIeis
Nug
ThehaustmtheaCutankeedbecOOE5IObauped
intOtheatOSpheebtayneedac00eriIObesaedreSe
Whabaet
00neS
leadOrbedaiSedbytheratuetheSal
prOCedureheairaybedriedbyaWPaChipressuredrier
adtOredatCOapingba00eIhedecntOuSnabanet
basedOnCOStltscOStadthecOStOastructuretOhOSeFcanbe
OetFareaWhernlhecOtgIhepOWeeededOreneraIdier
arThisrarthecaseitheUndStatesnanyn
00trSheUitedKdOrFstaCebaetSaeeC0iy
justidAberOrgnbeeaathrOughtheuseOra
bauOOnetTheairiseOrCOnlauChaau0ddust
eOrthepeedOPIhrOughadieradIheeupaVaabe
theSeadrecOVeryOrgaSeSOthehaaesd
AgOOdbaetateisgrPregedwitheOPree
ubbeandpaFtedwithaxibeauFupaiSucaaIeriaasa
peeabyOrabOtAXpOudOrWaIerperquaeOIpehOuu
and hence sattOy dyeS Ca0beainIaiedOrethan
SeVeaayirthebanetexpOSedwOaacksaeaVaiab
thpObethauctwOkcabeaadsOhasOeOrIhestOredair
ayberecircuatedthOughtFedrrhebaetCabehOuSedFa
WaterprOOrbuidSChabugShdbepeCenarthan
Ihgedba2neISaIi0yba00neIcOapeaybeIudiedwiIh
mOdeSapercetCaebeimadequate
g

N01elhaIan upslrmd00rOrbecOmnSandatOyWhena
bauOOesusedwithanindraPtunneOhOdbackhQdryairwhil
OdeJhanarnbenmmadeSChad00rOYaVnOtbbetO
withstandthelaCuOadnlessFistObeSarstatingad
sIOpplglheIun00nInOrmaylaanyyeaSinsrVice
Spty
AthOtheprObabirryisesswithaindrunneha tatiOnPrpOSeuOrbOththeemiIetadIhecOuIypehe
withabOWdOWtunnecehpressreWithitspOSibyOrOutWard
explOiOOneXisIenIheQaeSIiatyprObeSthatmbe
ThemOSpOrtantOrthesnistakeabsOutCainthahedOW
strnavecanObnadveyOpeedwhiesOeOeiswOrkin
0thmOder ThnOStdirsOFtiOtOthiPObetOiteCOnneCt
thetestsectndOOrSSOthaheVecannObmOpeeduneSthndOOS
arecOSedWhenOIaIyiIeIhQprmreSeaintheead
FighCtiSidrutheUirSrNWMexi
bqqra
tSiOnareCailyaSOinIhisciCuideaVOidlakFm
WOressdatawitheakingeOCkheseassOthahemai
vQCanOtbeOPenedessIheealsarepeSuedasiPead
COnYenietprOCedue
uO SClpsHndrPP TgnS
AberOrSandraPtunneHshavebeQnbPrcassr00dn
COne0iayOVabyedupwapeanenl
iaatiCethaCupPeedaIeadywOwaIe
COrSearbOthThtyprtstSedbythmArFOrCe
AcadeyhaOVavesastartswhetheOtOredOThe
taheUierSOrNewMex0Fhashadasadrier
addevedesertdyneOtenOughtOPreVetCOdeSat
bOthtuelsadthataheUSOrexaswhichisaer3t
tuhavetsectiOSarOudOequarechareaTheexperetS
etFediS0NNrayruldeaeyedyO
ShOCkbOudayayenractiOnWaCOdCledheUiveiyONew
Mexi8tunusgeXCeediysapressrePrbesadeaSug
StatSneywhundredthsOraiCh
RernneS
JukasWDerntWueechniquAGARD
Pape
UNRTPatlnrSOThnDnsaPnraCeraAirDgSa
SPnrWdnZajRnpOrtDMb

CFapter
DesinOrpreSSuraCumtunneS
Gemer
PressreCuutuelsarhOSminwhichhpeSuearsta
asbwdOWntunnesadaCuumisstOredasindratnSr
tnOperatThehpSuririntrOducedgOthtuneland
thetuneleaStSitOthevacuuStOrageSSeSPressurVaC
tunsareSedwhehepeSreSrnqdOpeatigab10WdOWn
tunelbe100FighByexhaiglhuneOaOWpeSuethe
OVerauneresseratirequiredpStiOnatanMah
nbercanbeachedaIaa1yucedOperatigpreurmTheQ
awaSSu
PressurVaCumtunsauaylhanabOWdOWntnel
mtearcOmpreSSOrSthrOghthepessreatOrveDOWn
sIreamOeregaIOrveheaIeaeOniaedN0malythQ
heatersargrtheetypeWhichcabechargedOYereXtded
pe0ietunsIarSIOPVaveiuy10CatedbetweethO
heateradth0laybereqiredihesettchamb
peaunIep31urraietSngth02ZeDOWream
OrthediseranaircOOlandaYaleis01atihnnthm
vactanksareqiredInthischapternytnedesatures
drentthOSe00heypenneswbediscusede
dieCmWbethQprObabeepyetrannONN
tFOedsbthtwdiSiandaxmetityPSinthe
iOWhypersOnicrangeahmhirMachnubehXSyS
haveaguinIhei0heyaQeaSieicatmaYess
thrdistOrtiOnhaveOhighteperaIueSeapObleSadaQeaier
tOCOO
N DeDmF Tme COdEOS
1unelOperaIigCOndaededbyhesOradtheFitia
peueinIhepresundaCm10ageIanksnaidindegm
bq32S
FesecOdEOSandthereeindetermmhesOrthevacutaks
isObtainedbycObiquatiONdUndreaagm00bIain
Uu
1 l
A
lneqEsassuedaheaTetergthevacuutakswbe
C00gtOaCOaepeaIeNOelhaheI0aOPeaIie
peratureisabOeabOuRhergasectsbetObecOe
catEJqsedwtregardtOreaHectseerrOr
WbeesthapeCtOtOta10PeaIFePeaIueR
prOidedthaheactuarOatarearathehaatheOretahrOatarea
basedOperctgasarearaliisSedustrateFOWeqAisSed
asanaEdentuOPeatmCOdiiOeI uscOSidee
OWgeXaPe
meAtewilhauchtestsectdiaetersidethe
bOdaryHayerdacehkeStObeOperatedatMacWa
tOtaempnratureORTheruereqiedeCheIunne
aWbec00HedtORbeetstOthevacuutakshethrOat
N900
TheYaFeOrsexpecledtbeabSectiuSiCemOStg00d
VaCpPSShOd becapabeOreaCuainmIeaCuutakO
PpsgqthisexajPebeceS
N00uuXuu
l U lll1Lr
Or
N
l
l
l
TherestsOreqarepreseF
SethevalueOrdOeOtdeceaeuChwithincreas
ahehervaueshtwOuEbepaCtltOpksFasades
POAttEspOttheaueOrNheSceacOpeSSiO
ratiOO00reqdtuntFetueFthersphere
VOue000adtheOPeatimPeSSureisuOpsiaNOWLetus
SuppOSethatwewan00peratethueapsiaWacO
press0ratiOOstiudhedesVunOrSAh
pOihereqedspherev01ueiy000hSLrthesphere
J
ll
 beSST1
ThisherReWhesedOpOVeaePeratreStO
RustatedinFcOgpyOacyr
pressEVeSSeiWuatweeGObariOnCab
FingesFapattnnCOnCeWhepeSueeSSeadwith
adirhtyathahedFeterOrthepebbHebedatubuHar
erwthatterOrhieetsagaIeahebOttOOrthe
tubainerdabedOrauOXidepebbere1edby1ubuar
handrestinmOnthetnaFeb000hehOPiO
trpWdkwsuppttheNGObarheateee

HeastraSatheheaIee10IhesuOundcIOry

intOducedatthebOttOOrIheheaOWSpWadIhOuhebedOr
ll l

plesOrbheatdIhengOeSIOIhewIunnOAgas
qI

dpbbbedheateraSdesedIOSuPpyaRisEustrata
00 N
Pa
FFVarnOrFOrOY0OVnrCOPrnSSiOnraWsphnrpSuaat
thndOraROndrunatMachJadnqN
YOedeedOnthObasOraminimdedandcOnSequty
aFimequiedpheeVOmeWiiheuntieathighe
eSOrTheObvuelCeptiOntOththecasnWheethmphee
prereattheendOrarunWOldhavbeabVefhressrewhh
thnphereisdesi
TheabOYnpOCmdureardsPCOrreSpOndencbetweenYaCtank
FeaIunOperatnparaeterSWhichaSeEuideHOW
everLntheendanayshedeitiOmOraCmtakandpruretank
YOme and OrVaCum pump and cOpOSOr CapaCity and pnSSre

CapabiiIieWdnpend3maygtOrSdiCSediSectiOSNAtON
u StOrp Hepters 9

PressurVaCutypehyper
OrWhichthemOStCOOnare

tunenOaySeStOrageheatmrS
typeLthesQheater
IheaestOedin0ypebbeatareativelysOWratby
eec1iheaIingOrbyPCObStiOheatigprOCeSandthnntanSred
P0thbestOtheairatauChherratedurgaativeyshOrt
periOdOrWidtunOperatiOn
AthOughstOragmheatehadbeenSedpeViOuSwidtnne
IhrspebbbedaIerahyp0SOnicwdtunwadQVeOpedby

IhmPOyIechicIniuteOr00klyAeOnauticaReeaChLabOatOy
FN Eeenlsraeeclraealedbbndheater
jj 23
arOtaVaiabeadcObusInOrgaSWiIhaialOeWi0prOidQ
Sientyheperatures
Z

r t 1

ThPatprbethedesOrPebbbedheatersthat
beXghersOrthistypearerestrai

OWiheheaIercausesapressuedOPaCOSIhe
O t t lp t F rO

8V3byCarenFRePANa
lll lJl ll

Wl
L L tl

1
dimeSess
SStiOarnarePtyCnaeratsuctstatg
gHaCCeeratOrityaXhr
ahrdeSityLb
pebbedeter
wrateLbhr
qareOCityFhealerbedbasedOnePycaerr
Op

Eaustgases acOyibedFhr
n g
tuela haeaOrPebbeseper01ueOpegebed

NielON
FigEsOrpgaapbdh

ViscosityofairJLLbfthr

E
inFigtheaernaIrasadairareburnedinthecavity
abOVe1mepebbeandpOducIrCObusIiOnareceddWad
ghIhebedOpebbdigIhepeiOdOrheaOakigthepees

g
hegheaIereadvataOrb0
0peraIeadOaOWg0erapidheatmOrthepebbebedHOWeVer

g
theeectricaydheatercanprVideairwithr
AthedeveentOrthetauOXEepebbbdhatr
aiepeauIeS10RNASAdeveOpedaOXid
pebbbedheaIersuppgaieperatrStRThprary
direncnbetwethmcOniuEnandaluimOXidnheatSarn

00 N 8 l l l
thedreCeSinateriSZircOiuOXidnWwithstadtepeature
OrFwithetWhereasauiXidewi10ywithstand

tNNP

N 0 8 U N 8
Ieperaue0uFANiCOiuOXidepebbbedheateSaregaS PeratureR
edwiIhOXygenenenIbecausesuiIablQehingeSetS FTa0OrViscOIyOahrwiIhInperalure
J


bqaqrC32

carmanglveSaCCuaCyOercentelandperimers
02
haYnndprOpSWIhinlhiranahOWninu
ThepeedrOpIhrOapnbyelinSaSeS
00000
ThermalconductiviOfairkBtufthR
veyiIhdecngpOIOSCOnSyyheatnrdn
shdincdnaaIQnXp3nd00miiOrEriments

havindicathptunSOrrikeyttbeainpebbbd
caeIhmpnis
FeaterWith
dOppnmandlhedeniGdecrengas airpOgreSeSIhhapee

bedprnSSurOpihSnlhpperpOriOrthdn
cOdOpiOnnheaIdOpiOnedensiIydOCnaSnmuChOrQ
rapidyasIheaipeSlhrOIhaStinceaSing
lepeueCOnSeqrdOpaIiOnareCiticanthe

8 0 8 J N 8 81 0 0 N 0 8 N 8 N t0 8 U N 8
erp01iOnOhepegThepeed0beS
criticawhenitbecOeSequaOIhegkd3OrIhepeebedn
artiesOetepOytOrnducheprbabiig
pegnSisIOpuainchesOapeg1eOnIOpOheOr
sauerOneS
ThecOnVeCtiOnhtranSaIebelwegphSaaOVinuid
TrR
isgVenby
UR
FFarg0heCducliraTwithPeratu

p q
whereHthmrcOndviIyOaiFi1hR

qappaOCiIyinbedbasedOnlhewaeai
CSpeCi0aiFigub
FOrrn0ypebeigCOOedbyanaiS1enSugtep

OIOi
r4rTI400BtutbR
ature0hepebleswbQbWhVeabbpeatCSn
Orhp00rCOndviIy0IhepebbmaIaFOrpnCisatS

thiseCssOetieSincdedHOjeOrunin01uyj
inpebbbedheatedS

E N 00
N J
reasOnhsthatthQhterS arnuydesigned
l It

tepeaIrnnIhOWep0iOm01hObed0hae

0 U N
g N
structuraateriaareequiedIhQpeSppOrtte
pebbatSarmuydedhaInOCnthuctu

ll 8
N tJl
E
shisrepbyadiaiOnandcOnV0AdeqO

N
iatiOCaeaSiyb1mdin1de1esheOpntSheper

N J N
atreSeXCeedlngU10OFwiIhpebedlepeatuer

N J

l N
gTheS00eqplbedherprOSSurn
drOpandheanSdnisbebyIhnmgpe

OI

01
J
ratUr
FagOOrSPhealatctalprrhapyruCtOrair
Wtnraturn
 b
secwiIhPdischarpreSurlbssumam
iipebebedIeperalurR

HeattransferrBtu2hrR
DeIhepebeialadiZeandIhp00SityOrthQbedFOr
thiseainPpeeaeSaIisg0yThebbliNeWim

arbiIaiyeecIedandiaeIeIhep0OSitywie
assuedtObeUuperct
PDetereabeddiaeIequiedOpnigOrthnpQbbles

AhehmatereXitcOndEOnS

U N
Pb

N 0
1
uuUXuO

N l
UN000AAhr

tgbhrF

ll N

1 l
he0eOraSpheeiadIhnugaeai

N
raturR
FOrIhePheeugaeaeaChcb0hQpebbbedwehPe FFVargOtransatmWPSIurnpnbbFEhnr
aPAN
u
b

l

N
0b uSRPhbalaCenquatSaTegFOhebedTheh
addedtOthmairFheatigit0eepeaIueIOanOIhe
DOPSN
PUUPaX3EuA
1 Whmreruntehru
airhaBbFig
hewe0ainabObsOIhebkdeSityOrthepee andthQbCiptaeOIesexcOditiOSadeOtSFetcOnditiO
baisPSXbHheprrQdrpgsthisr TFeheate20edthepebbes
IhepeWhuhepebbbedaepiCalculatedapressurO
CJ1Pa
drp
WhereOdeOtmCOdEOSabegi2mOrre01eCOdiIat
1N
endOddeOIepebbS
adthebeddiaete TheheararedthepebbesIOIheaibycOeCIiO
DeOCOnStatSneededhearanrcacuaIiOnThepn
QevO
A

srgreainBChTenhOrthnbedis
WherethesubscrtaedeOteSaVera0Eaadapebbetem
EON
pnueSadaeraOrFetadexhtahePeaue
RewritQeqtOiCudStatS
1mewe0peeieaChThOrthnbedis
P3EONb
hespeciea0hepSisC1P
COuCaphOhaiaIiOnOrtheheat
transr rate PO J
A

eqWePeaIuaphipeS 3qve
A

nFig
lt1


SeseYSaieperaIurnSbeIweenIhQaiePSIe
8530153057
3630643082
5130493075
1430863093

amdtheiitEpQbbHnpeaIe
2232296
429163008
12429763038
662243279

1530853092
78623142707
64324572779
5042592848
36727332917

AteachOrtheeXitapeaIurnS
RadmSOrtheenthapyctSreqF

rOq rI PL Pp
A ntI Th177

SOYQeq00
Det0metheaveaeOriEeandaiepnaIuresPe
ReadavaueOrtheheaaSraIec0epOndinglOP
F
SQnpandnqAeT
SetPPandsOeeqP
563076
1293214
213006
783113
2923004
4213249
1992827
252502
13352772
15123122
47157
10802292

13012711

CaatepmpJJN
COpaePad1qnsare
SOvedahePalaEepeaIuewhhthesetwOuesarO
eqar
PUsethmaitpeaIuiIeaIheneIaePealu
thSnd3rthpebbebedandrepeaIeShrOP
293030201300
6870351310
414030151305
102951300
05005
93990499 222528 COnteuntiheaaiepnraImphedavaSapn
l l l 1
OrtheabOeaIiOSaprOSeinlabsnOtedhnthetabe
00007 7U00
1 1 l 1 3
21 thahairstlyexceedsthedesigeperatreOngthethird
r8Ye

0404
11l l l
TayerOrpebbleLndicatingthatsOeWhaessthanuetwOud


m haYettmheaiOthedetemperatre

517532M heatearamOutSOrWgrmthprOductsOrCObStn

7546
71529
69711
72741
pasntOthepebblebedhalecOSheiyc001
pebbesithaedbOiledawayaIhnpupeahe
522638537754 WatheuatnC001adsIayCOOadwadeingcure0he
prOductsOrCObtFdepOSOiueintheiSElatiOWhichisOt
bOied Oqbyheati0 0reWcOeSetheP

30700268
SOeOhigetSpedupbyIhedry

32000269
31000269
30000268
29700267
32000269
25000262
2800026

28000266
24550262
1000250
20256
24000261
drFarndmOaTFthedeeredtOthetestsectFAcure

S01utionsuggIedbyinlerpOlation
thisiacuubOthasu72gPFptl

PgkderCkJ
lPAtOnetuer O
PSce eHe
hen10ducenOmOiQiIhySIeeydOn0maveth

0267
0262
30240

mfJlfboJq
grdlfboJqrJ
prObe

i6
JlfbJ

i53

HSPeed tuhibit cOSEerabe

5
beinmtetedwhhaieaCCepIabk10

2970
r2455

400

400
ri420
bdved tO bepebbpaices brOken ORbybedmOenteCet

AJ
Table4l
experiencQWithbOthpebbeadeecIicOdheaIeEggeIhahe
00SmataspObabAtsOetueseachSaberun
 bqaqreqS
iPreCdbypdusIrOVaunpd0OrOuSiIuaIiOnindFOrCQ
andpnSSuQdaIaaebeieIObnabEsOeCOnCSis
abOthearanstudiesAipedusemOsytthatwOrks
we1CinuOuStusinusundSrIhJhONERA
ltcOnSistsOraSaa5cOOpWhichcOntinueadsasarnta
OrthntunairintOaStirchaberwerheduEOpSTheair
issubequeyeIurnedIOIhetnnelciCit
um SttStO
IhepressrVaCutunnencEeapahtisnnC1y
tOhavtunelsIarlSIOpvebeW1erandthetnn
withthevastaIingIhnWdenlailadynaicinceaeOr
pressrC01mebedWhichcOuldcauepgWiththee
lhehrmaybeprnsurSOWyheaernaiIartingthetunne
SOWyinaCCepIablOmIheIandpOinOrWatinguime
withcOmbiOnherSeeaeCOndnaOnha
rOductsOrCOmbOmincFdeaaldealOrWaIQYapOWiththQ
vaeequanIEe0WvapOWihlciCand
cOndenseOnCsurg1pnlPCOnSideIabeprObem
IheIandpOi10ainIainingdryaiamIhQdpOintOr
desngapOriOnSOrlhelunnecOrOSiOnreSistance FiCOtyPetherar1hyp30nwhndtuntgchagr
whesChvaVareamOStaneCeSiIynpeSuaCuutun
withpebedheaIerSOdandiabealvethejObarult enterthenONNei2mtetSeCtwscannOtbemeCtedHence
t00btaF AOWeakagea1misdeiabeOpeVenpreuebuidupin thQeedPrtheraixers
theYaCuumtanksdrin1mehealerngpOCeSTheOiSly Ather2amixehaseeithappicaliOnisshOWFFigi
cOSetOtheheatercaYlyandmwiIhsIandaseSenVhOnentdr lssiPy0iththeapexinmdOWreamandwitha
bOththeheaIenndlhnrunn1mb1uickOpeating erhesinapaealgthnhrtacenteinel
YaveThIeqEeenImmOe1anOSIcOmeCiaYaVanu twOOrOreductdFtpmthntThnh0Qdem
gturnrSCarOtaCkeveslhaIhaveeguSedinhiappicatiOn isChastOprOYidOaCCeeratiOnSOhn air tO MachN OrOrQ aS it
incudiualared1veninI01henOZNSidinadesd passesthrOughthehOes
iminhOtaPOthetOpandcOdair0thmbOttOmbrthnduct

quaurnpugvaves
tOtherSqueQZnihrOtheshOesOnthedCtCeterineand

Thq
lnaataiunnhepObOrdeigSOthahear
wiaveanipeauedis1igOnaienIeShunnesa
diEtOne111mnneSOhavWiderangeOrOpeating Thesm mixerLikn anyixnrShavQ diantageSTFCreate a
cOnditiOnShispObiSpeCiysOinpbedheateSCh LandathatcambeinimiNedbySOW

astha10FigWihpbedIempeSOtOand heatcapacitythinwadesignTheycaSeahieOrtubeCin

thedCtAtteptStOre0ethtrbu3cmbyusSCeenShasat
heaterOu1eargepeaIuregadienlsdueIOS1aiatiOninthe
heatmrOriOthersectiOnSOrIheciCuiaeaOWedOpeSiutihir
J

1

 bqr

diSOddespaCticetOpepare air trbe whth a
tOatic switcher n
l 1
ad a water ll neithercase FOt
CeSSaqtOhavheeemeCyuPpes0 thanstOppmgtie
r

1
ancefromcenterinediameters

q AF C00er
CO01eSOrSOeS0arerequiedFhOIaiPeSaCtunS
1

heamOutOrheateteriIhevacuumIaksduin0uay

0 l

SitOCauSeda5yhakwaleperatureSHOWeVer
thmanOtCOOedbeei3eaIhevacuutakshQrateOr
prQreeinthetakswberelaIyhighecause0Ihehigh
tPeratreandtheeatieyarVOueOrairheresuWbea
lO lJl

atyeaSedvacuuIakvOeeqiedheaentie
N

FreqenOtSayterittentcOOersareSedAinterittet

COOerayCOnSist
thWatldSCrdFSectin
b 00 P

qD N

BOttO OrhOlOWa2ncldeietIOab0bhrmquiedinga
b

rWtreaChingUnSSiePeraturnShedesOraCerOr
thtypediSthatOraWaIerc00eparyihaheheat
Figdi1ibOnOalrSigChaOr inceaSeOrthOdsdugarmSbecOSEera

hdhywFdlun01wiIhWOuIEFaliHeatalr
AOtherscheecOOihathasbeeSedistheiStaatiOOra
FVinsimChrNN r111
he ar
Or auminm OXide pebbbed entQringthaCumtaksC00eddutPaSaethrOughtheaSS
SandpOt ahe highmeperaturnS
OrNircO rCaSFighesaretexpeSagytOiSta
heatersNOattptSatmXmWiththighnpSturS

SpraYmWatQrOthmhOireaWhiHebeiheect
111
heatersarekOWm
andspeaSOrC0gasveySiaIdadvatageShese
n CCt Cm aethelaOHueOrVapOCeaIndbyIhewaIeWhcauses
thaCutankpeuntOisemOeapyIIaOpnIspObe
hateSOrCOmpOnenheanapmSuVaCuutunahe
mthStadpOitOreVaCuathetaksOWgaruaOr
sameasthOSQacOnI0unOperaigahQSaeCOnditiOnS
COrSeCOrrOS
HOWeVthereisamrdininthahmpreSSurVad
JesucIed10hesnheaIigralepniOdsOrOyeVesecOnds
The TuneCrcut
ThauOWSaOrnpandeSeXPeieapPOaCh10hnpObeOr
ThecircuipeaCutunneequeS10heue
Ortheb10WdOWntuneaOrtheindraPuneHAvanisnqd
betweenthetuandtheaCutakF0dehahunelmaybe
thkwadecanbSedJn1ideuenImaSipOVided
OPedwithtFetankeaCuatedAbOWOuIpaIcheCeSaybeween
s0haheIePeaIuisedganWi0beapObemThe
thQaCuumeadthetueltarTtOpVOPeVenadve
cigashedeIwe3unbyadiaIiOnandcOn
0ertpreSSurinthCuit1hunesahOtaiune1beEOWSOr
ExtQrsOrribswincreaseIheateOrC00ig
SSeabnpOVEedtOaOWtheaexpaiO
Essetiayaigh10peaIureIunwireWaterpupS
TheincreasedhazardpeSOnelwOkimOdeFihtePe
waInariOuhOIpOIdieObeaiindthateithe
treWindtnelshabegeateducedbytwOatreSSOetues
1mecIriciIyOrIhaIerbOIhaydringarThec
drawbackthetsectieXpOSetheOderarOadueSd
eqenCe0uChareCauninI0IheIe0hOuandsOrdOars
 bqaqe
sOmrrranmOdectiTheatterprOVidmpr

OdeiO0hnmdSaOOmitdnn
stArthEumnartedadOOrisOpendthemdesiec
intheestabishedairs1eamgamsmwiIhteck
absOrbSthatinertiOads80m0XCnSiveWhilmalittmOrO
adYanlageOWiIhcOninuOuIunneslhanwihitmitttnn
OddctiOmisane51entaturhatshbQdidy
destspdvaSareaSE10W
TumndstarsnOimiIedbyIhnpnC00hemOdandits
SuppOrtStrt
MOdelsandbancnSarenOtSctedtOhighstartinndstOppm

Oad
s

l l
MOdnstalaIiOniaCCOmpisha0idethetnnel

lNON
htObas00ieaa
HtranssdOnOtneedmOdeOeSandthemOdeay FargrHeculaeaalhOrahrwatdO
eaiybecOOedbetweenrGnS
TunneOWmayemainIainedbewe3rIhisiOrESStOnly UpOnbeingecIedQmOeewcOEidewanOthermOeear
rcOntinuOStnneS paSgthrOaicSCpdpnceandwimpartOmentumtOit
AchaingtnOr0eaC0isiOnSWbeseIupnwhchIhe0
Desi tuimpartedbythebOdyisdedIh00heainlhevici0
Ldeniundi11impnCipemOhmetnS thbOdyFlOWOrlhIypeiscaedgninuuandiIheIype1a
HOWebOththeirpurpOSeadIheiractuaesareqespeciad assuedinalOthersectiOnSOrthisb00k
AsthenameimpiesnprpOeOhOWdensitytunnestOaOW AtyhaEtes00ilesIheeanepathOra0eca
erimenbepnrmainradairgwhaIhOmWh SVtAyecuestrabdypassgthrOghtheairat
WdexduringhtatvyhtdesthissectiOnadtn t0
OrWhatcOituteraredairwwbigandmeOrtheual
apeCldeinneldgWiediCuSSed COSthesecOndiIiOShasnOetaIaOnIheaiinIheviniIy
AircOnSistsOrmOecuthberOrWFichinanyvOmeiaQped OFQbOdyndIheIFeOyOrCOnIuW00aWhen
thesecOdEOnSeXisheWcaedeecleW
entOtheaidensiIyCOnV3eyiImaybesaid11atgh0cul
BetweehewOeXIreewOaddiIwrngeaed
OCCpeapcvOumeheeehaveaiNdaei
thekiettheOyOreSOneepWJeeLIhanwhich
COntinuOuSOtAsnaCh0mCumOVeiniIsandOpathitsweep
theeanepathpeCenIOrSOeChaaCIeiIEeCha
0tauhaIieq10hepOdOriIscOSSSeCIiOamaadthe
distanceiraveSSpeakinteSVeragesWhenthnYOuSWept thebdaayehIhireeeWdiPredOina11y
deteinabye0earcO5HOWeertherewbeaber
bya0meqIhmpeCivOlueOCCupiedbyeachmOee
OrtFeairthemOeewillc0idewihanOhercuThitanCe rmStheayeediayaceOthebOdywhichdOnOt
thahe0ee2mOVebeeIhiOCCuisedthQeae eCeieOmenImIhebOdyadcOnequen1ydOOIcObIetO
thnQntOrthebOdyOtheWd1FeOIherregeCaedtraSitiOn
paIhepaIhianimpOrIparainhitiOnand
WthatbetweenSpWade0eePOWInth
ays0adaiWadap0OrmeanpathinthmOSPher
asa2CtiOnOrtitudeisgivePinFigARe regheeanepathiOrheaderasaypicabOdyJeniOn
AtOdnrateaudesLheeanepEhOram01miclOSCOPC ad the ects OrbOdy srge ad intermOeclarcOsiOS are Or
Fny0ecue1iklgPbOdypas38OughlheaiaheeCit COparabeipOrtaCehesHWaSEOnWandee
wiuabsOrbmOentuIhnbOdndwiedmthebOdy OlecuHewreSareVaegreesOrraredairws


11
 bC

matahnbegPund satiPctOryFOargerjOintsdObSket
Therati00reSepathtCharrcbdy3WFihth
00maybeSedwanturepipebetwegthesstOOnray
gOrOmp0anCeWilhregIOdeingIhmWmmcald
eaksMOtiOmSswrighavmbeenndsatctOry
thedsennberudsennubQrhasbdeedas
ThmnaCuatiOnSyStePraitaFmveryOWdeSitiesthetunel
nNA

PCOnSideabdesignprObemCOerCiaaCuumequlpmentFthe
PrmOmechaipumpsadeChanicOiisiOnpupSinserS
wheredsennubnr rQadiyObtainabmWithainiumprreCapabilityOrabOutOne
pheat miCrOmiOnthpartOrameterOrmQrCury0eSSThsprurm
uMachnmber
iOWenOughrstudiesOaQdaiwsHOWeerpupSWith
RQynOdnubnrbdIhOSameChaaCteisength
adequatOCapaCitytOhandeWhrOPnONZleahSQVeryOW
r whereasthepeOrdeOraWindtunnesIudyina pressurmSCanbereatiearande3SiYmRegeratiOnhasbeen
SedaanaidinedCinhnPmPnmpObehnairentngtFO
dynamicarewsd0digea1ymlhOSOpeYiOuy
aCChabeCanbiqdandONenitCOtributiOntOpreSSurQ
discSSthOWdensitytunneltakesnSirdiappara
inthechaberwbeigibe
aditsdespressnOWprObems The mONNe asO PeSentS a deprObeLOdensity POWS arn
deniyusraIaiespmaryaagQ
COdCivetOthickbOundayay30n02ewaAtYeyOWdnities
nuberOruGpmpSCeCIedIOaVaCumChambeThON bOundaylayeSCaeaiytharpartOranOZZHighMach
testsectiOndsupplysyappearamOSncidawhgCOmpaed
nubernONNesarOmuChwOrSOinthiepeChanlOWMacFnumber
tOtheneSaylagmSiNIhepmpOnIFmpmayprObin
nOZesReratiOheONZwastOezethebOundaryayer
thesigademsilyIunnIhaaSyStSWhichcPn asbeeShOWntObnOrhepinsOEgthisprOb
beCed10OryOWpreSureheOWleOripOrtaCO
SubstanIiathpeCiaNedaeaWbndiRerAP
withredtOeChdesatrS
TEManyiasIhaICdbeSedinSnp0ed
thetunucIueaSas1ehiCOnCShapOOr RmrnC
sOqii1meOXideandhydOXEriOnandcOpperaOy
instancarmhydrOCOpCandakpOituepOeXpOSurO MEinApealurnAHeateSubentnrittnE
aImOSpheicaireOVa01himOisIurydiiOniaOW HypeWiduOpStinWDChnaNOt
NCnaaFuidFOWhOughGaadattnOr
pOCeandiadviaelOCIheeubIanceSWithaOWYapOr
CheaEng3rOndOnBJpL
peueVaniaIeiaasgpaslicadrbbeS
DERadaPdSSMWtEeaDnterFaliO0hmPrurO
nOIapPeaOCauSOub
DOphaPbbdSadiaCOrPOratSCRSeplnbn
ObviOuSyheequiedinISalpresuLeaksw RAMFNrWSRnynOrOnUSESiOtOthnlCAOStandard
OtbetOrabedwhenpOSibeaOinIsshdbed0baZed AlOSPhrabHedDalaIOuSIandardGgpOteg KeteUS
lgOOdpracice10pkea1wedOrIhesigasCOntinStype GOernentPrit03Ch
RIhNWeanadPqqWKuhHatTaOCyHderinCrOgw
withrathergOuSOVerherhaOubeinsiddOutSidQ
FHyp30RaredOaStnaNASTZDN
paSeSihcdepOCkeI0mighpOSSueaiObeike aLnSlnDnS0PnChNpwDeyWFdTunRC
SThCeanlng01muxmIhejOitawedinghasaS Splnb
GS5STejOinIsreOVabepa1uSSkdr
cOrSedheeheS9inndOudadquaQCOdcOntiuS
eIhaebeenndsaIi0yheseangeiaaybeeary
anyOheynlheIiccOpOundssuchapHycarScOne
and800VeIFaaOWercendiaelricadeOrrOund
crOSSSeCI0gaSkeIOpercetdeaIiOnOrSqareCrOSSeCtiOn

CFaptere
nOrCOninuOuS
COSedCircuitunneS
Gener
headvatageSanddiadvaagesOr1ec31uOuOSedCircuitwind
tuerOtheypehavebeendcussedinSectiOnandwnOtbe
repeatedhereLntuSayOWeeraeveWindIunengeerWO
iketOhaveinesOrnimwteimeteadOrthCOs
nOrmauyavaabtheinterenunneThwOdaHOWhtO
easiymak0elesIWhichareverydinimeritteunsu
Wdgieheduingarum10CheckdaIndrnpeaecery
andwdCQthQprObShehashmObtaaccratenaSureetSu
partiaryOrPreSSre
ThrarQSe3aCtrthedenrCnIOuShSpWind
tunnehateinaddi15100rdirentOmthOSeOrthebOWdOWnad
raunrObabytFQmOSmpOrIanOrIheeiheairsppy
pObemThecOpreSSOrinIaaiOnOhebOWdOWnnelappy
tpumpCOnt0yaatphericinQIpeSSuOa
OmStantdischarmQpreSSureWEeFratunnethani
MachnmbaghneluiOpSingpeueSandaWy
WyndaatdOribilyiseqiedinIhecOmpgOr
instauatiOn
TcOpreSSOrthQCOntinuOStnesaddeerandc
SequentyheatingthOaircOntOuyCOmpeS0SSedcOntinuOuS
tn3ydOtCOeequippedwiIhaCersrO05ne
heatOrCOmpeiOnOthatPpeCiaCeruaEyequiWiIhOu
SuChaceeaieperatreSinIhecirciWdriCOnIinSly
andthwcOdEOSrthetestsectiWudchageaCCOrdiyA
hecuitpipingahQCOpeSOSW2dOrheat
ThecOntnnelayOperaIQaIhypeMachmbersa
WasaheOWerMachnubersthatarecOOntOb10WdOWad
indaEunSFOhypeicOpeaIihea2uIbeheaIedupsIea
bed
rthenetPreeniqedutheaSiOninthONNle
SectiOnWhgtheairheaitStbecOOeddOWnStrea
rthenZNktOthepintwhereIFeIEnnepW0erheatand
WherheaiCanbeayhandedbyIhCOmpeSSweenthe
heradthecOOe0uSbadeCnuOuycg
anuctucOpOnMrdiencesalsOeXi18eIweenIhepg
advalvingandtheahrdgSySteOrCOtOuSadbOWdOWOr
idraPtun
TheabOndeaspectsOrCOntFuOuStuswbed2SSedFthe
OWingsectiOFeeaeSOeeageuplOestsectB
COntinuOuhSpeedIunCuen11ynOpea1undn
prObemsthatarestyIheSIOriZeChaIhede0specE
COmpreSSOrSWOtbeCudedhern
ThemrOrCOtOuShispeedwndlueaedieny
raXEwOCecOpeSSO1meseIype0cOPreSSOrS
areihnrentyhispeedaChdesedespeciaycapaciIy
wsChasthOSereedbyIhidu1y1heya0ay
dibysteamtbineraiabSPeedeec1ic00S2IhOugh
CeabyeseSatieOSedaceetpis0andOIaid
YaeCOpreSgrShaebeenSa
IrthecOPreSOraeIObeSedeswheeageOrequd
OperatigCOdEOisiIChaina1aSOIuasmgln
COpeSSOradeluaeHOWeVerOPeaIiOeraaMach
braghecPreSSiaatimayhaetObesta
aresthehpressureratiOSandOWaSSW
hyprStscOParedtHWPmSSureraliOSadhaSSW
traSOicOPeaFOreXapeeCOPaab0pe0
tbpStedaraeltbtaahaSSwwacOpreSSiOn
i00ueperaIFn a10e Mach nberFOune
pStatahirMachuberesesaethreecOPreSSOrSCd
bereaangedwithtwOFpaaedhagigIhethWthe
resltOraOWeawaIahipreureUp10eVenSIaOr
COpeSiOaeuSedahypersOicuuWhereeachcOPe0
OrpaaePOrCOpeOrSiscOideredasa
WheCOpreSSOrSaeIO beOperaed iSeiesthevOuetrw
CapaCitreaChsaheseSuSbecaeuyaIchasca
bistatedbycOSidmrthecaserlwOpOSitdaceetCO
peSSOrSerLrtheOndSIagecOPreOrhaageaeCaPaCiy
thathStaCOPreSSepressueahQSeCOdStaetw
bd1thedesdischarpreSSurerIhetcOPreSSOr
Jg
 hh bq9

l l

tihevOehandedbythesecOdstagecOrrepOdtOitsdlac

l l l l
2etmtheOthehandLrthesecOndagecOpreSSOrhaaSaer
CapaCitythatheStageCOpeSOheinntagprnumWOd

l
hFceaeThusLrthetwOCOpeSSOSarenOtprOpeyatChed

theeieCyOrCOpreSSiOnWsuranditwi1bepOSSibetOaChimVe

Nggg

dagerOSyhiinerStaPreSSreWithctriPgaOraXiw
COpeSOrdageOuhigh inngprSSueS areOt aik

l
ll
bnCauSeOrtheiherentSpOSSibeinthewthrOuthecOmpreSSOr

l l l l l

l b
HOWeVerhetwOStaSarenOtprOperatChedthOSSineCCy

l
CanbequeVeresOirthQStagePrnnOtatCFedwinimitsthe

gl l l
rageOrStabeOperatnOrOnnOrthecOPreSSOrSislikeytObenXCeed

1 l L
WthrhatwsugaPidypads10WdOWnWa

Tunnelcomn rr sssonratio

COtpOWnputThissrCOditiOnnOraEyOCCrSWhethe

11
WOaCOPreOriSOhaessthanthatrwhhthec02peSSOr

11

WaSdesedataVenOpOratinmSpeed

l gl l l
COpeSSOrSadcOpeOrSyStSareSeEOdesbythewind
tunne3gneandtFdeniscOnSeqeybQyOndthSCOpeOrtF

l

b00kThmprlmayrepOSibiityOrthetnneldesertOSpeCi

l
accattheequiaOrOperatinmpreSgreSandmasswsand
thQtOmakethathngetSaCOprnOrinEatiOthatwillsatis

l l
tOriyeehesePeCiatiOSataminimCOSt

ThetypnOmatiOnthatacOpeS0augtuerWeqrQ

beehecanprOpOSaCOmpreSSOymiStatedinFiguIti
phasiNed that the accuraOrCOprmSSratiWte data i
ex1mmeympOrtatlrthespadcOditiOSaenOtadequatehQ

IuWnOIOperateOnthOOtherhandirthereqnentrn0y

a b

COSQrativethecOStWbnCOrrmSpOndigyhighdeterBmgCO

peSiOaIiOequreent1COntinuOSSPeSOictunShnm
ip0ancOnSideatiOnaSinbOWdOWntunsitheeiencyOrthe O N8888S
diserPressureOSSeSinthndiseypiyaccOuntrOVerper COPrSOrelvOFeW
FhaIusedrsekctac2preSSOr0eParlicuae
cetOrhelOIapeueOSeihighMachnubeeSThnOt
trerearSOicOransOnictuesuhOWeerWhereshOCkwaveOSSeS
larnSaLnsuchtunneSheOSSeSFthedCtimatheturnsmaybe tmaOtbepOSSOCheckIheOSperanCeti
aarrp0OrthetOtapeSureOSSeSitthenimpOtan tunnenstaatiReOnSiIyhiShJObepeedOuI
akeeveyO0inimiNetheeOSSnS uJthOudbedeteiedIhacOpeSOrgeW0OCCurthe
ltheeehata wind tnedesignes cauedpOn tO prepare tunnelOpnatinmra
speciaiOnamCOmpeSSOrSyStehnOWlitemaOted ThOmpreSSOrmangturershdbeehedesdrangeOr
ashaviVt0betOOtheWindtnOngeeS prQSreandYOuernqulee1bOhsa1indrunngdhis
geStiOnSachieinhhdbecOnideedMF0ChageF
TheaugtuImmaynOhavn30ghpOWnraabntOumthn thmpeCatiOhatwOdenaterEdecreasesiCshOuldbe
cOmperup102OadDeitiOnamdrespOnSibiitypnanCe SOicited
ShOdhencnbecare21yspedO InmnaseaCPrnSSrCaaybesuctedtOOre
3 be92CS
thanitsOWnpreSSureEinawFdtunnehsismOreCOpreSSOrS AtCeenOrabOucheShadndiaerwSad
qtlymethOCkOads0Suddenvavec0ureandtheymayn COYertheeadORtheaid0mecOpeSSOri
Series OperatiOnetmOrQthantheiated pressreAccOrdin
u C00
aOtherdesnparaeteheanuPcturWiFneedtheOCatOr
thecOpreSSOrinthetunndcircutandthetypeOrOpnratiOOrShat Cernqired iPer1Ore0ethnheatOr
isetOSugeChecOpreSSOaXiumOads CpreSSinbeetFeaipaSeIhrOIhedCItOthenONZt
PThCOpreSSOrSShOudbeabetOStartandrnnderOSSib SarealnthecaeOrhypcIuSheaeSediaIey
tunneCOnditiOnSatbOthhhandOWpreSreSDOpendFgOnthm pStrgOrthenOOaOidaqegiOnIhenONNe0ersare
tunnedesaybedesirabetOpeCithahecOpreSSOranbe reqireddnsIea0hedseOreOVeheatadded
runadamnCOSanOrdertOwarmphecOpeSr heater
addrimSyrSmWithOtarwthrOuthmCircuF CeSSeithe
qSincetheikeOhCOprmSSOrWinauprObabbebeOW hasdeCnCePtShetwOtypeS
rCersaehe
abiet prmureLt shOEd bm SPeCid and de0ated that lhe SaTheyraycOSiIOrWaIearygIbe0ackand
CaSlnmis0eakswhichwOdpeitwntOutSidmaiOemtehe hac0IheaipaaWtOprOVEaXuCnm
tunne eWate0ayPedIh0Ihec00thrOugacg
ThnCOStOhQCOprnSSOrimasupernictndSayjusan tOWerdthenbackth0Ihec00enpcOSe400pyStWater
expeitureinbOthinstaatiOnandpOWeOpemntrQOramOdel C00iperaIuresIhe0eSWiypaybeaeasr
OrPiFrn tO reOVQ a00s andateraSthntStSeCtiOnberO FbeOWIheIepeaIurewhtheIercuieed
Starting thtunCauSnSeriOS damatO thCOpreSSOr payN0uOF
rOteCtivemeasruaytakQnQOrtWOdsandscreS OpeatiOprObeOrlhelwOlype0CeraeaIIesiar
OrSpS hegureOraCOOHmSyIeCOuEreune3daaOthew
aGridsandscreensAgOOdOCatiOnPrPOdeTcatcherscreenat tedsaguaduSbepidedlOpeetFlheeSaards
thetraiHngedgmOhmSeCOndsmtOrCOrnmrYaecnbythetethn mtakethOrdeIOaaIaedCepOWehe
iparteaChethipOintwiaebeSOWedbycOntaCtWthe CmpreSSrSOOautOatEyshtdOWtheaterihenethat
COrner guide vanesWhen theane andCreen SyStem isSed i SaaPeatureaeedCOSdeeIhh
necSSarytOaddsOmeCrOSSmnmbnthQanQSyStnSOthaar thiibcanbeibypOPndeaaOWad
dOratiOdbOSeecIiO0a0iOWawaygay
peCeSpynOurnandpassthrOAnaternatearanmtIWhh
prOteCthecOrnerYaneSaSWeasthecOmpreSSOrLaOdelbrmakup ShCkwaehedeOrlhecO01eCOeaIiOuIbentO
djustaheadOrtheSurSChaidcOStSpOWerOrCOrSebn thehaeakaydepaIaypjIadwFenOnedOeSOCCuru
a1buFeargesmstaEatiOnSerepercentaargeabsOute eaSyaCCeSSisiredquickepairLeasaeuayIdcted
nuberhnOSSqitenbeAbreakupgridOudbemadeOr byarEgdewprtheahrFthetunneSeaksarnSOeti
COntinuOuSbarsOtChedandwedthecrOSOVerSncQthmpOSSity diCOdetectwthe
Dnr
nakedyebtCnbe
OraPyingOdsknOCkingOutaSegtOrabupgridisOtWOrth
riski C00g SySteSareSCOCOr0iOuSCaiand
utraiOetl
ThQbarsinpbreakupgridshOEhavnadiaeterOrabOupercent thprapitatOrieSheinsErthec00tubesOr
OrthQteStSeCtiOndiaetOrandameshOrabOEPurbardiameters WhreducetheecIieeSOrIhecOOeReqeeaOE
bSpSSOmetunesaredesedsOthatthQdieairisdupa thudbewOrkedOIwiIhac00ieerWhOarw
OamanidIWhereitayispkedpbythecOPreSOrietdCt OCawatercOditiOS
SuchaaniddenWhichadedHytOeratestheYerySmaOSSOr ThdesrequeetSrtheIwOtyPeSOrCOOersarehOWnerCh
thediserdpnSanadirabOdeicePrthecOEectiOOr drethec00er0heh0cOPreSiOniCated
mOdepartAgOrCOrneraneSarQdSQ22aSurngthahQ medhateydOWnSIeaecOpeSSOadwypyrear
OdepartWbebrOkenpandwdrOptOthebOttOOrthQSup atgtOFadIhede0meIuaIaIePeaIueONu


 Jl
hB bqq9q
WerOut

ahmhmatewaeaSahhasNOtieSthatOhetuntests
andiininhQCOgtbebudeWithrespecOthedctOrair
BOW
C00esarequetHyirnOtuSualdesedasdlPaSSsyste
IntheeSyStehec00iubeswiesPadP0OWS
WaterwbQpaSSedthrOerWthdWSteauprOu
0erOWinthepStreamOupadthenbacktOthC00tOWnrbee
eCiatiOTh0paSSySleCanbdesigedp0a
ATOutT
aChc001iaangpaSyteandwhahewaIepp
CapaCityhedesOrPC00eVaargeberOredtubes
has beendSCribed byNaatSetaIF ReP uadshOWin
Fi
WnShanOWOuneaprOCedueCedeshnPrOCedurn
gasPaSSWaterySteHWeVetaybeappliedtOthQ
desOradObPaSSSyStebycSiderihedWeagrOPOr
tubeOWSa0eCOpetecerdeignadlhep1eagOuP0ube
rOWSaSaSepaateC00erdeigThe10WFdaIauIbekOWn
bePrebegaCOOerdesign
WhtwOirbhr

L P F P
tmperaturnOrairetahnC00eR
pressureOrairetgthQC00eb
desiredtepeatueOraEeaigthec00eR
te2peatueOrWateretegthec00e
OnchesedataareaabLhedetepSaetheOWnm
COmPtethereqiedraOrheatreOVa0theairPO
FuN SchatdrawigOrC00HRthOgdhannrOYainsEQW
Qu
tOuOFTheairdischPrgperature0EdbehddcOStantbecause
WherrateOrheatrea0aU
isthestaatiOntempnratureOrthnnelAthOthesecOOersarm
rateOrawthrOghthheater
usydesedpreativOWairpressuredrOprOppsare enthapOraentmthec00erFBtb
SedOOrpOrtanCQ
ethayOraieavihec00HerBtu
ThecO0mrnmO5mhmheataddedtOthirbyaheaterisnOrany
NAseaC00igWatepuPCaPaCityadcuatethetnperare
OCaIedediateydOWamOhetundiserWhthahr
risnOrWaterWhrOuthec00erwhcOrreSpOdstOtheh
prspehapaSOWapsF ThesecOOSWi1receivOaiat reOVa POthear
temperaturestOFOrmOreependinmOntheheatercppacityamd AC
u

wilypilyddiveri01hQCOmpSSOrinnta0FThisc00
mtbedesedaminimdmpreSrmdrOpNgmchesOrWater WherEteperaturOrWaterR
beigtypiglt CSpeCiheatOrWaterLBR
WehtwOrWatnJbhr
nrethdsthathavnbeenSedtOminimiNn uAssugnaVerageairvmOCityOrusecth0thenObstructed
thepressuredrOpOhiscO0mrincludeexpandinhmductcrOSSSeCtiOm areaOrthecOOeandcOptetheunObstuCtedaearequ5duigthe
 9q9En
averaOrinetandnarteperaturadnhQietairpreSure CacuatQthnCOneCthOhearaSrcOecietPOthnaithe
thnprQSudrOpShOudbminsicant tubQS0

R
uOXu80
Or0ON
u


WhereCOdCttyOraTatJPOFBhrR
WhereewarathrOughc00rL 00Sue aaVeatbe walePeature NObeOW the aire
airpressureatc00erinetLb teperatueadCatethetOtaexteaubegeaearequd
aVeragOrairinetandexiemperaturR 0
AssuthaheunObuctedwareathrOuthmC00estw
N
uQ

u

thirds the tOtaC00er crOSSeCtiOnaareaCcuate thQ tOtacrOSS
eCtiOnapea Orthe c00eASue a Sq8e COOig paSSaand
WheretOtaexteraSrPceareaOrtbes
cEathndimnSiOSOrthe80mr
1aVeragetubewaePeratureR

ThecOnStaasatyPctOer
CaCate theexterasurPce area OrOtube ad the nberOr
WherCOOercrOSSSeCtiOnaarea tbeeqd
heightandwidthOrthCOOerP y
uAmeanabPrytubeeCcueaReynOdmbercOrre
pOndingtOtheairwamdtheeragmOrimtandnXitaieperaIure
P CalcuatQ the cObed iternacrOSSSnCtiOaand srPce area
Fthec00mr
Oaubes

ue N
q
A
WherQOudediametnrOrtbe
b
airviscOyapatrnOmFibhr
RQad the NussetnumbmrnOdieSiOnaat trar
Where3gernabeOSSSeCtiOaarea
COecitOmFiguu iternaCbergeareaN
iSidndiaeterOrtubn
CalcuateaecietrhearaSrPOthetbetOthewater
byusmheOWgequatiOnReu
S
NusseltsnumberNu
WhereFCOetOrhearaS0tbetOWaterBhrRu
Gb
aYeanntadewatempeatreR
CarerwaterattadareP0abeu
NCalcatOanaVeragetubewateperatureCOrreSpOndimtOthe
equiredheatwg

ONU
Ry0dsUber
Figuu NussetmrYSROldsnugrrwpOrndiculaOtuS
Or
i

Tpbnu

ubO
p t h COOWer
bhrUhT PaSS
0uU

lJ NJ

0uu
O
u

uuJ

l
OU

PUN
Puq
PUu
OUO
PUU

UCOparmtheaYeragetubewatemperaturecacuatedwthat
assuainitQ00herearesigcantdirencesbetweemthetwO
VaenpuentShOdbmadQtOtheYuQOrassundinitem FuA ArramngtOrCO01FmWptinac00F
anditeSh0NshOEdberepeated
CacuatethenumberObesperrOWandthenberOrrOWS
WherPprnSSuredOpaCOSSCOOleb
IIaVeragQairdeSityFthecO0erSFgs
qaeraVmatythrOghunObstrCarmaOrC00rsmC


T





O

u

WhOrenuberOrtbesperrOW DeterinWhmthnhecuatedpeSedrOpWEakhetnne
nuberOrrOWS OperatdObtElrsOLheOywaytOdncaSethnPreSSuredrOpitO
ussuethetbOarranentOWnSFiAadcaCHatethm increasetheOpenareathrOughtheheaterandredCetheveOCity
COOeenhnecesaryrthQrnqiranuberOrtubeslh06his
aeuDesigaSingpaSC00ercOOin00bhrOrair
lOrhancanbeaccOOdatedtmayberedCedbydecrmaSnhhe atapeSSreOrNNNSRtORhminetwatnrtempea
tbmdqaeter
treisR
Q80NmX0PNhu00Btuhr

NAsseaC00FgwatQrPpCaPaCityOrNgaperiuteH
WhereOSU
NOgaperhOuThewehtwOrCOOHgWaterthen
distancebetweenceterlinesOrtbesinOnerOW
tOcOOegg 80ue00L00bhr
CacuatethnpressurQdrOpthrOtFeheaterbySlgtFe10W
and E00L00
equatiOnOmRePu
UNNNR
S
u 80N800PNO
 993
0PUON
N

H O
qIgu



uAssume thahecOOingbes whPVe S OutSiddiammOr
POuUandaninidOdiametROrOincFandinch
NO00u AOPPSOuOb
A
OA

003 hipeSmdOpatapreSSureeveOrNlbisnOtSuBnnt
E H uO00 tOmakethune10peratndOb
uOPOuOu

00
O
u eer

O
uN

FrOFUwnCaSeethatcOitiOSeqibriliqePctn
00
OrairinawdtunewiextwheaatrOOtepeatueieXpanded
NuXruO tO Machbers OrabOuttO P WecaasO SeethattheaOuntOr


PO
uIu heatineqiredtOaOEcOditFSrbriegtiOnreases
PAPOuNUOu qugrapyasMachberiCreaSedlnspOrtheghatrect
expeentsdicatethmect0iqePntiOnOntetdataaynn
PN
CaSebesaOStFypersOnictunnes inthiscOuntryhaveused the
NP CriteriOn OraOidigCOditSruiiqePctiOn tOSpeC
P31
inimmOperatgteperatrnSandthSiiuhnaterCapabiges
N00OuPu There iasO COSEeabe interehypersOnic wid tus with
OperatinperatreSinXCnSSOrthOSernqudtOaOidcOnditiOnSr
Q801
eqbriumectiOnBetweenMachubersOrNaduepera

treSCOntrbyanaircraPin2ghtbecOnhheOuthatrea
C
SetinUbgFtbiatShtMahubrS
nCreaSeepeatueSasQapidlyandtheipOrtanCeOh
10U cthaC0SpOndignCeaSODupicatFnOrects
OnPOWpOpertiesawidtmquiresdpcat2ghtteperatureS

AsMachbeSCeaSethisrapEybecOeSipraCtaL HOWeer
aihnaterayhypeSOictuaedesignedrOpeatiOnat

IpeatueSCOnSiderabyieXCeOrthOerequiatOaVOEcOditiO


8
0
u reqbluegt5inOrdeOCOeaCOSeaSpOSSibEght
3Pu
TFedesS OrheatSCuey used iCOtiuOuhypersOwFd
luThecaatedtbewaeperatureOruRisnearenOughtO tnsareqiteYarheOWigdiscussiOisdesnedtOdescribm
heassuedleperatueORpaCticalpurpOSn sOeOrthe0eeeaySedtypeOrheatetOgetheWith0eOr
thnOrmipOrtatdnSCOSideratiOnSadthetOpreSentadnSn

U
Ou



nK G pOCedrQaresistaCeWireheater

0
0uN

u EeEric RestaCn Hmpted Tb
AgOOdexaPeOraeecticresaCehQatethmOeSedhe
UHP letPrOPunLabOratOyNSquarFchnotuOuSOperathyper
sOictuneldescrdFRePuNheatedesedrOPeratiOn
OLPPNNA
ilL tl

OtrtO
tu
Fu SchncOrnclrrstaCetughnat
OraMachn2buwindtuwiIhaXuiepeSSurn OrMachbers
00psiandmaxueXiepatueStOuuOFuwhichissOnWhat
abOVetheiitrequiredtOaVOEiqectiOn
WiththisdesheatgOrtheairaccOPishedbypassmgtheair
dOWnWardthrOuabdeOrparaebessSpendedthetOpOr
theheaterFiuGuEesarepOSitnedearthecenterandneahe
bOttOOrtheheateaitaitheaietOreaChtubeeativetO
theOthebeadeattOthepemVeSer ThnsegidmpOVidn tustOpOVcOtinguwsOraiaIhe0MachubS
nOYerticaaadthusaOWthetbestOnXpadadcOtaCt
durFheatingadc00ighetbesaradeOrNichrOe LabOratOryOrtheOhStateUityuheatersOhistypeReP
WhichcanbeOpeatedaPreSsIiveheatingeeenIiaainde
pedOrteaFEachIubeeicayiaIedtheOIher
tubesadthepeSSureeSSeyeaOrqarINiua10Re The heatercOSOraCydasIeepeueeSelaeaImg
aCnheatFOrthbeaccOpedbya800kwpOWeSupply
ThheaterdehaSeVmadvatagSthatarmthOrOghlydiscSSed
be9QC
RePuNhniP0atOrIheadaIageiheghahe
dSdOeSrquthbestWtadanyscatPrure
OadhepeSunOraTheIubeadhecaviIy0hepeErehe
SurrOndhubesessetythesaeBecaESethetubesdOOt
haetOW1StadpeeheyCanbedesedtOhaveaOWthera
auWhWaOWeatieyrapidrespeIOChaFaiws
OOChainmqudtePeatueCOpeeeHaOperaiO0
thnherthepOWerSuPPthetepeatueSeSgeeens
aOtheradatageinthaendWadspOrOPeratiOhn
arapOWrnqOrIhiypeOeaIeaybead
adatage F sOeCaSeSdepedtheavaaby ad cOStOr
eectlpOWerameqatEe
OnprOb0POrtanCeFtlndesraheateOrthistypewas
perieCedbytheNavalOdanCeLabOra10yduignayIeWiha
herSOictuhetueltiedaverticalheaterwithPdOWnWard
wOrairDuriestsathMachnbersexceehinrthn
tOpCOVerOrtheheaterYeSSnlwasnOtedItwasdeterndthahecausn
OrthQeXCeSheatigWaecOiOUpObghedu
OrtheainthWaVenIhOghIheOraWciIy
WaSdOWnWardhObeWa01edbyiCrnaSmheWeOCits
thrOutheheOVauesimXCeSrCOVeCtVcEesbybyPaSSln
aSiderabeatOrarudthewidtuNZeahehmr
Machubers
ThepObOrCOniOCCaymheh0esaiuPWad
aybeipOtannaytyprheateLtHyaOCedwiIOW
WeOCitiethrOghIhOheaIadIheseaedCaVOEwhen
theheaterisusedOpSIiOnOrahyperIuOYeaarage
Restpnce Wm Ee
hitypeOrheaterdrFpipetheIubIypeheaIerFthaI
aheatedbybeFmpaSSedOerCOircIayheaWalher
thathrOeectricay hedtubesHeateS Ohis typeay be
dgedtOPEeaTtePealueSinexceOrNuRThmstwd
WitePeratureSineeSSOrNu00RweedmabytheAerOdaics
uUanduFreuatetheheradtheheatigCOesign
histypeOrheater
eHeentaSSeby wilhe pSe VeSSer adKatAW
heating eHeentSThe Fibrex iSuated wthe heat
 bqq9hne

abperatFeperatreAheaterOhtypeSitabe1Se
OVepWEmpmaterabtOttabWhrapEchagnSin
OperatinprgureSOepeatrererequd
HQat30rthtypQhaebemnuSedatMachnbersOr0A F
tuet01ncheindFeteraheOhiOStateUnieSiIyadlONO
inchen diaeteahQ Ae0atiReseaCF LabOaIOrySuch
heaterswOHdprObabHybesb1SearneSepeg
OnthQaabOrpOWerHOSkinAOyscrrentlyprered
OeranthaArFeatereS
q A Grp FiRpCn Hgter Pr esetNitrO
AraphitQreslancnheaterPrusthnnhasbeedesedby
thQGasDynaicsLabOatOyOrPFcetOUniveadOperataat
8pprSureSandexhauseperatreOrOe000RePu
heatedeveOpmdctedtOWadthtatmdeveOpmenlOra
C0OpealingMachNiIOgenlnewiIhaIiOnpeeS
OOpsiandstaatiOmtepeatrQSOrabO000R
CsingnitrOgenaateStShetunnesnOEyaWdtunneI
TheOWgapprOaCh hasbnOWedinthdeOpetOhi
haterAtMachnberOrNOwsOrairOYeraehicet
thrOtheatOSpherewbeineCedtOaargmeXtetbyrga
ectsartuaydisOCiatnOrthediatOic0eesOrOXygenad
nitrOg3and iOatiOhe2ndametaideChaiects at
hhMachnubnrPrenOtyehOrOuyderst00dadPciieaO
reqiredStdyFheseectswhepeSenCrthecOpicatFg
rSectsNmenhasprOpertiessiiHathOSnOrairandcanbn
nXpandedtOaMachnuberOrNOwithOuiqngtiOnFthtSiOn
irthestaatnteperatreisabOVe00RAeperatreStOSO
WhatabOVe00RepedgOnpreSSreitrOmenWnOtdOCFte
FiErstancWirOh andtheOnyrSectsareYariOSOrSpeCiheatratiOSwith
tmperatureAIsnitrOnaOStFer08aphiteWhichPhis
Theptha appatnisaverypracticaateriaraheatingeement
epSSembyhaameIigIepealurr
SepOintOr AphOtOgraphOrthQheatineeentOrtheheatnrsFOWniFi
LwirasPngpOin10andaau
t t 1 1
ltcOnStsOrPSOEcyndricaaphrOdwithpmachinedsp5gas
NRisintIOddin0heSbeIweeheatingent
Orthhnater pasagQadpeevetOsnyOVehOdtOCOtaintgasFthe
asy1mpOSSSSeahedOWnteam
peS5YmSe SpipassaGasnt3thQCyindricaeatineHnBta10aS
airWpS1eamIhIEnnusepingthe
r prlr
l
wsthrOuhOtOthesppassaeandcOpHeteythrOghthe
scamdtFmepickinpmIheWa1
rapassaandwsOutOrthespipassagethrOghhOlesintOa
thQheatigenasyAIIhpS1eamendheSSe
discharChabnrOntheaxOrthQheatgeement
thirWOmtFeanuin10heFigaSblyand
SuchaheaterhaQdarprObHethatuStbeOnitOredIthe
dOWnStrea0erthewiOheatmCOi
atn OrCyaOgeAypaOperatim perethat
nCaSrthetheraa01hFibexteandthQpreSSure
uu00KadJCryareHyWheaheatereeetbrt
YeSSeSicanIOpelsrelu0pOstOF



FigHigOInpgrOhrwpaOVrr
nOurtnSyCetOnUnierSily
lnthisheaIershedbypassagethrOtubmhatare
heaIedbypaSngpOdcObiOnOrSandaiOVnh
OrSrgAherOrthisuedthecnuOuSOperatig
inchdiamrMachunndtunndbOrthOnKPrmanGas
DicFaciahnAdEnngDeOpmentCentes
asOSedpsasIs0meaIinmhQCimOperainmMach
tunnntunndChieaIeIOpOVidnairatamamm
lperaIurOOrF
hepmadIa0hisrherOVerthctily
pOWeredheaIeSisIhegeneauygreraYaiabiamd10W30StOs
inquatiIiOqduppedraargindtunne
999
hnParydadvatageSSthmhahniedaear
at0erpressredtheheatibesShereebedesed
ahteperaturn PreSre VnSSes wthick waSReattO the
eectaeateustratedFFheIhtubigWasresuna
htbecOStheyeuahtheraSSWhhincreases
theteeqdsta15peraiUOndEOandakes
rapEchainne10PeratteperatrmSadpressureiPraCt
InaheaterthetypescrdSecIiOeSenya0hQ
pOWediiatediheheatingcOHWIOWadreaslgIheair
tpraturehmFXuHatinSurrudthnhingeeetS
WbehedveyapidywhenIheheaIeedHOWeer
becaSeOheiSatingqaiesOheFibreXthestedhOSr
thehFmeletaSebywieChcOOehatheinrWas
OrthnheateThecOOaiIeigahedOWeagdOrtheheater
adwigpStrnaOVeheseehOuigbeeenIeiheheaIer
prOPerWknnpthnhOuatycOOlandwabsOrbOStOrthe
heatpassthrOghthehOSThusPraCticayallrthergy
diipatedthQheatigCOeSlheaihrOghcOeCIiOnheaIi
IntheheatedesignEsauedthataheaIigOrlheaibycOVeCFn
atheaWOVeheheatingcOilhisideaSaIygt0inlhe
COesuChastheheataddedtOthnaduigwupstrea
0ehQhOuSigOrtheaebywil6haeIObeaddedbyhecOS
TFedesOrreSaCeWheaterdescrdiReheiteS
thatbednediOrdebegthedesOrSuChaheaterare
aFeweighwOraihOutheater
bTheietaimPeatue
CTheilmtairpressre
dTheexitaepeatue
ThetstepinthedistOdeterheI0aeec1apOWe
thatStbedissipatedbythehmaterCOHsPO
QuI1nPNkw
u
WhereWQitwOraib
enthpyOr
ThmSbscriptOtFdicatescOnditnheFeaterOutletadFidicates
COnditsahehnetaOrthethyOrarasaPCtn
OrtperatuO uN00RLCludinreagasectsarepreSeted in
FP
PAmgthahepOWeeqetCanbeetIhesIepl
tOdetnrFethmCrOSSSRtnalareaOrtheheaterwOctOrSmuStbe

cOnSidSdinspanhShehehemamum
veOCiIyinIhehealenOIbehenOtOtFurthO
wiresOpp0iuCIauOdynaicpeSSecOnde
iniOCiymS1mWabOecOnYeCIiOnVcitinSWhich
wOdtendtOreSunuenhimandcOnSeqentWiu
citiesaOWaectOaShasecthegdOr
theheaterbasedOnductcrSSiOamaaisgtOryeOCit
asOWaSecaheinntar03bOthntdesirmdTFnhr
vcEeswresulinip0dheaanSthewiretOthOairand
arObedredAsseaOCityOruOShrinthOduct
dOWreaOrthaheagendcualmthed60SeCtiOn
b 0N3J
q
Whereb crOSSSeCtiOaarnPOrhnaterductu
preeLb
r tpeatueR
qOt acityathnrlOtbaednductcrSSSiOnh
UChecktheOCinthmdahnheatemOenethat
dOeOtbmFwClOhr
q
ub
rqnsbeOWsechQeXitYcityldbincreasedabOV
ecadanewheatnrducteaCaated
PCaatetFQheaterhetpssungaSqareCrOSSSeCtiO
m Aue the heat IaScOeUient cacuatedad
eAahingdemnriCreSpndtthtd
aeiOpeaImIpnrauehWdpObabybeNich0e
epeaIeSIONORaha0HOSkiAOy
eperaIeSIONORSeecandardwieSiNnbaedOnStrth
adwOrkabtyanddeeahigCiCuratiOnWiwirSPaig
sChthatabOutOrtheductcrOSeCtinisbstructedDetermethe
lengIh0wireandIhesuareaOrWireineachentOhO
AssuethateavSgehnWiretpStuna1heating
eeetSuahedesiredexeperatradatmpi
tePeatueaSOW
1mN
JlPY
9q9
WherethesubscripteeIOaVeraaTIepeaIueVerrs
tVragQWPeraturnadrmOatePeratre
CacuateahearaSrcOeciet0
R
WherepOtiOnOerductareaOtObstruct
Wdiaeteru
andadCreaTprperiQSdedinFdnd
eYuatedahelePeaturep
CauateauberrheateeetSrequdiSeriOPrOide
themqiedhpu0heahr
PAssuethatahsarmFsesandcaathQ
autrheatenergythatutbedisipatedeaCFeemep
NOtethahewePeraIuWEcOuetOreunthisamOuntOr
hidiipatedmeacheleentOrnthewireOrtheeHegtgs
CalatetheenthartheairenterthedOWreaeleent
FOrthiseeent
FSu
WhSthSubscriptdenteSthetePeratreheaTentnhe
dOWnSteaheatereeDOIie1maiIepeaIeC0epOndm
tOT
ateawpeaIetheasteeet
InS0NB
Or
b0NB0
NSiarcaatethewtePeratuehestee
uIrbOththeiIiaadalwieIepeaIurescaaIedarebeOW
tFeaXiuetepeaIueOrIhnWeWaeateperaIeS
baOnthesewePeaIuedOCaaiePeaIueSadcOrr
SpOndightraScOeietSShOEdbecacuatedbOththe
tadatheateeeaSadC0epOndingwire
tnmperatureSarethencauatedasFite10NPObabynO0e
thantwOiteratiOnOrhiypQWE bernquiredeaOnabewire
tePeratreaCraCy
g gm
 be9
HheimitiaerdemperQiabOYFmammQ AuO
tPStrrlhmWirehQpWmrdipnpmrnementist00Fi 00uu POuUN X OuuU 00u X ON
0Ne
TFuberOreegtSbeimcreasaandIhepQCmmOm 00N 00u
rnpmpd
hrR
lrthOiniIilOm30pOraturOWbtheaenttemperature
isearOrabOVethOmmteperatureOrthOWtwOtnmatiYnS uN0NJ

OneistOincrnpSOthOnumberOrheerdetSandauche lH
OLSN0000
pOWenpIperehIheriIObIhQSSdntO

twOOrmOrQbankWiredinpaewithphrpOWermputper
tOthebankOrbanksnQarOhOheateriQtTFattppprOaCFi S03uA
rOCOendabecaSSShardwarheatmtSandhmpgth
lShBA
wieqiHrIhapprOaChiseachbankOrh0s
shObe1eaaspcOpheraIhmhearansa Nh
A
tiOnSarQCOnCmed 0PNhOJ
DeignncewieeecEcheate0atuO NAO

bhrUubSOrairat prnssurmtR 0
PNXP uTheinEaawieInpSIeSareWeeOWtheaXum
H uN00kw uSetperatureegnheatiOWQite

uO
Nb1 nOOuuN N


8
uuu X N000 NANH13R
uO JR
Uqln uOhr
uuN ThitepnatuedithaObanedbyugIheassued
aeraWpnatueOrN000RbuChasaEaOunhaOt
sec necessary tO rnhnpreViOuheaanSrad wePeraure
A1P CcuatiOnS
NOtethahmweperaIurnlheaeennsabOR
uanthaAisseectedahehealingeenIaIeriaandawire beOWtheaXiSeIeperaIureicaInSlhahnpOWmr
diaeterOrPing3ischOSenInthnherwidthOrPNP dgScObeincreasedshatabYhekwpnreeentSed
thenmberOrCOisOrWireinthhingeeegNr inthOpreCedcugOCaaIahepOWerdeSi
ssu1nmIhaIeachcOieSmbOIIOml010ptObOttOeduct WbeaccOpishedbyectanavSgeWiretnperaturOSOeWhat
thetOwirenhis abOVhetaipaIueaSSedinIhQpeCedigCaEatiOnSand
UP rpigitShrOuTnumberrheaIeentSrd
WOudthusberaCa
TwirnSuearmainthnheatinmenmenS
SthenOtalhahQWieImpeaIue0Iheinitiment
1AgNP OnyabOVheeringairIperaureIWhereastheaXimSQ
PNN teperatueiNabOethQeingairIepeaIrnhindate
thahepOWmdensityintheSeenIcdbnincreasedyatOr
000
OrabOuIrthQheatimeeWeedivEedinIOparaelbank
JUNNR
 d2
asignitHyinCrBSedpOWerdeninthrstbankaPrtherreductiOn
D
thnnberOrhengeetSCOudbmaCCOpished
AirdrSaremerusednIhecirci0OntOu
CircS
tneauadpressuedrOPCeaIHOWevey
COntinuOSWFdtunnecircSnyreqrQavesOmbOththQ areneedOChaeIuedyaat
PStreaSddOWreaSidesOrthetestsiOnTFisnecnSaryr eakpeUrepOrIiOnSOhandIercOmethe
COpteisOatiOnOrthQteStSeCtiOn0thmCOpeSSOrdurinOdd egOrWeaihaIndurechanDrStbe
ChanSTheVaeS dO nOt nOray hae tO beeakpr00MvaeS makeenIhunnessuecreaSedReynOd
HOWeVnrhnyShOudbtht30sOthahemOdechangerwnOt
biadraamdsOthatEargeaOutOrabntairwnOtditsway heOrdSuppracOnIOUSIunedesapreSre
intOaCircutawithdqairirthecircisbeOWatOSprlrthO drrSOIhadbedECn0erw
tneSeShtedaitismOreeCOnO00CatOthesvesPeam adrstOrakAasIOrankdsOreIhedat
OrtheheateranddOWnStreamOrthQCOOerSOthahnydOnOthavetO abOSandwOu0u0ueIOhetuT
OPeateathhtePnratreS PeeaIee
ElpaiOjOitSbeOWSrOtherdeicnStbeinstaledatappr Thedkdhereurnpressure
piatmpacninthecircuiOaEOWhnraexpannadcOtraCtiOn ehelunCIhrOnau10eraIedbackpreSSrQ
EthOughthmtuneaynOtSQahQatQrSnianemperaturQ VaveandthraanyOperaedvagOrthea
ChageimvaSpOrtiOnSOrthetuStbmeXpeCtedWnthQSe thetueCaccOpbyeOV3thcircuit
teperatreChanSaCOnengthsOrpipedrestraFtwcausO adreWrOnewayOdOipenavaOn
hhstressesandpOibybuckinOrur thepreheIucgIOreearandIhenOpenthe
COtF0SCOSedCircuiunesareSuauyequpedwithPbypaSS mavetOaOWdi10IhCFOeraperOr
FmWhhaOWircatiOnOrairthebOWerSWhiethetnnepen tih0uIiOIheelaIhdestsina
ThibypaSlinerVeStWOOrpurpOSeSFirstauOWSthebOW3 CitrAerwaySyIOuatethetu
t00PeratebetwegruSSOthatE0mWarpperiOdnOtreqired CircuaOWpreSureadlhenWryaSeeraes
pOr tO eaCh runThwarp pOd berQ the bOWS Cabe hebackpreSSuraeSereSIhedualpurpOSainnga
Opeatedl02pOWeraybeaOnaSOnetOtWOhOurSSecOdhQ COStanunneOperaIreandOkeepheIuahrdFOr
bypaSineaEOWhunneObertedquickyThebOWerSaybe anyreredOpeaIpeSueePeraredcOpressOrSpeed
brOtptOOPeratimSpeedwiththeaCatFgthrOughthebypaS preSSureFtheIheciCxedvAment
ineWiththeavespStreaanddOWnStreamOrthetestsectiOnOpen OrthebackpeueVeI00penwhhepeSSuredOpSbehis
thetuetandbypycOSingainthebypaSSineThm gserveI0aacOSIatOpeaIesuebacng
quickstahighHydeiabebecaSemOddsarOnOrasugctedtO ahaIhaeakedOuOrthecit
highOadduingthestatingpOCeSSandtheshOtehetatingtimQ heretncubeOperaledbeOWaIOSpher
thesstheike00dOOSmgaOde preSSurehSWeIFepOSiIyOeakageOabenairthe
AnthebOWdOWmtnnehecOnti0tnnemSthavebOWOut retrnegIhebackpreaeilIevaeFkeepighe
diPphragpOitSWheethereapObiitythahepressurecan tuneaFOhpOp0chisaauncOn
excdthedesigniitThnCOntimuOuStunnesOrulnSnumerOS itecessadeaeakraesinIOIhereIurne
iteOCksrsatyandprnentiOnOrdaaFOreXaPemustnOt
bepOSSibtOCetheninthQbypaSlinmnthevnSpeam
addOWnStreaOrthetestsectFnarmOpenArheatersmustbeiter eOhepObeSaSSOCgwedeOrCnuOuS
OCkedthatpOWCannOtbeturnedOnWhenairiOtpaSSmgthrOu tuneaIedapeSOnnnhaI0keep
IheheateramdatnperatureOnthOheatmeemtSandcrit thncOpOnetsc00suapaCIacOStStand
POitOnthetunneCuitcanOtbeexceeded paWuraunCpSeXCeedabE

l 1i
 d2
TheratrWmIheaEnIOIhewaOrthenONNQis
pUhr

u

WhermtttOtaOrSlagnaIPealuIheairR
PIinsidONNaeperaIreR
TateOrheaanOuewal01hen02NebycOnductn
inbytheOWngeluaIiOnnIheIeadyeprOCeSS
1L
FOr a Dat
patCOrnSpOndOaIwdieSnONNe

u
e

j f f f
FFHEustratiOnOrnOQthrCingwpterchann
ieelOWOperaIingaipeemytunneSFuthnirthm

nONNaOWa100peahOliIscOnI0dimeniOn5ikeytO

chaWiththeprObabiththQwuniityinthSOn
wiucedCOnSequemcOnidmrabecOOingwaysusedimhOt

0
aircOntinuOtunneS
ThmmOStSeVnrnheatin AhispOint

U
rObeiatthQnONNethrOat
htransratnSWiIhaimmpnuqueySedcSCeathn

araSratQSahFrOaIsOrOCket3gnnSngmChhighQr
temperaturesFiFstratmnZNthrdgSWith

HeaHransfercoefficient
WaterC00ing

l

cOmciBtOrhmaransOmaiOthOWaOranONNeinthe

t
YicinityOrthnIhrWhichhasbSedinthedesOrSeV3wind
tasOWSCN

llllll l 0 N C
whermbhQaraBScOQcieuhr
rdensityJb
qairOCihr
CSphrairatJulbR
Jmtmperat5eqataarairandwalpS
trR
StantOnnmbenOndiEenSiOna
StaCtetJOaIeS
AniEustratiOn OrhearanscOecientsimtFciniOra thrOat
FFHearaSaIhevyOaldeSalthrW
atednqispentedimFiguP
asPPPurRadppeSgpsia

whSCOndviy0maIa0whicFlh0ismadeahQ
aYS0nndsidnmpealu
11idONNaperatueR
thicknOrtbmWP
FOrah010WCyllndOrCOrrnSpOndngOSymelicnONN
h
r
WhS
TherateOrheattransmlhuIwalllOaCOOPOWimgh
apaaen01mewaglVenbylhOWthW
dimgSiOnOewithrectanarcOOinmpaSg
13huj
whSCOi0hepOIhec001anIenbyel
witFracOdby
Pem crOSSSeCtiOnarea
equidiaetrnqt
Wedperitnr
C00anperatur
FOheu00ingpagOCOreSpOndin1Feaysyetic
nOerateO1anSbywitha
OW
whernhearanScOeenIdeyQ1Switha
by
r1dadiSOrC001ann
TheprOCeeqiedFdnOanONhOpeCng
AmatnritObSSIedhiSeec110nibasOnStrgth
atepuOWiIhsIadnOrairpeSS00
thnheEOnductigprOpesdIhacOienIOranS
AdviyaOWCOndOnOrpagramOOr
heahrOhahicineS1sinaOWerOpiWa
IepereAOW1ecOenexpaniOniddmthO
stanin10mensiOnali01and0thd
pOin10miniZ1eSSdelOhalgahematl
tl
9q9
OrtFeshingOnSideredhemOStCOmOnmatalseh
StrhbeimCOpPerHOWOerCOnductivibeyCOpPerI
hhpuitynickandiSthaveaHsObeeSed
NSnect aaXiuOWabateiaePmun ahe nOZNn
th0ThtnpatueWilQSOeWhatarbitayahipOinbuIw
dep3dOntheectsOrtepeatunOntheatastrehandOther
prOperties
u
uUinthn2uaEOWabe tempeatre aS Ihe iSidn waE
tnpQratureCathehnatW0theaOthewaphe
thrOEbyequ
EquatheheatwtOthewaPtOtheheatcOnductedthrOu
thewaEuuadcacuatewaEthknesseCOrr
SPOndinOSOutEnWaepeatuenbetweentheinsidn
WaePOraturnadthmcOOlaePeaue
uCaatntheaXitOnSSnSduntOaCOmbiiOnOrpeSrn
OadstOWhichthhrOatWbesuctedandtherastresseeach
OrthewhickneandCOrepOndingtePeatueSOriIeuand
PrOCedure1CacuatigtherasteSeSFbOthplateandcyFders
maybePndinRePu
SeectawaEthickeSSbaedOdesirabestressesadanOtSide
WaeperaturmaShaspOSSibeHrtheOutSidewaHemperature
asubewanthickeSSisOtCOnSEerababOVeaneXpeCtndcOOamt
tnperatureLt may be desbO tOust theaXiuaEOWab
atergteperatreitehedesbestressee
UsgthOutSidWaPeraturhethrtOgetherwitha
COOanePmraturethaeaSOabheparticaOCaeCcuatn
acOecietOrhearatOthec00antequdtOakeppn
pSigequ
SeacOqatpaSSaCrOSSSeCtiOnaareaahethrOatPrbitrariy
kengndthatsaamaWcaSehpeSuedOpSinthn
C00atathaaareaSWrqh0eW
P DtereateOrCOOantWhrreqiredrptOeqa
pandphnCOOantFeaaScOecieVOmSnquWhich
intrninvOeSaBbWrateterm
Repeahecalcuat5nS OteSand J atpOintsOmthe
bnmOrthecOntraCtiOn upStreaOrthethrOaapOimtdOWn
streaOrthethrOatWhetheareaabOuenteSthethrOatarean
thesecuatiOnSSethQSaeinsidead OutSidewaeperatureat
apO
DetermaC00atpaSSaCrOSSSeCtn atnaCh pOintOFQ
CalculatiOSCOrreSpOdFgtOthOtalcOOatwahethrOa
deterineditandsatnheruireentpQNp
 L
be9En
reyOWwinsOnCaSbepOSSetObywithOCOn
tiOnandradiatiOnCOOinThiaccOplihedbyingIheide
thnStuCtunWaninugmmaeiaqeycaIabealuina

caSritOdingnuaiekmimsEmSurgeOrtheauina

FrictionIactor

l
l

WilbNeatatpeaIueVerynIhewlemperaluregdIhe

l

Surtheaunan10hSWidaiYeycOOWiIh
J
J

thOinsidOpSIuemeawIpeaIumnhearanstO
J

theuinaandcOnuly10h1CtCreWbOWW
admqatethicknesOruminaL0SmthQ0tSEeOrtheCture
duadiatiOnamdQCOnOnCanbemadenqua0hehadded

tOthrthnStruCIurOWilhCIueleperaIunSareasOabe
l
Ul

Rmy0dsbt
ueFJeeCOViOnandradiatiOnhtraSratesarediscSSed
FO FrOnOrurbwiS001hciaR FdetainRnPuandu
CaatCantwalngwyn01dnu2beraIeachpOintad
Rrgg
rnadPctiOnCOeigtmF
UCcuaCpnSrOpIQrmatghpOint
TNmgtDnSIudyrGALCTHySO



FgpC56CTROrt
MSchumDgndOp3OrpCOnI0wHy05W
TuUpWdNONAGAR0phMPy
whSgIIprrrOplb3perOtI JOhnDLnptdiOSDnh8IhagIaInivIy
Eyp30cWFdTuASTDRu3uu
100antdgSilb
OrOrnkgdJDDpCOandOpSICharact
qCOOantve10Citysecu
ieOrnALTwyFchHypSOnicWEunASgiRnSeSh
gaCCderatirgraityUEec FbOratOrnpOrMprch
CrOSSSeCtiOnarePOrC00antpassage ShrWTdSgSnandSM0AGraphiRT
hWaperimeIeOrCOOantpasa gcmHerpHySOmicWdTunUsingOgenPrFcnU5y
PPOtPSactinrCantpassagengthadintgat ROrJue1
STkOIqqQqq
dterinetOtarQdOpinthecantpassag
DVanqSdCOPay
Examinethe00antwrequlnmandthnCOOantpressurn 1WHMcMcGaHgOkCOpanyL
drOpLe0mSeeqeni100S3ewileCeSSarytO JGudsgdDLKhY3rMcGaH
epeaheaIiOn0i100thansOeCaSS gOkCOPanyL
wherWatnrCantOCitiSineSrecwereScaatiOn
OCCdOWnStrmOrthhrdahbackpreSSuraSruired
AIsOnpOindOWnIream0hhrOhOCOOineluremtW
eybC0hQpOinwhSIhinwaCingSnOtequi
andc00ub0dSd10muIeueOrIh0eatrnaSOny
aCedinIQpIdeqeThi001inIramC
sideabymOreeCOnOmicahamhe1minwa1eprOuSydisced
nthisOWerFearanSarhearanScOientsOreqW
neaybecOnSerV
FOSOpOrIiOn0h1CulwheehmheaSScOesarQ

Chaptr SiH

ld
r
Airmeasngdeces

Ul ltJl l

Ol

9
InthOCOrSOOribrnmgdSingahighpeawidunnehO

nnnnerrOquiratOmakemgymguOdenehepOpe

StaticpressureAPS
OrtPOWinthetunandiIsQCOnadevicbeinSudiedDeice
andtechnesSedFmakingthesOasureentSwiththeexceptiOnOr
balancS2QagnaiOadOnWidtunOdesIWhicharm
disCuSSaimChapteaediscusinthischapterTheaderisasO

rQredtOtFmWOrkOrluZRQP9
Nressurn Mepsurements
ThepressuresthatmustbeeaddurihpQratiOnOrhighSp

WindtunnelOVeranemeywidananideaOrWhichaybm
ObtainaFig9heretseciOnScpeSueSaariOuSMach
nuberscjeSpOndinperctSeXpanSiniOuStOpres
SSpreenIedThQSaicpeSareIhOSQWlchwOudbeaS
redOnthOWa10ratunmeeteCtnTheapprOXimaauesIha
WOudbeaSuredOnpOtiOnSOOddaedwiththeairWand
theyarnabOQVunSthatwOudbeeaSedOnthebaseOraOdelat
SupempdsThupreSSuedOWn IO aw IhOuSandths Oa
pOundperSquareinchabsOutnandOWemuSqueybemeaed
O N m 1 0
MeasOrtOtaprOSSurrQquiredinryteSmrunn
hub
anduesO000psiaOrhearenOtuCOmmODeterng FStCprOgOtalp
prSeSOVerSuChargereqreSaVarieOraSunginstruentS
andtechniquesSOmQOrthOreCOOnOhesearedcussedinthe
prurnCOnYerSFntOabsOpeSueSeqeSIhaIOSpheiOpe
OWgSeCtiOnS
SurQbeknOWnThecO0merCybarOmeteFigisq
meterS SatisgtthispurpOSeWhemequippawitFPtabndecQ
WngtFemenusOrtheerCurynandreadingthemercury
AnaccuratebarOetsanecesseveyhighspeedwindtunnelsince
COFnhehtsegOOdbarOeterWalOWOpSurQentOratmO
pressuresaarFbyearedintmOradieCeinpeSuem
phcpeSueWithanaccuaCyOraSmallcliOnOrPmietQrOr
ekOWnrQencethmOStCOOnrerencSOCalatmOS
erCuryThisSuauyteadequatOpurpOOrhispWimd
phacpueFOpueSmQauedwiheeOaOSpheic tunneOrOn
tl
 b
b

i
MagmetQrarO dacnSeagFm
bOtWOaknOWn
an
d
anu
nW
knOP
Wrr
neS
S
by
yObb
ssm
m h r t w O
1
c OunwOCOmOn0manOmeIeIedinF
L
ndOnecOn0wOaubesjOi
tOeWithaUcOnOnaFEachIubOFinear
aceicFiymaka0hmimeterP
ThesarewiIuiduninIt
thnteaeprOSip
tOpOrOneOrtFeubedlhmpeSSuObathQ
tpOthubeIsOhunuidwlch
thencweewOheq10be

aShenceIwaSpgandrrr
rOpreSentOrOinchIheanOmIhancanbeaccOm
bythetbesIncaseOnyIOueamOmusie
rChgIOaIherncQuthatauer
I
PrSUrbO

1llm

llllHlltl
t1 1

1ll










meeubgmr


FhemUh60
tug0r

UQbg
bue
g
g OeOOON
g

Specificgravi

00 1

01
FOtOgaPhrgPadupbQanOeler
dheiwEbereachaThshashediadanagaddiga ePerurF
eratnpreuOmePSure Fu ThOagOnOhOSpcgaViIyOacOhOWIQPeralure
ThSupandtbemammrperateSnIhesaOprmCasthe
ThmOWngtabWSSOme0huidscOmOnSedinanO
UtanOeHOWeVerhismSOeeraarCrOSStSeCtiOnal
nterdthmOspeciaS
SaSumptakQthepacrhOIubeIOWhichIhererepeSSuri
appiedThe2mpuSedasarmencndqueyumberO
tubrempOyedtPrmpmmanOmetTh02pandtubQ
q
manOmhawOadantaSOVeheUtubeaeterItcanbe
W
ate
r 00atqF
SdthemeasureemtrrethanQdietiaessureatatie AcOhOI O

andthrn3CbeustedsOthatOOneSCaeedberead DutyTphthaatO
OA
q
ieadOrtWOdetQrmimuiduhet TabrOthanTE N
EitherOrthwOtypeSOmanOmeermaybeadsOetieSFc Mercry



StrCtedwithtubesandsesIhacabeIin1mwayapOVe
emtimreadingaccuaCyisObIainedbecauseagendCealOghe
TheetrteperareOnhpnCi0acOhOetra
OWilepeSPalkrYerIicaeighandcOnSyasaer
brOaeandeCynddibuphhaaanpnSeninFigs
preSSure
uadPq


N bceh
Watranda0hahaagQdaccuanmeaSm

SpreedenTheirdisadYanIaaeaSmaeQ
OnanOrmaFanOetwhichwhFh10OS1hg00hes
andbOiinOdevacuuevSbOmOndmSy
N

areessdabetSbuOWhemQaen10aaIan
preSeSDibhaatasaOWViaYOW
Specificgravityomercury
SpecificgravityoBE

bOiingpressueadihusS1accatmQarW
N

pressure
lO

ManOeteShambeenSedvQqQXSieypeSuremearements
N

WindtunneinIhOpaSesnOnIhedecinee
Il

raFirsteyarlativeSpnSeaSurinceaecaSm
Orieyag0ueSbeenhepres2Qp0andthnanOm
dThaeCdheirSraccu8eSreaSur
inteittenuShichcOmpeIhnmrpOriOnOrWind
teOWiSSecOndeyendOCOmpae1edaahandin
prOCeSSExcudiFeVryeXpenSimaiCrinmanOmetersV
muO mO theyarSyanwhiebesinp0S0phOt
PerurF
phedandthphOIOphseadmanymstEmethOd
Fina ThOOnOheeigaEOSOPbOgdq
requlreSaatdea0manedihanthnmOremOdQrm
thtOrO
prmSSuraSrnndrrdinSymPThthddvantasthQ
di0ManyIunenmeanattesttOthehatitOt
d0pyth00WppreSSuretOpanOrandwimd
pWithmanOmeQridaOVehOOrOrinthunAittQ
dinatubebbbmFarCOndensaangigIhEspec
gaVEOCanapOducnlOuSings
Specificgravityofdbutylpthalate
l

tPNh

DiaTtypQpreSSrmeSFuyOperaIeOnIhQprpr
abWadOnIubedeapr10apreeChanggd
drmhedeOnadiIhrOPmeChaninkaGaOr
thistyperanncOStad0arpWiIhcOCOSey
reatedtOaCCuaAhO0hisypaybeObtainedw
accuraciessuitabmmaSugWi1unnQSeyarenOteXt
SieyusedthupOSeThpramOni0Or
prSSSinthemSypubrCuitquiredthewindtCnnels
DiapmgagQSdOhavehdvameOVQraanOmeerObeing
easieOrAsOanbaipQSS5anWebeyOnd
thOSrthanOmTheirprmaydisadYanisIhmy
ePre
becibatedpeiOdicayOem2aCOmime10eadcOrry
gThVOmOSCigrOrdibutphthaatOWithtOPmurO AsndddvanIaeihampnO3ChWhgtherQ
agenubQOrpSSuObaddalhaWiIhmanOetSi
thahmyCgOtbQQyec1Ony

h
FDityprOSSurOga
rS
rQSSuretraSducSQeectrOeChandevicesthatcOnVertprmSSureS
tOdectriSahichcanbeCrdedwithadatasysteShasthat
drecOrdingaineSaSSectinSraypia
panSducQSedinwindIumOpeaiOnahOWninFig
P ThmintercaOrhandCqiiidedintOtWOpatSbya
tFineIdlaphragmhepQSuObeeaSdiappiedt00e
nOrthmdiragmandareOprOSSisappiedtOththersid
ThtingdiiaressreCaSQSpbendimOrthhin
diMrm1pagmenhediaphragissensdeectica1y
COmmOnIniqunSae10hOVentOrthQdiaphraCauSn
chaninlensiOnOYmryeslancireWhichaaCtuaytraF
gaSQIhrthratOhangthidutaQ
OrCCiancanmricaciCESuelauc3CanbbOught
cOmmSiymnaS1ngSypSSQinhOrage0lyequi
inwindtnesex1kmylOWpQSSumSndinhighMacube
tndsDgnpeSerpngeSOr00EtOOpsiabsOFteOr
gagePiyaYeandcOSmabOtd0aSWithth0
OWen1anSdC3Cng0Thny aregay peCisiOn
instrentSandOnyiedShatarmCnSisttEpercetr
dgnprurrbrWhenedprOpy
OSSransd3haheOWngadantageSOVeraterS
andOrprQS0eSheypI0idSlgjOpOtiOtOprmSSure
J
b
FSeraprrdu
Which can bQ autOatre8rded by thSuawind tnnQdata
SyStLheyareativeywvOFOdcQSand8nSugtyrQpOnd
mOrQraPidytOpreSSurOChanSadthOyarmSaEgOtObemOCmted
insidesOeWindtnmOdeTheirmrdisadvStaSrtiYQtOa
gOOdmpOmteristhPheymStbmCaibratawFQrQgthemanOmQr
WithPknOWnidcanbQCOnSideraPPreSuretgdard
caSmOrthOrtivelyarCOtOrpamSdurnqantity
aschehasbegdrSnOnOtramSducmOmeaQanuber
OrpreSSurnSuptOOr0eThishemsthnCOmmatiOmOr
prnSS5SSadeYicknOWnapOSCanneFig
nuslngthSCannrYavemOdepresserOOWedtOStabiiNQimth
ineseadin80themOdelthrOghthestatOrOrthQSCannerThm
rOtOr is th3trnnd thrOuOne rOYOutiOnCOnneCtinm maCh mOd
prnssurinturntOthpSSurrSSducOhOuasOtSsbtW
theindividuamOdprSSurOSahOSCannerearQCOmOymai
tnabythQVnryCOSQCOmtaCtOrthehardearPceOrthestatOr
andrOtOrWhicharQappedtOtherThPrcQF0dinhwOSrPcn
incOSeCacSetimesprOVidedbyapreurOmqua00rnatn
Y
 i 1 1 1
l11
Odepresre
OPrgrO
FSOrrrOSerYae
thanthstOdhrmSSureObiuStheatingsurPmSmStbm
kmryClimOderlOaVOidOrpSSueSJrthetwOSuges
0bCCidenysepSIedexampeby00Sngthebaance
pQSSureherO10ShdbeundlhOughsaeOntO
pEvNnydirhPmPyhag0enbeweenIhSuIrtFevaV0
0Pksahishasbm3dOnelbenmSarytOdisassQbeadce
tha0tiss60isnOrmayuedCanmgandasngedOpOr
ightsii8meOiSpEOnhesmbrmaSSemby
whdSannenabOWdOWmWindunacOOnOd
0Opi81OWhueinhinQWiOWedtO
iZeOeapeiOd0iOduinghnAheOrthite
101m00FeypapisdlOtaptheOdeSreSinthesm
1 t t 1
rbqqb
traSduc
SOtrsequty
COeCtmOde
PreSSurmetStO
FFp0CgninstaatiOn
PreSUrraSdCer
et
SpeedsThetwOimit0SaretranSdCerbiiNatiOmtimeand
datareCOrdiniP AtypicascgnngratQis00peSepOrtpmr
minuteScannvOSmpybqEppawithswitchesthandicathe
POOmOrthQCnOr0aChtimOaprureisQCOrdaCOmmOn
pIiceimtheSQOraSCanneveistOYgtOneOr000rIhepeSSO
COnn0OakmOWnrnnCeprSSbtnanindiCOmOranu
transducerdriP
CaibatingPprmSS6emagQransderCOnistsOrappyinma
OrknOWnpeSSuOSandObtningasrCOreSpOndingadingHr
adiagisbigCalibrddirUebQtWnaCtamdindicd
pressrmSWiQCcEataTFOdirCeSWiEbeXaminatOdtQr
rtheyaeandOmOrirthernisPCOnSistgterrOrthatwOEdwarrant
COrreCtiOnStOthQ dianadinlratanSducibPmCalibrata
ainewEbgrathrOuap10tOrpurmYer2rOadinO
dnterminePOpeAprQSSadinBtObQi5randata
Thmdi3cmbetwethQedinegdtFOQXp33pOFW
POYida gOOd indiCatiOn OhO taCpm2manCThQ
drandmOStaCCuratQmethOdOrdeingthestainQisby

uOrQaStueStO the datalTgOWngeqatiOnyi
inesThOtnnesthShutdOWnand1mnesPequiaycOnneCted
aOp5dinterceptPraeastuaQSaiinethrOuaOr
tOthetrSdPndpQSSureadlngsIakenThevOFeOrtFenmS
data
inwhiCFIheSS5Saerappedararg30padtOthOSCanneVale
M1MMr
SdtransducerYOFmmOrhanieSSthahevOQWh3

Ch
YndtOthranSdsnOtataactedThisOdrOpStiOn MM
rrSPminimSrbOWdOWnunenAphOt
MMrMM

P
phOSFingOnispeSentediFig r

N
rnSSeSCSnrYalvQSCanbeObainedwilhwideangeOrSCanng 3MN

bqqh
FutheChaa0eIeriyukyacan0badianspOrted
tt1radevencaibratiOManOterSarQaYaiabO
1
inFeightsOrabOUOghmSWihprsandscu
iewngarae1swhaEOWreadinFeFeigh0thuidumm
tOabOtaieThObaOmeerOF0Saa
precisnanOetebyvnpOheIIOarQenceSrQ

OrapressurQtObeeaaWFem33uySedasadgOmetS
areadatCaaIiOnSdOWmOranmgabO0idWhen
OiSSaaadaaImwnIOrgOr
abOutOtpsidFOribraInVeylOhan
OtOPpPCiaTpurpOS0mg0etmrCaumdpranOmr

aSedAa0e0Ihiskiwi1auran0gOutO
tgsidustratedinFThismannterSeiWithEOW
bOiinmpeSeSuChasbuphhaarDCcOneOF ThO
diencbeweemh1mdcOumnsmQaabyg
ic0eteShadiepOidpunaOWnun1hOybrakthegO
te1SiOnOrtheidumnEdcOFmncanbereadtOgOnch
FF9N AdQadwhest Withthirangeenandreadin0cOlnhhthanbendtObQ
repeatabetOabOu1g8nchWhichcOpOndbOu
WFerOMindicatQSPmmatiOn3
p
sid

prOSSurenynits
WhenpeSSureauringdeYicQObeibaedOVeraprm
rradCOntS
3mberOrdatPpOintsOrCaibratiOn
AtFOughtheabOemayappnaOindicaIehapeSSueibOnS
arSimpehmarpeSSuanWhichmbecOneredcaneadtO
ySiiantpractipObems
MSOmOtnahQmIQadiyavaiabesandadseaun
pOSeSSdcanbOpuChasedwithaccuatQSesinmmumnghs
tOabOinchesWhichrmercyCOrHepOndsIOapeSureOrabOE
uOpsiThisgmbecOnSideedIhOppeimiheuseOra
mPnmrasapresrQibratiOnndardFOrherpnSSueSa
COndpOrnddisrqired
ThiscOnSistsOpistOnimanOEHedcyider
WiththOpOViOnappyingpraseweghtstOhOpis10m100bain
prsQOiprnSSeSThOpistOniOtacOntinOudriguSein
OrdOrtOpYOidrraticOipressurOauetOCiOnbee3hQpisOnpd
indNlnOSayhedeadjigheppreCiindevice
FOrpreSibratiOn0eanbeOWabOutpsidthe
SuaincheCGqmanOeterbnst000SitsuseEnessThe
a0prOYidatheSua09inchanOmeterCanbeepSiyreadOny
tOPCtiOnOramiEimetOrSOreadinaCCrgybecOSipOran
DiribRwnmgragdrOrgCOpurO
FFu AChCirOanOAjOFgmtOn
rgnOW



l g
S
ranrOtOQSSthQprretbeeaSurdrgatestw
mquentbenearpbuteN0WhgthtrumheOStCOn
YtpreSrOuSeareeCeisapeSearenOutOabsOute
ZSthatitmaybecOneedabsOuONerOppOSeSOrCaibratiOOr
tngSucFapruQWdicaEybeesIhanOJpeCentOrthe
ibratiOnranghasLmSthangOghaaOtOgsiacaibratB
AbsOluteZSihO0OmenCQpreSSumbecaSeEseasier
tgtaprnSSenOghJOabsOutezeratkWthatyOhave
iFgitistOgtSOmeherprQSSurndknOWWlatyOuhave
AscaticdrgarrangibratOWpreSSuretraucers
reedimFiP AppnySeiCOneCtedtOaad
thrOPCOnmedtOthnandarhetraSduceObe
CalibateddeceOughOni0ingOpmSueiIhQaida
bdtwOSidQramanOm0havnsandaphe
traedCOCatCFtFemanOmIedandprevieteigIhe
mdandpumpngSyminlheO3hatOneOeanOeter
SispSatthrOnnLnSiththS13atatOSpheric
prShOmgidhtORvaveadtheaFeStOthemanOetmrare
OpQbdmdthebeedvaleCOSedThepumpngSySemtheurna
OnandthnanidpreuremOrObserepeSSeinthe
FiScheicOrgameenIbaIig1anSdCeSaOWpSurQ CnenieyOnitOIheanigpeSSueWiIhasgOccaCy
gl
ebce
SprigOadedae
ROtOr
Fu ScheOrrOjpnYaCuuPp
aigeaCeSaValueOWeOughtObed23thepupOSe
thecaatIhea0eeveisIhC01apPngIhi
enCepeSSueinOeSideOheanOrhQanidshutOR
Yavethenc10SaaIhpe10etasantOra
itOtheaighedieCebeweenIhaigpeSueandthO
rQCepeSSeappedinOnIheanOeeSegedOn
tFea03eteThisdienceSeaSuedandeCOdedaOngWa
eadigtheraCeFpOCedueepeaIedsevtes
thepeSSueheandhSaaXuVuredO
theHiitOhQCaibratiO
hevacuuPupgSySeawaesaeChaipup
COeCiayObtainablihacapabiyOabsOuepressuresdOW
abOutOnemicOnOneithOaee0mSuryO
ThQpnCOrOpnOraCOOneChanivacuumppS
ustratedinFPluMechanipupShavealiiIedpuP
CaPaCityaheOWerPeSSueandadiiOnpupisOSeda
gstanthepupgSyhedSOnpuprmaydesd
t00peratintpresueSbeOWumeCyabsOueandOdagn
intOameChan0vacuupPhasacOnidSbyge
puPgCapaCitythanaachigeChanipuPapresSbeOW
abOeCuryLspnC0OperaiOnisu1aedinFiP
AireesaysmpaaedaOWpreSSudIhQOiapO
trapthecuePdcauseariveyhcOnCaIiOnnpup
dagepAph00phOaeChcaTdisFnampupnm
SymiwninFigSe3ypesOearYabQ
Lj
FigSchOaliOOrgOildusiOpuP
pressuresOrtheOrdQrOicrOnmerCryabsOuteAOnheOSt
COmmOnOrthesQareththemOCOupgageandthOphatrOnTh
thermOCOOgeSOSaWireimthQaCuuSyStemWithacOnStantrate
OrSppyOrctrienergytOtwirmAOWpreureSWhreCOnV
tiOnhQaOSSOSarmalndatmOdmateperaturmSWheriatiOn
FAhanpupdiSnpuPVaCuJjPgSySteta1atiOn ashiedinJeOrargO0heiuOrnacQbrngninert
11
bcqhh
Cr1
A
W
l tJI
1
FFSchatrCu
heaOSSOQSmpuIhewidpendenpriaily
OthCOndiOnOIheaiSrrOundingIhOWieThecOndCtnh
OSSeSSinturnaPncgnOr1mere0murrOundinrThO
tmperatueOrthieismOn10edbyahemOCOupachedtOthO
WtheOupuIOrhe1mOCOupQisindedbyasuiabega
eterTheaatOngiudSOurCaapaiceuy
agOdadiaOyinasapeAcan0hea
partichachabeCOnneCed10haCuumemcausesan
iOniOnOhnIhaberheiOnSCO6edOnagidand
pOduceawOurhOCurwiOp0iOnaOtheratQ
OriOniOnWFinIunacIiOn0hepeS2eTheiOniOn
Currenpidandlheninddbyamranter
YeSusQacuumeSaaaTpOalQauImaybO
ObtainedcOerCiayAeaI0OneIypeOhiuveis
wniF00COppeeumdbrOnZeaeCmy
Sedthepeanebedp0iOnSOaYaCuuSymsucha
theaidandpipigbeWepupndIheaidCarei
inthmaSSebyOrSuChpubngbecauhuxequdin
nOrawedandbaZFprOCQSSeeaeareSiduethatwbec
VrtdtgaSaWprQSSureSutgaSucininrOCeSSeSare
thedeshOudbhaIPFiumOhexwedepedOn
theaCuSOrhFuxesWngbyuslnneectricarciP
11

at30SpherQarQprerdethOdOrjOinigSaCuuaPpli
catiOSAsOSemSectiOn
bbnP30andpOyIhntubingaruitablQxibkcOne
IiOninYaCuuSySWithpQSSudOWPtO OicMany
pasticOWeVnOusvOrybadyaheseOWprurS
SipranentjOintsbmtWeglaOrCeraicsaybQade
byusngOWapOprOrQWaXeSShastheApieNOnWwa
bbek0sand9ringsaeXtiyaFingtmpOary
jOintspigndCnQgrePSeSarSuitabruseinvacuu
appicOnAIhOrOughtePtmOrprntdayvuuteCh1S
prOntedinR
Air Tm
ThQpSueenOrpeauQisatiQpatOheOpeatiOn
OMmOStirnOtWindIunneSAiepeatueisequiedcung
e0dsnubnnhedbOWdOWmtuneetpStu
insOmeCPSmSbeOmitOredtOaVOidtOtaepeaturnSOWenOughtO
OWCOndSatiOninthQnOHHnugatedcOtinuOuuneSheP
IepeauruSbnmOmiIOIOadOeatigOrthnFnecircuit
duurOOrtherC00erlnIungSmgairheaedt008R0
80eheempSgremuIbQknOWnthreductiOnOrOutinQce
andmOmenIdaaAiemperaturemnauegtS8Qarequied
eIsinvinbOndaryFyerandheaanrstudies
nySIOnaydcOpacEnanaieaabOundaryayeWi1
dInthQbundaryayemediateacenOthXpOSed
rPcesOrthedcQtheairwi1batrThairatrWhavehad
IkineiceneyOrhieaCOntabacktOtpStund
wcOnSeqyb1hempeurtheaiSteamathehan tnmperatureOrthethidmateriadOm0varyOisFrnOthird
IhIemp35ThayStatiOnaydevipacedinanai
r
streaWillbnSectedtOthetOtapratureJnOthmrwOrdsatic
IpQraSOramOngrsreamCannOtbemeasuwithastOnary
dce
FermOnO
ThOmenOrpeaurQSihighSpeedwindtunsae
iniabyadQWiththeOCOThQrOCOesaredevices
whichOpeaInhOpnCipFaawOrCuinaaccOpaies
awOrheatnsOmQsthewOrCurrentisintFedirectiOnOmat
WHnOthretShOwOrCurrensinthedirectiOnOppOStO
thatOrtheheatW0mOCOupescOnistOrtWOdiSiiarmS
yinthOmOrWirinedtgerattwOpOintnOintbing
IhepacewheheempeaIuQibQnaSgdthther20int
b
idr
U
I I
LuCt
F
gegU
ivlUY
Ar
bIWlh
ptg
S
FArragrEhOrOCOe
beinpacWhSthepeauQiknOWncaencejun
tiThereCejunaybgnicebatha0atSOO
COSeyraedepea150aLiOmWanassOCiatedcircuiO
yiedtheeCOrSOeknOWneIpeaue
ThmctivhermCerehOehangdimiarm
WithOppOSdieCiOrCuWanndtiOnOeatW
Insuchacasewithah0h3060ejunciOnibQwingaway
mthunctininmaChetwOdissimiarmSSincetheatw
bePOWinOppOdirOnimhnCiCthecurrndunthe
twOdisilameswibQinhQSamedOnandwidditi
TFadOpedinathOCOeciCuindndentOrWire
SiZQ AdienmIwOdiiaaybSna
themOCOupciCuiwihOuIeininducedvOSOngaSth
eEisthQinducedv0aWbQindnd0mpeaure
rthWCneCtigthWIhQrOCOtiOAatOra
thermOCOQCiCuispeSnFighev0agmsdOped
anumbeOrCOmOn1mermOCOupmat3aSmRmnEare
preSentedinTabeaPnciOn0PePIaeencOP
tmpraturNItntathattaSd3edar2nctiOn
OrthbteIempeaIueveIhwOJnsrathehanthO
tepQatQdiencebegIFWOJunCIiOnThisgtudbe
COSideSngthaaOrTabe100bainv08g
COrrendigtdreenceJnciOnpearm
ThespObesaraCObina30micairstreaminthO
testsectiOnOraWindIunSup30niC
 bce
9923236559932265799132568991324656319649979308637965292618267590
0111233J444556607770000
l l l l l l l l1l l llll l ll l l

MillivoltsbrMilliYOltsbrMilliYOltsrbr
mpOF C
87ronYerSuSConstantan DPlatinumversusPlatinum10perccntRhodium

2
21
5
225
23
2
35
M
26
5m
275
28

29
5
31
31
5
FNO DOrPrOPObOheOCOPPpld
adrSCOSedPal08C
nhdFergaSualIwOVhO
75319596m156726015307196498803732048365686009334662 SuayeaSuretepeaeOmhybeOWIOCOSiderabybeOW
34444J3560777000000999000
thetruestaiOmIepueShemancSaprObeis
MaterialsACopperYerSuSConstantan ChromelversusAlume1
TemperatureinOFRcEbrenccJunctionsat320F

usydeedbyarecOygtOraOWS
89072644638115324965809307193143536270788591
C

19212223252628303132333536373839404L424344
rHF


B

mm
rCbgdmgrCO

TempOF

We leCOtOriOnss
eaSuedteperatureRI
Staticteperatre

9
95
10
5
13

145
15

165
17
1
75
18
18
51
9
195

JtOtaPeratureR
SOmetieSSirai02Sediead0hnVeygm
deigpObepeanC
AketchOrheeaysaaepeauQprObeSein
testsecti0rhspeedwindIunsipeSetedFFigm
05659580177129562456 ReRQCOVel0SpObe0hisasORee
areprSetediFiwhSiSeemIhaIey
5196295265706804052669709203143577186023553 WiCeaSQntOtaemperaturndasOWithreSin
443210L23467101112141617
MachnuberDataareSenInRehichcaeIhaa0
l
pOrtnOrtheOSSeSOrSuChaprOberes COnductiOn
J
Orheat
5271764922890509441914248035712651872267932 ththrOCOuCtre thatwithth0mOCOupe
7 6 5 4 3 2 0 0 1 3 4 6 7 9 1 2 4 5 7 8 0 1 3

R
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Wiresextedi diametOrSOmJhe basOtOthejunctiO
recOVeryPctOr thOCOnditiOnrF NcanbeFcreaatOOtO
0

A
PrbSrthetypShWninFOwerndesidtObSain
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
tunhavigteieSgenOughtOaEOWStabiatiOnOhetem
perateOraartsOrtheprObeInFterittenttunswherOteSiOS

mpOF
50050053251015202530350400455055606575 teperatIabaIiOnadienappOaChi

Table61
are insucint
3 2 2 1 1
rdnQSuChappOaChidescibedimReuandFiNIn
thisapprthdneeAtherOCOpm



ub
l

1

AO JtJl k 0 0 ql0 81J CnutTl l l

ll
l

Fu SchecOrsOnPntaeperaturOprO
nOthnaPpOaChthasappicabOin10mittenttunnelsdgred
JJ 0tJ 8

inRePadFihepObSedinIhiappOaChhasi
atpOtiathQeaemenpueSinainaabOVe
themetigtepeaIueOrSedisgriiOnhermaSOn
bihahOprObmCanbwithOutactinhetem
NO NO U peratureeaSurmmtTheprObOiscaaa neumatic
Reydsber AsindicatedinFigtheprObe incudmStWOSOnicthrOS
With P
YariatiOnOrPrOgtPOraturOrnCOVmlOrWithrrtQan01d heatexchagQbperaiOnibasaOnIhepnCipelhahQ
nubVOuSPOtrepMachnuberPORQPPentgtraCarOp11 aSSwthrOughthwOthSbOqiingIheequaiOnS
unOdnubOrbasaOnprObOtranCOutSidOdiaOtWirOdaOter
thOaSSgwthruthWthrsandequatingthmWgbtain
0SuPPObpsthOrmOCOuPluCtiOP
isinsEOntheshiedmdicatingshiedtpeateThOOutputS
e
OrthOShiddandair themOCOGpesaQCOmpaaandectipOW
piedtOtheshitilthaindicatingthatair WherO utepQratureR
andsEdtQmperatenOquaWhenthiscOmditiOnisreacha th dgsity
OutputOrtheaiherOCOupisrecOrdaInpMachunONNWithair eCiheatratiO
tpatutOFinthesettinChPbehispObeiaedes HPrQa
SeCtiOmtperatueFbelOWSettichambeepQatuAarg bpreSSureLb
pOEOrthidiCQWaSattributQdtOP 0OrtOtal te andthebsciptmdicatestOta00ditiOnindicatgOmditiOnahO
bRwnBthOSettingchambermePSung StatiOnandthenONZethrOat CpOintinthaStthmdNindicaeOndiIiOnSa11hQSOnicpOin
intheeCOndthrOat

l
WhentheairpasnhrOuthOheatChPngeriscedtOmearrOO

l rItp l0t f 1 0 tO r 0
lllI llll
nmperaturandarOnStantJnthiaSeeqecam

r
bQreWritten

l ql l l l
ii l l

O f O l 1 li t

WhSgctiOmOyOrwithueSOWninFig
aradJeea2edasindicaIedinFiNuTh

111
ratiisObtainndbycaibOnatrtperatureOWenOugh

t
tObeeaSuedurateyThariCauaIedn
FigNN SurSOniCtOtP0atuepObO itRPtiePOCeWithdepdgtOn
 UUb
Nu000
R
FNatiOnOr8mntFOuWithtOtPnagna
R
ThOrthisprObmStemdmthePchahOnytepmrature
requmngmeasmsalOWtOmperaturnWhSanaCCuratOaSr
mBtispOSSibThOprObhasbmuSarthOmQagrmgtOe
peuresinPMacFOwindtunnewithtOtaemperaturmStO00R
WitFarandOmSCattrOruptOuperct
E Sim CFPmber TOt
TheseEinChamberihQSapacQrmOnitOrFgaiempature
rrOnQtnOperatiOnlasO thepaceinthetunwhnre
tOmpOre is mOnitOred Pr detnr2ng a reCe tepeatrer
prObmSChastFOSOdO1ibedinthpOuSSeCtiOn
TrOaremanyCaSnnWhicFtingchambertemperatreCanbe
aratymagredwithasimthaS
thOrmO86pinwhichthetwOWrSQXtendOEOrthQbasOSuppOrtWith
nOShieldingandwithEargQmumberOrWirediametebetweenthebase
TJ
dtjunctiOnObQOrtFiypearEgtOryWhenthemp
urtObQmearndarener00mteperatureThnyhaebeenused
isgtOriytOabON08FincOntinuOuStunnuChcasSthQbase
I I I 1
rb
WerOSaE
InintQrttenthyp30nictSpOberthipQaybmeXpeCta
t00peratQSatisgtOriyiheOynOdmbeSpQFienOthat
thOnViveFearanstOthQWJunCtiOniuiylhatiQ
tOthQCOnductiOnandradiatiOnOSmthejCnCtiOnthaOtbeen
ShOWnhOWeWhatQynOdnGmbPrOFighenOghUyi
interittenthypeSOnicnSmanyPctOSarQpreSentWhichtendtO
intrOduceSOrSintPeraQmQatWithPbaQWirpObeA
thehiestMachnumberOrthuthOOCiadcOnSOqugtythQ
eynOdsnberOrthQPOWare0TherumdratiOnisusuash
SOthatneithQhbaeSuppOtthcmwaHeaChtperaturnS
Chaberadth00mEOWprSSrOpOrtiOnOrthF5nd
00008
thprObearequiCkyheatatOmQaraiempeatureSHeaOSPOm
thethermOCOpHejCtiOninthiscaseaeveylandthOprObO
CanbeexpedtOindicateYeryneahetOtaltemperaturQOrtheair
H
SOninth02eWhenpaCtihesampeOiwhichdpO
iObemaSnditakenmttinmChamb0Orthtunndduing
testlnintermittenunSSOmnSmOrQpraCticaOtakFO
dewpOintsampeOmthpirstOratankpSOdicayandassuhat
thedWpOitSindicatedarerQpreSentativOOrthOQdngthetThi
methOdquitesPctOryagaSthOaQnOSOurCeSOrOistrQ
betweentheairstOraanksandthunn
ThQSapnOrai2WhichdewpOinstObOmQaSuredinOray
reglatedtOapreSSureandtemperpturmahOSeOrther00mbOrOits
dewpOinmePSurndesuratiOnisnOrmalyaccOpiedby
usnmaVaVOCOntwratOandtemperatduatiOnin0maFy
accOmpishabypassnhOaihrOughanadOquathOrtbing
usuaEycOppeIWhichisrOOmtmmpmatuQ
OnOrthmmOStbasicdacesPrmaSurindewpOintisiFstratedin
FIntdmYicnOendOrPp01idmrOdissubmnrgain
atphabrAtOquiibriumcOnditiOnSrOdwFa

bqh
AsaP
FNAEpShtdatagnOnteperatuPrObe

FSchrdperinmdcQ


atpraturegivaryingmthaIOrthereeratahesbl
J

ertOpOrhapsear00tempeaQaheOSedendT1Q
arsapeisOducedinOassubesurOundtherOdahQeX

rt nI1 l
pOSededadpaOYmmerOdOWadthecOdedWhenthe
SapeOraireaCheshep0iOnOrOdahQdewpOieperare
0eWcOndenIhOdandwbeqieapparetOnthe
pOidsThpeaIe0merOdapOitsneaheOistre
ieWeObtaimIhemOCOegemenIsOrOdIemprn
aancgtpOints
AnOthegybasdevicehasOmednaSdew
pOscOectsasaIheairwhmpQSSedbyahandpptO

r
akOWnpnSueTheIempeaIue0heapeismOnitOred
reachesakOWntepeaIueThapsIhdischaintOa
nhabearOOPrnSSueherapidexpans0mirsape
tOthOWepreSSurereduceseperaueeexpaSiOnredcm
thetepeaureOrhQSampeObeOWlhedewpOittSp3uCd
WiinthevWnhabeInOpingheCeSy
tOarythnPeSuetOWhichIhesaesaeCOpeSedapeSSure
aclatwhaCeOaclOudisviibeheIepeature
FShOrseChabnPerae OhOmXpadedsapeisIhedmWpOineP3reAdctriOn
OpSurmntS
exbetweenthepeeepeS2i00heanSd
theteperatuebeehXpaSiOns1uentSWiththismOdr
PratiOFarmCOayaaiabaOdestc

h
FNhOtOgaphOrpauayOPeratddewpOintet
AessbabutmOrCOntdmWPOintQPSurigdcmisOnhat
peateSmtFOprimcipreScheicaecjpSitinr
WatmrapOrThesape02irispassedthrOughasensnmeeenn
WhicheectysistaknaceThecurentOreectysishisdirecty
prOpOrtiOnaOtheaSSwOrWaterapOrthrOuthesensngee
iseaSredandindicatedOnadiaaduatedinpartsOrWateraPOrpmr
miEiOnpartSOrairbyvOueDevicesOrthistypQecOeCiay
aiFblmandtrQmeycOnSnnthaheywcOntiuOSly
indicetheaOuntOwatervapOnthQSapWithOutanyana1
0pQOnThparydiadantageisthaheyarereativeee
SiAsOheimstrutdOnOtCOrreCtyreadtheantOrWater
VppOrpretWhhydrOnispresentFthQairsap
WithgyOrtheabOVdpOimteaSungdcnSisdesirabetO
headrynirOmpgeIetOgeridOreXCeSmOisueinhm
instrumntareaSureentOrhidewpOitSapS
9u HnrpSr SrmentS
TFOmaSurtOrthOratOOrhOattranSrtOthOSurPceOraOd
imPhhSPawindtunsuslyaccOPshedbywhascaedthe
thin skintOCh lnthistghniquehOWaOrthemOdenthe
regWheIOthQattanSiObeaSuaimadOquithinSOthat
thm indPnd OutSidewaeperatreSWieneaywhenthe
hOptaTbeOCOupesaeOuntedOntheinside
0Esidn WaS
grgQOrtheOdeskintOeaSurQtepeatueduigtheheatingp
CeSSTheeaSredteperatureisassuedeheaverageOC
bCb
SkintePeratread theOWimheatbaanceequatiOnisSedaa
bashsPrdatareducthO
C
WherebhearaScOecieBtuR
HSurPcQarea
adiabaticwaEtnperatureuiheperaturethegrPQ
WOudrChatequibriuCOnditiOnSR
WapnratureR
SPeCcwetOratalbeighmatLb
WhickeSSP
CSpeCiheatOrateriaOrWaEtuR
IIteSeC
EquateisateenhahehearansedtOaSpeCedaea
OntheOdesuredurFganincremgtOrtieieqaOtheheat
StOredintheetalskinndOrthatrPcirtheOdeskinisisOthOrma
andataOderatetempeaturnWhentheheatingprOCeSSStart
resultFhearansaOngthekimbk COductiOnAIsPaPersOtime
thQSkinteperatueWrisetOapOint radiPtiOnFearanrPOm
thenwi1besigniantWhnheat COnductiOnaOngtheEnand
araurate
EachYarigeOrthertsEnOrnqwileknOWnmthe
etryadtheraprOpertieOrtnand0theteperaturetiQ
histOryTheYaueOheritsidQOrthOrnqSpOttedYnie
OnOgegraphpaperFairingthnCrVOtnzerWyieEa
ValueOr1aieZerOWhereeqsandareaccrate
ris knOWncan then be deteriedrgis unknOWnIOrn
iratiOnrequibePre b cam bQ deterinndThis iugaly
tadbTeOdelbeetheteOWingtheOdeO
SetuiheskileperaturQisnirandperhaps00tON8FabOVe
akiaerdynaichingruDnddeIer
anOther vaFn OrEIJL at tin ZnrOWiJe twOaeS Or
and the cOrSpOndintWO VeS Oat tie NerO
iPrat5nisaaPbdetOrmFebOthandThewascOnSid
eedthinenOughthistechniquOtObSawh1L
isessthanbynOtOrhamthCCuraCyeXpedOrtheexperiment
J
ub
b
I 1 0 1 l m 18
r lO 1 O f 1

thueCevOrlheunelandybOndaayerand
i

atgbush
WakWhOhW5aesnOuyus
pl

nOrwFdtuIesingdIunnSh01dhavnidep
C
ritscOnctnandispnCipgOpOn1FcFdnepaced
tli

inthiWiIhawlneenhaIyIunr
1

rJ

patabOtg00indFrandhOnghese
l
Jl

eenshQdlOPeauaIOheisapa0
1JLJL

aneectrOnicethPaybedesdeihOSuppyaOnStant

CurreOtheseSngeadanlndicaIiOn0Ihechggein

SeeeanceIOSuppeaOun0curequtO

POtCO
aintaiaCOSIanenSlgelen1mSnceandgivancatiOnOr
thaancetsupdIneSymetrireance
FCrOSeCtiOOraFdricaraSgagQ adtheehewieIeperareahOarOknOWnFr
theresnceadcurhepOWrdiaIednIhirenOWna
SbscriptsandetOinsidQandOutSidmreeCtiveyAiate
thSipaISinIOCOnVvmheaig0muEstreamwhen
OrtFedirencQSintmpenthrOughthewaEcanbe Obtaina by
thephysaOpeIiesOhewandIhe8OSSpOpertietheware
makinhQaSmptiOnthatPtadystatehearanrprOCeeXsi
adeqeedneCeaancabeatedtOtherQ
whicha1thattanSredtOthmWaatiitiacOnditiOnSisbeigtaS
tperateadgdveOCiyva0FwrestaCeOr
redthrOuthewaycOnductiOnThS
Var0SCetrequIOaaFacOSIatwreaCeare
OI reatedtOVaiaIiOSudYe0Shewhaanexreely
PL

00

SheaSSrespOndsI0eyuencychangesandca
bSedt00baFbOhIheedIhaudesOrtrbuencOin
WhnrCOndtiYityOMwaEmatarBPseR
tOW
r P P LE
HQpranestsarQSOeSmadObySighearaSgagessuch DenitygadienFthicFi2OdenahpeunarQ
asthatsFOWninFiwiththenSlngSurPceiStaedshwiththe quiteagedcahaYebmdevedObsemm
OuderPceOrthmOdeatthmPOintjhetFQhingratmisrnquira SuChdtSAhOIhpeOiiOnthatcanbeObtained
GagSOrthistypQmaybQObtaincOmrCiaEyWhenhearansis OpteieneayquaVeueOS
rnqraatmanypOimtsOnpOddOratpOintswhQrhminstaEatiOnOr eryChapatOspeedwEIeperatiOn
thisGpOOrgQisnOtasthQmOdescOStruCtedwithathinwaE TheetypeOpicaeSaaiabehesIhadOWgaph
dthOrmOCOupesarnstaedOntheinsidmSrPceOrtleWaWith SyescEieenSydIhQinIeerThetw00rthese
heechniqueatempeeQhistOryisObtainedandthistOgether areueryextenyinWndunneesIwhreaStheth
WiththQphysaSdtheraprOpertiesOrthWaandtheairteperature idOedThecOSnOasyayag0a
maknpOSSibethedeterminatiOnOrthehearanscOecientGameS dOaStyhOSaddOaSdependOnIheandcOpe
havereceybecOmOaVaiabecOerCia1ywhichprOVideaeectrica
naprOpOtiOnaOheatiateBtuSeCinsteadOrOnndicative
Ortemperatre TheshadOWphsysee0pdeaenS0e
threptsysteThu10hSipgadOWgraph
9HOt WirOmeter
SyStemiunFheincFdesPpOintsOurCeOr
ThOFOtWirQanmOmetnrisadevicOhesgdyO20mSteadyhigh hintensity0yaspakgap0OneSideOrthstOn
qnwpFemOmganwindtnnesiSSeddetermmmg andapaIeOnIheOppOsEe0heessecIThenOr

FShadOWgaphOrMSuqmunCOuyN0
ASSpac
FO GeeaayOutOradOWgraphsy
mOd0OpealiOn0m1ssysidakenIF00OpehQSlte
Or1mpaeiggFOSpakgapOCeadceheshtt6Ort1e
EmpaeAypicashadOWgObaiedithaeeeted
ingu
ariatlOnS0hySedescibedabOVeSOetesusaeis
OrepacheEplaiIhaCe3adIOp0phthesceW
acP10CaOntheSideOrthueasthgFt0CeF
AmOtheslOSeaCOndi8ensOapaabOliciOrtOakm
thrayspalbmepassigtFthrughtheWdHWr
nmithrOrthiaIiOnSaybeQXpeCedOimpheqityOr
phOtOgaphsObtained
T00btainmaxim6tyminiuNigrShadWphpictu
isnecnayOhavOaVnydrOnOighSpakgapWith
disCharIieS00nQmicrOSeCOdOesaedSiedAtypispak
COnraiOisiFstratedinFigltaybaStlaV
pdratiOmO3CWithatirduratinrhaityOrS
ArOnabQpOWSuppywdbeV
ThQpnC0OpeallOnOheshadOWgaphtecFn1eaybe
dQibedasOWSAsirayspasthrOuauOrVaryng
den1hQyWedCnpOp010m0hedeniygadnt
FFOtuP ObnmCkwOnrOundeCOurI
wheretFmaideyandadisIanceinanydjtiOnrOthn rithAircrar
JO
r

U

l
 f
h
l
1 l lb fl 0 1 tp
rJ

lL

r
l

ObNrO

TOtarrra FScheOr
auay
00dOle
l

thrOheectrOdes
VariatiOnOrdeSiIyhOuhecOmp0WdAeic
l

raSChlieeSySInFi1mapSOurCn
aectrOdO iscOecttOapaEamandpaIhrOuhindtunnst
AdtP
OnhepaabQamishusedlOdevaname
OnascrempOtiOnSOrheCiOnWhehOdyiyng
theiaiFnandcOnenInOsIh0
FigyspprkgapOuCIiv0adgOundiscrOS thinAkniipOinI10naeray
thathavebdeDedinOnQdirecIiOnmpaaThOmiOn
OrthayStheIsinanOiummwhich
plaFFprOnWh3mgSiygadiescOanttrays prOpOrtiOnaOthedensiradinIhSheg
maybeedinanydQSiOriaperpiaOthunne
panhhQdwiQdCedbyhQSama30untandthQ
axismmeridensiydienSinheciniIyOamOdOnthn
igbinenaepaIiOnSIanmreSWherethe
d1ygschangcIiOnOrIhghtSWiOtbn axrIinasmeIriEnaIiOnpa1ermOhnialrthQ
kniedspaOIhuahedensiIyiil
cOnStantamdavariOninlghneSiyahepatewst
wFSthndeniygadiisFceaSingipOitivetheiray anantmcaOnpa130himageThaI
amshOCkwavcaueadecrQaiuinatiOmOnOneSidn
passgIhrOwiandhuiiOnOrIhec0SpOnding
OrthOdeamdanincaSediuinaliOmOnIhppOOrthe
paceOnIhepliedecaSaWhehedenitygs
dCrngrayspgIh0WcOnVgCaSmgani mOdeFQEundEi3npicurakWiththeki
edgeepeCtipependaOandpaa0hnaxScEr3
crgi1inOnOrthQCSpOndingpaceOnhmpateH
SySteedinspeedwindICnmdaemOpexthanthat
thQdarkietheshOCkOWedbyheighineinFig
iFstatedinFIn03Semakihtraye
wherapindicaiOnwdiscOnIinuiiesadeiedadOW
andthenusmnmrabOiCmirrOrOrsedThereare
gaphiSup00e1canSApOintOntSStWith
rdOin10pngdOWgaphpicSishP1hnbOWShOCkOnth raHOipOrtanIrmaSOnIhihegaheiIyOra
uredcabQbIaimOraeythanaHe
mOddwi0nstrikheeseciOnWindOW1mbservmhOuEnOt
eluyr1uiedPheerhOSeCOndisthahemirrOr
bOmidinObvinghaIhQSdOWaisinISiOnisashOCkOn
arrangenakespCOnerabyerOOm
tFmOde
E F
InwidtnneswhereheIOndensiWanmany
hypeSOnnneiduObnhqiEiSnpict
ThedensiIiesIOWhichsg0CEpeCaeObtaiha
ThemuediinwindeOpiOnitheschiSn
beXtedFmeSbnbss3m
sysisemSapic150aniageSentVrthe

u E013nknldg1ne2cuaOtuneax theOradhrbrCda1ahepasslg
SpaltunS
passnghrayIhrOuelesseciOnwicnThiccOpished
bydgaCiCuprarcmirrOracen100neOrthstseCtiOanda
rCndmirOrapOinaOSOgeaSpOSibeOnthe
OppOSierthetSiOn
scEiSnSySIeaSedCmuOuVingOraOdel
dngSbyp11ngOanSttinghniageOapOitWFSth
unneOpea10CanewiFOhlsapp1caiOneCyVapOapS
canbbtaicOayacOniuOuighsOuCThiageS
cBasObeph00gaphedusing1meCypOapaSth
sOrCOHOWeperiOrpiceSar1yObaindwheapark
gapiar10hadnSCibnhpreYiOSeCiOnisused
mppicaiOn0hEiSmSySethaisinSSingthOughOr
quabcFcaeis0SCEiemhisappicatiOn
b
aSOCeisbOkengaspecIubyheapad
aPrti20rthQSpeCtuispassedIhrOheIunneWpOpnr
astapictmCabeObtaFedinwhichthebackundsOme
nC010randdensdietWupaSC00rVariatiOS
eOCePicueCabIOdemFeacIualdey
dsOraWdInpaCItheyaresedOierusedthi
purpOSeM0mCOOnuSSaqIaIysesOOWds
SChadete2gWhSShOCksaCaIwhetheheshOCksarQ
WeakOrSt0WeelhepO0bdaryayeranOnOCd
andwhetheSepaaIiOnOCCurnthOmOd
ThpOslhamusIbQecIedapaIiaSChenem
areasgOWSbaseurCspakgapa
CapaCitmirOaSSyknieScaera
StatiOaSbgaCpOWepyBHCpOWerppy
OWeSppyspakeecIicapOWpa
araptinpanephtideatiOnSy
9Interrm
teeSaeSeuSedimnOrmawindInelOpOn
becaueOheieaIiveyhCandhehighdegepeCisiOn
rQqtheiCOpOenIsadIheiSeheydOweverada
meansdete81edensiyOaWd
AscheicOranineSpSpreedinFig1ight
apOOraOuCeispadlhrOa0OChrOmaticrand
thenthaehichakeraySparaleheparaeay
StreahairOradarndiided1gS1aighFrO
thrOthiOrieyasecirr0SSe
tFrOthetSOnOrheIungdstrsaSeCOndhaered
OrWhereharOsrCedIOaCamerahhrcIedbythQ
OrIuneddeyasecOndOrStrikesthesecOndhaT
SveedirOrWhSharOipaSlhrOandisitedahmera
WiththeayShaIpassedIh0thIunesSOnOnthQEOr
hecainPeCeamedFigThe
Patter0hesOineencelinesela10hediebetweenthe
iexOrecIiOnOrIhediuSIh0whichhededaaS
bePebeineiaahecaeraheindexOrrectiOnOs
prOpOrtiOnaOiIsdeiy
AnideaOrheheOnWhichanegmeIerwOrkaybeObIned
theOWXpaLiscOnSiderObetrainwave
eaimgaSOrCeWihibrasinadirOntranrSOth
dtiO01AaveangmasSOurCeatOetie
 O MercuaP
OChrOt
eb
arnphandwunaInyOhtreIra
0nOdSgS
isedIOChaagOnbnWaYmaet
trau000ckbyIhewavenOtbe
AitheaVeSarhOu10awave
CmpeteycaghOher1sIuCkbythaeSWe
darkmightaSsOuCeddOIrawOrate
pathsdthenrecObiIhephaaIiOnOwavenatrains
nbeateredbychangingIhanceaVba1ain0y
ChagtheidexOregiOn0hdFmhrOuhheyYn
traeedIrthea15nOwavenIhObeaered
inesOrCbeaOnapaneObeingckb
beaeyainedhhtdarkineg
erehSIhaves0rainOmlhermbibeam
arehaseahaeOuI0eCivThedistaC
betweenteeanddakineiaed01mrth
andthedisgeOhevanmlheappaen10OrthO
tWObeaWhenOnaparOPOrnOn
iiexOrOnChaslhOnunimgabOEa
enawunne050ewchaned
thangeineCaScanbaIed10haangmin
aeSityInIeSemOnOChOmaIicbhewa
evaswOrandaecOlOrperinterncm
Fn DiPgatStupa
inesthanwhiIhIAnidea0mnngupand
atinganinIrOmObadwhgiaizedthahaY
enOnWhhOineencOpaIerndependriQtw
g8ndg00pdOnCOF
InmanywgIunnOnabeIObeabetOdmime
VytheIypeOrbOundaayOWSaniquaeen
usedthispurpOS
netechnilquenIaOnaeiechn
ShOrtStandsOaeg10mbeudiedbymean
e0OtheradhFmamanneOprOVamFm
irrerrIhesurhsaraenanden
haheirbehaviOduingOpeaiOnisadindicaiIheIypeO
LrtheachedIheadWibeaedinthrectiOmOr
andweadyeiaaIedreade
quiteunm3mpOimIinadirecndeOmthain
OtherViZaIiOnIechnascginROPSand
abasedOnIhnchaherpOnOaYOaIq
InI0picOdCOOnanautics
ll
2 rbqb





l


e r n
uMnlhOdOrattghtuOnysuilabhSPawOrk
mamOdesurPcQWbedQp3dentOnthetypeOrbOndaryay
ThatapOratiOnratQSinatbubOndaryaynrWi1bQCF
grOEOrthanthOSinalainarbOndaryayOrXCQptreythinaminar
bOundPryayersnQaheleimag
nthOchinPCytOChniqedescibedinePPheOdsure
FChFpnwvhPhtPFCurtDOuAirc
issprayedwithhinEmOhinacSuSpdedimacquerWhenthQ COInc
EmisdqthemOdeSPcewiFavOaSm00thwhitQishandwbm
absOrbentFOtintPceisedith0iqidhaing eratiONWithprOpiinFetandd8mntinm
thesamQindQXOrrectiaSthnChinacThechinacFyEmis
OnthQmOdeanrOqEtppprThOSOWSddqreg
insibOWhWedwitFthOVOiquidbtbecOmOSWhitQagaln
CanbentedpFOtOpFinydustimmWithwFitn2mpOWder
wnthqpOrptSuitabprayiqcgQethysaatO WhicFwaheetOthOWOtSuInO01FySge
atdrieisOpmaiGmndeugenOawdrier hQminenqrtechniqCQOrQPPLFOmOddrPcO
FirOmpnChinPCaywYisuiNatiOnphOtOgraphThQ iayedwitFapspFrpmixdinaThtin
WhitOScmnBrtFadingedgQiPre5minwhichthQaminar hastheprOperOrP0gnmWitFabrityOWOrundertra0
bOGndaqayrlSqOtEnasardyFighsharingactiOnandcaSmS ightwhdybEXhibitimnO200enCOWhenwQt
aheYapOOmrOrtYOatiiquidThQdark8eagding FOraEOrtFeatiquidEmwYiaiiOnIechniqQaQiba
OYgIrpOrtiOnOrtcOneSceire80mOrthickeaiar pbOeprOperappicatiOnOrt2misanartrthOEmistOOthick
bOndaryPymr With cOnSequenOWapOratiOn ratmSThO WhitQ
WiErunlrithinthimiOrttnndrntOthOd
rOnnOprthO basO OrtcOne indicptQtanSitiOn Orthaminar wpattenSisdiutIrtmi0PrmewpaI13may
bOSdaqgetOatbEentbOndaryayHOtedthahecOn bndmthQEmn7mitiOgtFeymthQr
FiUwaspQpSdthbypayngOytFeOdds bOndaayNemSayhOgFQSaSSientprOCOSS
cingthOCamOrPWiththOldThisexpainsthQWhitrOg0S IrthQmOdOsginthOPOWt000mahmdaIiiqEdwie
OnthOtOpabOttOmrgQrthOnOintYicinityOrtheargaark eapOratedrarderEmtFiOkmesrtmOdemEnthOW
Ong30ughnOneOrthOuPC0WbryJn2mmPryChp
InthOJiqdEmhniqeOr00hQmdeSrgeisst mgtimgeayreqiedtOdOpthetechmiqQuseinany
SprawitFPdEbgkFCq0WhichisOWatOdhen Windtunne
redwithiqdmixt50Mg3mcObaerOSOntFe Inaddith30atiEiqEdEmtChniqeSanOilWtechniQ

l fi
bS
ROSThOCOSCSD
OrCOnrtgr8uOtgddsL
EMWFktiOmTpurObOUs1hSuOmic


SpgdEtaTpSIrZAVODuB
u JLHSR10amInignSOW
UierrTOXgDn8FbrqRrt
n DEWQrTExAmOrSOOu0bO
tOTagMgHyp30AtrhiOStO
UniuAgFbOr
P
q EJRichaddPHCCayMOd0gin
nARCOuRep0M30PNNNAugu
P WEQrayiSSMdrRnmndaqmrTransitFn
FEFOyaAEbniIQNPA
guS
JSndESJSpluFOSFcrhQS
ndgOraqgerTrgACFamuP
RLMF10WVisininWindTumnggicrGRD
aPhAp
Fi9MxPprOiwpitPMghubrOrgpndanar
ptgkO3dCOthODQandAircrCOpPnyLimitnd
issOtimOSSHmtFismethOdmixtCrQprQpaedSingOeicacid
mtiOkOS SiicOne Oir SdtitaniudiOXidinthO0ue ratiO
uThimixmaryiquidpastQWhisappiatOthe
mOdeWitFabrushWFtnisstartOdthQOilwiwaccOrding
tOthirPOWOnthOmOdgrPcQamdwdOVOppattQrnSaSShOWnin
Fig
AmixIEQOrOiSdampackmaysObeSedtOtudysuw
diriOnSFOhiQCiqhOprOperCOnSistgCydminedby
experimnddisceIedOIsOrthmmixtrearnpacedOnthQOde
SPcQThe nQaridwi1POW im theOCastreadirectiOn andOr
hOrgnmtbnStOppabereiSOWnaWayAsamatter
OrintereOilgdampbackechniquewasprObabythstW
SiZaIiOmIQChniqe3dSndSesOmPm
RrmC
9RJNHandb00kOrSupnicpSiOnWindTu
mum0ndOpSIiOnOrdnPnbbOatOyL
MandJYprw0QdhhqrRhOdPbim
COriOn

CFapter seY
CeandmOmentmeaSngdeces
GnmrOrg MOment Mepseemt
AjrCaEmEgFttFOugFthtmOSphShassixdeSOredOm
iti30mFrnQmuaEypmrpemdiaraxnSandtOq
pbOEtFesetFrCOnSutyimOtiOnSduingtardepend
OnndmOmabOthreOmutypdicaraxes
adinFigFOrCQamdmOmentmaSuremgtSnOraEy
mOinwindtnnds0rtppOOOrObtainimgcesaOngdOr
mOmgPbOOnOOrmOrmOrtgSprOdCedbyOadingsThO
OgectiOrSCFmQaSremist00btainanimatOOrlOadimmSthat
WiEprmOntFmPSQaircrmtbOstrCrantegrity
dPrperrmancerePSOnS
ThOrIiOnbRwnbOdydwidaxerrlWpOitivactiOnS
b
1
l
m
CrCOJer
PuupscrmWthrd
dassbscr
FCOOndruntgawFdlunOd
Frd0entCtinnamaircrimhtOrOmamOdnP
Windtnmeaenydividn101heIwObrcaIinSOgtic
anddymicOadingsSaiclinghOSeSingmlhQ
tinrairranaircrmdhmgaaamemtwith
reSpeChativimdReingIOFiiSaynhPtR
andrOCOnStamdlhircrarmOdnOinbOraC
eratingaOnsaxeCOmerSeyinaicsar1inOm
atnswithtieOrr010riaIiOndinQaaCCOn
StaticOadsaemeaawihdganceamddynam
naSwihdcQa1eddynamiesIriStatiCs
argnakinarincmpantOdynami6OadndarO
easOmaSueWihrgOnabnpraharpOrhOnOWind
tunmeesieiYOEt01hOmQaSurementOrStati6Oads
HspemdaiCa0yprOpedwiIhmpeOjne
andthishauiOuyp0edhindIunWiIh00d
meansOrppOtingthemOdenindIn1meneSrqEn
tmtOWhichsuppOrmechanismmaybOimIedwithPminimuOr
intOrtheaWVeramOdeFThitu
beCauSQmOdemOunIinrumIhdaOrmay
SnWSptunncrrbanchatpthspeednnhave
argQetsOnIhwOePmOdgdcOnSyOnIh
OnaOdInthiSeCtFnVariOSIypesObaancenddynamicIest
rgSincOmmOnSQWi1bediscussed
N nt rnaaCe
ImtrbaleSaredesedtWnIhhOWedtCa02
dasiustratedinFTheyarenOrmaEydesidthe
aSureentdm0OrIheOadinCOmpOnemlsMaximm
exterdienSnSramessthginchtONOrmOrQinchmSand
dSaaryessthaOpunds1031hundpOund
J 1

rbq
ThmCOStOraSFcOpOeteaaHaCeWtyay be Fte thedwiebeddedithaakethQyWstretchOrCOntraCtWith
nehbOrhgdOr tIebakebOdyadhuWthuIgrOrthestrCtureAsthe
gEwsaeS1edeircOSSIiOanPdecreaeSSn
u StrF Gp
iCreaSegcalresisanceSiiahegidwirnSaprnS
EectricrSaCetraFgagesarSedextyOteusvey th3SSaeainceaOSuSdeceaSneectriCahO
asthadSegeethQinterbaaAderstd aCebOthaCeShechanneaCniaCuay0eIhanthe
thep1nCipnOrOpeatiOnOrthestaingainSSetgtOIhedgand ChaOraeaWOudicaIQbecause0FangnegIhhasbe
intetSeOraniterbaaCeathpCQWbQdiscSSed daCticethahechageS0eaCeOheypeeS
insOmedieepOCeedigWithaeal dSiOnOre nOrayusediWindIeanceisdirypOpOnathQ
baancnS
StreSSFtheOuteeSOrIhuCIueOWhichisattached
ThOtypeSOrStraingeuSaOStqueyinwidtubaaCeS ItmaybecOudQdtheIheOy0OpeaIiOaacare
areiFstratedFUhOgaOSCOnSstOradOreryew beexeCinheaagnOaFehegidwieSOrthQ
g8OgOnchindiamt00erythinilessthangOCh
earetOFaeSncechaindpOp0tOssehe
thickmmbeddedinaheetOrbakehnathicknesscOparabetO StruCturetiateaduia1ache0mebakOdyO
thatOrheaypaPerThegridEeiaSSuanyCOnStantanichrOe thestuCteieqiredpieinstauatiOinstrOnSarO
0nichrOOWitha1additiOnS0On andinuGages an aW
avaiabOWithdnhsabOutinchtOSeVeraChesnsiNeS
ScribetheetaCOCati

dtypOSuSedinwindtunbaaCeSgamSnOraycOStabOt00
tOueach
GaSWiththegrEwibded inpapSeadOrbakelae
aiabeataOWrCOStHOWe0heyaenOasbeashebak
and8medOmhreveuaineaCeShheOyOr
OpeatiOnOrthQStaingageisaOWSWhthebakeebOdyOrlhe
gagQisintiateycOnneCtedtOthesurcmOraStruCtreWstretchOr
COntraCtaStheOuterbmrSOrthestructuretOWhiclsattacFedWith
WEtched COSeyatChedbOheSisIancandrae0chan0resiance
FigustatiOnOwOtyPeOrtaige
P Pl F P
CeabOtheSandalwveydbaing
DipbOthgmametanacntOne
Kaway0Chesrges
puCOrdwFEPYXueOnb0hsr
adePacag11
ayeOrtnIapeOVnpeSickigna
rChrubberaCapti
CuehnOenaNu0Ou00FAtO0rS
hHeahebancOinabahOWuO30OrOiranserO
aFadayThisSOeaSSeeiphe
qityOrthegaiaaFP
StraineWidnbancSaenOayOCaedOnaber
inwichthdnSdcOpOOadabendietA
typistaFeiSIaaiOnius1aIedinFig
TwOeepacedsidebysideOnbOIhIhecOpeSurgeand
thetensiOngeOeebemmbeWheeaSideside
instaatisnOIpracCOryreshavaObtainedw
theOnOnemIeded19OrOneOnIOpOheOther
ThergagehenwiIOgehQnIOPFCircuitasEustrated
uandasuppyv0aiedhip0Oiypiy
betweenuandOv0sandaybQeiieCOraleren
TherSnasraFebriOnabaancearey
WitheOngatiOmOrCOmpeSiOnOhegid2hO0abu
b rcebqq
usinOhawThQCuwsIhOue anddthrOgh
gaSNpndAOrFuarQ
h

h
O
The0tagOdrOpSaCOSSgeandNare
l

Thesa0taequa
AstngPmOimgOOnabbGamethickmSSS
PggCar
IP1A
WhichcaLbereducedtO
reqrrausabebridtEsmatchighastwOadvantagtha
tgdCytOminimiNFeivityOrthebridgQtOChageSintQmperature

ditmaintnsPnnNrOOutputtpundnrn00adcOnditiOnS
atchinrinitiresincrthageSCanbccOpishedpriOrt




Omby0PWhQatOnebridHOvOrLnmptchingr WithatChedgaOnayerseciO0hebaancQhaYingbOha
r0han0mcewithdOngatiOmOrCOprOSOnhmman bengandanaxiaerencQS0mindividgagSarm
gturQSpeCiOnOrpntOrJmutbeiedOnGagegtOis
deaAApwhrQhandarereSpeCtiveyinitiaeectri I
FncQandengthOrthedndwheheindicatSincrenta hN1AhA
CFSgeSinthQSealS
Fitiagarstance
Thesig0taataingQbidgecanbecuatedasOW ginceFgaereSisanceduObinress
iCeenmreStancQduOaXialeS
GageN UsFgthnsernFtiOnSWObtain
eS
N


APA P

P P
G
ag

COPreSSiO SeEQisrayveyScOparntOitcanbQCOnSide
qtNSihbVeequatnThisindicaeslheiSenSitiOra
mOentbridgeOnaWindIunneancetOaXiastrmSSeSndnrnOra
EenthstraingaaratChaascyaraCticpO
FigThaiprrangrstaFgagriuit insta1atiOnndIhaheIamhQaine

JI
SE r
bidWbCbyIepeaIreTheseectauaysa OWmgaeRQinOFiRth0pOnWiIh
bunayCaSOthQyaet00agetObmectpartiayihQ rstaCQbnitivOteperaturhat
ancQistObnSediWdtnswithheataairseeSectiOn
ThetpmatueectmSEtunequaesistaCeChangesdetO A
tepateinth0ugaSOrthbidgeThQyaeuaydetectedby
mSunhQSYOltaWiththQbaCeatabienpnratrmad
thgahnVedtQmpeateThOWngCO0pOCedurein CgthesmrtiOnSWithequatiOmyds
CheckingeperaturOects
hIP
aSetptWOOibathsinwhichthebalanceaybQimeSedneat I
hO
001empeatuQandOntpehapsF
bCOnntheb8ancQgagtOPSgnaTnaSurigdevice r
CerSethQbaanceinthQr00teperatrmbathandea
uitOaOWtnpmatutabiiNat
TleCOpeSatinmWtObeinsertdinserieswithOnQOrthensiOn
dTakQSgnarQadi
gagesuthaethOSaeeSinceinceaSeWiIhlepQa2e
eRemOhebaaCethtepeatum bathacein
theheatedbathandeav0in
RP
TakQgPgeSgnareadings
RmPnahPbOQprOCeSSaOaStOnCe
WhS1rstancQOrCmpeatWherQencetemperatur
lrthitak3ahnn5dOuinihehOtbathdiriP
R

CantythOSetpknnahnBdOuininther003tnperatur aCOnStantdninratOOrincrQaSQinrstancQWithtn
bathhbaCeeedstperatureCOpeSatiOTeperatreCO peraturOhOhR
nceaabOVeeencQeperaue awhich resistance
pSatiOnisaccOpishaasOWS
ThebidgmiOnneCtatOaSa40tagnaSringdevicesOthata ChangeFwaaeterminR
pOYeOadOnthbaancecaSeSapOitiveeadithdeingthe
gWhichwbeEtensiOngagmSandcOpeSSiOngaStain
gQS nOrly ha reSistancincrmaQ With tepmrature and the
diriOnOrVaiOnOrSirOadingwitemperaturQinidicatiOn
Thus

P
OrWhichgOOrgQSarQOreactabytpu0Irtheadig
increasSWithincreaslngtemperPturmOneOrmOreOrthensiOngaS ThnsiOnOrCOpenatinmWirQintOaainbridgmWiacI
pnt00SnSitiYntOtQmpmptCOnVSyhQradinmdOCeaSSWith thgtpEsigatcOnditiOSOrn0OadOnthbaancatnOik
incraSnmtmpeaturmneOrOrmOrthQCOprSSiOngageSar tOFniantmctOnthOatiOmOrOEputwithpppH
enSitie tO tQpnratreCOpenSatiOn is accOpia by pacing
tpeatenSitieSistancewirSNOuOpperWirminthe TOkmepthQStngaWithinOryLimiIsOrOperaiOnnd
bidCircuiIlrthecOmpenatinmWiehaaninceaSeinretancewith tunndbaancOeOareSydesiammess
SincrgeinteperPaSapuemetaavQLspacediSerie ndQhegrbtWe3and000psiGreaterstresseCOrr
WihOmeObOhOrIhecOpeSSiOngagetOCOpenSatQ00SgSiti0 pOndinmtOgreateenhchanOrthincreasheikh00dOr
3SiOngeSiiayipacaininWithOn0bOthOrth OntheOthrhanditisnOtdnSirabntOdOWesS
tens5mgetOCOpenSatetOOSenieCOpreSSiOngaAthOu deheEecticaSsthatcanbeObtainedStainge
IheamOnIOrWieuiredinpracticOayredCedtOiChesOra areOWenataSteSO008piandereducIiOnincreaselhO
peCidwieeachcOuntOntheeaSuingdevicQWithagVent diutyOrmea25SatagaCCalelylmOledIhaIde
pSisnnimatmOrtheaOuntruiredcanbetainedinth matiOnathehants the impOtant parametein stagagO

pppiatiOnnd0dbOSOCOnidSdinthOdgnOrbaHancOSng
drntmateriaSFOrinstanceirauinisSedr thQ baCQ
matrithestrainPtpenStrQSSisthreimSthatOrSteebQCauOr
thWOrmOdESOrasticityOruinDatiOnSOrauinu
ateSOrabOutNu00t00OpsiwC0eSpOdtOthOSeOteelat
Juamd000psL
Sn Gp
AdtaieddeiptiOPOrdceeagStaingagQSgsis
b80ndthQgOprthiswOrkHOWOerabrierdiscussiOnOrthQpnCipe
in0vaisim0derThOpnCipisthmCOpaisOnOrhesaingO
nJ6tagOWithaknOWnrencmYOtaWhichiaimdunihe
3cmSdsaYOtageQeqThipnCipeiustatedbyF eiheneceyOereadh3hesaY0a
AtaisPppiaacrOSthstancQOrapOtentiOeterThis
0tameSmactiOmOrthevOtaappliatOthQS1aingabridge
bisFrgeFantheaingatagThOltage
isdiedtOp0dOPpOtgtiabetweenOneendOr
thandtFOmOab08ntaCtOrthp03iOrOnmS
SgnaistaCdtOthQgdOrthstOrSdthQOthQOthO
mOYabCOmtPCt OrtpOtentiOmeer IhrOugh a gaanOmThe
mOYabOCOntaCtOrtpOtentiOmetemOYQdnigaanOmQr
FdicateCrentOWrSinmpOarityOrthOStaingagSig
gOmdisnusOnOprnCipuSaihOguOrP gageS
gnYOtpapgag
rcbqb
tamOWil001qOin13hanhQpOlnrCOnnOmOr
thQtaingagna0hOpOene10inOrdebtnmO
rrmtPOWthrOughthaanOmetAhispOintOrNerOCurr
wtheeencQpOtalahaingaame
OWgthetageandheiaIiOnOpOIiOmeteSincith
0abOntaCtpOSitiOWeCSeadiydminhaY0a
COntaCtpOSitinandthere1
GgraWFdtunsnanpStiOnSariimthQ
abOVdebedmea2menOrSIaingagesaWiIhasy180hQ
typeratedQCurWhaIOperaIhOmmpi
danddrivQSa00ruWhichinundriSthQmOVabnCOntaCtOhe
POtiOmeteOPpOSiiOnAddiiOcircuiIySprOedO
thaingQChangespOari
MaSryStemhatarehyspEaaimcOmparisOntOthQ
OnedescibmmOninwindgneSHOWeVQeya1Shm
basicpnCipEescibedOrCOpainmOWnencnV0aWiIFthO
StaineSunipmachinSaChid
nc
ThrarSQVraancQdesCnSIinSIhatarOappicabO
rardSSOrthQCOpOnenOrCOpOnentObemnaedThOmOSt
impOrtantOrhesearucIuise1ycOnSidQrednWiO
buidanexpenb002myhiCahqiOnO
eltiOnSidSdisgtOryiARMCOPHinesseFeat
trdtOanultiateteesn0OpIrFPmateria
isSdandthebaanceidendmaximumssmr000siOr
essdetOaisOnPOdencli0ONemWrnC0hn
aiStreaSisi1k00dOrdamagnheancQdn
atneaSOnrannicOrhypSOnicedHOWeereriC
hisaynOtawaysbrumCauSisOnamOdednm
tinandstOppnmOrhunndarOinsOnCaSQeVeraimesthe
StytatQaiOadsdinhedaIEakingpaOrhLOadn
mdesdursupSnictnrtingdppngarediscudin
mOredetainChapterThebancebedesignedhaImOd
OadsencOunteraduinmaIWnOtCaSQdiOnOthQent
thatthebaancewcOmeinOCOnIacwihIhp0iOn0hQmOde
AsprnVSmntiOnedQbancQShEdbedesigyh
StrQSSendhegaatmaXimumOaduplOpbO000psi
steeinOdebtainlheagpaCisigmtstrain
ThSjasOprOeaistOrymeanriatt
r l 1
b rqbceb
betwmthQbaaCQSdOdeAyChagQOraHtbetweenthe rbi0PthOO6iYpOCaIiOOuIpu1btai
baanCeandmOdeduingatestcaneSEtFeROneOSdataadOr mthewadandaidduinrecOnYertedtOmOentS
COuSm00rattaCh3tmpyumthOSSOraOdThea andThOrmaCsIhObIainedydimhgQ
VOsai0ymQthOdsOrattaChtOnnOrthbetteOrWhichis beenthetwOmOmbyhsIancObhwO6ivid
illus1ainFiThisthOdSSaOCkigtaPmattachent atiSThtOhinmmOabthQreCn
COnicaapSa0dOnthewadpOrhebaanceadat
pOintisObtaibyieaitQ20aiOnbhwObidmOmemtS
SOFepOSitninsidhemOdwhichiscOnVOtheOerand
ThapeFramissesOthatstag3tWbessthanth
PiIchingm
ctiOnCOcientbtWeenthebaaCmadOdtapersurPcesWh
hmmOdeandbaaCnarQpuatOgethnWithsuchataprSutat
ThOnnOceindicaIeaiaenOmaccuraQ
cQidevOpedbetwethetwOSueWhichOCksthemtOgnther
Canbbtainedredes0ridgeOCaIiOnhQ0taCCuratOrma
and p pOSiiYO SQppatingce irequiedThectiOn COeient cewbtaiwhhObriearaparaspOSeThQ
betwnhadenedandpOishteeugnsvaiesbtWn3gu and
pOCedueOWedinainiIchingmOmenndicathhebest
gucOrrQSpOdigtOtapeErasOrONdegAtypi
aCCuraCyOrthcOmpOnwiEbeObIainawhenthmmOmentreence
OCkimIapmawFdtunaCinNC0mSpOndingtOan
pOgOChewOb1dWiIhlhemOmenreOin
taperanOrabgtdeThewardendOrthQbaaCeis
betwmentheIwObidgeilchingmOmenbIaiyinIpOaiOn
threranattachmentscrmWuSedtOaSSebetheOdeandbaanc
WheeWiththQmen1encOCaIaeShS9apOaIiOni
andOCkIhwOIOgtherThecaanCOh00inthOdethattaCh
riIgdthQ0erjCanincrOaSQbyagtOrO00rmOre
mentrQWisadQSOmeWhatOrSizeandthmadedraargQrpuEing
FOdisassmblyhmPChBtSCiseOVedandtheargr
pugsCeWiss6aintOthOdetitsend8eSintOCOntaCt ancOdesiggOnSideaiOneaSur0hSeC0pOent
Withth3dOrthQbalancedbnaksthaperjOint
aretheaShemeasuemen10m0CndpichinOment
AnOthQpOtantnmcOSidatiOn is tO kp au thQ bancm
WiththQnXCeptiOnhahQSidQcmWnm0paneierp
COpOnenttaimmeSOCatedidethOOdewheethemiaiiu dicuaOthnOpichingmOmpanOnOthatmied
CiratiOnOrairAirPOWingOVehegSCanCaSeC00ingOr gthQSaindbeaneaSpOSie10degm
FingwihaccOmpanynmOCaesistancQChageSinthQgagnWhich
henOCpichinmOmgaAnydeiOnm
akFnOutputSalsthmStaingabridgQSVerySatic degwimPCOmpOnenI0OadimOnepaneCauSssQS
iiabetOkeep8pOWnuppyandigWirnStOthntaingagO
imebeinSedIOmeaSureingnIheOIhp
bridges wshiededthQ airpreaby by runnlng thmm
IhrOghahOeOngthQaXisOrthObaancesuppOtn XpeDeanOreebalancnaCCOtO
thQOWnpeCcaIiOnAmOdeiaOIha10Fighasa
TwOSeparatedstaingabidpOSE0edOntFebOdyOrthObaancQ
asshOWninFPrmGeaSurlgthesecOPOnentShebOdy
OrlhaancOnOyhaaysyCOSSiObecausnth
arheOaSiesOPbricatAtpOSitiOnSWheegagnSPrObeOunt
mqOunOrhecOSSeCtiOnaeaOahetOpadbOttOF
OrhObancOpQVidQtmOuntinugessyeticaabOhe
balCOCgtineThprerOquiedeaSeOrOperStrainga
mOuntimgndsymmyadsOquandOppOSitQbdingstressestO
whichthensiOnandcOmpQSSiOngagQSaeClnibratiOnS
piO0huIpusigmeachbidgOisObtainedasaPnctiOn Fnstnrrdand03nS

mmumOWCydiamnIrOriChandacaitydepthO
imchesmtFmmOddbasthebeginningOrthattaChtap
NOrmrcOandsid0rceOadsO0bareexpecteddurinhh
htmrrprnrQbetwandmcheheadOrtheOdmas
ThmdpOCeedaOWS
AmmmbaCaiaetQrOrOuinchisassThswaOW
EincFcearancebQtWeenthebaancQandthOdeOaCCOOdatO
dectiOnOrthnbaancOduetO10adandtOPciatmaSSebyOhQ
mOddandbaancQ
AmdiSiOnSqarQC0SeCiOmiscuatedthO
sectiOnObemgedThesideOramudieniOnSquare
ttcbOCE0tOraCiraCOSeCIiOnmqstheCiCdFeter
1OSind0inthiscase11PinchThQ
mgmdimgSiOnuCrSSSeCtiniSdmdbecausQitSth
sa3gIhinhewOpanesandaOWSIheaXiumWF
pacgtOrainge
TFStOnSPrnSAnaaStatininchesahead
OrthQmOdebasQissdQCinOrde10ghagQSWe1withintheOdel
cqandIhSminimiNheCsOrairciatiOnAwardstatiOn
uincsaheadOmOddbpsOisseectedThisaOWSnchbetween
lhaCrandIapOrderWhichieqebtexcessi
TFOmensabOhmiOnSaeCacuatedWitOad
centersOrpreSSrtnchOSaheadrthQbheOadswil
appiedONinchesphnrthgagOand0inchnSbehindth
adgehQmaXienaghgagQtiOnithSe
bnchesuOinchb
cacEatethOSteSSinthOOereOrthQbaancQahegQ
statiOnSandatthmmmmOgtOmtheqatiOn
h N
WhQrm h1esspS
mOmentLmchb
cHdistanc0OmthOaXistOtherersOrthQbaancinchOS
HCrOSSSiOnmOmnertiPpseXhetSNLnchmS
GO0UN
Thh 00psi
EgN
ThisdStreSS5dhaisnOtnXCSSungPhiqity
eandprOpegagninatiOn
h
P DeterinOthedistancOdOWnStrOPOrthObasOatWhichthQCrOSS
SeCtiOnOrthbaFnceuStbncrpSedpbOinchdiatU
eqwithinertiPby
h II AL
0
AssumeanaEObesteSSOr000psi
uChbaOWabe
WithaSbOadthiscOreSpOndsIOadIanceOnchesbthe
Oad OrPu inchesdOWnStreamOrthQOdebasewiththeOadcgter
AinchesaheadOrthOdelbasQ
CcuatethmdispacetOrthebaancQaIitOthQbaancQ
axiAsseauimbaancQCSeCtiOmQqua0haahad
iOSsipHcityandcOnSeYatFOranrbaancQCrOS
SeCthedectiOnOrthQ bancO reative tO thOOdeaxis ahe
mOdebasecuatedbyusngthnOWngOqaiOn
WhrOdacQentatmOdeasOStatiOnLnchnS
appiedOadb
dincOmpOtOrattaChenOrOddbancetOthQ
OdebasmLnch
distaCe03pOOrattghetOrOdbaaCOthQ
appliedOad
OduFsOreasticiOrbalamcateriLbinch
SeCtiOninertiinchQS
InthnXampOLheaXimumdectiOnWOCCurWtheOadinthe
mOStapOSitiOnUsingaluQOrhUOX00rsteerwmd
00UAiCh
ThedectnnOteXCeveandthQbaancOdSiSatisgtOy
Oment
ThQSuement Org mOewhich wOd cOReSpOnd IO
tOrSiOninthebOdyOrtheimternaaSCmLnOtaStaightwarda
tFepOu1SSedcOpOnentSAsteeshPdesignedtOSpp0
 tl
hh eb
WhepS

tOrquppiQdIOIhOmainwinch
hhtOrmainwinChQ
Ga
CthickPgOrmainwebimchnSr

anOndimensiOPnCiOnOrUtiOnaOW
Nbmb PO008

1b R

EgO
P05t

J L


N0NN oN0uOJ

00

VlJ
PuN ouUu

h
StA
ONN0N0N0uOq OuN Puuu
FigninIrbaaCOCuCieCIiOneaSu1grOng0e TheanguardtiOnOawebin10SiOnisby
nOrmaOadsOraOdEsneyrtiystintOrSiakingthe
Q m I
accuratQmQaSurQentOrtOrSiOndicuF NeOuSSCheaveb3

0OyaIhmmmaSOr0immOentWithvPymdegee
OrCCeSSOneOrthOOrOSuCCnSSEscheiustratedinF
ranadCiOdichQ
TOdyOrIhebaaCeisweaketOtOSiOnbyu0cruci anOdienSiOCiOiOnahOWnve
tiOnands1aingaaeinedaheceOrthQainwebOrthe
qmOdEu0asIicim10SiOmLNistee1
FhCruCmhnardetiOnrthQnweband
crucimThnStrainarincinadngthQbalaCXisand
OnmaChrhQIwOgageSaemuypmpendicuarThipang9 ahrtheshOrtWebreatedving
mrmq2OSgckinOrIhegridsOrIhgageSOnghsOrth
webdgeSWithgridsatrtangeaybQpurChasedasait
SimpOrqObarayndicaeshahiarageenssuchthptOn

OaChgrgnaWieseniIi0healiutgiOnSssin
WhQrescipt0hemainwQandCngr
themberdIheOh0gageWbmseSitivOtFmamumcOm
theOrtWS
SSlOnS1eSSin1mebeInspirsuppOtetswhich EquatgragdtO
pI3mheaimwebaCligaSaSipet01ebasdesignw
PSCim30esshanaancdiatershasbndtO
yiinQaVaiOnSOrStaingagathappiedtOrq

ThQCruCiSeCtiOnisOCaIdneahpOSitiOnOnthbaance
cOrreSpOndigtOmOdelcenterrladinglnCticewirObaby ThederOEingmOmenIwiahm0heIOrqueaky
awayeweenlhwOgmnthOdepitchandyaw thethreQWeb
peWi17misaxiaOCaiOedigSSeSinhecCiSOn RigmO1
PrOkOPmlniuusa1OWghecuCitObedesigned
EquatiOnandarOCObi00blainIhOrqakenOt
aXimuSgSiIiviIyAcOpaiOnadatageOrhEOCatiOithahe
bthaFwThIOrquQisIhnneqtOdQ
p0iOnOhnSigth0ggagmWhicFbecausr
thesteSndeha
gturigpmrctinSidubendigStreSSiskta
Rein10hesiOnYiewOrFigeaXiSteS0hn
TheaCtiOniOdeIcpOn
crucrmOCCupOinandisgVby
0tOeaWiIhaninebancemgheainreasOnr
11
e thhaheenO105dewiIhy
arncOpaOnlOaXiaceayaIangeOrattaCkThu
2 rqeb
FFxigugbOrOramiterbaaCQ
thnbamcnuStbeweakintFQaXiadirnCtiOninOrdertObSBSititO
axia0sandatthOSammQmuSthpadequatOStenhinthenOrm
rcOSdsidcediriOnStOprOV3tdndesiabardeDectiOnS
DesignshavebeemwOrkaOutWhichsatisthernqErSy
weHOWQVinmyinsancesdiuIylbeexpeiencedinObtain
ingaateacedataatcOnditiOjargenaceandOr
ecebecgSmOrthOinteractiOnOrIheseagOadsOntheaxiace
eadimOnOp1nCip00quySisuatdinFi
P rO
ancOSOrthnQShWninFbeenbunsiNeSdOWntO
abOutPnCFidiamrAnaxiacQm3besbtseparat
r
mthObanWithtwOIhinwhrOughwhichlcee
tramsittedTheswOthWhhemgQSinedOnIh
rgeswhichwiVSiOngdcOmpeSiOnSreSOSdtOal
cP ThergagestFSinsEarWitOhemthl
StraingagObidThtFOaXiarcQmmmbQrispmbdwiththQ
jdandapOtiOnrthQbancQbOdyinhawaypsOmainaF
tiR60SeCtiOnbdinmmOmensinnOrmaceSdside
cQpanesAswithhrOEingmOmmembnrthXiacOmQmber
dbCatedneIhOadcrOrhmmOd10keQpbending
mOmduetOnOand0ce5OWapOSSibeinIhQmb
OnrthCriticalcnSideatinmthOdesOrthisrinter
baaCethnmOdOachOrIhQbe0hCQbOdy
TtgnSCrqPndentpinhnOrmywdbmeXpeCted
tOgiearicOnneCtiOhavOinanyCaSeSinpractiCgEOWedient
pageOrthecOnmeCtiOmtOakethbancOWOrtEnSStwiEnOt
neraybmpaCta0ePWedaOrdQredcOnneCtiOnbecE00r
ngOrthagQOrIhmacObIidAindaIedy
rc
etSeCt sect
FaticOrrOnmOgTalrmrOrbpn
 rqbNe
FitheendwiriOuldnOtbereachPreparWithabaaCe
OrthistypearassebyAethOdqugtyusedtOOeCOhe
ippagOistOuSnaargenuberOcrSOthahercOhOgthe
partstOherwi1bery7h
AschhPthasbeudreaSurinbOthrOgetand
axia2CeOanintmrnabalancisiustatedinFhthishee
abOXiseupusnhreewebsLw9rmeasurlgrOng0entand
OnQmQaunaXiarcAthrWebspOVidetaitbOth
axialPrcQandrOngentHOWeerhedesigisaedatFi
mZngthealiarraOrtherOwebsadtherOgreStraitOrthe
axiWbshe rOgent WQbs prOide rOeStait by pue
teSnadcOprmSSiOThQaXgrcewebprOidesaxeStatby
bendinhQprHaryadvaatharrage3tthataxiace
and rOng0teaSurebSCabOth bOCataeahe
Cm0Oad OnthmOde1
TheaChedpatSaXCOpOnetbaaCethatusesstaOtJm
SChemmrsEtaeOuSeaSurQetO0getandaxialrce
ispOStedFFigAphOtOgraphOranaSSObledsixCOPOet
baance ipeSgted in FiNDetaied despOCedeS2a
SixCOpOtbaancarOdiscussediRePq
rOr
PrOpQrCabratiOSOrbaanCeSPrQrequirntQrpretatiOnOrWd
tunneestresutinterSOrthedesiredrcesadetSngeerar
CaibratiOnSCOprisethnOuntiOrthebalanceOnaCaHbatiOn rg FMahndpartspCpnbaanCeLing
OutSidhneadinmthmbaancQWithkOWn2cmSad0tS eCVOUghtCOPOratn
WhichcOQheraeQXpeCtedduringatadrecOrdigStraigagQ
radingsateachrceandmOetCObinatiOnDurgthecabatiOn
thQCOnStgOrgagOreingprOpOrtiOnaitytOrcead0entis
t0medinnaityathedienCnbetwereadinmSWith0Oad
takenbreaarEOingistredgQd
FigureUshOWSabalancnCaibratiOnrherigSateitO
WhichthebaancecanbeOunted asitwOudbeOutmdinthntune
It incudmSeChanisS Which aEOW thm baance tO brOtatd abOut its
axthrOdegandpitChedinthevertpaethrOuperhap
udegThep0siOningthQbaaCeperitstheapplicatiOnOr
pOSiti00netiv10adtOthbaancQinanybaaCepapOvnOr
natienOraceOSitieOrnegativesidmCeandanycObiatiOn
OrthesePtrOangesOtbhanOadOdegTheprOVisiOn FOtgrpPhrPbSgaagCO
rpitchithObaancQpemitsittObeaintainedhOrizOnataieS
andmakespOSSibHethQmeaSutOrbaanceandstigdectiO
AibatiOnbspedOehebaancesOthatsuitab0Oadings
bB CbqUe
FA Lircedpgh0WbaarOtd
degecOandWg0t
testresaiatnsOreiIheheaEppied0raFga
breOheeeSuppyagewiaveanmCcOmpaabtO
ChangngSitiitiesineCeSayIhaIheseabmmainained
thesaeduingibatiOnIesIMOwindunrea
Figu AbanibratiOng
WithOupOrmeanminsImenSOIhEdaIamayb8ded
Can be appiedlt has preciseyOCated circuar nOtChes cuntO it
SPCePrpOSitiOnnmOribratiOnWeightsSuccQvOnOtChmsaOW
riatiOnSOrmOmtabOuhOgtStatiOnSWhihQnOral
rceishddcOnStamt
InFitherigisshOWnWiththObancQadcabratiOnbar
instaedandwithanOrmarceOSideCeOadidependingOn
WhthertbObaancOitOOrdegrOFiguushOWherigwith
aniarceingandFshOWhigwitharOnget
OadinOnemgecOnSidQatiOnWhichipertinenOanytyp0
baancmibOnisthatOrObtainingcOnSistencyOrWiigandain
naTQaSinstuetatiOnbetweethecaibratiOnadthQ
temCgSeSastrainSgnmagitudesmaybeXpeCtedOna
inbagCepaCticeistOakeitpOSSibetOausttheseSitivity
OrSInSgnaTQaSurnginstuentatiOntOprOOPragQOr
imstruentreadingsrOnnmaitudeOrStrainSlgThisadjust
menisnOrmaEyusatOObtnthagpaCticantuentrQadig
duetOmOdeOadsduringptaSaeSSObtaiiheOStaCCurat
FLOadFg
ft

Figa CibngrOg0
simEgeOyms1ainbidgesThisgOupOreang
inumensiu1yin130mmedOSOmeXtInsuchcasesi
drOhpasIaingagOSgdOIhenstumOnthatwbm
usedduringthstcOnnatthSammaSurnminusduig
tibraIiOnOanycOmpO0nybaancOAsOmXpeCehas
indicathaeabiiOruSigth3mhrOu
tdurinthQibratiOndttestAOutheatteWC
QrOnSmaybQdiuOjinsatahanmSyStOSWith
siphtSXp32OhandiQdthahyare
tiequit0pOrtant
hQsIepinhQibaiOnOraninenaaaCOiOdeQSO
pOSlIiveaSOcOraingIhQdirecIiOnOriedOadevetOthe
bancQWithrespecOthOpmentdelpaneauringthFr
exapesOeaplanrIhbaancQisseaasthenOcQ
panOduinheibaIiOnandirhQOdsptOnthmbaancew
itOralcQpan0dudWihrespecOthispaeOrr
gOnOr10adingdiOnWbepOOandhEnetdatawie
inaccrate
IrthdatieOrieOnOrtheOdelandbaaCeisedbykOySOr
p0bysOhpOSiiYOmeanSOpmOrientatiOnOrthQbaance
ibrOnisOmpisdPOWSThemOdespacedOnthQ
baFeFObaaEmOdnassbiEedihenOrace
panmOdsinaYpanOde0dthe
ibratiOnbisinsdwithOdisubinghebaancientati
spOintgbiriSthatwhtsappidtth
ibratiOnbarwi1bOinthemOddnOrmrcQpanm
rSqbce
FrtivriatiOnOrthOmOdeandbgCQiOtam
thmattaChethOdilFdimFihQmOdOrObIaiming
prOperOientOnOrthebaanmbQChgdAhniqbthFa
bmensatictOilnthiaSOmpybaribaPS10WP ApOint
OnthmbaancSawhnQPWhtmaybnFnmprth
instanatiOmOrtheibb8OrmOdAwFtFnhipOint
andthebaanc0gntihmareencObaancOain
gag00ghee0LrthaaancOFasgaOnlyn0maCpiching
OmenteaSureentSthrggagOmbenithOrthemOment
geSInthiaethaaancOisaCtydmgmIhispOinOr
NSanprParatiOnhanibatiOnWhtndinstang
themOdelwithitOrmacOpgOinaicagmlhObaFncO
FaceJaWngmOmentgOOnrlypwnmmOm3gO
usedaaencQWhthisrCegaradsN00hen0mal
rcQpgnOrthbanCQierti
OnchmpOp01OritatiOnOrthnbaCQsb03aCFimndhm
CibratiOnbarandbaancQmuStbOCOiandOrNer0OadC0ditiOn
bestibatiOnpCOpCyAOYpFcOdOnIibOnbarand
thecibratiOnbariseaatNOr00adcOnditiOnThpeOr
WetrOhungOnthQibOmbariQrStatiOnSCOVnhe
ranOadingsiktObenCOuntSdbytbnmOdddngthe
AteachweitandQaChstOmhecalibratiOnbarisQVedandthO
dePectiOnOrthmmOddpp0pssemblyisrOCOrdOdLeingOrIhQ
ibratiOnbartOgSurOthphOdireciOnOOadwihreC01hn
baancithm Sae Pthat which wOEd OCCur irthO SPm00ad wRm
actingahmamOtiOnOnIhemOdeduingMmagtr
dectiOnaeauSedcOrreCtinmidiaSgSOragckr0da
durinmat
ThObaancQisthgOuapseydeandIhepbOVQprOCa
peatedthatdatawiEbOObtainedF bOthpOid negaO
directiOnSinthmnOa2CepeOrthbancnrIhObaancmal
hasecegaSthnprOCedWi1berepedwiIhIhQbancng
prseydading in thOcm paneCaibratiOnS at
intmrmediatanSeasOdeaPSamQanSOrObtainindata
WsimEtangSOadFinthnOrmagceand1COpanesOr
thebaanceuinmaOadinOrthebaancmSianQOeadin
02ubancegagnSWbeCOrdaCOnSideinhheOryOrbaCQ
denwrerdt00pitchingmOmentgpgO0Sniny
tOthemgnthOn0mcepOrthQbaancOandahega
StatiOnAhegarOadinprOpOrtiOntOthi0gtThS
thhgrysugSth
n
b
WeadingdgtOpppiaOadCOuntS Wheree00beIwmenmepaandaIarngu
PppiednOrmarceLb ndicatuIOneCiiOappiedOadwe
ngdbCOnStantStObQdetmrminaPOmthecaibratiO andtatiOm
8HSgiOnatWhicFtFOadisappimdLnchnSOmyrer3cm WehavQtheOrqeSOrthedirCQS
POintOntbance
ActybQCPgQOrimpOrctiOnnmanuPcturehepitchig0t hN
Wityeniti00adingsintsidcepanmOrthQ
Wheehnumbe0cOndiiOnwhichdataarabe
baanceThisQctOrSidOrcimgOnPpitchingmOmentgage
InOrdebtaincOmSIanSwhichc00pOa
rQadingaEaanteractiOnSiiaryheectOranyOadingOn
minimumurhOWnmbrue
thOrmingOranOtinttiOnaEyOadaiscaedanintraCtiOn
mPrgSOnPbygOOdbaCLntQriOnWi1amOunmyPw
perntOrthOpmarymermntdenOadcOnditiOnSbutwnOt
u
bnPibeAndOngChabaanceheinteaCtiOnOadininthe
n0mcOpanOOna10thegpgQSPndOOadigSintFesidece
panqOnaEOthergagmSWbinearWhthisitruehQaCtua
TNe
rOadiSOragagSdOnOralrceandsid02COadingsaraS
lettigMrepnSenmaiOnm03uOqi
2OW
rewritten
nhC
WgrO1appiasidrCLb
NM

u
CCOnantObOdetOrminaPOmthQCalibratiOn
CObininguWeqsyieds
WmthQadinmbminmCOnSidSdipitchientgagereadig
amdarOprmaqgPgOCOnntsandcadhareinteaCtiOnCOnStantS
L
Wmth0minmbeingcOneraisayawngmOmentgagQrPEth0
nriAndwhthereadingbingcOnSideedisanaxiacQ
OinmmOmentgaeadimgcOnpntspreinteractiOCOnStantS
NMi
Asinexp3mgmeasmBtSgageeadiSObtainedduig A
tFQ CaibriOn WiE bQmnWFat randOm and thdetnrminatiOn OrthQ
COnntsOrqbyPaphiprOCedureidiUutPndaccurate M
GraRuraCyCanbObnedwitFaiEmmOrimebyapurg


e
mathQmatiprOCauIQThepOCueinvQhOethOdOeast
Simi
arSWhichisbasedOnthOprQmisQthahemOtprObablecurve
tFhpOrdPtaWitheOne2WhichthesOrthesqaOr
thdirgCQS betwnQn the cure and thO ObsrVed da arei
CMM
ThismOtFOdideYdOpedas10WS




RnWritingeqwe MbMyM



C



bM3cMhMM




WhreistheatareadiandthecOnStatSathOCalated
Cur EqOnS0areurequOnSintrthQPurknOWn
Lin COnStatS anday beedIanQOuSy IO dOrminQ Ihr
5


COnStantSthQCOmFntaredQterinascOnenientOma

r
 rqbee
datPraCtiOnndpOiOatnhOFOrnXap0aSShateq ThemethOddOgngIhanngIhsqaniqu
rntSthnquOnthQwardpitchreadigtw OWSthepOCeduu11dpreiOSydQngeCOnnts
bOnmCQSSprytOkOWthenctieOCatiOnOrthQgageWhh iscaed ThOpOCeduscOSidSbyIerCOmpiCa18bnCauSeOr
theeectricgteThis wiE bQ thpOintwhem theaiOOr thtdeterinetwCnSneacheqiOnrathehan
eadinmWithOraCmisNmdiObtahedaslOWS
FOruSeindatauciOnLtwiSuaybecOnYeneaan

1HHb
thecOnStantSF0giiCOmien0eSenhQdetiOn

FbyacOnStmuiedbynrcOpunOthmrcOnStant
upiabyentabhQwadpiIchmOmeThee

1
NO


COnStantSaredeterFaasPEOW
twasO bn necesy tO knOW theariatiOn OrmO3t abOuhe


electricacenterwradingThiscauedthPctOrGFandis

M




ThQamOuntOrthQreadingwhichisduetOrcQandyawng WhrSubsdentehewardpiIchingmOment
mOmnmtimteractiOniObFimedPOm
N DinelheibaiOnCOmSIanIheOWn
dataObtaiOnepichiOmedurinnIenaaancO

CalibratiOn
t
UaancOR01 Appid RigCuntwihWhtat

AngeDeg Whb CibratiOnUaratn
scOmVigtrdatarCtiOntO SetineqNNequaO thQ
N
cta0mtQrStatiOnOrOnQOrthOSidePrcegeSSOthatthOinteractiO
CanbereprnSentedbythQ2OrareadingduOtOSidercOandarOading


0

0

U
u


n
u
A
0
0
dOmOeabOutOnQ0sidPrcQeS

u
u u
O NuO
ThQbaancQdQCtiOnangsmnaSraatQaChweitadstOnae

8 IUO h
O u
O
Sd tO dQtmmine dectiOn COnantsThSm dePectiOn COnStatS are
nnatOCOrrindicataans RarecOrdddurimateStr
bSCQbdingdOair10adsUsuayhOctiOnSOrabaaCQ
R1aeCCkwisaiOn00kupaand
CaibratiOnbartatiOnininch
CanbnprtabythOOWngnqatiOnS
ThecOeentsOrOq0abIanedbygmatiOnSOr
bSd Tab
EqatiOnS8tOarhrritten
lndminingthmCOnSFntsOrtabOVOOqtiOnSWhichthiba
tiOndataLtinOtneCQarytOCOnrdataPOmCObineding NBQ80uOcUg00q
banlSsOtrtF0gdegFOreuatingmPnd
ythOdectiOnansmpSureddurinOadingswiththbancQat OQ80u8C000qI
OdganddmgnndbOCOnidSdFOralatinggadOnyth uOQU8C08u
dectiOnanSeaSuradinOadingswiththebaancatd
U8000Ogcu000NOu
nQabecOnSidOred

rbS
b AmngthPawngmOmcaaimgnOr00gSCtiOm
9jSN WhemOmenaba0e0OCaedatthatiOnaS
thenOrCgeObainhQineraciOnCOnmNN

An

TIb

0

000

Otbbobb

b0000
JNHJ

PPPPPPoCH

lbb0CH

PO00
JhJ
u00l

000

OOO
bJ11

0
tJl

tlUt

u00

u80 N
PNOhb
UCH

00

000
U

N
u

N
u0 N

0
0
TheseaCtiOntybecOnedCOunIsIOincsby
0
muybythegtOr


1
t
3inch
0 0
0000000

NoOOO 0
0000

0
0
0
0
0
NO
OOO 0000
0000

0
0
gEbb
u 0 IuNu 0 Nu 0
a NO30 u

00J

0O
UNuN UNuNu O
e MOment
J hJ

rNuO N 1u0 uNuNO UNuN0

0 0
U 0 COntrgehimOmsandbendinmOmsarm
1tEuCqnmOmgtSarmPQraHy
0 000 0

du0QaSmFhedwindIesbecausrthO

0 NO00
zesOrCOmpOnS0SIhid0d
NNuO u UNOu uuu NOyu
OCatiOnrCOngesandaircraOnrananysch
havebeenSed10eaSesmpOnenSWQShascwOs
StanOnOrthequatiOnSEIhQb00OrpaNyis
Whichhaeb03succOSandwhichaeicaba
iiarcCOnurOnS
nu
ThegtypetObscussedhasbeen10mrng03
andbedingmOenIsOnypQO0ablOCata
C10uNN
aen00rneahOdyOaJa21hnCOrthiancQ
isiEustratedbyF
qHONOJ ThebancscOpyFOuwihinIhOdy0hOdeut
dOeSnOOuChhebOdyexcepahQpOin0a1achentThrO
ThectricgtqNO
isicaawiIhasupp0shaPwhichisinsdintOat03nCe
11
iCbOSP0atiOnO

h0intheeendOrhebAIhn10a1achmenIprOiOn
isadindnmadesiredgguapOmSThObaance


iseludwithwadamdaPOmnebidgesmwhich
thenOrCQOnIhQgnandhOmen0hOntrOlabit
TgagePctOrOmi
haxCanbaihObaancQisOippawithatOrOn
barstrainbridaascuinSOnEssedtO
G0uinch dminhOmOrhnhaer



thmOmen0herwiIhIhenOrOnhOntObtaim

b
lotb

g

111

1 L mO

FA01acmmanga01
aiSndendequedwiIhtwOaingaOngh
OrthppeandrgePnFgabriFQ
WngandaOnaeaChinainhawayhahancanbQ
attachedtObOththngandIheainWihiCneOn
ChOrdpanrIhewmandaiOnFairimaeOp0thO
bancndphriginalecOnIOurarirdThi
t l I l t l l l l

bancranenePVmuChIObOdedbunsOmeCgmaybO
crOWah theOpractiwaytbtainaierOnhingemOm
OrSiObar
baCOtOOd
FOardgame
1baa8SuhinSbendigSrant InmecasnSaagmSOCaOnthQmOddasbtdOWnStreamOr
rgOBtanhOSr0hOOdbOdy themOdenPpOdhavQbeenheaS0rOinmmO
th3mwOegndi03enOrthCOntabOtadesd adaxgcmSuchpbaancOisOWninFThbaanc
rnencQSpaaeOIhQbaCeaXisaybecaated
WnrSedensywreasOnabygtOqrbeer
TsecOndbaaCetObediscussedhasbSedrmaSrighie baaCeqrnaSurnXiaceweeded10ipOSestate
ThOS20rtatCi13aPOrybalanchinar
mOmen10my OraitypCOnrOlWheSpaCn theOd
iuenIaiOniqiiIOdThisIypPOrbaanceisustatedin StiaaCeCaahquajbrbarinenandgricatiOn
FiThebaancQispyapeCrthinetabeOthr edOOrtheshaiv0hecaseuamdabaancaSmdesthat
preentSaiwandcOnuetprQediWithinthQbaancn
CaSm
AOuntbanceisaCiaTpupOSQbanchaSSa0
WhenthmOdeObesIaisahapOraerpOriOmmOde
eddiythnwaOrmaCiOnpaneae
twaThebancQaybpOSinCOmpOnbapgeOr
itaybedesignedIOp0OmeaSengmgyaSxcO
pOnentScauseOrthWidOnnPppicaiOmsuchbaancQ
manydentdFabeemuMOSbaances0hisIypn
1 CrrusQaraingaObaancendIhePndaasOaingQ
badnSwhhavQbdiscudinprueCiOnSWay
FiagCQuigge0erPaeypt
 rbq
Nbte2TheaircrafthasbccnsuqectedtoaYerticalacceerationandhasachievedaYerticalYeliIy VIThecomponentsofvcrticaland
fbrwardvelociIyresultinanewangleorattack1Howeverthetailoftheaircraftisstilloperatinginthedownwashfieldscorre
SPOndingtothepreYiousangleofattackcEThedownwaLShRetdscorrespondingtosteady8ightatcLandlaredifrtrentCon

eal
ExtSalbaancehOS0edsidhOWimdtmand
tOeaOadstrani1mlhOmOdOCatedFthentOrOrthQ
teStSeCtiOnrOtheIunWIOIhObaanchrOOnr
NoteTheaircraftisinsteadyightatangIeorattackaThetailisoperatinginadownwashRctdcorrespondingtothis

mOrructuralmbancerIhip3ex1giyim
earyaWindnndarOprOSuinmeOrthesO
tsthataStEOpeaITheiCOnIrucIiOnandimrn1y
bhighSpeedIunsi50imiIedhahimdunndgnQrimt
ikeytObecCernawithtbOm
Fig720111ustrationordownwashlagcRbctduringverticalacceleration

SequentlytheairloadsatlduringsteadynightandfIightwithYerticalaccelerationaredirent

SntertthhdenOyaaancea
baOnIhmcalaaIiOn0heOu8mpOn1mOdd
mQanSOrpiYOSinkagemdheChaanr
pyuseraWdrjng
mOmentarPancerthiseaequiIOCOmpexinCOmpar
WithObaancehichhbnendiCdAcyIhrm
ancewhichispracIiywimdunnemenm
dcQS0maancOnwECOadsOmmOdWS
baanwithknOWBWeiP TFedenrthnerbaancecanbO
attributedprailylwOgOrFirsI1uIiOnOa5Q
instuaInhaprO10IhepOinIwhereaSurOmenac2ra
WineSisa00rbeIhanhawihmechanicaaancO
andthraimdssimpnrbancanSndIhOhQr
edWhichmwindIunavQbinrnCenIy

Fietdofdownwashat
taBtmOdeOadslOhX13banOeCaint

angteofa
Chann theaiOadOnthemOd

DynaicstabiityrOdeviCmePau0Oundy
nditimdurFimSNOIrQprntedasaid
iEuatingthCa00r2CEOad
InFiNOaeSketchaIhewinndaiaiCrinsIyht
atOneiantandSinstanaOratheaiCraPaOenctedtO
aYcala3eratiDarVacceratiOnWind
dtiOnreati0hiCrpEycFanecaS2
ntinuOuychanVOCityTrQhataiOran
airraPduaYcaOratinisWOperatimnadOr
dOWmWaShmIhewngWhiChwaediQbyIhOWnmap
previSagrattaCkThisagctcESheinSOmtheairC
tOdthOShichwdbeexpyIhearcady
htattheaearattaCkHisnIedtttEamQOVr
theentaiCandnOju50hiDOWream0heenm
edOrth3rypOinsOpnrainaWdwhichi


WidOCOSduO
WideCilydue
t00ardOtF
RativOWindYOnOYnranaircraPduOrOtatiOnthOPitchpp
rdepentOnthewOupStrampOintsateartieSThelag
ctisOpnntinthecaseOranaircraPwhichisrOtatingatacOnStant
gPrateabOutanaXnOraOthe2ghtdieCtiOnhesae
UnsteadyQctsOranguaOtatiOnOthehanthQSeamectsand
SuauygreatrarpreStThesnarQiStratedbyFigP Dur
anaOtatiOneaChpOintnOtOnthQaXisOOtatiOnhasavOCity
nOrmatOthQpXisOrthaircraP ThQreativQWid isa resutOrVeCtOr
ditiOnOrthiscOpOnentOrVeOCity and thecOpOnentOrVeOCity
resimgrwardOtiOrtheaircraP FigureqNustratmsthe
ariatiOnOrthatiWinddiriOOVeranaircraPduetOaaar
rOtat0
WhanaircraPisrOFingabOtaxisOCitycOpOnentSand
hnCQaiOadsnOtpeSgtinadyghtareiucedasshOWninFi
NN
DynamicaiOadsOdiCtOmeaSurnawindtunelbecaus
thQSma1reatietOadyStateOadsandbecausetheymustbe
mePgredwith themOden mOtiOnDyaic stabiy tests F wid
tnn0sarQnmayimitatOtsinwhichtheOdhasOnOrtWO
SindegrOraOmThesQaraaOmtOrOtatOabOue
rasec
FigNNciIiOOjanaiCaringdurOg
b h
dpichig03enaxisindynaicpiIchIndaedOmtO
rOtateabOuhOmOddaxisindyna
NOtageatdOrethasbendevOaIOdynai6OadmaSur9
3entSWithatanSatiOdQgeredOmOrthmOddTherearetwO
mOrrnaSOnSrthisOnethaiCltienvOIvainthQmeaSurgtP
TheOtherthatdampngOmShichahrmaryreqen
OrdynactestsnbQdQtemibySnhQSimperOIaIiOde0
0redOmSym
n D icC
ThemOStquentuseddynaOpitriOneFwhichthemOd
attachdtOaSuppOtmOmbOrbymOarbeainrXenthe
desiaxOrOtatiOnFidThemOdeCkatO
thSuppOrtmbeWhieEOperaiOniSlabishaThCkis
rmaSddsdispamitsibripSiiOn
NerOan0attackandtheniadThmOtiOnareasQ
isrn8rdedequentbyEgaStraimmagnaYeryeinkbetween
thppOrtandthemOdeThQIiOEry0hSCEaiOninindi
CatiOnOrthedami6Oads
ThqFnOrOtiOnasdeeredmpitchingsym
WithnOaiiaidapinwihaanipngthat
ted0etuntheOdeOaequiibiumpOiaOWS
Ce
Wherm IngdeabOEthQaXOrrOtatiOn
Q 1AOrtheOdwithresptthmnquiibriuPOSitiOn
usuayNrOangeOrattaCkrian
1AteapingcOnStantbradianecY
C
AueSpinmCOnStaradian
FNU SchaticrbnarFuntaSalindynaicpitchrighe
basabingIgdn1ybOaarF
pr0etiOSgaxur
u

Angulardisplacent

J
l l l l l

ll JJ

J
l l l l l

FJpnthqandOrdOOdnP
IrthesymcOnSidSdabOYniacnaumChamberaced
mqibrimpSitinandreegdrandC
beObtaineddirymIhQdispacemenimQEsOrySei
TSauescanhgbeinnqSN00bainI
yStmdapn0anpandIheCOantlrt
mSyStmpaimanairstreamanddaciteqiOnOr
phrbiedSCOndyalpithrig
mOtiOnbQCOmQS
ebIO
TFQrd80teSCOnditiOnSWitFwindSdthmanddOube
WeaSdynamic dampnmOmenpnr unie Or Q
dOtSabOQd0eiyFOSandse8nddeiieWitF
bradiase
rOeCttOtim
mOentpnitYau00rbdC thmmctihstratedin
giOnNmpybQdt00btain Fibradian
mOenternituOhbdO the OhCFStrated in
FNObradiansse
eH
Nu

aSdynamicrermmentper nitaeO
bradians


N8 aerOdynammmentpQrta2ttackadiams
e
TheutiOnOreqyieds
11

u
00


C



e H1




N


u
O
l

Ne h
e
wFerOemOd0piingqgCyCyCsec

Cqu


u


pOdOrOneQCeOrOSCOnS
IthimeqaPmpiteOrmdSEatint
decmeeCOa1tOErthQ
rnrgCOuOC
l

SmgthOp3OdandtOdaptOharapdetheairlO
OSCiHatiOninCOjtiOnWithsiia1auQSObtaFedOSCatiOnin
aYaCmhdapandticmOmmerSCabnObtainedm
mqSugd
IrthQWindORdapnmandsprngCOStatSarNerOthetOdap
tOhrampitudOandthperiOdwithwindORadarQinitO
ThenthQdapngandstatimOmrmmaybeObtainedbyinsinm
intythSeSinamdShaaSWd
COrreOnd tO adynaCrgWith pctiOess bearigr practi
ppOSeand nOrinCOnneCtiOn betwen thQOdeandthQed
pOrtiOnOrthOrig
HtisnOtathattiv2unSOrthOdampngandstaticgttrm
andC0mpOndtOdynamiCandtstabiityhatihQ
dapngmOtendtOrauchOPmpitudnOrOSCOnandthQ
stic mOmtS td tO rOStOrO thQ mOdel tO itsndisturbed Ortrim
ptiOn
WithmOdPrwEchthminertiaabOutthnCOnterOrrOtatiOnCannOt
bO eaSiyCEatitmPy be drina OXperimtany aOW
OneendOrpSlgdmrmrOdtypicalyOmchOutSiddiaeterby
AOnisridyachedinPVertipOSitiOntOmmSuppOrtWith
theeendhangingdOWnTheeendOrtherOdirradiaWaytO
aEOWriidattachmentOrtheOdewithitscenterOrrOtatiOnOtherOd
axiP TbrenOrindrirOdshaYinnertiasabOuheircenter
WhichCbecalCuandwEchbrackehemOdeniaaQaad
theycbmOuntedOmthedOrthegdedrOdImtueach
OrtFQSerOdattaChedtOtheendOrthesSpenddrOdrOtatedtO
ptEOrqueintOtSSpendedrOdandreleasaandOWdtOOSCiEatO
inrOtOnThQQCOSOrOSCiatiOnPgVepOdOrtieO
COntabysuObsOatiOnOrbyusngatOrSiOnStraimgagna
OmthQderrOdt00btain PqenCy eApHOtOreYerS
CacEataimiaismadeThnOdesthenmOntaOnthnSuSpda
rOdanditsquenedtOrminedThmOddinertiaisthenObtaina
byQntSnmteSuSiniacQaheaueOrerthQmOd
TEprOCddpnexpeimtasOutiOBOqNNOtethahQ
prOCedOagmehPhOairdapnmCOnStatCihesaethe
rOdsSdthmmOdeAnyrOSdutOthisassGptiOnCanbeeiminated
bycarngOuhOpOCdurOinpYa2
NOtealtheqstOSbasedOnthaSSuptiOnthpt
trigPndaeOdynamicdaplngandgtermSdOtayWith
anarpOSitiOnOrOtatiOVdOCityThisisaOdassuptiOnWhen
tpmpiteOrOSCiEatiOnisalupybQrypOOrWhenthQ
ampdSargOThOmethOd isuVheessmetieSSmd
ROddibysherOtOr
FScheOrrCedOgOndynam
dminingdampn0enS0mOdeIhvab0inan
OrthgOnAnappOXimaIOdhasbeendOpedinR
deterindampnmOmentmtimrieeOSCatiOn
OrOnlinearsysIsarQpaimRePqNwhichind6
tFheaSupiOnOrnearCanreSinappeCiablrOrn
CalculateddampngmOmiIhQSOmi0n
DamicpitchrimearededPFinadOrp
atiOneFrsdidinUandisitratedin
FThiimnrwilagCiaIedrOcirc
dnedtOYibatOdatsapnangyata
COnStantapdnFOhiyIemnquaIiOnOOtiOmi
q1U
WhedampnOmpniuncdimgaeue
bradie
dringtOrq
WiththmmOdeeinibaedaIacOnnampdndthe
dapOduque80hySQmhQinamOmandthe
restOinOmenexybaanceeachOIhQr1hedriingIOrqg
equathedampmOmarueeObIby
VibratingthQeminaumWmOaSdynamicdapin
dibetwQenOmIhndanisnqtOt
aSdynamicdampOmentRreCains P
deptiOnOrIhOmicciCuiihwhichlmOdng
enndpiudeCOn10aandlhmquemePred
q D mpie R01R
Dynaic01imSedI082hSdynamdampn
OmentWhiethOmOdisrOngaSarOSOrthenctsiEratedin
FigThQymaybegrcndr01stQmWiththn
rstemthQdsbeainmOaOnanggdOnrtwO
prOCduippiat00baindapOmgIFOrthrstemOde
b rnbqh
isPrcainprOllimOtiOnbyannXterpOWerurCentilsOe Rree
dredspeaieaCFedhendiscOnneCtedmthmpOWerurC
sOthahernOCnicaestratOth0gmOtiOnAeCOrd
SuPMO0hODndEOnOnInlSalCOpOn
StraFGaMSthgnIOIhOShOmMOdUi
Orr0pOOnOYeOCiiatiOnWithtimmisrCOrdedandisSatO
Jguary
aIpnmOmgtTheeqatiOnOrmOtiOnimthiscasQi JWWRAhsDmFOnODpiD
vOSasciumOr1FmPrSymnOrgyRiOnS
e AECTNS
CJWeQPHanceandLWAJOalSy
WhmreOrOdelr01withrmSpeCttOapanhOuthebOdy
thKargFacbyHnchSupeSOnTunAEDCTN
axisadiansOnOandtwOdOtSabOVendicateSpeCtiv


theandsecOndderivatsOwitheSpeCOtie
rOapimmntprtradiaS
aerOdynamCmOmentpbOutr01axisduetOOdepsyy
SghascOntrOncidgCQb
WiIhhQinOmnduOmOddasymieObtainedmstc
IsLheCOdOFpOSiiOnOVeOCiywitheSpeCOtithe
damictndtmOdinertiaknOWnqUeisreadiysOed
rdPmpngmOmemt
AnOrprOCeduSwiIhhOeechniqueitOdeChe
QrOnOrthQmOddtOprOdgmPknOWnaeOdynaic0ing0ent
WnIhnsOpatdnthunthisadyaicmOgtW
adQhOmOddimr0IimOentprOducedbytheaieOnis
nqaOtdapnmmOmtWnthiscOnditiOnisnaChthQOde
wiFFraChaacOnStantYeOCityThStQadyStatlveaty
isrnCOrdedandtFedapngOmSatedthOWng
q a t i O n

Th0gcalsystemisOmeinwhichtmOdidienatCOnStant
OCiliesbySeOraneXterpOWeCWithprOsiOn
measrnrOFingmOmtbyuseOrStrainSInasymOrthis
IyphemOdearivenbyaOtOCatedeitherbetweentbestatiOnary
OrnabaanceandthemOdeOrbetweentherOngintenabaance
Pnd the tunnem tatter caseelectricacOnneCtiOnS tO therain
arO madQ thrOuip rlnguSycOning OrCOpperiver
OinrringsgdsiYnTrpphitObuSheswithaprnSSureOrabOut
UOpbewOPhingsandbbesWiththOOdebinOtatedata
cOnntmedhQdampingmOmisObtaidmQquuby
tintmQpSu0inmmemtnqtOOneitOrpartiar
impOrtanCeintdemOrPdr01stOprOeadrivQyStem
CppabOqCOnSandrivOSpImmOmenOCCihe
rOFOnpniPOIcOn5antdthOSOCaneaSiyCOathedamp
mOmtSimmaitudQ



CFaptQrght
OdeSIesingnddatareduci
WhernaSmOdstObQSainlOWSpOedwindtuntsOnare
madnOStirOrWOhSpeawgtuOdessedO
incnyWOOdataThSarS3raeasOnSthisTh
dynapureSinhspwindteSadSqtyth hdnaOddienSinddwebesatictOry
OdynaiOadsaSyuChgthaSpeedtneF
NHiSpeedwindtnnesareuaysaerandcOSeqeyrequirn
erOddsInOrdOrtOObtnthOSaQdreeOrmeOetricsiiarity
Oap001ypheabsO10erancOSaOWabnaSaOdeaEess
IhanOnaprmOdThe10mranCeSalOWabtharnddegr
siiySydicaelhSrtanstadOrW00dAh
herspeedsarticesrdustOrthereataswhichieVitaby
dIhQiWayinIOWindnncircuitsruCh0mabaSihanat
OWSpSThmOrahadetaauCh0eSistant thewigtiptObeinPCidpHanOWithinE03mCeOrPSNin
lOpindabaSiOnIhanhOeOraWgddeendcOuSO
inhOatawimdtunnesthenearmmtanstead OrW00dOdesis
p
pp
ar
t
SOm00hSiperhiSpeedwFdtunOdelreOCCaSiOy
PbricdOruminmHOWeVerbOeatmrityaeMid
OtCOmmOnandypsIainsserWhichiCaeda
maCEingineSLjwhen the prOpins OrStaiSS are
desirpb
TscaestOWhichwindtunnemOdmsarObuitaquiteariaThQ
3paCiceiIObdIhOddOrtheaXiumSiNhu
ergscnCgbOtainhistnSectiOnUsa
IhSdynaicisIwdpagermOdeSPeCiaysincQmuCh
hSpwindtunnestingisdnithOd0sOrSandaF
HOWrOdeneay00mXpenivQinbOthtieandOney
tOtakeachaeOntingamOde00HagQthetuistObe
tQStdin
MOddsarQwaysbuitasnyPSpSSibtheexactcOnuratin
N
0
0
g
OrtheprOtOpmTpacOWhrhisi0mdiutandmeti
ipObQishOandOrIhQ2aThOOddgeay
musthanabunTbasQOdtOinsertabancQinshemOdeO
makStingattach10heunndangOOraackmQChanismThQ
basediamreqeddepgdsOnIhiZpnddectiOnOrthObaancO
tObQandthereOnIhQOdeOadmIhOOIherhandQ
ddOQSnOtvOajetengnQnXhaunmthOaPendOrth
PsagOkwilEikeytOhaYbunbasQ2agP AhispOin
the mOdel dgneand lhe aSdynamicismucOmprOm
desuStakQemryer0inimthmchangnaSdamic
COnuratiOnandtheaerdynamicistmaEOWChanthatcanbe
avOidedThaeOdygicisu1ywideasOnChangnSIhat
Canbeadewainimue00mIhOaSdynamdaaOrCFn
wEchhecanpedicheeC
rnOralgOOdaChinhOp100gCnSOrgOOPnchcanbe
ThimCh0ediuhaniundhOWQVMOdsarOpmOSt
inaiabr8mpOSiecOnS1uCiOnbngmadpOalparIha
mustbeasebThie0cOnSriOnieqEpraRa
gratiOnandapridPmQanrVanmmOddCOatiOm
durtestingFOanambE8muratiOntObQaCCratQWithin
gOOgONinchQaCaCirIhQimdiparImmetiQS
bmuChatFreXapeSmOthptawnchOmt9be
attachedtOaPseageatainchsurgQithimthnPanOrder
thO8bidinaccurOSOrthQStnOtCQedONimchim
anguaritheinaccuracie0ndividuaatsmunOteXCendg00
inchTOeanCeSOrhemagndQSa0paCicanmOSmachine
ShOpSauSeOhisagdOrOtiseqEOnIhOpa10hm
dSignegSurhaheamOddisisgtOaccratP TO
iniiNeerOSatPSSebyaesirayeOdOaaCE
WithsOmOmatinartSaSbedHayCit00inxt
mahininOrhaynOCaSOSaCutamdtqtniqSO
OdsaeOrCOpmXShapOandreqhSeOplaQCOn101d
machineInsuchcasesIhempgeanCSampOrIanO
aurayrthecOpetedmOdeReCgiYeheOWn
mmatiOnthuStbQSuppiatOtheOddenmr
AubacmOdedienOnS
NThqudtestcOnuratiOnSthatdeterminethQtentOrCO
pOnentSWhichmustbutOnOrIak30qdurimgaesI
uThOaXiumaeangQOrtsinpitchyPWndrandthe

 g
appOXimatQaXimPppiaOadOnhOdFcngnOral
PrcQpitChingentISidmPrcndaxiarcQ
MOVabesrgesanyaddesirndagtigSOngWhe
apprOXimateaXiuhingmentmXpeCteddurthests
uWhichEnmOmentSatObemeasured
PTnubOrOOadadmOmcOpOnentSthatarmtObeeaSur
ngwiththeirapprOXimatemaximuumSWasintheseectiOn
rtprOprbancetObeSedndicathhednOra
nQWbalanc
haesdnubnrNedOCatiOnraprQSSurrie
00AyOtheSpeCiiuenlOnIhasrmquiedExamplmrO
prOVisiOnPrmeauin1CeOnternstOrSOrtOtavertOr
FOrizOtaaiOads
PTtypePndextemtOrmOdenspeciOnrequied
FOrCOmOdsarQuSedimthemeasrQmentOhreePrcesandthre
mOmgwhichcOmpetelydhOOVeangThnymbe
denthatYSWnFrizaailsandIicaaismaybQ
FFOtOgrOrFdiidualprWindlunOdd02h
drithdOppbaCMcDnACO

tddmnngttsnamdeinmOr
dOPinmCO0ssuchasaierOnSpndFOrOnandYei
tairdenadeternmh00nrCOntrOIsur
InOde02ppya0mOOrIheabOnmaIiOnipparen
thahecemdebtOCOmpF Anid80rthOmOd
COmptyandthOmanydeIaiswihwhicFlhOmOd08Signia
isbObtainedbyCOmerinaIypiQXamFiipFOt9
graphOrPcmmOdnsEOnth00rackmmChsmOra
hipedtunndFreWdipartrthQmOdng
thayphasnWhgthOcOnurOrthirCrwasl
beingdeOpednOthOdiwinanmsFig
EchmightpZNFadpOinIeIQ0pQaIed
patebehindthiwinOIaIhaIhisaircaaswOnS
WitirinetsaOmglhSOrIhmPseapQraIapprQ
FFOtOphOrpdnnthOPitchigurphSpwind deinstaedintaprtimSrtheenstOChantheir
tunCOurtMcDOnCraCOPOrOn aiwinaIiOnOrOuOndiIiOn88mepemancONOtQ
Jgl


hg
igOtOgrpphOrthindiidupartsOrahhPdwindtuneOdr HnthiscPSeLheOdeCeOrgaViybeahCemerOrrOtatiOn
ing8nt0COutMcDOAi6aCOrPOatiOP OtherwisheequatnrtieqNitCrreCtTheneces
traknS ahQOXtrQmQeOrthureThesQae preSSur
measnmrPkeWhicheinstainthearpOtiOnOrtheengnO
tubdetermigtheamOuntOrairwinhrOughthetubes
FireapFOtOgraphOheppOratnrOdOrthesaQ
aiCraP AhipOinttbaircracOnuagnwasmOmandthe
emasiWaSaFngcOntrOIsureNOtethethedient
hOriNOnttaihO tWO drt Wng tip cOntSand the cOnt
incidBCQSintur
WithttitudO Orindividuaparts Ora ShighSped wFd
tnmOdeneOrtheOSmpOrtantpartSOhdesignerObistO
bdtFQmOdesOthatcOnratiOnChangQSCanbeeasiyandquicky
madeHiSpewindtunndtestinmnOrmaycOStSOmpWnded
tOW9rPtFOSandd0arsrQaCFhOurthOds inthetneI
DCtandtimCOnSmngmOdeHchangesarOYOryCOSt
pmic St
DynPmicstabiimOdesarOSugecOthnSaedmSiCOnSidratiOnS
rcOmOdWithregardtOeXteriOrOmyThOdnigbOut
its5020tatiOnanditenterOraVitypOSitiOnaredmSCOnSide
tiOnnSOmeCaSeReritOSectiOnSqnandWenOtethat
OddinertiPabOhOCteOrOtatiOnStbmkOWnradynaic
pitcFtiandPrOneOrthQ0echniquesOrdyaicesting
lrisdmrQdtOhaOPOWddsabOuttheOdesiartOthOSmabOut
qbEq
thepOtOtypeinthOSeCaSQStheOddiniPbespecdThi
CbeOWn aSOWCOnSider FigNN whichaIeha
VcitiesOraOthedieCtiOnOrhtanducedbyth0ng
mOtiOnThQagnitudesOhesQYciIiesaeeq101hnpOducOr
rOrateanddiaCePOtheaxisOOtatiOnIrthminducaYdOCitinS
OnthmOdaretObeequaOthQiucaveOCitieOnthOprOtO0
thenthprOductsOrratQanddincQP0thQaXisOrrOtOnOnthe
OdeandpOtOtypnuStbmnquaL ThiseanSIhaasemOdem
bngtehantheprOtOtypebyPgtOrequa0hQinerSeOrhO
OdeSSimiayPOddbQpiIching1hanh
prOtOtypebyaPctOrquaOtheinversmOrthQOdescainOrdeO
pidOWSimiarityThusirgwnamOdmiartOthOSQOYer
thQprOtOeatpd0pitchratesarequiredatethQ
mOderespecidasisthemOdenF
ThQCaSeinwhichthQmOddcOrgaViymusbOnCidislha
OrtheOSCaiOnIniqgWh3hSCaIiOnisinaicalpan
hiscentmrOravity10CatiOniOmetimeaVOidedbyOSCEatiOnina
hOri20tapane
rSurMOdeS
WhentheaiCadhaprOgQSdOIhepOitwh3hircaP
ratiOnisrymprOSSuQmdelareikeytberequired
ThesmarnOdSwhichheprnSSueSaIYaiOuSpOinIsOnhe0
0FearareeaSuedhepupOrpe2eOdesid
tO ObtaF dmedOadig inmaIiOn IO be usedtruCtu
desOrthevaiOaiCaCOmpOnentS
nearsOnictet010hOinswhereIhairgwgOeS
Criticarand
UbueHStrnSpOnSmpreS20eaSrlnequiJed
ThepeOdssimpinmanyrQeChanIhm21CQmOden
thatwcOuratiOnChanmeWmOraybqiredWhatchan
arQrequirhOWrQuaEyCOmpicatedbmCauSOtaSdynamict
andthQuctueSgeQrSOSnvaiyaskmOrQpeSehan
thQSercanakQaanentSmeasur
rth0eCOOntypeSOrCOnSIuCiOnOrpnSSeOdels
ustratediF00AThpnwhicFthQSurgOpreSSurmi
tObeureditaigOCOtsurgSghasawlngLair
piavegOVeSedinIhrgeOppOSiIeIhaOnWhichhe
OieistObetaedTheseg00VWi1beheinslatiOnOr
b EgEg
tubitransheOrip0OmeanmFT
tubinFichwin0maeeiIrmidOrn10Swi
b0aidimlhendIhQOVibgwithgerOrO
metapOpiatehenneph00W
thgbtOuredOnQmOdOmneOridentm
Step2mMslotsforleadOUttUbes

thatiustatedinFFiOdreaanCOEgOrmaOthOdel
Fig84111ustrationoforiRceinstallationinaprcssuremodelaPlanviewsbsectionA

SureCeSi1ymIhpOdemibinrO
Step3501dertubesinslots

thQhOhaiexlendsaCIiOmOabOrergQH
Step4paSSdhtotube

SOdehetbe0hecOmpOnimIhispOmakiethatg
thunnkandyaIachehbhmpOnnd
r
StepldOrifices

thetubeOnhppOSiIOSdIhmCOpOgsOthadOWnintO
thebOttOi1a0wihdnrSOthatthbQe
htiyaceandhahecanbeCOmtO5duhQ
eXtendedtubQSOiggyPbOheOreandtntend
dOWnuniheyaruwiththO
UymanypeSSrisaredininarS
maqtdengrVethubingthaterabeanbe
pnaeeWiheaChgOingOieCtiWOriWn
preSmmPSurgentrOqedOnbOFpperandOWerr
mpOnentChasawOrEaimmOmprcOistOinhO
OiOnOnhmpOdlhppO
0rthQn6rrinOmpOnOnhppOeOraircraP
InmOStpreOdehnOmheindiYidualmOdeswi
begathernIOabuWhicFwlFOu
geFthnhiCha1acFhQmOde01hmThObuE
betakenOdeIheIunwherOOaChindiYiduabscOnnOP
prQSSmQaSuringdecPThemaudhubjObwitFtwO
ndredOrmOrOpreSSueEchisnOnyinFi
rOOmiaVaigeimsidehemOdsmuchmOreab
tOinOnrmOennmrvesSeciOninethOdand
COnnectthepQSSube0OSCamnerepOrSSuchaninatiOn
makmSitpOSeOmeaOahOprSeybringaW5s
OutethnnndObringngaheprOSurbesOuInFig
themOdeOrF00OWnWiIhIsnybedamd
attacEtOSCannereSinIhar0hOdeFbe
havebeeCOVWprOIeciYebanpepaaiOnnsain
ceSaObringIheubesOuIheun
debarranhepumbShanOhandmadepe
nectiOnlbeinacceewthemOdenIhnndhObabi
thathmadCIiOSWideveaksiss3raimhrOb
abiitythatStubiWidtthQrthe
Jll


b g
FFUrOOdreadygpOrtShha
Fig00HngprthQNOrOTu00wFdtueOdCOurteSy
NOrthrOPCOrPOiOn
thOtOrpugaprQSSurOOdeOrthunneOrOpairPwleak
WhenthetessinprOS
WithaniStaatiOninwhichthepressuretubingmustpasOutSEhn
tunnisdiCEttOaYOidPgrmatd0amOrthepmSSunaSung
instrmentSThengthOreaCFtEWSuabmSeeach
tubnWhavQSrbdsinitwhichtdtOCOnStrichePOWndthm
tube isOSt aways smauer than drbmCauSOrthe physi
impOSSibiityOrtanmtherqirednuberOargeubesthrOughthe
StigWith athese PctOtgdingtO hindePOW in thetubinP
SigniantantOrtiisnecQSSayrpurmeqiNatiOnbetween
theOrimandthemaSunintnacOntinStunnehisi
nOttOObadbecausealOStanytimreqiredrstabiiBtiOnisaiFbe
InaninterittennnewherethmtimePrabiiNatiOniimitaes
thataret00SOWCanrOSulmnOdataataFthOdOrpregre
OdeSrintQrittgneShunnnrmuStbQCainthat
thndenwilaEOWpreSSurmStabiiNOndringthQruntiehes
aaiab
NOtethatpressueaieSaQgeateigOiahipressure
tOaOWpreSSuWhemthepeSueaheOieishighehanthatat
thmmgungiuthedensityinthubingwilincrOaSngaS
equiibriiapprOaChedcause density is increasnghespeci
FPubQneCtedtOS8nbrValvnOurteSy20rthrOPCOrP
ratiO
VOumOraithetubingwidecreasThiWidtOWarda
h
g
daScinthbePndcnSOWQrPreSSrOOSSa
equiibimipprOaChedWh3hepQSSuhmOriisbeOWthat
thQmaurinstrenIepeCimeOinlhubinW
bQitendinOWadincOaSngYandcOnequyater
pSuS pSqibriumis apprOaChedhis gtOrShd be
COdeFsdthOeOrIubigObeSedFOrransdCer
natiminthemprQSSuraeie
reddbecaeOhesh0eenpnSSuubingeqied
HOW3rasecOndOrSabiiZaIiOnIimearesiquiedbrehe
CgnQrmOnmpreeOi0henexCOding
dataWhnthetrauceriCSawithinthePseeLhemOd
FigScheaticOrdaangrPetg
dbedsOthatthetraucnrandaassCiatedmbingare
reSeinatnadreparndsOthahetransducer thOudevicQShavObegdeseagrinmtdrairy
is0atedmEyenOnIhaacIsispQrmanceSuCha thQyarnqteCOpexandexterdradntemimaliOnObabymOre
bratmndhe qeyCOpiedbyugpSSueOiSinsIaEintheer
grPcesOrthOdiOt

lOderm Fe TnStS
Air0PPOpratinspeednherangwindunbeingc Genti PrOCedures
SidSde51nOrmauyuSenrthQWngIyperprOpusiO DcussiOnSOrtheOreCOOnpQSOrteStSWbOndinsb
SthturbetmCntinOWraetiqelrOCk SeqentChaptersdwbeOCatedinge1aacCOrdinOWtherthQ
hSgrOCkngrCmpetQSeddnhjnt tSyruaraSspedsChaptnratgperSnic
egneSFwindtunswithbrgSedOmdOnOThOmainreasOn ChapteOrathyp0n0ChaptnrLnthist5mmQ
isthburnSatidpemdprOCOSndwCOnditiOntariOu OrtheprOCauresthatareindQpendtOrthOpndpmaraeOra
tiOnnthOhOtSpOriOnOrCagmOdwOgeneranybe tOStarediscussed
atObOCOnSiderabydimcOndiiOSacOreSpOding MOSthSPnedwFdtunsaQSOeXpenSivQandttyhaug
iOnntheHOW3rOnSidSbQSCaemOdeesingS thatcOnSideabmpetetQmquiirheIesSObeCQSS2y
dinwindtndepintandinterwpaseCOnra adcietycaied OutApecOngCShOud beanga
tiOntprOYidedOWahOaiCOmpreSn10hO bmtWmthQpeCt3eeSdesiritdataandthetnmnengimeer
ttrEhnPnStatimrthaeWminiudrag eSpOnSibgngthndataPhQOaipaCidaIeAhis
WimdtunnemOddeIWillayg0mhaager COnencQheOWlSShOdbQCOeed
encOmOddrIhecOpeiCa0guaiOnAccurate
WharetaremqiedcepreSSurehinO mO
SingWihcemOdeWeaccOpishedeyinh
dynastabiity
CiFQintandinISayback10epOnatwhichthewis
NWhatOdelcOnuratiOnWitedEsetimSurprSnm
tObdOterminedThaOWneampOrIiOnhOmOddayhaveliEO
tOtheeOphytSQehOWmanyrunOmadQWithObiOynabm
rembancetOthaCten
COnuratiOnSgChasthOWithenneSamdhOriNOnOraais
AhmintmrtiOnOrinIerrObethemeasrementOrtO
ORandtheikeDataOnSuChcOnatnsar00nwOrthwhiein
andstatprhOWWi1beinFigUsyarake
thahOy aOW thQ a0OdynaicO de0minQhQ COntributiOn Of
WiwithmnprbmStdeterFetheityOrW
ividcOpOnentOthVmacrapOanCeLheinaCtn
FrOmprQS2OSeaSuedeCOpeSSiOncieCy0ineser
btWeen COPOentSand what cOmuatiOn ChangnSayprOn
amdahewpara130ripOIIanceIOIheeneOpeaiOnCanbe
dQtrminDOWnS1mamOrIheePSungSaiOnaVaiableareaOri perraCe
UWhaOperPtiOnditiOnpressurperaturandMach
WbeiaedvarynghmOunOrWhlee
numberStWberunat
l11
i1
 g
WhatsthmOdeWbe AnuetatisiSapOSiIiO0OnIhueady
uWhaStruentatiOnWbequiredbaaCeSreSSretranS useWthObaancaaccOrdiOSectiOmThemOde
ducersanOeterSeSSuerakeearans iStadOnthebaancithitpanOinhOYerticaaneOhe
WhahuChedulQlbeindnIaWhahepupOSeOeach tunndis0abyusFQS00piIchings1uitshOril
rWibeadwhatdataarerequiredtSatisthatpurpOSeTherS NtaaeisinthehrtaperthnNSJeadigSOr
ShdbescheduE10iiiNeheIunneOWtieequiedOdel auetatiOnaQCOdedrrenchistThisincFdes
ChagSMrOdechageSShdbSChauedtbnadernight nOaiOadrengsmIhQbaancegaOSphScpr
WhenpOSSibleecOnOySOeIimSWhaicebInOneceSayun eadinthQpeSurauceandaNe0eadinthe
ah3dOrthetdaywOudpeCFdearOVenighOdel pOSitiOnindicat0Orh0OrS1uAispOinheOdeand
CbaitshOEdbeeiated instumentatiOaQSeupanggaIackIaYeSe
WhatprOViOnSWbeadmb0rthettOeSurhataOd WhSprQParatiOSaraei3madQanangrSidestra3n
patSWtOgetherandthatOdeadpaWachprOpey iStraaeOrattaCktra3hQpruarinSOEys
hOuaddOaSanhOuntaCeaQXpeSiepCeIOpay AtheOdeasbeminledOnlhOalaCeWiIhiIspae
ai0ChageSuChadigahOelOake0epaahe inthevetpaneOrhmbaanchmmOdeaaaSSebyirOed
testisinp08SS prisgdgThemOdesth3mVedbySmghmSeCtOrOrpitchin
PWhatmaxiumOdOaditswibectOOintstnriig SttuntihSCpanrheOdesaHgedwihthehOriNOta
pamOrthunWhenthishasbeendOneistietOreCOrdthm
PWhehSisapObabiliyOrOdbuiaisOWhat iumatiO3eading
prVinsshdbeademnitritandwhatseeOrbuig AheeenceeadFgshaQbermCOrdedhetunWbn
WiFbneratedbeEerminaFgarun StartdTheOdewihenbedrivgthruanranWithdata
WhatamOuntOrinstrumendriPdurigarunWbet03ted manstrumentsbeieCOrdedaquenmeSUsy
berQerunireqired demOVedtOthQmStnti1hmmOSpOSitivQan
WhethetestdbernWihaiabOdayayerIraSi andthgbacktONerObheIunnessOppedDuringIhi1aSm
tinseaectnandrWherOthansitStrudbepaced thQquencyrdatarecrd1SSyancremsbetweenand
Ndr
TQrahSpmdenanieXpeSieWSpeedtuarm ThQ tenneer ShOud bm PEar with the instrumentatiOn and
SOmetiQSadetOdatathatwagethighSpeedresutsObtained ibatiOnteChniquAhighydeiabechmCkhatcanbeadmat
aterpracticeOdecOnuatnchangesunderactuaestcO maSOeVasduingaIesSOhagOneO0eWeightsOa
ditiOnSdtOgetaemdetestadiStruetatnprObeS mOdatakhOWnpOSiIiOObaibaaCeinahencheckIhQSe
bmrethQOreeXpBehSPeedtisstartedhetestegmeerS againsteadinpCedbyhebaanceibratiluchacheckis
COnductFhesQteStSShOdbhesaeOneSWhOWiatercOduche tObeadeLhetestggneeOudknOWbeethteStWhmreandhOW
hhSpeedtests mhwhstObnhungandwhatbaancereadingsarXpeCted
BaCtpeparatiOnaesairediSr3aiOuSbein ExpensneiShOudnOtbOSedtOmaketeSivQSiderue
astatQOrreadinQSSFOrarceteshiswOudiFdnatinithe atiOnStOSeQirthermadiaeWheyshOuldbe
baaCetOtapQSSuransdCeOdeaseprOSSe1aSducer
rSure Test
andthndatarecOrderheiStetSWbeattachedtOtherecOrder

andPbaaCmCabatiOnCaiedOuIaccOdi8OSeciOCa heductiOnOrdatasinwhOdelsgnpQSeSe
batiOn0hOpeSSuanSduceSWbecaiedaccOdiglO eaedeaycOSiOnyO0eiglheeaSuedpQSSe
SectiODPltishighydesiabOmakheseibratiOnSOtSidethe thOWngCOeienIPr
tjeduindOWntieSOhaunOCCupanCyimeisn0
C
Chardr

b
WherOt1OdeprurepSa F08panthernCeaOasnOraythOpamPrmarePOhm
tnStrOamStaticpeSSuepSla WlngdingthQparhatwOudliOWithinthPsgrthewing
qtundestradynamicpressurQpSl eadinandtraiigdgeswrOOXtendatOthOPaCgtinQln
TheprOCedeEOWedimthOpmSSeCOecientcalculatiOnisSuay missieandunannndrcrathOumCrOSSSeCtiOnaarePOrthe
as210W bOdyOrthemhicisOrnCOmOnyudrP
1 FOr aianmShe rrencength used in redCingOment
C




pitcEg0tOCOcimiOrmaythOnanaSdynamic


ChOrdOrthewingwhichisdnaas
ThemeasedmOdOpressurQisdiidabythCOrreSpOndingaSurd
tOtprOSSbtain8uesOrdqareObtaFed
OmthsectiOnMachnubmrgdeqsd
rce pdeDatp Rnd WheehWlnmpanrmea
FOrCS and mOmentS maSured with an intQrnabalance in a wind WngSpanPOmtiptOtipP
tumnepIeatiYOthbOdyaxOWheeaSa0Odyaicdatpative qHchOrdOrWingP
tOthewindaxesarqmOrQqugtyruiredseQFigThransl qSpansO distancOm aircraat00cFOrd Or
gmOnOrCQSandmOmentSthbOdyaxestOthmWidaxesis intmr
accOpishedbySnhOOWngreatiOS FOisiesdunannedaraPtherngCengtFrredCinthmSe
mOentStOCOeCigtSisOrOCOmmOnythOmamumbOdydiamQt
PcOSsinR

000000000000
TheenchmOrmaySedinreducingthOrOlinOment
COSsinRSincOSRSi

h LLJJ
adthmyaWgentOCOQntrmisthewFSpanP ThG
cOCOsiRCO1Sin thenOrcOeCntsarOCacuatedas210W
COS8SinsinRS
NCOSRIsimR n


COSRCOsinRCOSSin
lsqEOPpparentthatPrcndmOmentSmeaSuraOnaSCaEmOdel

00


inpwindtEwiQCOnSidmabydirtmthOSQOranaircraP
inEghtcaSeOhisrcSandmOentnamOdenawidtun Cbt


areredgatOnOndimensiOnCOecientsthatbanmmannmWithregard
tO thOTscaercraP FOrCeS are rauCed tO COecientrm by
diidingbythmprOductOrdynaCpreurnOrtheairWandaOdd C Orl
h

00

N
rearePP MOentSareraCedtOCOQcient2bydividin
bytheprOductOrdamOddrmrgcQength C Or

u

nhighSpmedwindthratiOOrdynamictOtOtapeue
iPmctiOnOrMachnubereqlrthepeatureOrthair
FthetunndisabOabOut00thYaueOrqsObnCOea
C

e
PmctiOnOrtOtatQmpQatusmQFignraucingrceandmOment
dataeOrqcOreSpdinOthetunOperatmCOnditiOnSis AiesthewindtunnnrWiQaSkatOprOVidndatatiQ
CaCatedarcaibratiOnOhewin thetunneDringthQte tOthebOdyaxInthiscasethransPrmatiOrrCeSandmOmgtS
ttOprnSSurOismeasuredandmutipiabyqtOdeterinea inOtrQquiredbecauthObaancOmeaSurQdatitOthObayax
agOrObeSedimdptaeductiOn gdyaxesdatParQraucatOCOecientrbySngtrQCe

l
 r
h
prOSurQarnaandhgrthQWdaxescOCtStthnbOdyaxes ObtaiaeapPiedIeadimSObInOdaIghc0eSpOndindm
tFQCOmcientsare thtnSt
C
00
u
MOVesurgQhinmOhgIhOSmpOOnailSn
evatOSddiYakOSLandingdOOSaIsiknd
mOabOnt0ssSn0maEyuOnOndime0
Cl

COcientaSOW
C



J
WherhinmOmtCOcient
C
H
Or
00

00
hinmemOmgnchb
hh
dyprep
C Or

1areaaPOrthQhingOEmeinches
meanaerOdynamiShOrdaOrthOhinineinCh
COmtubinge mO3arn alsO reded tO nOndimgSiOna
C

N
O
COeisint0mrdynaCpeSSndanaQamOmHOWr

theamOmenttObeinIhiaSQWiependOnthedrnrthe
ThOreareSpeCicasQrwhichthQmOmentSandrcesma2redwith
gtenrWhOisintnredinthQdata
SintmrnalbaancarenOhetruQbOdyeSrcesand0tSThese 0bendinOmenegeneyredbynynamprmSr0
CPSnSarQOnSinwhichthbalanceaxisandthQOdebOdaXisarnnOt XpSrgreaandpaSedspDymaicstdata
paranwhichthebaaCQaXisdOeSnOtpaSSthrOughthmOd areedCQdtOndienbyShQOWngaIiOn
CerOrgraFOrnXapethemOdeCerOrVitywereabOVe
thQbaancsLhQbancewOudindicatQapitchig0entmquaO
CCR
q q
thOaXircetehedanceOrthecetnaVityabOYethebalaCe
00
N
N
e

a
S
ASiSOeCaSeStarmCOrreCtiOnSuStbQaPpHdtOObtaintheet
rT

C8

N
u
aerOdyaicrcesinthebaaCeaSThnOStCOOrthesQisan
ggmOrattaCkcOrrQCtiOntOaXrceWhethQOdeangeOttack
is Othehan zerOassuFgOdel pitchig ithe verticapae
COpOnentOheOdewmhsbeingappiedaOnhebaanceaxis WheeeagEa quenOr pitch OSCatiCmS per
ThiscOpOntWhtQquaOmOdeweighieSSinRuStbe SOCOndradigSC
SubtractedthmOSSaXiarcmindicatedbythebaaCet00btain airWOCsec
thQanrOdygicaxiarceJrthemOdewOissigiatiCOpari
anarvOCityOrrriansC
ntOhQaerOdynaicnOralrcesitwsObenecessarytOake TrSaremspnrtangEarOCiandband
COrreCtiOnStOthmeagrednOrarceadpitchigetatag arenitsOranarYeOCityasdeedinSectiOnSqand
OrattaCkThQCOpOngtOrWitnOrmaOthebaaCeaXisqas snOthahantitiesedemqther
mOdewOiitCOandthpitchingOm3tSeaSudaQ attackinradiansindubythQpitchinmOCityeatadistancQOr
inendbyamOntSdependingOnth0OCatiOOrthecOnterOrgraVity grthQrer0enrSthXisOrrIatiOnSimia
Orthe mOdreatitO the pitchimOet reeCeA cOOn thqantitySeqheanrackinradianducdbythe
thOdOrdriningtheaxiarcQnOraarcendmOmenaresis OCityahetipWngOrhngapamOenedCin
tOpitchtheOdehrOutheRra3g0hestwithnOairwand XprimntadataSandcanbesipdbysettine
ObtainbaaCadingsatsevnangSOrattaCkTareadimSthus eq10deqt

hbC
TmmeW a disturbancO that acts thQOW OrthO mOdThis nOtabeOn
mFiiNa in sOmtunsbySpratiOnS iined UOdegwith
ThOectsOrthetunndwaEsOndatatakSinnearnictunnsare
respecOthesceOrthunnnwaandinthediriOnOrthain
prOyditmthOSOOndatatakgintanSOnicSuperSOnic
StrnaOW
gdhyprSOmiCtunFOhQcCaShQSOidwasathe
WaectsintransOnictunneshabeenthesugectOrChthgreT
gwdensiymthatwhichwOudexiEntJnOrder
ianayticar and experimenert wEch cannOt bQ adequatey
tOuttWindtunneresSOththeyarerQprSentativrt
COVerreinAnexceEentsummaqOrthiWOrkiFOWeYQrreemted
etcastisnSSaqtOmakeC0iOnwakebOCkinSOid
inRePU
bOCkidOWnWaeaQCuatrendintQrencQThe
InsuaryisnOtedthattawausdOnOtCOpntYhO
watOraOnSdccSSedinRnnNandmOdsaQprQS
prObemsOrWanterCntranSictunGeneyransOnic
COrreCtthedatP As thOPOW Mach numberapprOaChehm
tinmiCaRia0tWithmOdsOrwithcrOSiOnSOr
COrreCtiOnSbecOmeryar5disdiuOCOrreChewidtu
pnrCtOeSSOrthsectncrOSSCtiOnaareaamdisamed
datPaCCurat
indataredCtiOnthatwauQctsdOnOtXilnsupQrSOnicandp
ThQWOrtunneareentedtOiniiNQtheirectOn
SOnictunneStheOCkwaeSOmthOmOdareptSOPrdOWnam
thewinthicinityOramOdeWhenamOdspacainheesI
thatWithprOpermOdesizinghQrOisnOChanc0heirrQPectiOnStO
SeCtiOptSbsOmicspeedsandtheeainOSCrVmOundtheOd
impnOnthemOddOrOnthmmOdewakOear30htOhaS30
thSOWapOrtiOnOrtheaiinhu1mgwIhrOugh
ectOnthQPOWOYthOmOddThuswa1ectarQnOtCOnSidnrain
ttunnOIwThisrFtiOnOrthQairinthmrainesOWS
SChtuneS
thinmShObOdytOjmOeaEyinheannehEW9d
irthmOddwereint
Ath33sphOctsOrntiatawaEstakOOnPdrent
SOmO highSpeed tunhavPightpreSreadienmthe test
CharacterShOCkwaYeWbicbcOmprOSSthedOnthmward
SeCtiOnduetOimperctnONNandtestCtiOndQSignSuchpadient
pOrtiOnOrtmOddandtgdtOthetunndwaF WhthnSQShOCk
WhaeapOSitiveOrnetivebOygCyectOmthnmOdeepending
WOSikidwahOyarOrectabacktOWardthemOdeaOm
OnWhOthehmadienspOSitivrnegatiThinOrmauy
pr0WaTFirectawaikingthOmOdasitaPySW
impOrtantOnywrespmCttOdragOrthQmOdeThmCOrreCtiOnWhich
atYyOWpQrSOnicpQedIChangOSthOaiOadsOnhOmOddm
mbddedtOWgtunndragcetOCOrrthObOyanCy
tFOhatwOudbXpeCin02tOntheOtherhandthQte
WCaS2OWS
SeCtiOnhaspcOpy0ndpyShOCkwamSIrikingIhnbOndary
Wi1bdbacktOWardthemOdasanOXpSiOnWaVebW 2
acttheair10adsOntmOddThQppOSeOrIhQWVinmiO
trytOlePCFthQpOintbetweenthOSOidandtheebOundarycpeWhere wheremOdYOHumQLnches
theshOCkiOtlndatThispOinwiuOCCurWhencOnditiOnSare
prndienIinIhnrIhmbS
SghthaheincrmaSapeSSuebnbindaCkwcmenOuair
thrOFtventbmdthQhOCk10ChmpeSSOQXaCEywha
ThepeuegieiritexistLseaydeterminedmthOMach
itwPheOrthmOCkLiPSy10WhdiiesaQinv0vQdin
nmbadientObtainadnthnneibratiOnintheOWng
rQaChithipOceshOCkenahewawidepgdentOn
WayStatictOtOpreSurOratiOahOnOSeandtai10hemOde
MacFnmbQrmOdsizemOdshPpOandarattaCkAmnm
cOrreSpOndingtOCaibratOdMachnumbsarbtainam
thgCFPpOinsrmatrsstidiultyinachianZQrO
ThOSmratiOSaremEtipbythQOperatinOtapressurQOrthFnt0
intQrrcmtSthQtairOWOtOhetestsQCtiOndOWnStramOr
0btainstaticpeSSrThQdireCnSinstaticpressurQarhendivided
PSFOCkwiuQtairwinAirwinOraenmmediay
bythemOdeenhFO2rthrCOrriOnSthmtbmCOderedaQ
bndashOCkwaeiey10wbackin0heIsecIiOnaapO
thewhtcOpOnentOrthQmOdeVWhichceSWithaOrattaCk
SiggyupstramrdWneamWhenthigCCureingwwiruce
thOSpuusprnSSureduetOthOprnCeOrthQngsppOrthQ
l t

hQ
dectiOnOrStadbaaCtheitSaCtdragOrjetege
tauatiOnSThOWeighcOpOaybesiPyevauaIedbyaw
0pitchrunwiththedataObtaiaSubtractedthewidatasee
asOSectiOnThmbasedragcrreCtinSaretiedinwithaitai
prOpmransitiO0theOdeaarOdiscSd F SectiOThQ
detiOnOrthebaancdstingdu0adideterieddur
thQ baancQCaibratFnDectiOn COrreCtiOS tO thidicated mOde
anglrattaCkateachOadigCOnditiOarQetdeethetrueaes
OrattaCkdingthetestHnsOarCOninOuIuelsheOadsOn
thQmOdearOnitOedduigthetestandtheindicatedmOdear
attackiscOreddectiOniOrdOOpOYEhpeCiseeange
desieF FOheinterdCdragaakeOrpi0pObesaeinstaedi
theaiwnXitOrthneaCeThghhehuSeIhearChagO
OrmOuhaipaSSngIhOughIheducsdeIeedad
SubtraObQingaterracedbythetenhrwhichw
Ximght
RrnmCeS
JOSphJMuncandDdMtQDgdCOn5COnOrWindT
MOdnAOARDRPOr
00NApOnWamdSOS
hardHGOqP0OnnSS anduse
CFapter nin
CaibraiOn and use OrnearSOnic and
transOnicunneS
Gen
TransOnictunOpratQatSpeedsaryingPOmthQpeedatwEch
COmprebiityectbecOmeimpOrtanabOMachOutFrOhthe
eedOrgndpndtOpmammMachnmbOrOrpbOEQarOnic
tunnescOQhOWQrpOrtiOnOrthispQarangeptOSOmnthingQSS
thanthSpea OrSOundTrgSOnictnhaamOStCOmpQy
epacedneanictnSbOCauSrOarOalawnearnic
tnelsiOperatiOnapprOpriatOdiscussrdirCQSbetwmen
thetwOtypOSOtingwhhQSedirencmSin36hQiribratiOn
TheearnictunebasicayahighpOWOredgbsOnictunnelt
isnOrayacOSaCiCuitPnldrivgtunnelwithCOntinSOperatiOn
CapgiityThestsectiOnhaheminimumcrOSSSeCtiOnOhetunne
CiCuF ThOairspeedinthetestsectiOnincreasedmpybychan1nm
thnspeedOrbychangngthmpitchOrthePnbwaEsOrthe
testsectiOnareSOidandhnrniniesthQrdirCObetwegthm
rSOnicadtransOictunneSAtsubsOnicspmedsthOSOidtnnewaEs
dOOtaOWthespeadOrtheQalinQrOndthQmOdewhichwOd
OCCurintandcOnSQqueythereidistOrtedWCOntraSt
transOnictnnehavmWaSentedwithsOtSOrp02ratiOnaWay
thatminiiNeSthOctsOrthewausOnthQShapesOrthStreaminen
theciityOra20dAsprO0SmtiOnedthestsectiOnOhn
nearnic tuehathe minium CrOSSmCtiOnal area and hence thQ
hveOCityOrthecircitWhenaOdspedinthsectiO
theiiumCrOSSSeCtOnOCCrSatthmmOdewecOudassmethat
unimwexistedinthevicinityOrthemOdeuWemightexpechahe
nearsOctuncOudbeSedinmtOMachP lnreaityhQ
tunneecOeSchOkedintheYicinityOrthOdaCOndEOn
MacaeapPOaChedWiththenSuhahQOdenO10na
S
FigOang POdp n2c t
COSy LOCd AircraP
COOrOn
unimWTEaOkingiinOne0hrWayby
ScpeSSre00prS2reahnaXialstatiOnOrthe
mOdewhicgecOmeeqdicaingsOnicwatthewaHland
cFOkebyIhegreOereMachnuber
indicaIedbyupsrOamcprreSOincreasiIhincreasngpOW
ubytueOranincrQaSQinpOWerOprOduceanincreasQinces
OnthemOdeTZ2mOdehacanbeIestedinaneargictun
WithchOkingbecOmeSanishinsmaaMacrOaChed
OnSpreaSeqamOdewithagnareaOr
percOrhiOnCrOeCliOnWdcausechOkigWa
rgCachnubmrOndamOdewihaFalara0
CWdcausechOFMacgFurhisgeneaycOnSidSd
thatdatamaneaSOicInnewieeOneOrthreenceMach
nubmrieStFngNbeOWIhmChOkingMachnuber
hansOnicgwiIhawahewMachnbercanbe
iCreaSedcnuOSyOandhrOughMachOwiIhOuchOkinhe
pnratedsOnappeaS100be1ershOCkcaCeatthan the
SOtttiOnaaageincreaseincOAypicaS
tancayrelEr0esdieddegOthewaSre
WhihlypesOSOnSrequreSaacOrreCtiOnSeg
g1
P
thahQyarOtahgreticalydeandtFOStargrOhardtO
appyFsEtnthSeOralmOddsaypQCOrthetest
SeCtiOmarandnOCOrreCtnOthOdata
AwrdOrWarnnMerassumngIhaCsareneibedOe
ensurhahisiandhneQrSbdnOtdiS
ShdeviatiOnimadatacurvpartiarPashOCk
rctiOnagmaybmineSbymOngtmOdd
thetunCerineinwichcashOeciOnWmOYQOrby
SnhescEieenymIncOmpngwhSaShOCkshOre
nuStntnhhatitmPybOdQtaChedandFencriatO
aheadOrtheOdemOEOCaiOnOOeCiYeWambk
asbeinhebOundayayerdiacIhicknessAlhOitiOt
ptSamddsmaugidbtbyareted
nearQShOCkeWFthipmQ
AsdiscussnSOnOisgCen0heaiinah
SpeedwindtunsimpOranOdaIaObtainedbOthinibrOnand
intngWhihQmOis5prObmisminimuminniCand
transOntunnecannObediSSncaFexpand
tOatempeatuQOrFaMaCFOandqNOFatMachHn
SO3OrtharCOninuOuQarnicand1OniGnnatmO
phricairisSedwutdnInseOfthmSnneiriOnti
SydischarmtheCircuitandrawithsidgirasameans
OrCOntrOnempgebdup0heciCnstnnC
densatiOnispObabyalwaynOSnahQh
MachnumberAdegecOnr00CensaIiOnieXby
ettitheeneryaddedOIhirbylhecOmprOSSOrhthnneand
thOaipmaXimumaOWabpOrainmperaIurrhap
NthatattypiOpSIing1mmperaenearsOnicandtransc
tuSsay00tOFIhOChidrmOdeingcayhawOrkSOWeE
aOWteperaturesp0inSbmnSWeakandgOOOyA
ppOSeuitabhehiperaIrnPybemadO
mbeaXXbyweeniceIpenineNOXbywhId
WdeedrOSinbywepemineshdbebrOOa
bOindtheOSinsidinhen1ebemaXiddEandOWedtO
mtAthQCOnSIiuenIsarQhOrOughymdrQmOVethOmgmthQ
andetcOOuniasurgecrSmsdab1hrmayIhen
beremeFedandOrindded
N TrgS
Untuwnd0haaSOnicIhnOriemParabEOPQrct
dtheOryOWSubsOnicspinearanndgCI
theOimSthesupersOniccasQInhOear0hedhtan
h
h
rtwasadetOCOrresubsOnicdragrisewithlddrag
inthQlOWSupericrageWithwhichernp
theOrcaundatiOnu btO SuCCeSSruthOd has be3utO
cOpIhechanOrdagOiuVeSOpaCeOughthO
SOicrae
ApaCicapOVemenwaspunOubyheGnanateinWOd
WPiThiscOnSistmdOrSWnngbackthmWlgSOrcraPpOd
IheyhndCinCingdagPObabythiswasaninspiatiO
cOnPmabywindgingTOdayi0eayexpained
byOSVingIhahYOCiyOrgwappOaChiSWwigCanbe
dividain10wOCOpOnenSnOnOaOthelmadingOdgmpndOne
pa1OIhFmndThecOmpOnOrOCiypaatOthig
inshdhaYnysecOndayctOnthOWOVerthig
TheOrderectwOEdbedugnlytOtheYeOCitycOpOtnOral
10hWingladigdgQhichwOudbeeducedthightOCity
byatOrqtthOCSinhOSWQpanThusWhinairra
witFpdeeptbgkwingisngatMachhetapprOatiOn
OrthQwOVehmwiShOEdbethnsaaSthatOVhSaQWng
nSWaIaMachnbOr3Thip1Cipeis
wiIhga0nsOrWPOkeepheeadigedgeOrWinmS
subsOicwhighspeediswetOthesupeica3g pOSSibyOatas1OphiccOnuenCOCuncudeduswQ
AOndandgbaniacOnribuiOtOhighpeedghtwasthetaS
0icreprOpOSedbyWhitcbrtheNACARe
CrossSeCtionalarea2
Ce0OSe
FiDisIribuIiOnOrpanOSSS0Spddahthm
OdiPiOnitptsdOC
esshiQaySha1hedaSanCawiIhspincraSmg
intOthranOnicanWbinimumaircrawiththel
uesOraXiuCOSiOarQaandwiththO00thaxia
distributiOnOrCOSiOarhuing60iOarea
mthOeagakeuphaI0nmWi1reimadOP
rdragatthdOrSundArerhipQiswninFi
SweackaeadIh0SeCiOaePa0h
napapeenIawnhaIaiCaPpeSO
draabaucedbSmuChaercbytheQPe
ThamOStiversaSerwinustissOmOCOmab
thwpattenndimIun1mpObeSIhdynamicimayb
invnginthunFirnOraSandpOinwe
brthebOundv0mXOfpswepwinSOnicspinOaSS
rSpanWischdwi20mpOgntSFiWOSnhahmteX
CmpetpaOthiner2inducnpWaShincreag
tOWardhewingtipThe1iipen8njpnm
unSWeptWinThOS0iE0hip8SiyrabyP
ncrea0grattackLhOCatiOnOrthntaTbeEndthm
aaeCenterOrVit7pOducQS0sIabiiyIhcgbmcOmm
tOOathQpichcOn10OheApiIchpmayIhenOCC
WautWgtWisOpaencidencOanIhelthan
ahe00t0dwiseOnIheuppeWnhichbrup
thpwisOWinthundPryayaeadingneXtenOnnmahQ
WgtipwhichshedV0ex0aSeIOreduceIipwisOWinIe
bOudayayerwhichaddhenegyaiIOIhebOdaaynr
athuelaythSOrSepaaIiOhickmairIiphichch
ateriayhavehiStaaesndwswithsstapqOthat
lROydsnbadcOSy0sIaa0attack
highVexggea10SWhicharesW0NFchOhighO
SmtiSSdtOaChieetheatahOleadinems
ThOyapOSitiOnednOIPIheuppe2ghnmOnIhP
harandatantOpOduceOuwadiaCIiOnCanrabe
SainthQWidtsatisgtO
SOtherundOphOnOmamayrOmIipsalb
OSSOrairOnpOWQrOrOVgailOnrOSaTFQattOrisnrtdtO
reveduOaerOelasicIwisIinrIhngaCI3bya
dQCeaeitheanOra1ackiIhdOWnanhO
ingOrheIipwhgIheaierOnisOW3dandIheninWheni
iraisedabadbecaSeSuChaymeIiCSIaEcSaSe3rereVer0
0F SpOiers2rOEcOntWnOtCaSethect
PitchupmaySCedbymmp0OWhOrizawhich

FiUIchshOWinmIhOupWaSFlOWardIhOWiIipSedbythCOpOnOr
thObOundvOrtpadtOthQrOp
mOWpymthOaOaOrgeatdOWnWaShwithincreaslngangr
attackLnstQadOrwitharaisahOrizOntaailiOitDiharaOna
midS0iNOmtaimaykpitPbOethOmaXiumdbWnWaShana
ahighaptiOWnWheaharaaygehrOuthehi
dOWnWahareaPtEOWPQOrack
ibri
ThOBibraOnOrthQSOtunestO dQterminPOW Mach nubers in
ttsectiOmispmariyajObOrOaSungStaticandtOtapressures
OheWTheatiOnbetweentherati00rStaticprQSuQtOtO
prOSuhedIOdeIOrinhQwMachnuberaccOdigtO
nq
FrequyntayhOStaticpgureSmePSuatOries
Jf
9r
0thesuraaIiCpp0OnIheIunCerinewhichstartsi
thesigChabeadexendshOughIheIeOnFighe
tatpPeWicaEyhaverSSSarOaOrOgercOr
essOrthatOrthmteStSOnndwiavaIicpeSueOiesOCa
atnrVagthiperabgunhht1OrthQ
StaticppeSestaIiCpObQmbeusedmeasrngSaIicpeSSe
ththiss03dnmiunibraiThOiCprObei
typiHyadeOrtubinmWithanutSidediamrOrimchOeand
hademiudedancOnicaipAbOuttubedFmeteraOWn
StreaOrthOCOn0mtdinteredriEedtOenhQ
tubecaytOtheprnSSreOnthetubQrgQThuextendaOWn
arthSehOeNEiaetSbeebeinOrhavimganincreasQ
indB1iaatOnppOhOpeSSureeaSuedbythe
StatiplpaybmeXpatbtyimSrbecausrbOndary
ayrgrhnthepdantagerbeingabetOmeaSurepreSSureS
thrOghOuhseciOnaneOuSyisgeeaycOSide10
VerShadOWthOSSirSlnadditiOntthStaticppeaSurS
StaticprSSunngOnicunsarSymQaSedOnthun
WaThissOmesdnQintrSSnictunsasOhOthereis
waysthqiOnOrIhneCsOrthQnntSMChSeEinatiOn
OtatpeSeea33SaybendinnnN
FA StaticpinthOndiaNXNiChtrniCtm
Wsuprnic
thrOatbOC
gIJt


TwOethOdsaruSedrOaSugtOtapeSSuetOiSta

8 1 0 1 OJ

0

iI
SQOriesarOmdthQppheryOrthQtunPtaStatiOiediat

0
upstrOamOhecOntraCtiOnSeCtiOnnta0heseOrieOatube P

0
ciithn8EaapiONOmQtQrriandaSrethmpreSSuri

0
thistbthWOCityissanthispartOhetuerasit

l
ugalyihestaticpssurOSSenSabythnOr0marmSStiauytOta

prQSSurhOerrOriSSthanNpercgtWnthmgwisataMach

lhhbbbh

nuberOrAsdiscussedinSectiOnhOtarrmahis

0
pOintinthetnndEqaOthetOpQSSueinthetsectiOnWhenthe

wbtWOqthwOpOintsisisgtrOpicThismethOdOreaSrgtOta

q
prnrQisbymOStCOHOWnmarSOnictuswhS

thOWawayssub2CnOpededPrwardPcingtbeissOm

919g

tiSndtOSenSheimpactpeSSuOWhichistheequaOthetO

Mach number

l E bI lO t t h g tp tl N N 0I U N tJ
0

prnSSe

0
ImOrdQrtOhPteenrSeduringtestigOraOdthQStatic

pressrQataregCepOiseaSed simltaguSywiththetest

StiOnStatiOpreSSurmSdgibrOnMachnubmrisculated

gthisrn3cmticprOSSlr310ngWiththOSthtSiOnStatic

prQSgrS

g
InthnnarSOniCtunntherenCepOwiEnOraHybeOCatedin

thmwarddOrthSiOrPSmthOdaspOSSibbut

atapOintwherethmMachnubeis0yePhesaeaSahepacQ
WrhQmOddwbemOumtedlnsteadOrapOitmeaSreent

peNOmetrmmmaybeSedDuringatewithaOdinsedinthe

g
testsectiOnheMachnmberindicatedbytheeencestaticpeSue
WbQthmrmrOnCmMachnmbOrOrthPOW
mttrans02CtnLherCeStaticpeSueisnOrmaEyeaS
FiCaatFnp01rIunn

tDiN
raimthePrwardpOrtiOnOrthQpmSrrOundingthetestsiOn
AcOrrePtiOnbQtWeQmthQrerCQandthteSteCtiOn Mach nuberis
drawnThgWhenpmOdestestedin thetunner thererencQMach

nbnr iscalcuated and thQ COrriOn iuSed tO deterie the Mach

l
nmbnrinthetsectiOnThnreWiqentybmdirCeSbetw03

Machnumber
thCeatCtiOnMachnubernthransOctunneptO

O b ql

abOutNprCentTypicaSEts Obtainmd P0thQCaibatiOnSOra

J
NJO
tramsOnicandanearsOnictunnearepSgtainFigsuand
InditiOtOdrmlgMachubmrSithsectiOn

01

CibratiOnOnincudnSdetn2gtheinciatiOnOrwwithrmSpeCt
tOthetunndcentineDicesSedhispurpOSareCaEyaw
metersSketches OrtWO yaWeteSSed in nearnic and tanSOn

t l nJ
tnnesaQiustatdinFiqaOngWithaphsdepictingthesensi

0 l tJI t O h

l OI l n rl O l n r I N 0
tiityOrChtOgwanaitynOOrthOyaWmteSCOnSistsOrtW0 FigCibraiOnp05atunranOMach
0pdnded peSSumpObegigpSteaand incined Sdegwith nubOrP
 2

DIerentiatpressureacross

PerdegreelnClinat
yawmeter

Q R R
l1

0
0u O 001 NU
FreStreMachUb

Figq CawgdcOniyawrSdthiqtOWarityFrO
FSrypwmprObOrprObddatOdO
OP
dicinstuenFIOmnOraOn
rOtOmgFOthTh00thercOmSsOraSdemCOnmWihsaic
IRinrdah
prrrintFnCneSesgdegapart
rdOrthOpeOryaWmmtmrOhmSpeedranginwhichi
uedLtisnnnytOmakOtstOdntQrminmthOibratiOnO
mrecaushOinstrmgtWiEnOtbepeysymiYa
mribatiOnisaccOmphabymaungyaWeIepeSSumSa
apprOpriat8mdOpStingcOnditiOnWihIhmyaWmneaXisaIvaiOS
SsrdatiYOthetunneaxisandth3rOtatingtheyawmetOr
preciseydeand repeatinIhese mmaSueentSThm dirences
between presre0thindidaTOrce are deteried ad are
plOtasa2nctiOnOngHereativetOthetunaxSFighe
pOtSthandIdgtSersatNQrOthmnthOyaWmter
haaerOdynaicerrOrLrtheiterSeCtiOnisnOtatZerOhOWeVerthe
instrumentwhaveanaQrOdynaicSOrhaIcanbeaaedahOWn
imFiThatOfchangOrpOSSuQdinCeWiIhOSpeC
wangSShOWninthmgaphOrFigCanalsObdQ1mminam
theplOt
ibratiOn Ory tunnel shOd bQ Caria Oat cOndiiOnS
rnpreSentatirthecOpHntQMachnmbeanthrOwhichOde
FDencOgwOOnpeEmChampgurteSOnEc
testsareikeytObmmadelrttunneasthecapabiiOrbeingOperated
prrOrauOrWaange5inuIIie
atrFus peSSe Or tempOraturO leveSCaibaiOn daIa shOud be
COrrOndtOathaIandnIhWdit
Obtained at rQpretatiYQueOne OtheparaeteWhich may
SOmmSbevarintransOnictunnesisthangEarentOrthe
ntedwaswithrmSptOthncenterinectOwaage


h 2
OnthOdiCeSbOIweepleuChabeadtetiOtalicpeSSe pulsatiOCCuthedserLtpbdisturbaCeSthnSQ
rOetranSOnicteSStatabyFigP pusatiOnStOtaVdptQainIOthetUtiOnirthwibsOniC
thrOOuhuHOW33OpmOraSOnicwbntWeen
MpcF Ner
thmSOuCeOrSuChpusaiOnSgdhIiOnpndirbancm
WmhavnOtatha1eeCeSIaicpeSueSameaedduingthe teFmpS1eainOIhiOmguSmaMachnber
cibratiOn OrnearSOnic and traSOic tuad cOratd with the haSStieSOCC1rWhddanrattaCkihadduringa
prnSSure0hewinIhQparlOrheesteCtiOWheetheOdeW testThhOkOCanbeucOjpgSaingIhSaMachnubnr
bOCaTheseCQpQSSeSaeaSedapOinWhee hagnSWithOuheCtyOrChahOedOrpitchOrthO
ctOrOdeSertiOnOthepeSueieXpeCtd tObnegib bades
DuingIIhecpreSnahiepOitadthetOta ThQSettigandcOtOrcMghmbSinatransOnictun
peSueaQOniI0edThaliOOrthisstaticpSSuetOtOtapuO CanbeaccOpishedinOithOrthOWaySjustdeibathnarSOic
isiastthpeatinditSrthueOthdesirmd tuTrthetuneOWdOWninsIQadOrCOntOuShQCOnt
MachubCOeCiayaaabmietCaedMacheteS threSreregatOrQWdOrCOracethOCOntr0Orthe
anSOeuaapidviuadicatiOOrtuMachube meadditiOethOdisObeedOrppairthepmChabQr
ThesuSequi0heipu10raStaticadatOtapeSueadar seFThetindcntrOrcMachumbnrSia
desed ad caibated tOdiethecOrQSPOdigach nuber tanSOictunaybeaccOpidbyanyOrIheabOVOmOdLn
d
ire
ct
y
anytranSOnictnnperSOnicMachnbmrCrOSOmpished
TheparyethOdOrVayMachnubeanearsOictuneS bySrastabpsahetsectinOXitFiNThnSaps
OChageIhpeedOpiIchOrIhbadesthedevicecaed aWthectOraCtimrtheaFtnwtOpupairOtOrthQ
anustechOkeFisOCCaSiOnaySedhisdeviceprOVides penuChabeandaccOplishhesaeraibeedin
avariabeCrOSSISQCtiOnapreahQtecircuitsOeWhat pupithepeuChabe
dOWnStreaOrtheSWhthstabhOknthetucan
bebrOuuptOaXipWePeatiOSOthatasOnicwis
estabishedintheiniuarePahechOkeTheMachnuberinthQ ManyirnOtaSOnicaneaunneaybperaIeda
tnStSeCtiOnisa2mctiOnOrtheratiOOrareaahechOkQtOteStSnCtiOn eMahnuberwithYariupeSSureeveratCnStantdynaic
aThusbychhmChOkQpOSitiOandcOSequenthnini pressuethOughOuhQMachnubmanThianbeachidby
areahetestsectiOn MachnubeschangedTheaustabchOk usstabhOkQMachnbercOntrOnanytunLm8ntOu
sOmetinSSnrYeSaddiliOpurpOSOSiPtheaSOnictunIrW tusissOeSaChidbySeOradQSincapabi
angthQPreSSrQVeOrthQCOpeImunCiCuitTunrthi
typreCauedmSSretunSFiChartdctingthn
pFmancQCapabimOrOnraSOntninterOrtheOre
ipOtantwpaaeIeS
Detminin TbueCO FeY
TransOnicandnearnictunsnrmauyFQaativhturbu
encelTubeeimpOrIanbuSei1epOin1
0rbOundarylayQraSitimnamOdeShOintatwhichth
bOudayayeChaaina01genITheaSdynamEra
CeSOnaOdeJeacIedcOSiderablybyhepOi10ranOnat
neaSOnaataSOiCOdWhStheskiniOndraVj
i2pOtantpatOrthOta20dedraThQubuenceVertranSOic
FigOAustachOkO andneaSOnictnesaqueydOerFedbuinghOIw5
 l

gS
Q q
G

pressrQdagWhichisequaOthQFteatiOnOrpnSueOadnthO

0OUOr

axiairiOneraSrgesOrthircrahQadOrthObasethe
l l ql

basmdaWhicheqsthepOducOrbasOpeSSCQdirenIiaandbase
areandthedragduetOwEcheqsthecOmpOnentOrnOrma
0

Cnthe2ghtdirectinThQpiSrdragdescribainNae
l

aSSetyidepdentOrmOddsrRQynOdumbandcanb

adequatelyevauatedmwFdtnnQltestsOrSmaaOmOdeSThi
eaeheskcIiOdagandbasedabOIhOwhicharOacIedby

Rey0dsnber
DynamictSSureqlb2

g B

AOWSubicShOebOdypudagSnqaand

tiOndagaCCOunShempOnOhedagaZe
75

TheipaCrSkintiOndaeceaSeSaSpeedincreasedb

StapOtiOnOr10dagaanSOQdSkiiOndag
8

isrySatedtRmydsnuberamdtthetypeOrbOuary

ayeraFarOurbuThisiiEustatabyFiwhichshOW

P
10gd

i Ul Cl

ntiOmdra0CnpanOSurgSaSa2ncIiOnOeyds

numberincOmprOSSiblOWeOnCincFderOwim

thQectOrCOpebiiyOnncIiOndragWiIhbOIhainarand

tbetbOundaryerSeSkinctiOndraCOeientdecreasewitF

LA
N b

increasenReydsnuberAsReynOdnumberisinCrOawitha
b N

amibOundayayeanSiIiOnOaIbenbOundayrO

l

athOkinctndamCOeniennceaSnPOmtheainaOthO

tubuentuQWhiethOabsOmagderIhOSkinCiOndrag
L

I J b r

l
ntrOinegQdbycmprnSSibiesadsurey
tStatpressuatOSPheres
theectsOeydsbeiFs1aIainFiNariartOthOSe
FigpiicprurunnranChatds
OnOrnCOmplexgeOetiesathpeeds
nbOrbsutatiPrSbAtunatn

Dragcoecientbasedonwettedarea
atPpprOXla1nthainThchartwascOrtdassu3

0CHl

CIN
N hIh O OO O
ataturFThniingthOendshdad

aI l bI 1
linitnpOWiitOm

rl tp
lt rI O L l t F t l
anOmeterOCatndinthunSingchabeeybeid

11
thatOCityCtuatinSinthOSettHngchabQrWinrthrughth
ttiOnahesaematedthusthatsingchamberturb
encemeasursaduatdeestsiOnturbuence3

l Z bl t t

lO t F t fD l rI t
q Rn mOEs Nugr ct

Z u t t QI
heparyecIsORQydsnmbein1anSOnicwindtuneestig

OI l
arndragmgSheperOdynicdra0naiCaabe
RyOEs2b
cOnSidOtObeadpOrrpartsthOSkintiOndraghih
FN AYSgtiOndramcbanWmdarep001hpHanO
ShmmOmumOSSOraiinhQbOundayThndy gmSFincSOW


11
 9gh
themOdeh03theOSeOhePsaandabOutthuperCet
OnaETscaaircraPinghthe RnymOds nuberishand
ChOrdtiOnSOrWinaiOnbOthppmrand10WerSurPcA
tanSiIiOnOrIhObOundaylaymmamiaOtbEentSuanyOCCuS
COOnteChniq0rappyingrOggespkOthOded
On1kmWadp0iOnOrIhQaiCugeOnasascaOdd
transitiOninnSOnthQmOdsurPcmNmPSkOthOmOddrcQWith
OrthesPeaircrinawindthOPOWisiktObeHainarOr
tapeLeaYiXpOSedipsa10ngthrgSitiOminOinchwidQOes
mOStOhOrPcesThQrmSishatdaCOcietSeagraina
dependingOmOdprpyOrbrushathimEmOacquerOr
witunnelwithextensiamingwarikeytObecOnSideraby
eacaOmgthQOXpOSedstripndeiggyrikegrinthewOt
direntOmthOSOrp2scaircraPinEght
acqerOrSheAphOtOphOraOdeprQparedintEsanneS
HnsOeCaSeSranSOicwindlndataaeObtainedwithasm00th
mOddhanmariainarwOelsugesWhenthisiaOn0 presentaimFigU
heaeOdynaicis1mmahQSkinctiOndagOrthOmOde pb
dnhetestandrthOPeaircraEnghtandushmOdel
33qCr39hSq
dragnaSursaccOdingyTbecOmSaparticuaydiask
9rrb
whentheactuaextents Oaiar and turbletOW OVehmOde
dnharQnOtknOWn Gritbr NOiGritSiznch
nLnsteOrtingPmOdwitaminarwandmakigthese
gSiYQCaaIiOnSOnemayIeheOdewithtaSitiOnaat uJ

gBB8

Oq

pOinIsOnmOddc0OnditOQXpedtSSitiOnpOintsOnthe
00m
PscOaircrpP WhthisisdOnOthQtentSOainarandturbuent
00u
bOumdayFy0OmIhOOdearQknOWnadathOSantheaiCraP
0
ExpecadiencebewOghedragcOeientsOrthmWindtnneest
00u
dtheETscaaircrarhenduetOdireCeSinReyn01dsuber
00N
30myThieydnumbeeCseasierthea ONUN
dynaicis10COpOWiFhghebOundayay0mctinvOinc O0
rectin00thmOdddragwithXCiaFarWtO2Se 00U
aircrdr POq

TransitiOniQdOnhOmOdbySlngStipOratiaughness P00
ahaesirQdpOSitiOnSThpOSitiOnaSyabOtercentOr 0u
POOq
OOu
0
0

ObOUu
OOON
ThegritcOmmOnySediscabOundmbecauseitiheapandreadiy
avaiabeinaiOSNeSTThmSiZeOrgitpicesSacannOt
bmCOmpetelyarbitrarylrthyaSFebOundaryaymWnOt
bQtrippedIrthmyar00arthQyWXtdwthrOuthQ
bOundayaynandcaSQdrainadditiOngthatOrthebOundarylay
ArEasuggestedinmPrselectFmgitei
Fi0OgrPphdrOph00phOitiOnpPgtOthOSr bq
awindtunndOd
hb 9
WbebqnOagritsiNQLnchesTab ReynOldsnubaiabOundayayeHOWQVeppingI
minimmeynOdsnumberperOtOegthhee aryayedOenOtenSethaaccaObadramwieObtaiedinwd
StreamPOW tunneestseOrthOQaSOnhisisIhabasepOSuei
aCOnStantWEchdepdsOntnneurbenceeveand inencedtaarentbythQStextendingmthOmOdeae
WhichPybQaSSedOqardataislacki3g WhihpOrtSthQdthuEcIsrStcOuratiO0
traStudymadOdnteinhequiedgitsiZreprOSta basepressureautatainF
inFigWithincepSmSingiiNQtOabOEnchhedra FOtueyeOmaylnwhichIhQOdadra0
COecigtincrSeSqOrapidyThisisi1terprQtedasanindicatiOnthat iprtantThesQareteStSdrraEhathaejmteneS
acOmptdyturbEentbOndarylayrhasnOtbnabisheddOWnStream exhaustingthrpOriOnOrIheaircraPbaseareaJnsChcases
OrthtranSitiOnStripAbOVtsiNQOrP8nchLhQriseOrdraWith theaerOdaicitWaskrdatareducedtOCOcientsbasOnthm
tiNQ is cSidQaby smaEand is cOnStantThis indicates that assuptiOnNQrObasedaTOtOaxEceswthaircra
transitiOniscOmpandthaheincraSingdragSPpreSSurdragOn eneOpnratinginhthewaddghrustcOeienttOthQaXia
b eientWindtunesasIedtONerObasedraTO
awiduaxiaCNerbasQdraghbasepressurS
beSat00btnthdraPtZerOiPOmrOSutssuchasthOSeinFi aSddrthetestandthQOWqnisS
stOrapOatethedwithgyestablishedtransitiOngritsiNeS


N
abObacktONerOtsiNeaSindicatedbythedashedinmSQ
2 Wher0qaXialcnadtONSbasQdab
HaXircemeasuraLb

OdebasQarQaLnch
InthransOnicdranthprSSurOaCtFgOnthebuntbpsnOra StrnamticpressueSla
mOdesanipOrtantpartOrthetOtamOdedragThQprQSSureaCting mOdeasepeSure5P
WhnthemOdeS2iCahatdehaYjetgnQeX
OthmbaseandcOnSeqythQbaedragaredependentOnbOthth
peOrbOndaryayerandtheynOdsnmberTrippngthebOundy
haStingmthmbaseeprObem00bIaFingaccuraIebasan
HerOnamOdesexpectatOprOdabasQpeSSrQCOeientneQr WgtunneestsisquiIOdOuF5SacasispObhat
tO that Or the PscaaircraP than wOud be Obtained with aOW thmmOdebasemeOme1yhasbegat3dthnstaEatiOnOhe
banceSnde1heecIOrhesingandIheOdelbOundaq
ayeCOnditiOnSOnbaeSSuQhprOpmCaQiOteXS
therQaOdpOSSibiithatdOWnQamtrbancQSSChasthOSt
themOdeSppOrIsecIOrOrinthediserwiraverwardimthOSub
DragcoeCentatZerOtC80

SOnicwakeOrinsubsOniCgwnOIinIhewakndaCIhObasOpreSSue
WithaheinCeSOnbaOpnSureiOIpOSSibOde

u ul taOdedamaCCuratgmtestranppOrtedOdAsa

2
Z

Jl O
l Zl

Z 00
rnthQbeshetunneerCandOWdatamgOhtstO

Pl
llt

l l
tI
prOemOdeldamSCOredlONSbasOdrag1daacannOtbmnd
WhichisgtOdnhmbasOprnSSurethecOnratiOnOr

N
interaheyOmcannObeOPppOaCFiuSualyIOdesignP

SpeCauytOdeemOddbasOpS2eSLnsOapOSibeLnthe
absnhQdisturbtOrpreYiOuSygtedSChatestcdbO
0000N oObO
Gdeterche OnQinwhichthmmOdep0ainIhelunnebyainminI
OCanteermatunWbywSmthunwaOr
FiROtrEanSitiOndySgpertsiNeParawndata
COurOrCOrnAOngtaLpbOr
byayOknsjtauatedinFP
L
lt
 yTt
h 9hhh
DurinCtSOdebasnpJOSeS
SmearabySngapCOOyperJ
demictubinmiEinaFOeaOnmthO
Fig915Edtctofvariation50fstinggcomctryonmodetbasepressurecoemcicntP160DJDmX033
0020406

axisOrthebancQSuppOtnThubQ
termiateSinthQmOdcavityThppOO
rbJ2

endOrthisCOnnabmQanSOr
xibHEbinOapmQPgmmin
menOCatOdOtdetFOtnnQL
r Qa
TOthispOirORO01dsnumbOrect
discussedhambm3mctdragTre
0020406081000

arOeCtsOrROyn0dbrOniand
pitchinmmOmdatPthOthargaEy
SeCQndaryrthO airCraP iOpatinm at
rtiyhiangOSOrackwrQbOnd
aqFyerseparatiOnispOSthepOOh

88J
bOndayaynrCanbOCOOqQipOtant
LidpitchinmmOmgt datawith a
dynamichysterhObm30btainedwith
amiBar bOndary layeThdata ha
0thatwincrQaSmganOrgackthQ
wwsepaaIOnOinandIFaIwiIh Fign YOhOdOr
l
u

n
lg
ib
ip

p
r
l
u

1
1
decreammangOrattaCkeattaChmtW
bmdyedtOSOmOeaipOFtTErOdynamichQreSibasbe
mimd bySe OredJranOnFThQ rQaSOn the

810
ectOrROynOdsnmbeOnidpitchinmmOmgt80aEy
SeCOndaryistharansOnicaircadO nOtqty OPeratOath
amgnSOrattaCkandOddaPOrattaCkdnmWind tmes
aresOmh30htOCSOahigh draminbOdary

0246
8deg
ayOrparatiOnOnthmmOdl

omReL95
l
l

l


l



l


l
l
l

012
016
5020
024
028
032

q


FFq SOpatFnOYOrWdicuragrSEOnrOu
b 2
00t
thbiparaeterS Vary rapidy andnpredictaby with Mach
ThindtunmatraSnaanQalenyand nberaineCeSSary100baindaIaaIyancrentSOr
COmPexOrdea1eXepidbythe00hOurSOrteieinr Machnube0neaOinOtnCOOnThediscSSiOnOr
ditnneSnedtheiJJnthetraSOnicranthn cetestinthiChapt0WienrayappicabIesIinIhesp
nSadmOmentSntheaianeyWideyarapidydairpanes SOnicandhypeniSWeashe1anOnicspeedrangesandwsere
andceWaaebQOSbecaueOrelOiudaIapOpey athebasisCdiscOnCFpIerSecInN00
OrOtakenOdaaFrOapaCIisIadpOIhelesIre COntainsadditiOdOnpernicIesIsWhieeprepaaIiOnS
diintOthOSebeeaCebuidthaanQhas egarninSectn
bmdepmentTestsndIhSOaimedySata AREHLDFrOthmCOratiOnSShOWninTabei
SpeCiaigeFyinitiOSResearchndLOadsThemer SeenthahedragmatntetSOrthQCanOpynaCeesndhOriNOnta
m taiaeadewithOuhewmglnOrdereduceIheOIalceen
measuedandheCeinceaSetheaccaCysmaFcOnIributiOThe
inthebetairppObQineQqdeaiFacIrype aanQaerOdynaictWiEhaveaerwFataninEatiOnOuE
p3pQWithrdirgntereOWtbWindtnneestOraneW CwithrnCOdagpreiOuSaianesndwiEatthistime
pacOrpOaIiOnpeandsaeaW0yabOuhe SuchanirthedatPindicaeROOIbendinmmOmsand
prmancQSmnCiatiOnrprOStherOdaists SheaSaakenthereleantCOraIiOnP
andh3gneerrOnCernaabngqittherrCh LONGTUNALSTTYANDCOROLThQasbeegOuprrn
aSdymiCiSeOkcFneOipOY025aipaSdIhn imTabeNdeterminehechSCsOrIheaircrnOngdi
tuenglneerSSekOadOWhichlheyIdgheIesIp0t StabiityandcOntrOL EithehOStabiiNQrhQetOrOrbOthay
WithinimitsSkstOmeeheabOeneeds beSdcOntrcOditinWherCndiaatOq
tOknOWtheectieneSSandwhhcObinatiOnreSshnin
qa
dragDetiOnOrtheeeOrSOrStabilrresutsinasetOrCurnS
F0OWngpaperStudimSbyIhdvandgngOupSmS0
mdsaruitrpratygrSChagmSiatnsOrWing TPbN
taindpOSitiOn3gnOnndsOthNO0ab 9
ntrsarprOathugandinapndeadinSay HR00
nS COrat
bdatOWadhndOrlhepEphasisisplacedOn DnaectnS MO31dF prks
btaiingpitchpanPttMachnershrheprOpOSed Tu b gObuup
b
raneWithactOniOdragraiOndinidaansiiOn
b11h 010 HOrpb
SteareadeIOgCOnenceinIhedaaDedOpensmay ctivOQSS
inudnuOrmrOCnuratinSandtaknperhapsr

0
h bbOtOu DOWnWahdq
a
timeaparedrinsIanceihIheI00OhOrSSpenIOnlhQ NU bh Ot01 EOYOr
SperSOnicumd000nthespmrS02CF POtONO OCnS
COnuratMOnCOdO COntr01SurPcODl0S

mrOn

ThyphSpeed

bOdy
OnudinadatawibmPprOmSiartOthatOabHe eOrS
ps
eaedOrCOntraCtathQCaSeahandhObasiclindpichin hOrtaa

qq
Q
OmentcharacteriCprQuSObtainedatvaFesOmabOut ductFOt
CPnOpy

p
uderSOAteachachnumberdatathrOthira nd
WierecOrdedwthecntrdenseninTabeTrai rddQr
YQrltail
edgedOWardipOSitivebycOniInIheIanSOnCedran Wg



tJl

l
l

lll

Pg

u0

1 p
P
CnO
l
deg
FiCrOSSpOtFigOdO0Yat0atvaiOiP
8macitS
FNO CrOtFFOdnOCOntrOlOctiv
piprntmtudibidaEtOrdctiOn
pOSititingdOWn N
O
SFOWPinFig00TFOCureSpicyshOWagativOpOrth

trimdegrees
mOmgtCOeiansiOeienTarequrestabiIand
tFrOFcrOSSpOttinaCuryOOreatOrOrStabiiNangtOtri

l
FiibnaTSypesOrrnSarerepeatedeachMach
nGmbQrd bOtF cOntsurPcm hingeOmentS ar00t bending
mOmtdarOrthOrizOaaiarerecOrdedFthnrpOtS

indicngthFarmOmentaabpmrdegrereevatOOr 01Nt
achUber
stizdePectiOnOWninFigmaybeObtainedThnSOpeOr
tFOCiniasOCalledCisthmeevatOrctiv
nesspPrPeIerheaablechangeinmOentduetO8ntd
tiCOmbinawitFthemOmtOrinirthiCaPisanidicatiOn
OaYaiabQangaaCCraiOnandhSnindicatiOnOraiCraP
maeuabiiFrQshWS thn Changeinm With Mach
nmber
 2
C
FigpiprtOnOrdrda
DRGThe aerOdynPmiciss paintered in drag OrthO
aircraatcOnditiOnSOrEghtrwhtheaircraisikeytOra
SigniPBntperiOdOrtimOTEsOrCOueeghtattrimCOnditiOnS FigNu MOdduringnnicdagdyOurtNOthrOpCOrpOrat5m
HOWeerewiunOrmyaskrdragdataataEcOnditiOnSrwhich
OngdinalirectiOmardatestabiitydataareObtained pOWereabyaccOmpishedbytriinONerOyaWNeverthee
rthOSeidvertentcOnditiOninscientrudderpOWerubattaama
ApicaprestatiOnOrdradataisiatedinFigNNFrO
OraSkiddinaneutispOtanttOkmOWthatstabiiandcOnt
grpphsOrthispeaheapprOpriatecOntdiOnSecanObtain
wieainInturnbecOpOtanOdeterinethatObtaiig
thOdramariCOnditiOThOdrSrjrheparaetOhat
deemaXimumaircrapeedrPpeCidglneandthQmaXium sIabiiyandcO0neitheimedunyawedEghtOaCtyawed
ghpOSSibeandaybeObtaimawiththeiniudrampena
aircrarangerpdgneandPecapacity
TddineinFigdePnesbOththemaxiumtdrag
Tpbu
ratiObmPmdthicOcintatWhichitCurSThamJ
qrqbCq
dyEmicistwiEd0OhahisiPcOeci3tCOrreSpOndtOCruSe
HinmO00t
COnditiOnSManyadditiOdrStudiea0madehevariOr unsCOnurOn DOnS MOUgd5g Rak
OadgnaianaybecaEapOntOCarrySeQrinstanceuNU
TgPbb 20nO AirplaObudup
bkhbL

rbAnubnestswiththeaircraPinP bh55qh
uquu bh yOu erla
yawedcOnditiOnarperainthetunneathOuyawedEghsan
mnctiv
nCyrathehSanintentiOnalPightaeVerI Thisigh uSbh Iuu SidOWh

n55h Iu1u RddQr
SpeedaianesaeSiveSidepeddghtwasyetriC
nbntivQneSS
h Pl010NO QrOpOWnrd
050aOSaynOthinsO02mPOranCeeatssetP bkJ nlivnnS
0SPaaaarStbgitdupOnhSPeedarartQpyhOpQ
ThursOWsFSryuuuu
thatwiththQyepSthOOWbdmdwheapplgT
g1
111
 l11
q P

gB

lll

ll l O b

0
QCIP
rpN

ll Ql l 0
N
l

a

EutFnOrPpOt1bIngdFabdpta

l
I
WpyOdaswpbdatP
TateraTdirectiOprOmWiiaablehO

Ul tl

ll l tb
OryaWitivgOStherndSOmbinaiOndeppOn
thetnmecFmiandudbran100bIanaXuaO

COrSrapOCeduavebeeedaccOdinhetun
Capabi
UsingbstinSJWsplityawadaprSthatyaw
PnmPybOChangedwithbringthQbaaCeadpressurelead
01ingthemOdegdbaancQSOIhaeachpOSEOnOheOde
FNu AtypprtOnOrdirOnbdata
pFeChSCOrepOndsOadienueOaSWeas
EmpOyinghthatyjndpiIchaybnSeasdesd
DRECT10ZALLITYNDCOgLDurinmthQyaWrnSmader
POtCOmmOnyaYaiabe
directiOnastabitygdcOnt0hmectivenessOheverticaailgd
IneachcasesixCOmpOnentdataaretakenat81MaChnubS ruddeandtheiabiitytOtiamOtCauSabyPSyetricaOWer
LLDThQairpanQbdpprCsdryawsties areauateduringthWrunSbOthtrticaaidthnrudderae
gdnhrunSimthepitchpetheeerSeVauateeachcO dnctedThQitaisnvauatetheOpeOrthQYerticaTtai
pOnennturgdwatchaaOuSOpeSWhichwOudindicate CurVnandhgCedeteinQWhmtherisperr1nmaSeXpeCtrathe
WaratiHingQmOmentrnadingaakenOnhepserOS thanevauatinitsSOaPtiOrCOntdcQDuingthesunS
FOriNaPtOrSndruddebendinaSarsare hingnmOgtSOnthQSuPcnSdrOOtbgdinOmentSaereadOt
takenOntwingandhOrizOtaai OrthedirectiOnadatPaeustratedinFiNuThQaOryaWay

Phu
binddbyWhihispSitivSrhichispSitie
aerOdynaicisSCaFiguNsatypicaresa
nOSeeP TheaeOdynaicisIpaiyiteeSedihQSlOPeO
iOnOraerOdata
thyngentCurVeLaSCaedCterudderpWer
paraeteraedpandthudderaeqd
trivaiOSue0dep
SincebOthaircraPgdmissieshaOpplgrSymmOtqLPtheOryat
LONWaiQrOmtgCOpaSSdiOnOrOnQaierOn eastOneShdObtainsatisgtOqesbyIenharOdeOma
msayOtOemtFu0heanOryaWaesandMach
ectiOmpaneeneOCOuldexpectdAheynOds
numbeThQpurpOQOrdectingOnyOneIethenOa
nberOWtOaarmOdeAcheaperOdeuEimiiOn
pOCedeOruSingdenaieOnSieddeCiOOrighI ranmtstrutinterenceeEasyaccepeeeadH
andePierOnannStickdectminOde0educeadveSyaW
adirbaneSadSatingriSnCethQyaybeutSidm
DuringttSbOththeOnheOmentSadthewngrOOt
the tun0PaCtpraciCQOurpeWihetipge
beFgmOmentWiermCOrda
tenghavebeendOl0OueOCaIedweEawaythe
AknOWedOrrOEngmOentSduOaierOndecIiOnisrequired
rectiOnpanesCharOnregnenF ThQdiulsde
dengthemeVSbiiIyOrheaircraP ThisrOnm0enn
mainytOtherectiOnpanQbOndaylaydI01makaOundIhe
COCtiOnWitFtheaircrainertiaabOuhelaxisauOWSthecacua
OderectiOnpanejOintErtstOmthemOdOgEtOutOrthe
tiOm OraccderatincOnCiOn Wih aeOdynaicdapng
bOundaryayenVhOWSeheeSEIrelOmincham
mOmentSduetOingLtOWSthe2atiOnOraXirOate
andFOWhOpeQStiObecOnentOrthedaFrQOWhe
SectiOnP MaxiurequiredrllratesvaryuOdeper
COpaiOn OrrnntiOnpanQ and cOmpmOdenm1
SeCOndPmmbOmbn0dneSeCOndahyannuV
nearsOnicSsOnicspeedrgeSimiarrntsFYebegPGndin
abeAknOWeOrin0entSSOrequiredde
theOWSupeSOnanThOCOnSideingretipameshd
tOuntOrSndeiOequd101iOuh0ng
COnSltRnPP
detOyaWnTheaierOnecIivgQSSpaaeeneeSOthe
O Testin
DynaicpitchtestarnpOrtannIhe1anSOnicspeedrangOWherO
dynaiciabiiSytOccTheyaremOStquey
adewithcO0surgessetatzeraerdectinSFcedapng
mOetSarereativeyigSitivetOCOntsurPcedectiOnWithe
OSCatiOdynacpitchrWtypeSynaicstabiitytestsin
ne8nicadtanOnictusanCOOnlnOneypeIhmOde

aEOWedtOateyastheIunnelpeedisinceaSedhmmOdeser
OraVigSathe mOdeTattitude idicatOrObsnredThe
MachUb
turbuncQOrVibratnsOhunndwbeFehtOCauSethe

00
0 IObON
deSCateighrpeadynaicinstabilityreach

theOSCilg0OrthOdewincrgeinapudapidyrCha
pOiQaChthOderakQmbequickyappiedtOpreent

dCA
OSCatnsreaChindeuctiveS
dC

P
8
1000
t
ThmSeCOndtypeOrdynaicpitcFIesIingWhichiedaaspeed
ithOWlTheOdeaksengaWhieIhedesiu

0
ObO OpeatingspeedisebshedWhenseadywhabeenachieedin
0
u00 00u O0
thetneheOdeakeieaedndtheOdesgenakickOr
achb achUber
pehapuOdegRbythedispacenteChaiTheaOnOr
FFnt80rai3mWQrandhindlSwght

OdedispentWithtiieCOdedWhenthissCOmdtechique


Od
FOde
CaterOl
0000
FigCOpsOnOrhrOdand cOPtOOdleOrFh
Ordin0uWprOabhO0gtdatpasshOWnarawn
isSthmdPmpinmCOcientCCisObtainedasdiscussndin
SectiOnqsnOtedthahmOrOrisObtained
thesOpm3mrcdPSuChasthOustratedin
Fig
F0CaOSCatiOndynaicstabyt0adeinaanneSiiar
tO thatrthQSeCOnd describedeO OSCatiOmnthOdThe mOdis
OCkedinpOSitiOnWEhunnelspeedibiNedTheOCkisthen
epdSdthcingeChanismisenerIncedOSCiEatiOn
tettnrmOquuncudesamOmenTversusdispet
OpatOthQSpngaOnOrthexreSpSanaerOdynaicent
SOpQPmrcQteStdatasghahOiEatedinF00Hnght
dynaCbiiprObeSrareyOCCurPtaCOnStantVelOCityasints
madnatunandinreatingtnneeststOghtOneShOdnOte
thatacceeiOnisstiNinganddecgatiOabiiZiTOunde
StgdhOWnstancehedabiizatiOnCOeSabOutduindecT
atiOnCOnSideraneutstabemOdeOSCatigatSOepartiar
2S
ajpdeAhQmOdecrOSSeSthrOuNnrOdiOnithasan
anguprOCitythisresistedbyaerOdymcrOrin23eSWhicF
eventualyeVeritarOtunitOuN0WithananFrVnOCi
thatrmsutnaneqaswngOnthOthQe20WaddpdecratiOn
ThOOdeSWnmhOuN3m00mydecreasingdyniO
peSSuePndtakeOnmeObeC0ned80ndtOinmbacktOWd
Ze0husswnmSOuOPerppitendOnthenextsw
1 t l 1 1 meetingstiOWerreStOring0gtSeCESaStwiderswlnThe
ennmdivernCeiunStabathehgnQutystabe
TFOSSOrdynaiCStabilideibedabOVQpartiaryviOentOn
achuber Vertica1yedrOCkmtSWhichbdesbminmVOryrapidlydeceeratedar
brnOareprOCeedingintOeenSSdenseair
E TSti
SnSteadywphenOOnWFSinintmrittgtbOundary
ayerattachgtandseparatiOnCaa10CaldrmmgJtiSynOt
CataStrOphicbutcanbQannOygdinsOmeimstanceCaneadtO
instumtOrOtheEhrOuCSSivnYibratiOntariseswhen
thewisrequiredtOChEdirectiOnPbruptySnnarpWnrOOtet
OrPOunda8CylindrjnCteOnaisieNearyahpeed
airpHpSOXhibitmQdeeQOrbutingintheMaChnmb0rangQOr
tOThOaeOdynamicistisinterestedindrmmngtheexact
rangeOrCOnditiOSWhichbtigeXitOnFipaticEararpane
iniCreaSntheMachnmberatwEchbutigbnsdinraucin
thnOrbutin
Sevnapp0hnhaYQbeguSndinthmdeitiOnOrOpmratingOOnl
ditiOnwhichbutingOCCnwindtunneeThQSQare
MmaSurgthebgdinmmOentOrpWingbySlngStraingagesOnhQ
reOnOrattaChgtOrthmWinOthnPseaWhenthistechniqui
edLhebutbOundayieydeaahepOintwhehQ
bending0etOSCatiOnXCeedupeCentOrtheeanveOrt
bendinentFOhiscriteiOntObnuSedismecessaryrbending
mOentOSCatiOnduetOnOraunneOperatiOntObesmaeatim
tOthQgercentPreItisnOthatahreSpOnSeimumentsucF
asanOSCOgaisreirndOnitOrinmWingbendinmmOentSPr
thispuPOSeNMmaingstatiQpunSOntwinggrPceahO
tailinmedgeanddeithebutbOGdayahQpOintwhehm
pressreSOSCatebyaspecidaperhapsOpnrcgtacinm
SmapbsaOngthetailiedOrthewnmgddeinmthebut
bOundayinteSOrmemagniteOrFbOaEatiOnMOnitOring
theOadindicatabyintenalbaancenOrmaeSanddei
thQbutbOundayinaanneiaOthatdnSCibediandu

FiUTrESduiEatiOnbusludy
AcceptinhebreakinthninVethepOtOrCherSuSarattpCk
psthebtbOundaryaChasthebeakisuuyattibutedtOw
SepatiOn
TFQmethOdsdescribediniteSNadeaveaH0Obedesiredin
thaheiectivenedQpendOnIhpOpeCaiOOrIhepeSn
OrieabsThQethOddeibediniteisnOtaaSadequate
bQCaSethebtiaybedueIOeXIebOb2eakOCketsOr
OthrpppendathatarOattaChedI0hnPsagQieadOrIhewing
itPybeduetOanunadydOWnWaShdactOnthaiL MethOd
anaSthasthnadvantagnOrpOintigupadisturbaCethatwbeO
OrCOnCertOthQCrnandaire
DespitheirdisadantamereSSueeaSureetSarOWideSed
The hOpeyWe10Cd peSSurQ Orie ised100e Side Or a
transducerdareenceprureuayIuSaicpeSSjeO
preSuea nearby Ore On the aircadaped by rungi
thrOu0tOrtubinBisdtOtheOtherFigNThetests
COnSitOreaurigbOththestaticaCaipeSuehe muberCOnStantanOrattaCkSnmPSeparateCurVmreacF
MachangeaSdQedbyghtcOndEOdeigba tanSdCeeayeXppeakea
arageprnSSureCOeciesdeedas
Ck
where
SpeCiperiOdOrtieSeC
PunteadypressureOOdurQLb
rHtieIC
estrQaStaticpressureLb
estreadyaicpressurb
l L
P
ThecOeientOrtherOOteanSquarePcuaIiOnSOrpreSurbOEIhQ
tieanrais
e
ThepOWerSpraeOrthuctuatpeSueenby
WheQp1peaktpeakpeSSuriremIiaS
CpSCyCepeSeCOndOrpeSureOSCatiOn
ththepOWerSpeCtdeityandthqnCyaybebrptO
ETseauesby
bdiaeterOrtypidig0P
ThesbscripteanSESeandSmeanmOdeL ThOue0M
dynaic peSSEand veOCiqthQ ETscacOditiOnmbm
ObtnedthecOmptedtrctOryOrhtctiOnapOint
COrreSpOndingtOthestMachnuberEquatiOneShOWSthatOde
quenciesaehhethanthOSQOr2Ese
ThOdataaybepSgtedas
CreSrrTmgSquprSSjCOeigainstMach
NOtSOrStcandCtuatinBpressueCOcianst
destatinCstantMachnuberandseectedanSOrattaCk
UPOtS OrpOWer SpruaquencyCOnStamt Mach
nuberHreWetypicaEydYerySaEueOrabOVeNOcps
TheenglneerWieinterestedin
ThQregCyandintensiOrPSObtanditsOCatiOnIn
assuringhiSerasastructuehewilakQintOaCCOunhQie
numberOrCyCeshiscraPwbeuctedtOthebadasitpassn
thrOacritiMachberrnOP FOhhQWilscatheOdd
pressuremhstOryaCCOdingtO
AHP
b
WheePtepCe
Y

OnsaSpeedaircraPaOtOrertisexpemdedtOenSethptthQ
hingOmentSWbeOugFgthepiOttOFndemamagand
asOththmyWincnaQCOntinOuSlywithOctivenessOrthOCOn10
ErtsagthiinQhanCOntinuedintOtheanOrhighSpeedand
argrairruhphasisiSbrddOWerbO
SySteSarnOWuSedtOuEpythmwOrksppiedbythepi0Odect
COnt0SAtiadySteSPdtOp0dhepi10tWiIhIhe
SenSatiOnOrpCOnSintdOnbetwegthhinmOtandcOnI

enctivgeSS
Figpbut NOnO YaiOn WitFMach nurand aOrattaCk
ThetOtaitEdhencethQSeOSppOrtanduaIig
eChanCanbereducabybaancedcOntS0absanced
NThenOeindecibestOWhichthecraPwbesuctedThisay COnt0shaeapOtiOnOheiinugnaheadOhehinine
becOmputedaccOrdintO TabsaeSaiEdevicnSahaiEngedgeOcOnwhichae
ppXq dectediadieCtiOnOppOitetOthatOrthemaingeTheymaybe
diiayikedtOthecOnt01sOthahepi0dCiOnOrIhn
and NOise3dbeSN00gOk COntcaSeanOppOSitabdectiOP AsOheymaybeaaed
thahQpiOtdectsthabWhichimturndec1hecOnrOlbyi
Whereb
aerOdyniCWiththattnrarranentitisr3ipOr
AvaFe OrOSgis sOmes taken as thQ nOisO POm a turbEgt
tanhahepiOthavnSOeeernQmQgSOrdectinhecOntrOl
bOumdaqPyerThesinpOrauesusinmnqSad
aswe1PSthabeneWtranSpOtWaSwhemthecOntgrgQ
maybedOneWithcOnence
andtabswerestalgandaOnEinacOntrOectigeWaSOSt
meThOdyaicpressrQsecaORiSOb
WFtOieindecibeWOudbQeXpeCtedathetubEtbOunday
pyerandbPp2m NearauhSpeedaiCTeeedbraknaOthtOreducespeed
andtOpermitPsteeperdnTdeserseeksadeqgatebrakin
ab
ainiubutinAbOthetimchangeiranyshOuEbe

DmCibeH5OglO APO andsalSecOndarynct3mearbyrPnOSayasObQ
c
he
ck
ed




SpeedbrakesmaybQiraiEed0hpaswhicheer

b
Dabe60

PO2sea0WngReadingsaIeadrtheSxcOpOnenr
00
ceandmOeOrbPkeEnOmndimanyCaeOrSeVe
ThepresentatiOnOratypicabtbOndaryranaianeisiFstrated SurePrmSSurerdningOads
imFiNP FurtherdatPCOerngthesetypesOrtsareineP sadisabtOiudeawruaXiumandiniudynamic
prnssurerinstaCeWiththebrakeOnOnQSideudectedandwith
N T 2dnctiOnOnthOOerThGnintentiOncOnditiOnShOudbewitFim
TFOamrOdympmicmOmtSOrCOntrOldOthmrSurPcesandinmgear thecapagityOrthecOntOtri30t
dOOrSmtCPbOut thhi0ineI Ced hingeOmentSmSt
Testi
determinedPhmdesignOhesurPceLtppOrtanditaCtuatinm
mecFismHinmOmenremadmPrhecOnditiOnSOrth0 AthOthQWindtunenmeePyOyraybecaptO
0ngitudinandlatOraTdirectiOnaestsWhencOnditiOnSreqreithQ desiphighSpeedmOdhavigbendiandtOSiOSieSiila
hingeOmentteStSmaybemadSnparatethOtabiityandcOntrO tOthatOraprOpOSed2SaneOrissileFnShOudriNethat
tests theasteemOdehewietWbQtihanthereahinand


hhdhPSOnderIandigOrhOWhdaawibeedbythe nr nr
hhH
p p P
n
00
anrOtrCtCreSengnOnr 00

ASecectsPrOSSOrCOntr0ntreversard 27 0027
2
rediOnOdstabiitSOttergdbuzTheQcts
SinewOredbyreducinghhicknes0igsugeyi
hnrdynamicpressnddynaicheatingThyarhd

Indran014200tagOnal
Continuou50t12135135
bygmaIeriaSrhQrmdESrasticitysuchastitaniu

MachNumber TestSection

Contjnuous05111235

ContimuouS M9516round
Conlinuous055151212

Conthuous O5161616

ContinuOu503117710

Continuou07141111

Continuous M9712round

Continuous0122424
Continuous81422

ConthuOuS OH26
ThesteadySdiEIiemaybediidedintOtOSiOandN

Size
bendinghepWad00PdOWnaieOnahewinmtidgO
twiststbewingsOthEeadinmegOeSdWnredCigthew
ilydOWnaieOnyiedsedOWWardceadrightstickeSut
in0discOnCertigmaneerThisisadynacpressure

Range
btprObabyth0ucturQSeneerWwantpOttedaStVnity
OrMPChnubersOIhaheayIakOranerOnreVerspeed
ailerOnreVerSOCCurSinthetregeaybCuredbyincrQaSng
thingtOrSiOessthatisipraCtica0ngthairn
inbOSOmnmOdernjeranspOrtShbthinbardandOOard

Type
ailSnShm0rOneSbmgdiscneCteddurinmFispeedhtA

AGOVERNMENT
OSndOatOrnctivenesscpnOCCpSeSuOrIhQSaetWitin
actiOnOrtFeeQVatOrOnthhOriNOntaHehmCuuStCOe
incrgedtOrOnstieSS

Locatiom
AOSinlleOpepOpOriOna0ndaOuntingtOaSuCha
ercentcanariserthetwistingdObedigrSWptr

FiIdCaliL

FiddCaliL
FieldCal

FieldCal
fieldCaIiL

FiddCal
FieldCalir

bmgleyField
LangleyField
dWngndeOadmPySenCuntQragmrCentward

Tullahoma
Tullaholna

710bot CardOCk
mOVhinmCe0peSSreIhOughthchanSinipnd

22bot Mott

ll11bot Mott

MoIt
Mobtt

Mott
13bot Mobtt

Mott
Tonn

Tenn

Md
0prOSSCrendlOCP5sOIh00pybiEechangeintri

Va

Va
heIOmayObeadecaSeine30detiOnequiedpeQOr

Tunnel

modeltunnel
hynaicaeOdCC10tmrdOpendsOnhnand

66fbot

1fbot

12fbot
14fbot
dynaicchaaCIerisIicsiauaenaSSOraWinmOr

AeroIasticily
Tramsonic
inbOtFbendingandlOrSiOnWdasIheOdynaicOadingUndm

tran50nlC
IhOpeCOmbinaIiOn0hesmChaaC10isIicaditbancstart

22incb
PWT
SOatiOnWhichapidyinceaSeapiQadwhichaOStalways
desrOySIhOWmWindunnesingIOdecOtiOnS
tteSrnmpOrtantbisntWidpractid

71kIdmg
UnessaxibkOdelisprOVidedhisayakEmdinCt
thQWindtunndeneeeXCepOinceathberOrrunSt08Qr

NASAhngley
NASALangl
organiali
aierOnOrariOSan

NASAAmes

NASAAmes

NASAAmes

NASAAmes
NASAAmeS

NASAAmeS
NASAAmeS
TabIe94

DTMB
AEDC

AEDC
Tabesartiaistrthansnicwindtnnesinthisntry
andarOndtFOWOrd


Table400
MachNumber TtSection
Remarks
Organiatiom Tunnel Loation Typo RamgSizo

AGOVERNMENT

2in LandField Blowdown01420aOnal

NASAlangley
blowdown Va
20000hp
Tramsonic LaloyField continuous O0110116
NASALaley
dynamic Ya
0000hp
lfbot LangleyFkld Continuous0213155octagonal
NASA1ngley
Va
25000hp
Transonic LangleyFidd conlinuous1286
NASALangley
pSSu
Va
l000hp
tbot LangleyFkld Continuous01287dodecagonal
NASALamgley
tramSOnlC Va
10000hp
710fbot LakyField comlinuous1296
NASALangley
transonic Va
bot Clevelamd contiOuS O82186
NASALewis
Ohio
Trisonk HuntsYille Blowdown O4401rX14
NASAMarshall
Ala
Nol WhilOak IndraR02131616
NavalOrdnancLab
Md
No2 WhiteOak Blowdown O213116
NaYa10rdnanceLab
Md
Trisonic Albuquerque Blowdown O301212
SamdiaCorp
NM 15400hp
USNMC Transonic PtMugu Cntinuous O516116
Calif

2S
BCOLLEGES ANDINDUSTRY r
BoeingCo Transonic SeattleWaShComtinuous013812
CornllAero Lab Transonk Bu10NY ComtinuOuS1388
ConYair Transonic SamDiego Blowdowm052044
Calir
Dougla5AircraR Trisonk EISegundo Blowdown O2l12X12
Corp Cal
Fluidyn 20inCh Mimneapolis Indra1352022
Mimn
LimgTemcVought HighSpeed Dalla5Tox Blowdown O2144
Corp tunmel
MIT Transonic Cambridg Blowdown O713220chgonal
MaSS
MIT NaYalsupe Cambridg Continuous O81218
sonktunnel MaS
McDonmllAilCra Polysonic Stbui5Mo Blowdown O55044
Univ6ityor Transonic RosemOumt ContinuouS121616
Mhnesota Mnm
North Amerkan Trisotlic Ingkwood Blowdown O23577
AYiation Cal
OhioStateUniYerSity Transonic Columbu5 Blowdown8151212
Ohio
RepublkAYiation Transonic FarmimdaI Blowdown l4260ctagonal
NY
United AircraR 17inCh EastHanbrd lowdown O5151717
Corp Conn
UnitedAircraft 8fbot Ea5tHartfbrd Conthuous0090roctagomal
Corp Comn
iiii

Table4cO

h
MachNumber TeStSection
Orgamization Tunnel Location Typo RangSize Remarks

CFOREIGN
ARA Transonic Bedfbrd Continuous 031489 38000Ilp
Emgland
ARA Transonic Bedbrd Contimuous 162730
Emgland
ARA 8rboI Bedbrd Continuous 07168 3000Ohp
ETland
ARC Transomk Melboum Contimuous 0132532
Altralia
ARL lOimch Whitley Blowdown 0212810
England
ARL 24inch Whitl Comtinuous 031252024
Englamd
Armstrong 18inCh Covent Conljnuous 08161814
Whitworth Emgland
BAC 4rbot Wharton Blowdown 0171818
England
DeHaYilamd Transonic Haeld Continuous 132424 Threeghosts
England blow
down
Cascade Braumschwig Continuou5 11 1300kw
lunnel Grmany
Transonic WhanOn Conlinuous 111212 OneNene
g EnglishElectric Ellgland blow
down

b
11l
EnglishElectric Transonic Whar10m Blowdown 1818
England

tJ00003
FFA Transonic Stotkholm Conthuous 3535
Swedem
HandlyPage Nearsonic Radlett Continuous 34 reeNenes
England indraR
HawkeSiddeley Transonic CoYent Indra 10
England
ll

KTH 13inch S10kholm hdraR lr X13 270hp

Sweden
NAE Transonic Bedrbrd Continuous 8 38000hp
Emglamd

NAL 7inch TokyoJapam ConlinuOuS 1477

NLRL Transonic Amstrdam Continuous 0135468
Netherlands
NLRL Small Amsterdam ContimuOuS 010181
transonic NCIherIands
NTL 9inch TeddhOn Indrart 189595
Emglalld
NL

9
20inch Tddington Indra 16820
Ennd
ONERA S3CH Chalajs ContimuouS 011139round
Meudon
rance
ONERA SIMA Modam Contimuous O210325round
France
RAE 2Ibot Famborough ComlinuOuS l41824
England
RAE 3fbot dbrd 12533

England
RAE 35inch Bdbrd 122735
Emgtand
RAE Farmborough Comlinuous 128
Engknd
Saab Transotlic

Linkopimg On 8142333
Sweden ClrCuit
SNECMA Nearsonic Villamche Blowdown 0971322
France
ShortBr05 Tran5011ic Belt 123030
NIreland
SudAviation Transomic Camnes 168
Franc
TCEA 51 RhodSai ConthuOuS 121616
Gen
Belgium
VickeArmslrong Transonic Weybridge Continuous
EngIand

JelengIneS

RrmCS
RprdTWEtcOmbROntRrtnSgtOthOAppiFnOhOArP
NAnRMLuUGpLuu
WiEirpnMO0mtOrStaticurOOnircrZCAZ
u
u
U WiMCIIrDrin80OptuOpStarFthO
OtTgSOnicTUtiiNFmCOn98FdOrdsOrRmVOuAEDC
TNLuS
AL210WECSipdMOdPMDtOnOrC
HFtOrDtrdgutEundPrTransithOnat
MgF2ubrPOOtOuZASSmPtnmbe
MicOSCphnAnElnStlOnOrS15gSuppOrtMctOm
DrdpCOpmWitFJntECSPtTransOnSpnedsNCAROp
Uuu
JAYgdOrkZOtOSOnHrMOd5gWSdTunS0RDN
lOFnWMcdTArdsOnWiunvesttFnOrrnSS
uctuOnSOntbOUppThOXuWhMatatOthQuN
CriA0ZASANDuu
HRSDrstITbulgdaqFyeCOpribOFFids
MP3h
1SThOOmgdDWHOldQrZOtnWFdTunerurQMepsurement
th00pnratOr0tOrETNN
t I
Chapter ten
CaibratiOnandSe
OrSupernictumneS
Gener
SupeSOnictnsOpeateintheMachnmberanbO
gTheySyhavmtOtaOpStineSempbaIOSpheric
tOuOsiaandtOOperatitperatre0bOutambienNuO
ThOyreqreCOntOurednNNendthteiSSFaid
W
a
Frest00uustratQarSpeSOnictumnelsFres
adrawOraCOptnciCFhOWSaCOnSOest
SeCtiOnareaandFhOWatunnedrieCOpreSSOrrg
LarOdanSybQteStedinsperOniclGnsIhaninnear
SOnandtaSOnictunSbmCaSeO0hbHOCkigandwaverectiOn
COnSideratiOnSMaximdelcOSiOaeaplOperc
OrthetestsectnareaarennCOmOngdarOdeshavQbeen
testedMOdesiNeiitedbytunnechOkinOnSideaIiOnaiscussed
inSectiOnandOCkwavQrectiOnSdigSSainSectiOnNNoWhen
prOperCOEeratOnigVentOChOkigdwavecIiOnn2nga
OdertherewilbenOectsOrthewaEOmthegwOVehemOdes
becaSecteddistrbanceWpassdOWeaOrIheOderbut
therewbeabuOyanCyQeq00Neirth3iprerQdientin
thetFtnaytypicaesrQdientsaresadbOyanCy
ectsusynegbleThmMachnbenpsup30tnwith
SOidwaHscannOtbeaustedbecauseitietbytheOmetryOhenONNe
SalCeaenMachnubeSyaOmpanyainceaeSin
OpeatigpeSueinthahebOundaylpynhicknessieducdand
COSeqethnectinaearatiOincreased
COndSanOrOitueippObetObOidainanupeSOnic
tnneSJOthinibratiOnaintestTheOistreesOPir
requiredtOaOidcOndgiOnatVariOuSMachnubersarediscussed
inSectiOnTOenSuethatcOndeSaIwilbnpeS
 2
FtOridrPWingOrtFOASnXOtSuperSOtuCOurtO
NOnrOputidSpacOAgen
FFu A8mpr00COCOnYSngP
t
ThnCalibatOnOraSupeSiEunnedirOnSid3bymIhOr
tanniCandneaSOtnSIWhSaSIhinmprOCedumhn
threetypesOnaeqsimiarInIhiscFpInrCaibanp
Cedureand tprOCedures are diCudainywreCO
direnceprOCeddeibedinChapIerP InaddiiOnSp
typesOrteStSthatareOncarriaOutFtrannictnmesasweEasin
perSOntunnelsarndiscnd
U TheOr
AteendOSamOntOrtheOqhasbeendeivedhewOVeWnmS
adbOdiesatsupeSOnicspeedThmOStSiPndpObabyIhe
use2heOytO thetueglneeihatPrIhewOVeratW
dieSiOtpateThisthgjWhappiesIOaypOrOran
inythitplatenOtactedbydisIurbaCeStheedsOr
tHlePateyids

kH

NR
FiN OprngPrQaOrPOdenhispnedwindtunnFtusarhi
SpOrhavOChPg00dihQttiygClpay
uJ



2
WrnpQSurmeiIhrSgQOrIhapaeSa
Machnbehmea2een0icpreeCanbeSed
1estreamstaticpressureSa determininachnubeaSCeareen0kweaS
eeadyamicprgurm SCherenph010gaphdOWph
RHanOrattaCkOrthepatepOSitivewhenwimdwarde WhereaMachnumbersinnearsOnicand1anCunneeuy
preSureisbeingCatedSdngativewheneewardside detmi0OnIhunneceneandaheIunSach
pressurnisbeiaatde ubersinspersOnicIunneSyObaitumneicen
1Machnuber
aswThmaSOnihaanmitiegwarO
EqiOncanbeSedtOdeterimhiPcOeientseas
pQinupersOnicZNecahambmcauhOCkwaves
OWSl
AnaYerawMachnubQmlhiCimimOdesired
testiddaIareducInpupOCS0arnPSuVQy
CP


N
WabeIIeaVeaMachnberIFnIFecIrthe
CenteineMachnuberdbuIninOrVaiQgradybE
AlthOughth3aeeydeiIeiiIaiOn0heIheOryi10ndOea
COntinuOyeceinesurOyyadeqeHOWeVerhQ
OdjObOrpredictiiPcOeientAnywnmW020rSeFYegd
CharacteisIicsObuIiOna0kmOWnWhhnCratiOni
ectsbgachata2SaandhaetipAhpere
tarted
ia00iecaSnaiCanwaOundiHOWeVeemisanpWaSh
a0ndthePeagewhicFincePeSi0eIhinnep0iOnOhQWin


MePrin
tendintOCOmpenSathetipOSSEqatiOnSandare

tpeeemeagedyaSmpedecaed0prObe
dirpi8bytOWngSWithrOeepbackHOWenrOa
SpridegreqeeStOWOrkany8mpetianes
i
FOWnmShangMacFwavesthewieaJunCueWhicham
aheOrtwFeadingedthergeprereCOeientcanOtbe
pctedbythimethOdbecaushewnOrmaOIhQWiadingnd
endAr10prObesSedcaibrntraerOrat
issgbsOnic
SeCtiOshOWnbyhh00phOF0WOaytFahe
U CiFriOb pitbeibOIhpeIOCbmsrCIandaetOItEd
WenIqgdhearpaCtratirhO
TibratiOnOraSuperniunnOncudSdeenIhmMach
diaidaeinsemOa0aIIack
mberOrthQwthrOugFOEthamOrOp3ingpeSSueeach
tOdeganOridiaOpQrCOrthgutSidndiameter
nOetermnwanaritynddetemmnggindicatiOnOr
anduptOEegOnpeCen01heOutSiddFmter
turbemeYeects
CaibatiOnerOrSdueIOaaIIackandhOesizewithintheabOYe
A Dqmin MpcF Nb rangeeuCheshanacwdaliOnundingyeaSOnabQ
tgesOSeeR
TMachnubeSinsupeSOnicIunnesaeSyOblainedm
AhOintwemaymakeIharnIhaIanOpendube
COSOtOthSPeedOrSOunduptOyQaSurthaticpressre
gngheaiSIreaearehesIaprSgrater
inthestsectiOnandthOtaeadinIhmSingchabeadSin
identinmean100alJiAbOVQOthnShOCk
eqAbOetis0eaCCuetSSethepitOtpreSSrein
WaVethatmsaheadOrhubeeanhaseesnOh
thestUtiOnWiththetOtalheadinIhestaaIiOnChamberandeq
StatiOnpreSurebuhaIiOnpnSuehganOrshOCk
ThiscOeabOutbecaSethOSSOrtOtalheadabOVen
TiWYaeied1dFne0es
yiedpSOientdirgCebetweenthOpiIOtprnSSurmdIhegnaIiOn aperSsthOherQiOencalhepressreSO
pea2ratiOtObeObtainedA2rthadvanIagehahe aSrdiaSbsOicstrnatOtpreSure
Static prura m00diEI quanIiy IOeaSeabes
ssueSeedbypgtpObesaeinencednIybyveq
AghessaccuatethanthepitOtpeSSueehOdahehighe
WnOdbebasedOprObedaTheCssedOP
 2
00
l

NhtlrOt nl1
l0181 Jnl
0

0
lltlg
Measuredstaticpressure

Jtn
hHh
N
ll
lll
StreanlStaticpressure

iOtOgrpPhOratraV31rpkOOrninOpitOtprOb
prObeminp30mictSOWeeCauSgreaSOnabSizedprObe
WiESlyFeynOdmberwe1abOQu80whicFihe
rWhnret0bests
PSi Stinressures
StaticpressenPpeSOmicwaremuchmOedicEttOmeaSure
thgStaticpresureSinasubsOnicwandpitOtpeSureinaperSOnic
OWTFOpticppe3describedPribatinmneaSOnicandtransOnic
tsisrarSabecauseitpSenCQinthunnewilaChew
inthQtsectiOnteStFearearati00rthenOZ2ebysubtractig
thnmctivethrOptandtQStSeCtiOnareaanditaOinterrnSWitF
tnxpansiOnpenreqedhedeveOpmentOruniW
Whi0tiOprOprObesarOnOtdextensiyrcaibrng
pQrSOnictCnneeatdOrerthasbQdeOtedtOthedeveOp
mentOraCCatOSgiOpeSSQpOgOtherappicatiOnSThQrnSEt
hasbeemtdeOpmtOrprObQSthEhaYegappicOninwind
tGnneCibratiOnandSe
ThepraqprObQminthneOrStaticpresprObnatSerSOnic
SpeedsisthPtyprObOWhPVaShOCkwaveatitsrwardendwhich
CaerisOinstcpresseHrtheprObQCOmSisTJcOnetipOWed
ll
1
N 03 l
FFu EctOrOiiCOOuldOrOmguSOprurOFrOm
RQP
byaindeheairpassEgtheshOEdeWi1beexpandedtOapeSSrO
beOWStatiCThaSdistancemtheshOderisinceaSthQpeSSurO
OntheprObmWapprOphthetueStaticpressreOhemam
reurQmeaSremnmtSOnPCOninderprObewithadeiuded
ancOneOWedbyacyieOdiaeterSinenFareprnStedim
FiguTheSOWeerOSimticpe2OmeaSr
entSPrOriPcesHOCatedOdiamnterSdOWnStrQahnShOder
AnOtheypOrprObedesignrthegCuratemeaSureentOrStatiC
pressurnS OVeraarMach numbrrangeis i1ustrated im Fig
ErrOrSOrStaticprnSSuremeawiththiprObnarpeSentedinFig
TheywereObtainedbyreencetOaStaticprnSreCaatedPO
anaSredpitOtandtOprnSureI FOWangularitydurhesetests
WaSOrnOCOSequenCeSincethunneepOyedhadextreeyeen
Fign App0atOdigiOnOruPOrnicstCPrnaprObOR
NcOpdiSThSprhrQQitOrdtarinOrhOSadq
J
 9
Mri rSureS On W pnd COB




Ou
hemr

MachnubeCanbQObtainedbyQpSnmprnSureOnheu
PceOrCOnOSOtWdienSiOnwaSthOughthissedOdOOin
N
01
0

CaibratnLiteraturhatpregtWaYanSwedgesandcOne
WiEuslyasOincudetheratiOSOr2gOpeSSuQIOtOtape2ea
PnctiOmOrMachnubeTFuhQSugOpeSueandunne0a
pressurrneaSuredThechartsOrtPbesegteredwiththatOr
achUb
thesepeSueSandtheenedangtOdeteminePCOreSpOnding
FErrOnticpSuOaSrinctiO010trunStatpr MachnubInpractithQQCtWedgeOrCOmnauSeisObscurm
becauseOheundeeddepthOrthebOundayayeRePha
2rtherdatainthisarea
u
WHOWeVitwasPundimpOSSibetOgetCOnSistehtresutsuntihQ
pitOtprObetiOnedabOandthestatiCprObQWerQOuntedinthO
Mh Nmber CriORests
testsiOmaertiymOVnmSuppOrtSyStemSOthateithmrCOudb
Resuts OrCaibratiOntO dmterminOMach nuber0tunneW
edintOCentCinQCaibratiOnpOSitiOnWithOtatuneshutdOWnand
StaticpeSSeSandtunnelSpitOtpQSSureSarOpreentedinFi
WithiEetiminterYaetwenmeaSurmentSEvidentyheextremO
ThisurustratesthmdirencnhatmaynXistbetweentFun
accabnFggFtOrtheOrderOrO0rCrqOrEpercentOr
Wa1andcgteinOdunXpanSiOmWaebntWnthwORessOr
mimEnndchgedOCOntheraexpaniOnbeca
averythOrOughMachnuberrnyatOnePtiOnOrunndar
St
presentedinFudanevenm00COmplete2yaOngthOpa0
StpreeSOnthewaEsOrperSOniCtunnesarOOnusedr
0rthehOrizOtaaxiOWminFI
rOhiOnOrteCtiOnMaCFnumbersisnOtedOWOVehat
TheiPOtgCmOribatimOVeherameOrRnynOdnube
WpresrdOnOtneCQariCOrreSpOtOpreSSureSOntFetunne
peSSureS ihetepeatureiscOnStanCatwhichthQtunWbe
CenterEnebQCPgeOrtpObiiOrCOprmSOnOreXpanSiOnWaVmS
OperatdisiusaedbyhOp0rFiAchaninReOE
betwenntFewandtFnCenterinmWFenMacFnberistObedeterl
nubmrP0gperincausesaMacFnuberdeiatiOn
mimedOmticprermmearmmentShOtapreSureOhestream
OrgtanOiMachnberOrgAemtiOnedpe0yLEs
ieainthetingchamberiEtaneOuSywiththestsectiOm
StaticprerOMacFnmberinCatedPOthesetwOpreS2eS
andtrelatiOmOreq

bl
pi WpAm Om Wd emd COmeS

0 O l 1 9 L aI

AthOuthemmtFOdissddOmSaintunndcalibratiOnispOSSibQ

O r r N
O0N IJl
Machnumber
tOdrmineMacFnmberbymeasurinhmansOrWaVeSprOdCedby

1
knOWmWedSOrCOOSOmSOEiQrenpicturesOrShadOWgraphsCharts
andtabereaVaiabinthQEteraturseerexapeRewhich
geWpeanrcOmeSgdtwdimSiOnaWedgesasaPCtiOnOr

eadingaltisnOtedinRePhahereaeimitinmanges

Throat
PrbOthwndSgdcOPeSrshOCkacFmentThaSirthean

bCOmmt00greatatPnMachnbnrhO ShOCk wavmWin be
dntaChaandMachnmbannOtbQdntnrinedthQWaVQan NN NO N0 N O
WFaterSeEnQSSWFsrdetOrminiMach nuberis COUPStrgONNmtch
pretweiitedtOtheperSOnicranPSPbOVQnOrSOWaVe FigWandtuniaibrOndpP0NnONZ RdrPWnOm
amchanSbEittWitFMachnber RnP0
 O l

lO fb L Oq tp 0

b
tIl
DistanceabovenoZZeaxisinches

l l J

N CN

l b

MachnumberdeviationA

aoJo

tn N 1l

n
11

l
l

I I N O N
DistCrtOfObsekUPStrech
FigCOntOurpOtOrub8aWn0u
RdubPerchsc
arrtnchnberwithROHdumrFch
tnRedrawn0ROP0P
trtsmchaninbndPhneandcOny
ectivenOZearear
AsaattnterestmaSperSOnictnsrncOnStant
dygicpreurethrOutheirMachmbeaTEn
COntadistFctnt0OWeedtestingwherQqnCreaSeWthet
parameterCOmnt q hQwith Fanding baanceOadsa
athOughisOrSaEatterwithdataredtiOn
O DeterFim OW A
ThewamgugtyinasperSOnicunmeSSuaydeeminedy
SeithercOnrWWmetThesensitiYitieeya
mtrSSeinsuperniunarnprntedinF
nOtedthaheenSitivitiesOrIhesOyaWmSa0maXimWhenthe
WedgeOrCOQanaeumTywOrkbeOWMachnubr
whichwavmdetachetOCCrndaresOSed1neyaWe
isedOreeXtgSiveyIhanhewedgeyaweInrbecESmiseaO
FO MgFnumrdistibutnFthOMpchunjCOurtSyAEDC
gricatephraWedgeyawmeterpresentedinFEu

l

 2
1 0 qI
DntiaeSSUreaCrOSSeOnePerdegree

UP
l J OI tl r l l F 0 I r L Oq t

MaximumanguIardeg
l

N
odown
bI

l Oq

N N N lJl u b U U O

l J

Machub
J

FFA MaxiuupamddOWnwinlOtOpEOnFbOOqPinr
u

Jl
N

SOictunrpbOuumnegpddOWntrmOrbSCOntFrOm
l

OP
FigSgYiIiOr3yrtprninPd10atOPq
dO 20thattheSQOrtheyawmmtnratSperSOnicspeedsrnqErePibra
tiOntOdeterminethQaerOdynPmiCerrOrSdiscGSSedinSectiOnr
transOnictnneSAtypiSmmaryOrretsmteststOdrine
gwanarityinawindtunnepInStedinFilO
Deri TurbnCn Fd
MQaSurnmentSWithaFOTwirnpnemOeterdeOnStratQthattherearn
qu38ctuatiOnnthmeamOrSpernictnelsthatdO
nOtOCCurine airThesectu0SbrOadly grOpedgdehQ
hadingOrturbuenc0cOnSitOrS10SCiEatiSinYdOCistrnam
tmperatQentrOpyand static peSSresOdaluesOm One
tunnelaregVenFTab
Tpb
r9qbh
r
SettingChpbOr TSectiOn
MachnumbOr AN A
SOund LOh0X ONXX
AJ
EtrPy LSthS0X LhanO
ti 0utO LQthanP
FiU AwedgeymCOurtJmtrOpusiOnFbOratOJ

9he
D

N uU10l

XX

g
J l tJtUt 1 l

l
l PPX l
t11

nq

TransitReynodsnumberxl06

rR

f
j
d XX

FO N
t

gLDirOpuOnFbOraIOqIrEOCOFrOROP

00
TctiOnSarisePOmaiOrCaeSygthQprnSue

y F
reatOrehOdiyhQarcO0mrgdthetestsecthOm

l l
bdaqrdctuatinmanatinmpStreamCaSe

l
maybedCedaOWandmOdegMaChnmbebyIheaddiiOnOr
n thOSingcFmberAthach nberspStrea

pressandveiectsPreSyessnchearnOZNec

0
tractiOnratiOSdampth0TemperaeCuOnSarenacted

U P
N
bytCractiraiP TFOeXisenceOSChCuaiOnicO hb
0nSntereshanthnireCIreheibraprOCedurebeen FPG TrSEODmOnCbQrOnuEddQgCOnamg
eOraPciFrOnPP
tO determimthO traniOndnmbeOn00th cOneS and
COmparhiswithauesObtainedinOthunneS distancgWaythnSurgOWithPSmaEOtprOgthatiswithinthO
Om0SageansitinCneShaeeithednincuda tubOndaryaynrandnOinhepOinawhichheprObepressue
andhigFpOisdsrPcesariOuSethOdshavebeenusedtO
ChaSmaadytactingpressurnmnmSimiar
dtnrmimethQpOintransitinnthecOnQThesehavebeen
travOrSeSWithahOtW5ane0rdeaSrtperatre
imOdFwhichscEiergpiceSOShadOWgraphsweeade
OrthesurgbyusinhQmOupnthOinnSurgeOrPthiWaued
andinspectedtOdetnrminhepintatwhichasuddenthickenrthe
bOundaryerOCCuNtaVerSingagthQCOnea COnStant
ThaimensiOnraCOneeWiththeeteperretechne
armpeSentedinFiuSrempggreSOrlhiscOneWereSed
g g

t00btaFarecOVerygtOrSOWS
Temperaturere00Vefactor

t
I

rI
Whereadiabaticwaemperature

lO

r l t
StreamtOtaeprature
eaticteperatureR

r
l
01

FrspOtOrtheSutinmdawhichindicatesthQmOdOr

nI t N 0 l tp

lll
l 1 l lp
I

01

Oq
OCatingthepOintOrtanSiiOnAsumPqOr1anSiIiOneyds

nubersinseveraindtunndirntainF

01
C0hCOech
Deterinin teresmmCe Ort SectiOm NOis
FpidriFnransi0dsubQrOaCOeFre9
QpdubmPeaOndnub TesttiOnOisdedaspeSSurectuatiOmNOayre
FrOROP0
munteJSqEigChaberpresseCuaIiOnSdupSIream

gIY

FiNOiangIhurbenI0aOnisOd
UuNXnhNOI0waveS1gghaOdgncO
thiCaSFFOrR00
wcitiOntmaysObndeIOWeakunsleadhOCksOrigiing
inatgentbOundaqerOhunwaSuchweakOCkstO
WhiChnOiseisattrtedareirdbyIhedOWgraphOF00
NOieinthetestseCtiOnOraW1gneeryikeyOgugChO
pOintOOundayayertranOnPmOdAhOipO
tFtOtheretsOnteesmsIeeFasyeIbeenevEecm
SFOWingthahdO
TestiOcanbedeecbyerhOW5anemOmeIry
maSremOrhrepepitOtprreeaSureentST
methOdSedtOdetermineirSingthetS0
bOariOmPkemeaseennhunse1chaber
asweaintheteectiIhenpOSSibetOdeterneuctuatiO
intFetwOpacerereaedIhasbeenndhaseciOnse
neyincreasesannelperatpressrereasesathaest
SinSringFthesettinhabereraydecreasesas
tunneMacFnuberincreases
Usm OrCibrn Resuts
nberivicyradeduratessassued
uaaVQraOrtFOSbIadinheaP0iOhetest
OndurinaibOnSWiththisknOWMachnberandues
OpressureaSehesinhabespOSSetOde
thedireSSurSedindatedCtiObyuseqlrtOta
teperateisasOmeaSedinthesigChaber0mrOper
OrthOWintheteectiOnaredeedbyreaIiOgVeninSectiOn
ThwangEaritieaSeddurinheibraiareSedtOast
2he
mOdelaeSetWitFpeCOthQF5meatOPamwdirectiOn
reencTheOStCOnCeteSmsOrraniIiOnpOinamdnOise
mnaSreentmadngtheibrOnnOayininIakingsIeps
tOdecreasethetunndturbECQpndnOisee
A Stti tQ Tnnel
SprSOnictnsPreSuystartedmpybypenack
OpeatinaleWhichcaueSaFtOwIh0ghhunnepOpeLn
COntinuOuStunShecOmpreSSOrarenOrmaEybrOtptOthQ
desiredOperatingspeedwithairpassthPbypaSSiWhg
OperatigSpeedieaOhedveinthObypainOSwhich
cestheathrOthetnlnbOWdOWmtunavmbetween
thepeSSut0anksandhunnepened
ickstartiaesiabeinlperSOnictneaecautheOdes
usSectedtOhOadsdrinhrtinmprcmTFeck
StartOrthebOWdOWntGnneasOCOnSmair
AmmthOdrdetemlnnmWhenthnndisrtedist00bservhe
pressureatan Orin thetestCtiOnWaneartherwardOd
tiOnWhgthispeSSydOpSIOaVaFmnahestatic
prSSrerthedenMachnubmrhetEnesstedrtheOde
isbOCkingthetnnehisprQSSurmWiEntdOPWithexpencnin
OpStintumnehQWindtumndemeeCanuauyyIhesOud
Whethehetunnehasarted
SOmetunsSequippawithiabOndthdimramned
tO decePQ thQ preSSueiO rmqiedumne10perOnThese
disSaedgnatOaOWthetiOrP3SSeCIiOareaQ
enOustartingthetunandthemtOlOWthngOesser
CrOSStiOnalarePOrQQuienunOperatiOnWhenSedas
desedLheVariabledisnrC0edtOPpredeterFedareaassOOn
asthetunnearts
Stti
WheneeaSupenictumesbeintartedOrSIOppedhenOa
ShOCksystepaSSeSthrOuthetesttiOnandarPrceaeipOSed
OntheOdeTheOdeOSCateVyahenatuaquencyO
theOdesuppOrtSySteandnOralrceHOadsOriehOSeWh
thmOdwOEdnXperiencmduinmSteadywinthmSPunat
RdegarenOtnCOOnExperiencOFasindatedthatatw
dieStunelStartingswileherwhenthei2mg
rgeswingsOrtheOdeareinapanepaa1eOthenONNepane
OrSetry
h 2
TheatdesOrStartingOadnaenOdenagtunare
qmrandOandexywhatcausesthar0sisnOtnderst00d
OWerhasbQgprOpOSedthaheymaybQduOahighyn
symmPOWinwhiCFsepSiOnmOnhecOntOedws
OCCOdngPwangaIitiesaCCOpaniabysup30nicw
OnOmQidrh2mndbOnicwOheOthOW
pressmpaniehOSeOnicwOVthneSidndah
pQSSQPmpesISOnicgwOVehppOsideTheeSuF
OrSFPWdisPagOadrispsmedthahQSupSOniC
wOnthOnQSidOisabQdemnOZZeMachnumbnrandththe
Fig9CimmandpOtshOpary3dedcOndiliOCOurtO
DOgAiCOrpOr
1
FigJONO POXiityplalPrOtFmSAGDOddshOWnWithwi
COurteynOnarSanDi
SuOnicDOWOntheOppOSiteisthatbndanOrsFOCka
designMachnubehegwddeibedwOudyied
C
e
WhermPPStatin10adnOrmarcnCOeientduOtFmaSSued
DOWds
aXinOrmarcnLb
1tOtapeSSeOrtumnewahetiheOCkySte
passesOVeheOdeSa
iEgSurPcepanraeainches
SpeCiheatratiOrairL
desnMachnuberOrthQnONZe
EquatiOnehanOWbegbOadyacceptedasacOratiOnparaeter
2StatiOadin2atiOn
SaingOadspeSentPSeiOSpObeinthedeiOrbaances
windtueOdeSrthebaancesarestrOngg0tOWithstandthese
SeereStatinOads diubtainsensitivitiesadeqate
eSOng theuChaeOdynaiOadduing testaus
methOdsh1enSedraatinmthisprObeAOntheare
l

t
N b u O
achnuber
FNEctOrpatOSrraucimStarting0sOnAGADOdP
StingataraucatOtpSreincOntFuOStunSCapig
tmOdUEedig thOOdewith retractabprOteCtive shOeS
Fig3editheOdewitF twO retraCtet pate
FiNOanduictinmtheOdentO theairstreaahe
tnndissFrted
ResEtOrStudieOrtinOadsOnOneOdenOeWindtunearQ
pentdinFiNTseretsSWe1as mOStStarti80ads
StudiesindicathateqeOVOreStimatetartinOadscOnSideraby
paaaryaOWMacFnmbersThestudiescOnmthatstin
Oads arQ higher when thQ WnmS in the nOe pane OrSyetry
hOi20mthanwheniSde8OmthipaneTheyasOShOWth
ectiYenmSSOrprOteCtipFteSinreducinrtigOads
l
1
0 I l
bI
1
achUb
FiN SuggtingOadscOciFrOrnred
f
9
lS30tedthatnqisdVaSpeCaEymOdQWith
eand makes nO pOVisiOnhgmOdeswiFOEiEngsuge
r tO r
NOtinhatrtinOadsaarOnbOdyOnOmOddse
r 0
q l
ggethahtOpmaaisthmimpOrtantCritSOnrathnhan
theiEnggepanaThuhesarIin03m8cQ
0
r 1
O
COecientshOudbedeDnedas
nI 1
nI
1 1 bI lO
WhenhtOtalmOdepan12arOainchWiIhIhideiIiOnOr
PpublastatinOadsdatPWereCOpiedinReEdthe
nl
ln
piricOratiOmCurnOrFNNwerederivedMOdesand
baaCeSCapab00rWithsIandinmIhQn0maceOads indicaIedin
P O O PO
FNNshOudexperigCenOdtyinmtunneS
Re n01dsNerets
TheectsOreynOdnGmberOnWitunneldaIaap30mic
SpeaSarethesamahOSedeCribedPrtranniccOnditiOnSimSectiOn
aeysigpObeWithskinctiOnandthCOrhepOper
bOundaryaOnthQbasndagTiOniepedsOeWhanIh
peSOniccasebytheghatkinctiOnihenasapa10rIFQ
tOtaldrautheFcreasedpeSSurndagOVehmebOdy1ti1
qesiantandedtransitiOniyPOyedAthOugh
thrObabiiOrdOWreamdturbancnSactinmbasQpreSSureSand
hence gse dag iesned becaue OhabiiIy OrdOWea
distubancestOmOVepeaminsup30nicOughchageSakm
theirwaythlOuthesubOniCWaketOCaOSubstantiabasOinterence
ectsasdiscussedinthenextsectOn
r
q MOdeim
2 0 1 l
AnystinndingdOWneaOmthebasaOddwi1haean
0 f r t l
ectOnthewandihereikeytOactmOdeasmprgue
Thii1StatedbyFiguwhichshOWnOCOrSinSer
thanEOdedFmeterFOaCtuaethnStinSbOCOnSideaby
ll g
athanthattOWtandthetunstatingOadsadIOaOWlesIing
tOtheaXSteadyOadcOnditiOnWithareasOnabeOddectiOn
StingdFeterrOdeasediaeterSarQpicanwindtunnel
teststhOughvauesOutethiaaremetimesSaThQectsOn
tO l
basepressure OrtypistinmdiaeteS icated by FNU are
niantbutrnpresentthanpOrCtOrthOdynaicprSSureand
therereaslaOuntOhOtadramOranybutmOtOde
U
FreN0RePiapOtOratypinYariOnOrbase
peSeWitheynOdnubeThipOtOWhatbapeSurei
 2
b Ld
NtD Q

CriticaIinglethrpJ
SteamstaticpresSure p

ll N O
P

N l tl
Basepressure

N
ll

N CO P

u tO P


lItl

lt

U b
tJl

l
O lJl

lJ

FThrdsmbritigggthFrOR
1

P N
StgdFe
asedFetr b
FigNU ThOOctOrStindiantOOdeasdiaratiOOthatiOOr
bgprgOStr8prurOra0idOrOd
FrO
FisensitivetOReynOdsnuberwhnmthemOdebOndaryayeris
aminarbisreeyinsensitietO bOundaryayerwhen traniOn
OCCrWeErwdOnthOOdeFrOdataOrthetypmshOWninthis
urithabeencOndedthatanaccuratebasedraOnaSaSe
OdenPWindtunndrequiresatbuentbOundaryPyeaing
thahePscaevehicmhasEurbuentudaryayer
TheretsOrteStStOdeterminethengthsOrCOnStantdiaeterStinmS
Basepressure
Reydber
FNApicaariOnOasQPSSuithdsnu2berrdlw
O rqiredtOadctrtargedpOnOrthestOnbase
prrecritistineaeprQSedinFigNP
Or
TheeareesentiynOdieSbeweenceIesIsPmVen
pupOitanSOnicandsup30mictunSThShmdiscussiOnOr
aianecetestsinSectinisdiryappicatOjerSOniO
teangFherdatnaianinppearinSiOn0There
arcetestsOranytypeSWFdiSmeWgecFenOn
prnCip0aianCpndthesearQasOdiscSSedreiP
FOrCeand0entCOentsmissndedrOCkandres
arSuaEyObtainedintermOrCaCteristicensandargWhicF
aredirentthOSeOraianmSaSdiscussedinSectiOn00
G Ttin
reSpeCm whichmanydedissins dir marka
aanes is in thmaneuverabiand pOWerMissilearn Orten
dSedacceStinSinmaneueruChascibingngand
tunngWhicharesQVeraltieShOeOrairpannnhQameaneuerS
TOaChievethhighmaneuerabiiyCOnrOrgereOncOmpee
WSaiesHnhthnmaneuVerraCCmpaniedbyh
asOrtheissieativetOthedirectiOnOrhtThWindtunne
tStSOrisesareHeytOequrOCOnSideryheraesOrack
thantestraaneuptOuOdQnOtnCOOnItinthese
CaSeSthahebentstigOrFiNisHiktObeusedm
AnOtherwaynWhmanySiesdiraanisthahe
isiSayYWithanyr00ienIaIiOP EqeIicaandhOizOna
Jgt

2ba
WnandtaisprOVidetEscapabiitycaSeOrthcapabi
tunnddatathrOghaman0ttackranatSeVeraOuattitdesis
OnrnquiredAnaternateethOdOrgettinhernquireddataOrthis
typ0mWindtunnsistOthemOdeanOrattaCkrOheOde
baanceassebythrOuthedesiedanangeWithareOterOE
deviceandrecOrddatawhiOlliChangethegOrattaCknd
repeaherOnganddatarecOrdinglnissiesherewsOetieS
beCOmbinatiOOrandaeOrattaCkwhereveryseverO
ChaeSOrStabicclnOrdegSuretFatsuchcOditOnSare
nOtisedVeqthOrOghcOVerageOMOSibeghaIiIdesinhO
Windtunnesreqired
NO TnStin deh ROCS
UEdedrOCketarnSed1CaRynmuetaiOnO0eOther
pOadtOPSpeCipOintinOrOutOrtheatphe3carrynhQ
pOadsOthatexperiencesaspecidatdeIVeOCitimQhiry
FiUndedrOCketareawayseqippedwiththreeOrur
biiNerOCatedartirbaseTheyaruapinIbiiNnd
thatisLheyaredesedtOrOEcOntinOuSydinghtsOthatvehice
imperctiOnSgCFasthOSduetOientdOnOtCaShe
FF0NnOtOgrhOrpWindtunOdOrguidrk
YehicetOnermthedesiredtrctOrySpinstabZatiOnisSuaEy
gcOmpisdbystdirentidectiOnrtheSsayeg idgOgarpitchcOinwilORnFacasetF
tOprOdear0gmOmentdugghtSarOCketscantedwith r0inmOtiOnWiEampithQpitcEnmmOtiOnCanhOad
rnSpeCOthevehiceaxishaaSObeenused SeriOyincrnaSeddadpOSSibOCkQtdructiOnsOrinterest
TherOCketenmneeWuaEybeeeStedinaerOdynaicdaa tO COndrthemgnQrinwEcFwindtnndsticPrcePmd mOment
nearzerOVeOCitytOthnmaXimYeOCityOrthOCkntTypicaye dataprdindiOrtinthnrOpitchcOupimgOb
ightaskm0aceitchingerOng0eanddag ThmCepitchinqueniatedmueWitFt
dataatMachnbersOrO0000OuLLP rETscalalgOrdmthmprOductOrthe2tueOr
OIuanduP HewnOtuSauybeeStedFdataat0ehan dynaicpressrthmrnCQSurPcOea80rtehiche
PwdeenOrattgkbecausehiWpObabybreakOr reencength50rthOehicndthOQOrhPperran
highansOrattaCkOCCrHOWmVerhewiypicaEyedataat gmthewimdtnneeThQdPmpingOmenOru8
ansOttPCkOrperhapsAde0NdeAsOhQWilypicayask inbracketshasardatiYeysactpitcFquencyunda
rdatawithsFthnpusvertiand hOriNOntaandcrOSS rOCketcOnuratiOnSandisSaEynected
rOEeddngmpFScOnPatiOnSFigureshOWStypi ThmV6elaccdQratiOniCadmeqTheET
dtaiEandmarydatPpOtStwOrOCketcnratinS1 SCaeaueO0inmmOmentOreq0iscCatedPOmthe
0meOrthQmrpObegedbytheOCkeIeeeWhichFa prOdCtOrqGisptheeEceimtdthueOr
arinmOntcOnuratiOShewiesmthewindtunisOnOr mthnwindtnndtesthOETeEtgOrdapnm
dynamicsTherOCkQtmuStbespuninOrdeOaChieveaeaSOnaby mOemtisatedmthQOWnm
predicFbetrctOryDngitsghherOCketwinbesgctedtO
C

disturbCeSWEchwiaveatendencytOCauSeaCOninuOuSpiIching
mOtiOnOrSalapiteahOpitchnatuquencylhe

quencySWithinabOENOpercgtOrthepitchnaturalquencyLhS
 9qh
IniOnheIerineduesOandOeq
thwitFtiCertiaabuther1axisWSIhOdeerm
tiuracceiOnintSOrAtiOnOr
tdetQnheWquenQandOre0tO
drminpitcFqnCyeibtainabyahiedcOputer
ctOqprOmInthisprOthecOpeterOCketh
diedintOimeim10ndhnChaninaIiudeOn
andOCiOrthOCketwhicFOurdurineaChtimnterasa
ceadmOmensacIOnIherOCktaraated
DimintSarisassuedequaONS01

J
ltl
lll
ll
tll
ll

l J
ll
tll
lll

IJ

ltl
l

r
11 l tll
N

l
l

l l l l

l
N

l
j
000 L0
hub
e

Ji
FigSOnOrndarOCkdpCOrY
N O N n



0hOOdnhOnOSOCOcigdOaXibOdyard
AmcFdeeOS
aXdFraEctOrkTuntOrMachgr05

Orparar r



9
accatiOniatedelWrOCaiOn
and decreasenr01ratQyied additiOndeatiOnOmthOdesied
atigdurtheeintervaherOeOCiaheendOrtFe
tpathlnOrtanyrOCketsystemsardicultprObleS
ranbeatedThisesasecOueO3tObeused
caatinSeCOndueOacceeraiOnAnexapresOr Tti
pitchcOingsIudyaeagerOCkesysIe
mbshapesarOqentlytedinnneprmariytOdrmi
eSedinFigJOsnOnhieher0andpiIch
theirstaticstabiiqandOndariytOtPstcPhedagTests
OSandha1FeisheeadangeedisastrOS
arerunatMachnmbermItOpmrFppgwithcinterOr
rOpitchcOpin
SyquiIOdcu0akesubsanIiachanineiherrOCknt
mOentOnertiaOrCerOrgrayheOnyeaSaabe
increasingPLsanincreasrsizIntrncreasereare
ndeirabebmPheehiceOreSenSitietOOCalwind
dthahpFasmandcSOqueygreasetheatnOrthe
j

rCktmthesiedtr0SiiayCeainrOaIemay
rSinrigastarheinstrentatiOntOhae
HH
lJhN Olu0qhOD

1I

l l l
r bI

rl

T
PitchorroHfrequenyradspersec

lt

N O g0q

P

lO f

P

n

tq

l
l l l L

0 l

l

O t
r t

tJI l tI l qI

ttl lu
g lJ

CHLf
N
l N

OI
l

N N N O

l N
8
N
A0ackdeg
FN00RtrarpiIchcOupingsudyalwONikTOwk
FSpind bOmb dCOciQntbasd On mium
rknt
CrOSSSiOnaarnPandmOdh
O
 2
U

DragcoefficentC0

N

U
1

0 N 01 N b N

hber
FpiYOnOrOaiabObdragwithMachnuberRH
Mach nber nmpOya inhe lrannicange Whernhe vaiOuS
paraeterreVanmmOStrapidyThanOrattaCkschedulemt
rmdmgtOegindeminceenIOnupOaaXiu
ardegngargerincreentbVeegiinarytest
mPyWgOnyCptOSayeSeveCnuratiOnmayb FiUN SOtGpr prOitCOurtONOnAOrOngticsd SpacO
triaCerOrYitypOOnSicalyvay0BpeCent An
OrthnbObFeaSredmthenOSe
WtherOrnOSetanOnOughnessuSbmdadedby1e
atarOnebOmbshapeatOnnMacFnberPrQShOWmiPF0
OrthepannbeepOyedSanmatebythe advariatiOnOripOrtantparameterSWithMacFnmberarOSFOWnin
bOmbdesignerOrWhmthehe2SebObwiaeaainarOra FuOanduL SOmmesthepitchin0entdataarQpOtted
tbOundaqagwhednebeindicatetheeOr ainstPhehanagainstandanyparametersmaybepOtted
wexpectedThebObdeiSseekingaCROrIperdee
againstMacFnumberatacOttanmOrattaCkThipQOrpOt
OrmOreativebasedOnaXuCOSSeCIiOaeaandbOdy Wrequrm rOttinmthnOriminadPtaSincestigd balance
ngthathuhemayexpressthisasSayaercentstaicarI dectiOnSuyretinthQpOimtsnOtbeinaCtyategincreent
baSeaOnbOdyenh
OrangOrattaCk
ThOectOrthestinmPndthemynOdubQrOndraSSuChthata
NOpercenterrOrbetwetunneand2SQeitherwaymaybeped
paticuayaanSOnicspeedsThmectOn C3sbeiedtOrun
SOeWhat betterbuSrd tO dQtmrin002scateStSbecaS
tFebObin2uualinaSWe1pspitching

AsmentiOnedinSectFnN00meSmekstOaYOidhainmabObrOE
atthenatupitchqugCylnOrdtOOidrOpitchcOupihThe
natupitchquencyOraeatnberOrPSObOmbsemstO
runabOtOneCyClepersecOndFOrSChshapesOnQShdaOidrOmm

bl N0NN
achub
atOnmreVOutiOpeSnCOdAerOdynaicsareinterestaitalled
FigpvariatiOnOhOpghOentCOcicurrea
da02bObaWeastineEghtSincewhenabObismOtnd
FabObwiIhMachnrdegree
Onanalanerytheinterencypicayincreasesitraya
StprgnihOmdimgSadiaChmC0peSndIhO
PctOrOrNOOrnen0elusOrCOurthdragOrthOpy10mFOr
CrOrgr
atapptiOnhminimu0311dragusuauyOCCurWhenthe


tt

1

9
pypnsthQbObabOutadiarawaytheairpaneOrO ThecOputerSgdsasaOtheCOntatOatiOrOtatiOnand
pyOnaddsOXCeSiePyOndraeSincreasestheutuanterence travemOrthtOWhichcaetFOatedmOtiOnStOOCCur
ThatbObsmtbQa1eativetOthcarriersOhahe TheprOCedurisrepedPnuberOrtesntihestOrQisOutOrthe
carrierhSemtbeteperatrmiitedasastOpSpeedi remOrinteenceOenOhPWPythQaiCaP
cOnCPedisnOprenightbOmbdragSeVebObtbe Thb00StereCOndamQSQparOnisasOhatperprObQm
carriedsOthpttaragbecOeSCOnSeqntiaandeveepera in0ingaitdOOSpaatiOnlyOngthQsOrSmQtF
t5iitedairpanesgEOSSimagOSOetiinteeandOr qntythOQQissSdtOtakQpQSSuQamdthQbOOStQhead
btieducedbycambeinhepyOnSnOSininca COrOnytOeaSethesepaatedagOneaChbOdyThediu
arisesPOtheneedwObaances80ngthOSa0n
rOt
OneOrtheOrdiuype0gcestadeinwdtusae Nu Ma
theaircrastOreandbOOegOndStageFtergCeThetetS
MagnScnSacesassOCiatedwithCesthatarQrOstabiliz
raircraPareadbtaindataPrestiatigtheeaypartOrthe
SuClaOCkets0bsandpjeCties56mnSTheysewhenP
reeasetrctOryOthatcsinWi1ntCCursaSdesirabe
Spnn3gCeacqeSananOrattaCkOWngtOpdisturbanceThe
tOaYOEexcesimpichpnOrdeOpeVentada2edbOb
SOurCeOrtheceaybVisGaliZabycOnSidangaOWpmedw
angmOndeiveyaiCaP ThelatteaCtiOnhaOCCuedinght
nOraOanOnSplnmngindiVhicOinghtFOWnOrmaOt
andirritatinOth3OrthedeiveryaircraP
CyEndeWbeyicalandwcaSOacmimthediiOnOrthe
IntheaircrastOreinterrencmttthnStOreOdeSOunted On
reatieWindbecaSeOrSmpaOnOnthmeardsidelheehiceis
OnebaanceandtheaircraPOdeSntedOnaSnparatebaaCnOr
ngFichaarereqedwhichaWtranSatinOr upOitOmthQCyinderwieOVnmtOWPrdtheeWind
ahmrOEve10CitywhiePpOindnmaWayOnthnindnrmOng
Ihes10eWiIhrpeCOIhmaircaPaswarOtatiOnOrthnstOeabOut
awaymthativOWindaheaeSpQndWhenthisOC2
iICeneOrgaViyTaSatiOnandOtatiOninthesEecepae
SeparatiOnpOintrOtatamthOirnnpOSitiOTheresuEng
sOmeIieqedindiiOmtOthnSemOeetinthepitchpaneIr
SeparatiOnpatternimOtSyetriabOapanwiththQw
tstOrQisOCatedOqtheaircraPcenteinekdOadWirObabybe
andpassngthrOthCmaXThinOBSyycausmPCrOSS
signigdcanbeveyargeAndrCOuSeLFeeWieaatie
W8pOmtOrcQCaedMaWhichintrnrQSEtsFa
speedbeweenlaraandstOreSOthPtaXiOVeentOrthestOe
MagnSmOment
isruired
Wind tunnes tOdeteinQMarcesreqirethPhebOdy
lmtergCeteStSareSOetieSadObytakigdataduringapitch
bedieninOEbyuseOreitheaninteOtOr0satdirtia
traverseandduPyaW1aYeSeOrthtOeatanubeOrVertica
iCEencOndesipypidingbearinrOtatiayrmSin
andalstatnsaive10hWnWh3anaC2atedeitiOnOr
pSngaesOr0EathOughthesanSnONeOiCidencQWithin
tFiityparaet3sbeemObtainedthrOtheregOnOnter
eaSurabetOeanCAthighangsOattaCkQrayOCC
CeispOSSibetheaeOdynaicispredictatrctOrybya
andtheOdshOEdhaeabrakO
seriepOin19pOinIcaaIiOnThediEtyisthatatreendOuS
aOuntOrdauStbetPkeninOrdertOhaveinratiOnatgChage
A DrO
andOCatiOn
COmiderabymOreSOPhislicaedsytehavebeenbuitsOm TheseparaiOnOrbObthmbObbayOraiCaandsOetie
tnS0abyaheCOnAeOnautipbOatOyThesesyS thesmparatiOnOrStOraOStudiedbysimpydrOppnOrctinhe
p0FnCapieOtndaati60tatiOnandtaVerS theOdeasthnywOdbdOppaOrctedthePS
OrthestOrereativetOtheaircraP ThestOeispOSitiOedeXthe aircraP AthOuitisnOtpOSibetOSeadrOpteStPCCurateyh
aircraP SalststraancearegFtOaCOpuwhih speedChvaFabminatiOnhasbeenObtainedWindtunne
caateantOransatOnandrOtatiOnOrthmStOrethatwOud drOpteStS
OCCuinaspecidieineVadueOtheOadsidicatedbythebaance OneOrtheainprObinsimnrOpteStSisaVityhOutherQ

areOthersAscakdmOdectdrppedaSCalOdeairpane
inPWimdtunnewiesgctedtanaCCerOnOndaFeend
OractiOnOrPSeCOmdwbeaceIaindiIaCeaWaythOaircraP
WhenthETsQOCdOppedthe2scaaircrathe
dancebetweenthetwOaheendOratieerawibethesaeaS
thedtancbetenaOdearaPadaOdestOreaedOrtle
SaetieinteInthecaeOheOde1ediaCeOrSePaaIiOn
tbeOdeenswhereaitwieOEyOircraegtln
thePSecaeObOuyhnineeCeectsarenOhesae
AhndOraQnti30intnrashCkwavtheSCact
COdbestrikigthetai10rthaipHaeWheasFOCkwaethe
SedOctwdpassweWreahescaaairpa
ha
pOSitiOnandattdQOrtheOdedurinhedOphiSy
aCmpidbytheSrtWSynChrniNedcaSSn00kah
mOde0thesideandththekigthebOItOSOetieS
Fuu MutehdOPPe TheuthahetOreisIhecaI
sduinqPshadthSaPPerQeSQ
h
aEpeshtechiquisusedFigUuTFeOtheprObetO
ensrethatdrOppedOdedOnOtCaedaageIOperSOneIhe
WindtunelcuitmmutiOnuSedisIOhavmamOdeTcachingsceen
OrgridAOtFeristOSebOdeWhichareessentiaypEveriNed
POiPaCtWetuewaS
Nu Tesn
TwdienSiOairPiearOtneaysOCOinhispea
Wid tuns aithSpeed tuSHOWeers sOetieS
desiedtOaketestWithtwdieniOnalai0paIe10Iud
pressuredistributiObOuayarOrhearansratesWhensuch
testsarerequiediCutOarytOnhQOdeetweentwOSide
Wa0etunewitittleOrnOgapbmweenheendheOde
andtFewAcO0ethOdrdOihisistOrachegass
SCEierenwindOWSWsteelpuadachthedethestee
WheeOpticaeaSueentWSdeiedeOdehaebeencaPed
betweentlJegaWindOWSNeedSSIOSayhisiadecaeOpeag
InaddittOthmdaSOassbrnakaStreSSeSStPinthass
areiktOhaveasigniatectOnSChieePhOtOaphs
FOrtWdieSiOnaetFeCeSayIhahQaeaOrIheOde
beigneStigatedbeOutidehegOrinencOOrIheunnelwaS
thSaybetakeaSMacFcOeSeanatigthejuureOhe
airiad tFe tuewaThus the airPichOrduSt beess than
NcOtWhermtuelwidandthmMachae
Na Fe Tests
SOeOrtheveryageSuperSOnicwidIunnelareeqipped2
SCaletestsOrturbetadaetenglThesewFdtuesareOm
qippdwit
0tee mlPthatruscaHebugtestscanbeadeThemai
ctOrSuChtestsisSuaytOStudytheiteraCtiOnbetweener
adexteraOWS
the0eOdetysiNedwidtuSegleIesIiOSquey
iitedtOStudiesOhecaraCteristicsOrtubtOraentsThe
typrdlSyditStSOrraetegieinlmtSadsiilay
iestsOrturbetegeintsdescrhdinSectiOn00Thesetests
aeStypeuetetdesigedtOdeteineheniiyOrw
enterilnburerpOrtiOnOrthe3eatVaiOuSOperatiOnditiOnS
angeOrattaCkMachnbedFletcOnuratiOdtOdeter
tFeecieCyOrtheietterSOrhOWChaitwdveOthe
beradatwhatpeSueOrPtpeSueprObesFIheducI
dOWStrea3JheietdserFigarearragedtOprOa
 P
reprnivQp02eOrthepitOtpreSSurhrOuOuheductAhQ
SueytatiOnhewiaysubsOnicOthahepitOtpreunS
apresThepSurereCOVeyOrthiEedeedathe
i00rIhi10peSSrnintFeEntdOthpmSurthQ

r
nQrePmtunnOWSchemesFabeenSainwhichthQductcrOSS
SeCtiOPWaSdividaintOanberOreqarePSWithapitOtprObeOn
tFQCtQrOregheaWitFthisheetaeragepreSSurereCOVery
theines Obtnedby aagthm Vaues ObtainedthQ

OI
imdividualtbeP

Y N l
ImditiOntOtOtalpgureStaticpreureeaSurntareadO

imlhncinilyOrtpitOtprObeseitherwithstatpressrepObesO
WiIFdCWOriesFrOtOpeSSueaSueentStOgetherwith
OaeentOrtOpreSrQandtempeatureOrthunnewi
pOSibetOdeteinetheapturaeaatiOCaptueaearatiOia
pareleSedindete1mginetpmanCesdnPnedasthQ
ratiOOrtgrpassinhrOughtheducOtheairwingnaStreine
AnAh
OrthndistrbedteCtiOnthathasacrOSSSeCtiOnaareaequaOthe
Fi0JpapurOqOYqY3uUpPturOarg rO plOtp rpt
CrOSSSeCtiOnalareaOrthmineipUsingatiOSOectiOlNand
leTrati00rnptubQPrPBpturEgthOin01inOtnp
asunadiPbaticwuWeCanatethecapteaeaatiOthe
r00OlprOrnlhntOtpr00rthOPtrB
EOWngeqatiOm
ApObemOngCOunteeddneOrrantgSisaYiOent
Q L
1
h
0

WinstabiitybCZNdrinmCnOpnratinCOnditiOnSThis
88 T38
isPCOnditiOnthatsOetieSOCCurWhenthQprQSSurQreCOVnqu
WherQCrOSti0ana abOtrhOhOdanOrashOCkinthecOnVer1npOrtiOnOrtheinet
preSSeLb diSOeSawinPbiipObabyOraiscOuatureisjust
dgSigs riOCauetheshOCktOpOpOEOrthnetdiserandthenrit
Machnumber backinThisphenOmenOnmayOatpqgCyOrPwtOmany
HHtempmatuR CyCesperQCOndltisYiOentinnPtreSdthOOdebnWbuit
TFesbscriptenOteOtaCOnditiOnSdenOteSCOnditiOBSatSrVey andwsecuredtOaOiditbeinglO
atiindgtnd8denOteSCOnditiOnSinthetunneestrea
Testin RrROCkS
AnternatimnthOdOrdrnngCaptuearearatiOissOetime
SedwEcFaidhenecessiOrknOWStaticpressurnandMach rOCketsarQrOCketstYmteXhamthdirectiOnOr
nugrintFQductTFeinimDOWareaisdeterinaahedOWn trathehanOppOSitethQdiriOnOr2tasdOCOntiOnrOCknt
StreampuWhiSatOCOnthePOWthrOuhthOintseeFi en8neSThepurpOeOrtherOnkisIOrCOurtOwavnEcePt
ThmwisnOrmaysOnicahisnimuareaduringtheinet SOieduringits2tThOughstudinSWithwhichthOgthOrSarO
testThQCapteaeatiOinthiethOdideteriedbygihe PiiandicatethQperiOriOrparghEehipurpOSe0P
hsubsciptOreq00dgOtQCOnditiOnhedOWrnaplughern WetandvOFeStandpOintetrrOCketareincOrpOratedin
twisatMach ehicesandwindtCnntestetieequira
ThQintpnrmCOisdmPnabyapOtOrpeSSrnCOVeryVSuS IntypicasOrret9OCknthpSreapipedtOthnrOCket
caprearOaSOWninFigaiatiOSOrductw mOtOrOutSidhetunnethrOhtheOdelstinThmtOtalprure
dingIIesIaChidby0nmthQeXihOttmpugdtFs OrlheairsppindtOthmOCketOtOis8iedtOCOanpedra3g
ChgminheXitarnPOrtFdCt OrthrCOnditiOnSPrnSSureS preagred OVer therPceOrthe
OddgdimteatedtOdeteaerOdyaEOadsOnheOd
ShadOWaphOrSChiSnphOIOgaphsauayIak
etbrutCOcientOrtheret9OCkesanip0anpaameein
gCFtPideteminedthesmOrOmenuandpeSue
areaprOdCtaSOWS
thrust
F
P
SCTVa1aupOperhapsgegp
rattackndingOeheeaInsOeCOnaiOnS1ereisasn
CreaSebeOtdecinQIshepaae13PmandPm
arntnumtinrSOniCFtandhencrareyObtnedi
thetu5TheIheiuQPwbQpOeandgyc10Q
lO
tththeOretpateueOretitwie
abOhatvauebecauhOCOn1ibuIn0hahacrna

l
t

1111ltllIl

ardensityatjetexitS ueihincnachnbeipicalyaccOpa
CrOSSISiOnareaOrjetexitN byadecreaseinnudistabi
airveOCiqattexitsec
9Thepitch0curveisasOHin
pressrQatjetexib uptyLdegangkJlSuenesIabi
estrOaStaticprnSSurmLb
andOenXPtOgueheOpe0hQpiIch0entCurVQ
UsinmthepertgareatiOnqdeigwcOnditiOnS
3qPaSgCbuhenterOrViOrON
ahejnteXitandreaRangigeqwOObtaithethrStCOeiet
tOINA0rSIabiiyS1yOCCSWihincreasinmMacFnber
Om
UneprOpeervencraengnineWi1kchagr
C


StabiitybetweenpOWerOnandpOWQraIhOthereisOrCOurSea
ChanOrtriPrOpOrIna0hOenhrutsevOrar
WrQCthrustcOecie br9rThedau0WcalpaabOiCincreasn
rerencearea WithaOrattackOrwihaminCOSONerOPq
tOtalpressureOestreawLbNY deceaSeSWnceaSinmMachmuberdraui
qdyBamicpreurmOrestreawLb Crreates0withheC0hOiee
tOpresreOrretrrOCketwLb 91yawOmemcuVpvers
peCiheatrati00rretrrOCketW
WPpOSitieOpesIabiWybeinthm
MghuberOrretrrOCketwatjetexit
YOrObuIwbendrabOVQadegreeyawhQ5Ope
TheectOrtheQtrOCketOnStabiyaddragdaa
CWEvaqggONOperdenOrecreaseath
tunneesthavesOmetieappearedquieSaicMOdenOrmalrces
incraSSibOIhMachnbdggeOaI1ackThQdnCreaSein
pOSitiveaesOrattaCkhaveinsOeCaSmSbecOenegativeAsO
dieCtiOtabiiwihangeOaackiaueasIinparOthe
thmwadmOdeSgepreSehaveindicaedSSOrpreSSure
hahOVertaaisinawgd0ceddynaicpresurOTEs
dramduetOthejetea
prObehasbeenaeiaIedinaSaypacngaparI0nVerti
DatacOmmOEyequiredret9OCkearep0OrCIerS
taieOWthePsewhehaynCpSSureinceaSeSWihaOr
andpOtOrthQnOceitchin0entndaxialcn
attackAnOtherIhabeeSeditabewps
COeienterSanOrattaCkvaiuunSr
QPebherOnmmOentCurVeWi
tin beinearabOutNerOWpOiblyOdnndwhaeaneeSlOpe
WindtntestraCOmpetesp30nicaaneOWthe3 eEOunOSeeawihuem00000dee
ThesOpybeceeSaivewinceaSinmMachuber
tingpOCedrQ2inSecIiOn00andlhmpOgraSO1inedim
SectiOnamSOnicapanesHeeWeWOnlyaddawcOenIs C9rThesidecQCueisiWiIhyawandhas
OnthedataSdtheFpresentaIiOnhesperOniccaseheOWm anegveOpeWithuerOdIgO0erdeeLts
rgPrkppHypariytOthecaeOraSuperSOnichterWhichcus SChanittewithMachnuberaeOrattaCk
tOmariyFpsHOWuesOrStabiqbecaSeOhmneedaXiu bTheraatiCrVeiy
aneVerabili iarptOSvauesrPbierdtOreaCgaXlu
Y

 25

FF HOUn ThyObdari
Om



0
achb MuChber
aSeeniQgOnthmhsphiIe
0herbiHiqgdpanCOPpOt3p
pOrOudnOtFnpi
icb00airmrgandaIiOmIgpS7
FrmiitaryaircrhScbminebnOr
EeemancObethyiniIierFairOraPre
arOndbmdeceaSeWithinceaSiMacFmmberH
apbQargTheywatyhatiteswheretheOWair
gsOreFardtbtainatsperSOECSpeedsaurgat
dgSitywnpOOrdampingheuOngaaPeagewiIh
POanduIuObeingmqg00d
WapeCtratiOIwingUsbOhcOn10andIabiaentatiOn
ArOprQmtmmaqOrthOdatadQSCribedabOVSShOWnin
deviceWibeeSayTEsayceOrOOrkthn
iuu
eerWhOObtaindaIPlOuhhipaniyabe
MOStSperSOnicairCraPmpOyCOmpyOVablQhOriNOntaamd
WiththeaugaIiOndacOmOperaIiYQ
ticaaiSgesandFaOpOWmb00S00eCOethesgQEngm
COentSthedneSOreSOnic1anrIhavededthQ
mOmgtSInsgFcathmmOdedesignerwibeeieedtOearnthat
OWnrmatiOn
dOQSnOtFetOpOYidOmOYabeevatOrrinstanceIWiIhina
EnOmgtbanceTOaphatsangOWeVeLherOW TheyeriCaaOWnarkabQ
nOrmybeQraNmndOCatiOnSrqiredDOctiOnanesarO asthrebOCOne1hOnnOrSOOrQSOphiIicaed
dLndh3iPeinOnmdhpnth
mQraymeWFarr tFn Pr snic aircaP perhapsp tO
uOde dintgrQOVelcigyOrSperSOnicIanSpOrlayeqthat
SOmQCOmmgtSOnSpmrSOnictranspOrtOWThiypQOraiane rrrntjtaiinThipeEywcOabthrOughrO
idgnatOqrSQqnrhOhOnlytOhavapOrSOnic WnmWarpageOrOOrabwindainIrndiprOY
dpshCapiSdCFpcsbQSetbymanyOperatiOnaiitsbesides entSintbinnintanddesi
OmicOneSasshOWninFigOnthSpeed02ghS ratiihatiuSrWntOtharOp
iitedbystaspeedhenbybtndaybyenginet

S 9qSq
QManyOrthedesignparaeteSeqiedr DragrisOWithiPqPqPN0unOndienSiO
StaticstabiCL10NnOienSFnaL
SpernicghtcOntributetOdicutiesFthepitchperranCQOrthe
MOentOrinertiaabOutaxi 0008S
aircrarOXamphedarrOWWinghaanndrabOnOninar
MOentOrinertiaabOtaxi 000Su
ariatiOnOiandmOmentWithangOrattaCkThissituatiOnay
beiprOdbywnmatsOrnOtChmSOrbytaiheOCatiOnOrCathed MOentOrinetiaabOutaxis 08000sF
pOSiteOrdihed
b98TheedeOCOnatiOprOVng ThiraSduseOrperSveCitinndtheadentOrthQSup
OStprOmisingrspernaircraparticuay tanSpOtdesigS
SOtanSPOreCenIeedgeresFbOIhhe3ghOeOVer
havenhierratiOSOrthetOrinertiaabOuhnyaWaXistOthat
pSnthegrOundandthepibiruatinhecOnditSF
abOuheaxissay00thanthOSeSuayundrsubsOnicaircraP
awidtunelaeviaIiOnSudiesndnedhurretdiscussiOnOr
sayThiseadstOCOuplimbetweentbedirectnaandcOmts
itheWerSurgeshCkipngeenOntheundby
SuChththOaanesshOWeXCeSSiv01respOnSetOthedieCtiOna
retingitpWardaaErcIigSgeOuntedbeOWthQ
trDeraSihatudrthtivdihdrawhi WngayStiuatestudiesinthiarea
lnCreaSinhedirectiObiityCisdesirabeLteaSyTwO ApriarydiuiakingsOnicbOOttsinawindtunnearises
drtFeeshOrtSpgerticaaSinsteadOrOnetaaiwiththesaetai gtheeSSrprVidFgadeSenOthaardistancnS
Y01umeCOeiCwrducePbutgadditiOretractabeOrding
eaSuredFterSraanebdegthsPreriNabeMOddes
icaaimbeneededtOhOdcientCahehigendOrthe
rg8physiyuinBbeceCgaFEJ
arang0OratEgFanrattaCkChangesinPseaCrOSSSeCtiOn TFeOqindicatehahey0dheaSmearthQ2ediibtiOn
maybeOrhelpinthisrerd
rrSSiOnalareaerSuSenpsparepaybe
taCtFOrPOnelhenIheIinymOdeaIIheang0ack
TrmSsOrteStingOneperSOnictranspOtCOguatiOnarQglYn
beOWThmya0OmReP0u rrpndigtOCruiCnditinWingnwaar
Weit000bs andeaeSthestaticpeSSurea10ngpimepaaellOIhe2ma
WingareahHH9 asawayasOeCanandsti1yrIhenndbOndaay
Winmspan AthOughthnOryRnUdicatehatOneShOdseeacFssica
MeanaerOdyaicchOrdqUP prSrpattrmWithPSharpranddashedineF
SOpOOrthiPcurepnrradia tunpressurepatteBSsh0OrIheiduauyShOWirOunded
VOnWithevptOrdectiOudperradian aSeeninFraShderedprOasinF
EeatOrpOWerhCLNuperradian ThShdesprbabydueturetFYnOudincm
StaticstabiityqqL10Unperadia COpeteedingOrthebOWadwin2aJunCIreShOCksdl
Dpmpinminr0duetOrOEngvFcityuC10NuperradiaS ngOaybedetOVaIOrhQOdAreaagprOCeduOi
Airrgprradia tXtdthurvethetwShadedarenFarea
DPmpnduetOyaWinmVeOCityCr28peradiansec andreadinneWrapOaaXiueJnleabOVePeSSrQ
ROOyaWuP1g00erradian pattrnSthisQindicatesthprurmintensiandthe3itswav
StaticdirectiOnstiCgJuperadian FgthdepgdOnaangyandcOmditiOSThe
DampFginydetOyaWiYeOCiIPupeadiansec pressreriseOnthrOundieducedbyucMachnberin
DampiimyPWdOrOngOCiCPOAperradian reagthQairpaeizaenWeiincrnhehttit
RderpOWern110ONperradian CrrgOnOrWindtnadhtdataOnicbOOhabegOOd
YawmOmgtdetOaimrOndctiOnCL1000Nperradian
uO Acceri
SiderceduetOyaWqCLPuSperradian
SidmPrceduetOudderdectiOnqL11008perradi AhpeSenesevewind tnnhaebeenbitamdOther
DragcOemtatznrOgOnOndgna aundeStulOnStuCiOnWhichwdipOSeaCCdeaIiOnOnthe
11
b 2q
mOdeOrairstreaOrbOgaEyby0ntinhmCOmpntunOna
CentriPgeStiQhataybeadeinmOrthisqpeiudQ
trbinOCadOStudieWaccratiOnIOmOrQnyapprOaChcOn
ditiOnSintheactuaurbinetudiQStOdQtQrinethOectpnacceerl
atiOndOnCOndensatiOnOnaC002rPceadtdiest9dOtQrinhe
ctsOraCCeeratiOnOnYehicbiijetWandablatiThQ
acceatiOnapprOaCFOSgOppOniIylOpgdlhmWhOOr
Windtueesting
uTtin r Ued rS
ManymissinShapesexhibitunsteadypeSurehunctrQOrthe
nO8eandthmbOdycyFderpatiaryirtFejOintibrptT
pmSSueaybedu0paratedbOndaqay3aWeaOthOSe
atnnateysepaatedandaChedThQpn19pQpresslQreadinmS
ayangeptOaperCtOS00rthOdynamicpreIandmce
COnStituteapOtiasOurCQOblenOrmayw0inIheImic
rangQWhereqSpaXim
TanSduceWitheadstO theieiWOikpaOras
FiThnywundeddgs
pOecanbeinstaainwitnnelmOddirFispnOmenOn
SpreSebutntuthuctiOnSSnemtObepctedbymOde
SiNeand0eW0kmeedbedOneinIhaeabeeOdapOan
tOESCanbQadneence0aybecOnSar
inmatiOnOnteStSOrthiSpaapn
uN Testim MHQ
MesthathavesnnONNenhpvOabaatinprObleduO
tOareciratiOmRintOthebasenasaret
OrjeteestreaintOraCtiO5briatiOOmtStand
CsOeqpeiidrOCketsningOrthePrichturb
rear0WmeZNesarm
empOyedEuantegCeCanadtObasOFeainglmOneimsIaEaiOn
tempeatueOrFweemeaSedOmIhQmisebasepnd
U08FOnthemmpatinthQpanOOrIheZ2es
MissiebasQheatinmaybOWeEEatedinWindtunnbutwitF
SstantiaFNardirthe2eperatueOrthOhOteXhauEdcated
NOrmaHybOthhighand0SpedtestsarnneedandtestsshOEdbe
k runwithariOuSnOZNenOperative
uu Fist Or Su erin Wimd TunnS
FipiOb00mpguOPpSrnwindtS TabnSapartiaistOrthperSOnicwindtunnthi
COuntryandarOundthewOr

TablelO1

MachNumber TttSCtioJ1 HmXI hn
0rganiation Tunnd Location Type RangSize
OR RemarkS
pSIa

AGOVERNMENT

805656545454
AEDC El TullahomaBlowdown 15501212l to0
Tenn
AEDC PWT TullahomaContinuous 1O l1603t010 2100Ohp
Tenn
AEDC A
TullahomaContinuous 150400013to200 lOO000hp
Tonn
ASD2Lt WrightFieldContinuous 1550242403t045 Deactivated
Ohio
ATL172inch PtMugu 1251721 DeaCtiYated
CaI
ATL1416inch PLMugu 251416 Deactivated
CaI
8RL Nol Aberdeen Continuous 145015137100 13000hp
Md
BRL No3Aberdeen Comtinuous 13l920151560
Md
DTM89inch Carderock Indrart 01l595515
Md
DTM812inch Carderock Indrart 10121215

DTMB18inch COCk Indra 02l5181815

NASAAmesbot Mott Conthuous 065226415 50000hp

FiddCaliL
NASAAmeS7bot Mott Contimuous 4357230200000hp
FkldCal

690
NASAAmes7bot MomIt Conlimuous 15257230
FieldCalir
NASAAmes l x3bot Mott Continuous 11512342MO 1000011p
FieldCalif

00000
777

NASAJPL20inch
0016

Pdena ContinuouS 12561200370

alir
NASALangl401
h
03
000

LanglFiddContinuous
PI

14728744 20
h

VL
Y
dF

nr
h

NASAbIey4boI
h

eyFieldContimuous 29l544
n

3150
V

9qSqhC

NASALangley4545mot eyFiddComtinuous 1424545 210

NASAbngley20inCh

LamyFiddBIowdown 2452020 25110

1

Var
l
5

NASAbngl901 bnglFioIdBlowdown
2m

30X6

Cleveland0 CleYeland0 HuntSVill

NASALewis68bot Conlim10u5 0816

NASAbwis lOmot Continuous
l

2351010
l

NASAMarshal17inth Imdrart 5077

A
l
a

NASAMarshall linch HunbYiIl Blowdowm 04j01414

A

AI

NOL N01

WhiteOak IndraR 02501616 15

M

Md
NOL N02
1 5 1

l O

Whit00ak Continuous 02501616

55

Md
NOL3Mwarc WhkeOak Blowdown 352round
Md
SandiaCorpTrisonic AlbuquerquBlowdown O4301212
NM
SandiaCorpPla5magu AlbuquerqueContinuouS 33round
NM
USNMC20inch PointMugq Continuous 102081715165
Cal
TablelO1rOed
Mar TtIRmrks
Organization Tumnel Location Type

BlNDUSTRY AND COLLEGES
80eingC0 44bot SeattleWash owdown 12l244 126520
DouglasAircrart Trisonic EISegundo Blowdown 02351212 2100540
Corp Calir
DouglaSAircmR 4848inCh uSegundo Blowdown 0235448 20350600
Corp C81irJ
Fluidyne 13inCh Minneapolis BIowdown 15513diam 150520
Minn
Fluidyme 14inch MinneapoIis Blowdown 251414 150520
Minm
GcnralDynamics 4848inCh SanDiego Blowdown 05504848 2350600 525pSi
Calir Storage
Grumman 12inch Belhpage Blowdowm 14l02I2 37600520 3000pSi
AjrartCorp NY Storag
Lockheed 4bot Burbank Blowdown 025048X48 20320

Calibmia C0 CaliL

gehp
0000

25510
0600
LimgTemCO 4lbot DalI5Tex lowdown 12504848 2M50
VougbtCorp
MIT NSL Cambridge Conthuous 04101824 110
SuperSOlic Mass
McDonnell P01ysonic StLouis Blowdown 05448 28400
AircrartCorp Mo
Universityor 13inch AmnAibor Indra 1440813 415500
Michigan Mich
UniversltyOr 45illCh AnnArbor IndraR 135045 490500
Michigam Mich
UniYSityor 69inCh Rosemount ConthuOuS 155669 1209006000F
Mhnesota Minn

Yl
NorthAmerican Trisonic lnglewood BIowdown 043577 15140550
Aviatiom CaliL
North American Hypertherma1 tnglewood Blowdown 3035round 1Mw arc
Aviation Cal
jet
NorthropCorp 2fbol Hawthorne Blowdown l5502424 9600500
Calir
OhioSlate 12inch Columbu5 Blowdown 25l31212 3015005001100hp
Umiversity 0
Primceton 48inch Princeton Blowdown 2148 50900 4000
UniYerlty NJ Storage
RepublkAviation 15inch Farmidak Blowdown 15LO1515 500500
NY
United AirCraR l7inch EaStHartrbrd Blowdown 1550171740300510
Corp Conn

CFOREIGN
ARA2bot

M
Bedfbrd Conlinuous

L
14322730
t

P
England

t
H
ARA I2linch

Bedfbrd Blowdown 451216 300

EngIand

n
ARA27inch Bedrbrd Continuou5 5502727
h
r

EJlgIand
ARDE Lowdensity FLHalslead ContinuouS
5

60

England
5

ARL l6inCh Whitky ContinuouS

h

296146
P

England

ArmStrOng18hCh
h h

CoYentry ConIimuou 34114

n r

Whitworth England
Armstrong2inch

Coventry Continuou5
n r

302024
Whjtworth England
2

AVA2inch G6ttingen Indra 202424

Gormany
AVA3mot G6tlinge1 Conlinuous 04533
6many
Avro suprmic Woodfbrd 162020

EngIand
AYrO4bot Woodrbrd

lowdown 2l534
England
AYrO SuOnic W00dbrd Blowdown 352730
Emgland
8AC20inch
1 5

Weybridg IndraR 14352020

5

Emgland
BAC4bot Wanon Blowdown 02l044
Englad
80rbrs12inh
Karkkoga Blowdowm 312diam
Swedc
BristoIAircran20inch
O k W

BristoI
2425

CothuOuS 17l52015
nr

England 81ow
dowm
CAGInewTtO MoOW 20
USSR
DFL20inch Braumschweig Blowdown 102020
Gemany
DVL8inch
AacheIl BIowdown 2288
horizontal Germany


Tbl1010gd

b
R
MachNumbr TStSC10mHmx

m
a

r
0ganizalion Tunnel Lofation TypRange Size psia

DVL 12hAachen 601212

Germany
DVL 24hd Cologn Blowdown 452424
Germany
Blowdowm 228round 3750
DVL ViCal Aachen
Gomatly
EnglishElCtric hch Wharton Continuous 601818
England
EnglishEleclric 4bot Wharton Blowdowm 2044
England

t u
ETH linch Zurkh Contimuous 231616

F
SwitZerIand

n
m

e
O

S
u

80

t
FFA SltoSJStockholm Indra 0536To22

Swedn
FFA Trisomic Stockholm Blowdown 402020

Sweden

Flygmotor inch Trollhaten Blowdown 361818
Sed8m

Contimuous 302024 30
HawkerSiddeley Supemic C

Blowdown 3055 140

l
KTH Supemnic Stockholm
Sweden

ConthuouS 4416JX16 160
LRBAN01Vemon

4747M15
France

11
LRBA N03Vernom IndraR 3588

5
Franc

LRBA No4Vernon Indran 2188
Franc

MAI 24inch Moscow Continuous 302424

5
USSR

2
NAE Blowdowm 02l555

5bot Oltawa
Camada

NAE 30inch Otlawa Indran 03201630
Canada

NAE 3ot Bedfbrd Continuous 2033
England
5

NAEbot Bdbrd
ContinuouS 2788

NAL4bot

hdia
Blowdown 03544

NAL8inch
TokyoJaparl ConlinuouS 267
Blow
down
NAL lmeter
TokyoJapan Blowdowm 303939
NLRL ssT Amsterdam Blowdown 12l044
Netherlands
JLRL cssT Amslrdam Blowdown 001212
Ntherlands
NLRL4hot Amsterdam Blowdown 2l044
NetherlandS
NMAS Supni ParisFrane Continuou5 191414
Nmejelenne
8lowl
down
P

NordSFECMAS Tran50ni ParFrance BIowdown 208

NPL9inch Teddington Induction 19595
England
NPL93inch Teddingtom Induction 193
England
NPL llimch Tddington Continuous 211Xll
England
2 4 5 M

NPL14inch
TddillgtOn Contimuous

21114
Emgland

NPL I41hCh Tddinglon Induction 30141

England

NPL20imch Teddington Indra 12025

England
NPL36imch

Teddington Indra 401436

Englamd

ONERA Auxl Modan Blowdowm 202937

Frane
ONERA Aux2 Modane Blowdown 2

France
0NERA Aux3
5

Modane Blowdown 30diam

Frane
4

0NERA RICh ParisFramce Blowdown 25round300

ONERA s5Ch
0
4

Continuous
k

ChaIais
W

1321212715
Meudon
France

WorldtCOnlinuoussupOnictunnel
 9gq3
b W p p p

1
k h h

a
m
e
h
O LWWaltEJ3gNOSlCssurrObittO
70
R
4 wI0prSNOrt

N HDirFmSObrpnr
Lthditr2l
R hO JDndOLOphEPnt30rEnt
l m

miltHS2unguOhUmivq

Pr

A CJSchu0WTgkO210PICOnIwWFd
TunMNubOgEDCTN
MNumbor TtStiomXI
SizepSia

12722

6 0 4 5
u rQAMOdhanOp
WgTuSC0InnhWgJt
punFbO
H u g h k T r d r M r O m O C W
4755
IndmR41010

1515

1419
58

55round
1818
10

88

CCartUDOnuN
33

AbROmgOmdPqSrgnR0dbS
ll
urTOmprOMCOPVuACASup
5TunINACAuO
GOinSjCOmOrIOrdnS3igOr
Rango

OqSup30WFdTCOAlr
CMWCO0COOmOMOdSnm
Continuous0932

Continuous1430

130

1822
Continuous1430
Contimuous07523

Contimuous45
Condnuous4

30
Indra26

SOmicTuiOrpSCIun
RSiYrPMdOE0SuppOthO
rOdyOhRrrFn
UOrRpOr
JDWSumpISuECTN0
Typo

gOraWgu0pmOr
bhAnOrAInupCA
Location

euYFranco

gFWkdTShOCkgrgeCObFmt

ineh famborough
1010Famborough
lOinch Famborough

Australia
FPrNMppL

Emgland

EngId
England

England
Englamd
LaCour

France

15inch Salisbury
Modan

USSR
USSR

USSR
Tunne19Moscow
Tunn18Moscow

Moscow
3bot8dbrd
WEFJACOrgnISp

bot Bdhrd
tb
MDMcWE
CharOrpnrgspOrIFChIUsinXg
Tunnel
SurNASN

TunmellO
LChrIEROUndysurndSS

S2Ma
MOdhEUMEnI0CEDC

LC
Or8aniation
RAndrWQSpjOrhimOCOOMr

TabtelO1
MachbnrndFOWAupndMSO
CtOSJbsnurgIGeOq0him
peFOWZANu

MOdesthatcanbeeinhyperIuSuayahan
CFptdOYen tOSe WicF Ca

ed in supeSOnictunneSandeS have
maeaup
m
H ercentOrthetesectiOnareaMOdesiNeW
prbabybimitddtheardwakWhichtpkSptOOm
warainthserandbCksidnnestartinThetun
tiOndurin
CaibratiOnanduse expansiOntOthehMachumb3andcOrreSpOnwIepmratureS
SectiOnandtgiitatQhearansrdiesThSrhed
OrFypernictunneS
tHT
dqasinsperSOniCtunStO0ECOndgiOnectsduthQ
mXpanSinOrtaiOhMberndIhOnSequeOW
Gnq
teperaturesThSyaesSOurObemIhaninspeSOnic
HypeISOnicunnelsOperaeintheMachnmbeangr000 tunsbecauseinhepOCe0cOmpeSIheaiIhenecesaq
FirTusyOperaWihsnatinpreSSreSps ShrWSIrIhaIuwatersiy
FFH id
HOSt

ueeNedOutSectiOnN
qdentlyaxiysyetricinstnadrtWdimSiOnaFi
AthryqueyuinthegasOrhypernicwsiscaed
theNewtOnianIpaCTheOyhsIheOyisbaOnIhQpemisa
aStraapprahinganOctwitheChecOpOnent
ritOmentnOa0hegeOrIheOgcamdIhaIIh
CpOnenIrIeaenuWleamFrOm
FhenOcOmpOIOrIheSrna0enuaing
yunitsurnarearanCsPsFIrthi0entumis
mpartOtheOCepeSenIsacepQuniaerapeSe
ApressreCOecientisdneda
C




Whre11preSSureatSepintOnS0ctabs
aStatirnreabI
qHIestreadynampreSSureqb
preSedueIOmOumranreprnIsariseinpreSureabOe
ambigtthat
C
q8Sin
NsFN
ThaebetweentheappraChiairsIreamandanypOrtiOnOraCOni
mentOhergnaxiayymmericbOdybOdyOruIiOn
sdnaby
SinbHSin
 Jitll
h
25
essthantheIaxiaeemIbyIhegOunduetOgt
TectkinctiOn
J
nra3ei
niPUant
AnybOdywEPEumnObunensprecededbyP
nOrckatgpe0peedndIhOprrhaOn
pOimtOabOdydegdbynOrsFOCkriOnP FOrF
i
iOCitycOPO3rwOpOrtCONtOianlPaCtTheO nOrmashOCkat
ClICSin
aeOrattaCk
F

rO
lt
m

lt3R
tlIllt

COnehalran
WhSCpeSreCOeahagOnpOEehindanma
angtWmem tWO panS paSSmth0ghthe axis Orth
shCkquaerheratiO
COnicaem3t0eiesih3mgOrattaCkpaneandthe


OthQrpaSthrOuthQpOintOrinestWhethepOitOr degdbyeqnd
itereSsOnthQWindwardsurPceitQrSeCtiOnWthOang Thevaue OrCiseinSiIiMachnumbrYaOny
OrattPCkpaneOdeg abOut atMach000MacFACpprOXimaIiOnlOeq
EatiOnSNandUmpybecOedt00btainthOprerQ r bOdieithbunengeahencQbewrittem
COeientatanypOintOnabOdythasnOnthOrupStrea
C
pOrtiOnS OrtFn bOdyFOrXapehe presrQ COeUit may bQ
ObtnedataFpOintsOntSPceOra8methatFsanarattaCk TecOensdue10bOdypressurersOmeplebut
essthgthecOnOFrggeWhenReXedspOrtiOnOrthecOne bOdiescanbereadiyObaielUIhebOdybaea
WbeintheshadOWOrdpeppOtiThQNewtOniantheOrySnOt eencQWedmeOrthese

appicableintheshadOWrm80
HnteatiOOrtNewtOnianpeSSurQditibutiOnOVehegeOr
a cOne yis the10WnmmbOdy pressuce cOeientWith
rerencetOthecOnebasearea FOramispherecOeWherehQspheeradiusOmOr
thecOnebaseradiSeOWapprOXiatsareregnabe
PI1NcOSSnRCg
NcOScOSRISin PHNcOnS0
Nsin NcSCSIS
Whe PRSOpeOMPYSRperradian
ThXiPrcecOecientOreqdOeStherceduOtO
prnSreCtinmOnthebaseOrthecOneOr tOSkimPicOnTheaxiarc
TibratiOnOrheeseciOnOahypeSOnicnneSe
COeientdetOOnPCOneOranyOtherbOdyOrreVOOn
SanaSthatOupeSOnicInneLHOWeVerSuChmOreimpOrIant
WitFrrgCmtOthebPSeareaisOnppprOXiatedby
irn
hy
r pe1
S
O
n ic

u
n

ateOVQhecOm

eOrCOnditns
thrwhicFthetumWOperate
Pb1




hthikrgdCarChanin
wFern1Machnuber SupSnitunSAHsO
TheadditiOnOrthercecOeci3tS0eqSeandivesthe
ampe



qusensvetOtOtaem
tOacecOeientduetOpeSeHOWeVerhisreswie thmarearat reqiredr


2
idicatesthaherQOtem
eratureOS betweenthhrOatandthet
SeCtiOnead OrtgtOeiinaIeheaxEgradienhepract

utntOeareSeEin
ashethrOata
r
pandtdetrmie
StatmaIhehS0hahmyCanbeappliedecaibratiOnand

InadditiOOaXiadienIriOaIeraeperaredientsinthe
SchagraeIhulerehanhXCeptThesOStbQ

iedbeunwcanbeacEeinIIeCiOnSectiOn
P

n 1 1 rl r l r l r r

WhenacOnigNNEeiCaedEeCeOmakQ
dedVeyOmOhmgFwEcOdehetested

tSandlhMachnberadlhedient
StagnationtemPeratureR

m
u
k nO
T rWnt
l O
C
d e
a 1

e I

hQd
21a
I
a
1 prOp

WhietheunenerSpendseea0edeermggg
theOdinEslu0eieIherargOp
t

tcharswgdeeIhabreemperaued

MachnbahichcanFOrnearCgniCd

ernIuOperaIeperalurthewhOe
N

peratiOnalramayb01edOnaSeaIypaperature
detepeaIureesaresandhueeermaysee
atancethedsberperghewEObtaimOuStune

Jl 01 J
P U J prSrmndMachnumbSee

l I l
t
boOCnO
J j

l
l l

tt
I
TunneIstagnatOnpressurepsi
U

Ximumtem l e

l l l

dCrOthrOatch

NOHNethrOat

Ul J O O

V
FigMn0agnnlaIrOOnglhXhOg

8 l 8 N J 8 N lD 8 tlJ 8 1 tO
cFrOrPnmcFdwlndIunidcircarOgur

Ma l
l I l
dOinttiOnnOhOIhlgpOdF0r

L
cenasOperaingIempOincnaSnS

O t
ientay
ASniaxiaepratur

thQSinhambQrihheempeauredecayngaSthenONNhr
ippedaOWninFigUhidciCesOrFigpOtted
1LritrJnnerPturneaSure
anONhrOattiOnateStSeCtiOn FMdOrPgIy0unrMach
data
ubQrP
mentshQWayyPinwiIhhese11igCh Je
eperatur
5
It

2
letmineIheMachnuberamddicpeeOr
FOr hypersOnic tCnnes the widQariatiOn pus the
anairsteaWheneaSueduesa01pressueFpsia
ariatiOn Orberwith tePeratureakes necessary an
tprrQOpteperat3
OpeaIiOchareachMachnubOnesuchchasshOWnin
Fighecurve8equeandwdwOkanytunnenthe
CaatgpressureratiOg
deCiedIepealureandpeSueranbuhQCtOine
NEnterTabehpeSgOanddeterminethQcF
epaIiaunTheyaedetiPpraCticaunne
nmberc0eSpOndi10pmraiOnThiis
OpmOnSIandpOinITheh1neaybeahtanr
uEtrFigIuORanddeterineau
iitebbbediEngaStruCturaiitust reSSrQ We
m
0
ratiOiitTheineitheOryandcOudbeusted p
inthetOrtheOreetdatrRe
etheexpeeaIi00byIhrObtaFa
Detqin gasug
AsinuPernMachnubeinhypeSOnictunnesS
EnterTabhprerainddmimcOrr
SpOnMachnuberwhichisAN
awaybtainedbySingbleaSreentSWhichdi
andReYnOdsnuer PThOMachnubeOrOeSnOIaiIhlatOrEteratiOn
031hOninsp30miCtnneS
isrequ5dEntnrFtMacNandJRdet
OtpreSSureSinhyp30mictunswmany
ShOd bQ made tO enSure ththe
nber basnd minePVaueO
becaSe inaccurateaSur

mnntS arikeriSOW 0
er the rati00rpitOt prnSSure 100apeSSue is Obtainedhe

deterinatiOnOrMacFnuberiscOnideycOpicatedirtheair
DividetheexpameaiylraIiOOrndObtain
MabOVebecaueOrthegasectdiscSSed
itiOnhedurdeIerinimMpnuberthe
anewprtgasuefttg0120
nterTabeNahessureraiOamddeemhecOrreSpOnding
ratiOandaeaSuedttaeperaturnsth MachnberwhichisAN
PTheMachnmberOr00eqneahnMacFnberOrnO
EnteheperctgastabesTabNwiththepressureratiOand
heitiOnSareedWiIhinheacCura80hereadingsm
detninCOreSpOndinmMachnube
FndtheinIerpOaiOOmMachnuberOrthe
PHnterFhisMachnuberandaheeaSuredJand wmaybecaledPN
deterinearatiOtmpererT
EnterTabaaMacFnberOanddrminethQ
UDietheperienprnSSrOratibythratiOdnterminedin
VaFcOrreSpdingIOperSequaIiOSTEFOi
t00btnacOrreSpdingvaFeOp EnterFiaMachnumberOndeperaIure
EntertheperctStabeswiththisueOrFanddeterin
ORanddeIeinethaueOr
acOrrmSpOndingMachnube
uJrthmMghnumberObtainedinedOeSnOteqthatSedinN



ewithtMachnmberandepeatWhentbQtWOMach 0UN
rr
nubeSageh
Muythu0bylhuOmtOdeterminQ
TEethOdOrdeIemnmMachnubereaurndpeSSrn
thethaypergugEyiedueO
iOSisbOthabOriOSSdinpccaehighpeedcOputerihighy
0Nl00
desirabetaskTheiteratiOnehOdiShOWninExPpe
g 2
StaticpressrenCOneSandwesFv0huhOrkmOWed
beenSedibhypersOniceSNeihehavaIre0
rObesbeenSedAthOghdetaiediOrStat

inpersOnicwareavaiabei
expectedthataabQprObQ
WemOedilOdehaneCcebOundaq
rsarecOa11hMachnbehebdaq
ayerbuipOnaindiiaveIhmeeCOnpreSSe
NlN

meaSureentSaengthQpObOtheedgrIheOundaayer
Verticaistancefromnozzleaxisinches

diJacemenhickneandremOV
L l I
ayerAside
theseaeOdyna
prObemFe preSPpersOnictum

arOqeOWandinanWFccuraIOpreSSemears
arXtrmy diutpical rets OribratiOnO detQrine
teStiOnMachnubeSinahyp30nicInaepeSenIedinF
u
Ueterini lOW An
FOWangEaityFhyp30nictunnesis
t

mOStquentydeterined
bOnnmpmCudedan0NOdedeck
WaVeSnCOneWiththmEghergS
theFyper
l

SOnspeedraneandthesurPCe
prereariOnWithan02ttack
antbyatedAvariatinrprObeOrgackisthe
OStSipemethOdOrdeerminiprObeenSiIiYithOYariatiOnOr
l

direntiasurgQpreeWiham0a1ackaswe1asIhey
dOrdeteningpObeaSdyamicseQFi

int
Sdt00btaimincreaetiYiOmeaSrhiemcebeem
MghUber
RNft
Sty abOYethQSurPcQOrthQCOneat demintnr
D ON Nps80F
NOups8F


OX
NNp008F
5gu ECrduberOnMachnumberandMach2bmdi
utiOninOnOtunnRarPWn0QP
UMipytheunOrq0bythetOEpressuretOdet
minOIhedynaicpeSSurtheWThisyiedsq11g
psi
TSrSdetermiinmFyp30nicMacbrS
t Fn ShadOOrppwampnOurIeyArd
caSetheMacFwaaetOChaeOnlydegtOS EgDnent

1
 2
pObesaybeSedtOeaSuepQSSueepOSiiOnSinIhbOund
aqersiEtaneOyTheOpenendOrthQprObhOudhavea
diaetQhatismaealive10hebOundaqayehiCknessinOrdeO
aOidaveagngaangeOpeeSOnemOdthatFasbeen
usedintbicOnOrpObeshinbOundayayeSihegOWg
takeangTiChirnadiametrbrasstubeanddrawiOaminter
VerticadiancefromnozZIeaxisinches

diaeterOrginchHOnOpWIhicknnSSOrgOuinchnd
t00btaimanriOgOnchhbygOincFwideThe

U N

preSSureSeaSuredbythOpitOtprObeaIeachpOiiOninbOundaq
ayeaediEedbymeedunnQpeSSue500btainuesO

theratiAicaOtOrthOWdistancOmthONN

WnOnQhypersOniunnepretedinF
TemOStipOtantbOundayerpaaeerwiIhregOnOZZe
l

design isthedis

aceentthickness nOrdertOdtinm diacement

thiknS0tFatilieCnSSarytmakWSSptiOnS
t

gg
bl

l
FWadem
Figq FWanaaiRedrawnrrORr00

Distancefromtunnelwainches
AshadOWphilu1aingaprObeIhauseshismethOdispeSentedin
FigDaIawangaiyseinOneWindtunneaepr
SentedinFig
q Deteri Trbuence FeYe
TOOrknOWedgeSiantnrthasbeendtedtOthedtr

g
minatiOnOrtrbEencQesOrhypeOnicunSTheageCOtaCtiOn

E
raiOS0mOShyp30nicunaveaIendencytOredCetheturbuence
percaevenheIesiOnIOinsignipOpOtiOnS

g
SYn tFndpr

g
SueyIhebOundayayOrahypeSOnicluneaQ8yequied
ywnhnnewisnOwhaliwasdesedtObeandthetunne
isbeingdeed 00bON O0808Ob00N
eneerisIryig10dwhy0WhBa newnOZZe
i
andthetnnengmeerWantStOdOurthebOndaryaye
SedihedeignOrape0nON2eweeScieyaccurate FigL00atiOithatirpittprOSSrOinlhbOundar
gundaryayersuryaeadewihpi0prObesAsirObe StrattaprurWdtancOthunewanchp30nictue
HqU
aybeusedl0aerSeIhebOndayaye0arakeOrSeVeratOt
 2u
SSCtnmeaturdeitiTheatiOnO8akes
usrtheequatnOrStateeqandthQCaatiOmO8akesuse
OreqSead
nthQbndarylaynrFaariatiOnWithVity
AtnaChpOintEFebOndaayeWeapitOtpreSSureiseaSured
gdriesmtestrePmFQattheedgeOhebOundaryayertO
theOWtepaerered
Iwapera2ttnO22ewaThatis
uTheeaedpi0peSueidbyIheeaSuedIunne0E
q peSSuy00banheaiO8



1 1 m l ThratiOrP8msdiedbytheratiOOrm
btaFtheratirPSincelhtbOundary
ayesasumedequa0hereamicpresehiatiOisthe
whS ql10YOCityinbOndaryayersec
vaFeOrbundar
0veOCityintheeeajOutSid the bOundary
TabeenteredEthisvaueOrOObtainthe0MacF
Fyersec
OCaOtaperatureinbundaryayerI
ueOrMachnubebtainratiO
tem eratureOrthenOZN
R

thebOundary Or8and
8tOtempmrate intheesteajustOtSide
FyeR eqseandeOWiniOnbeIweenvOCIy
andtOtaeperauisObtained
WgQipOSibOmakObOndaryayeaiOnSincFding
eFiiSedOdOnebecaSelhQCaatiOnSeqeiteatiOn qEe
andCyCOmpexFrtunateyhOllinmany EquatiOnSuandearbined100bainlheOWi
persOnic witnnes are Or SeCOndlOrdnr ipOrtanCeThea
quadticin
bOundary
caatiOnSaSSmhaIairisapeSFOrreySOra
mrmadilhcOnnIgnn0apeatreandpeSure
q8PI
aIiOnStmpSar10Wng EquatiOnissOved
urthQVaeOrMachnm
usmearedvaueOMJ8and
thepStreratiO
0pi10pnSeaeditheesteapatOrtheuVey andtheestreaVeOCiqm
OrthebOndaryayareaveragedTresEtingaagnisdividd EquatiOeivedh0OCit
yusHaeS
bymnaSedgnnE0alpeSSre100bainaeapitOOtOta OrmJgandJ
pressuelatiO ThuOrPmedbytugr000t0
PTSeredahisuOrtOObtainaestrea 0btainaueOr1
MacFnmber8esubscript8denOteSestrea usthevalurJgmandtheueOr
0he
UTabsenteredtFereaMachnubebtai eqatiOnOrStateeqissOvedhedens This value Or
streampressureperrenddensityratiS88uHLuad densityisultipiabythOdensiratiOOm
ObtainthelOCa
38 deSity
FreestreamcOnditiOnS5hnnCOpeleydeedSigtFe uThOCaveOCandthdensity
streaMacFnGmberOrNheratiOSOrandtheeaSredtOtal idtOObtainthCitydensityprOduct The rre
teperatuedprSSurO StrajVeOCityandthernadSiq are uEpied
tO Obtain theaVeFdgSityprdUsihese
8J8 VeOCl1deSitypOducIseCandeeinh00aryayedispac
8888 ehicknestheOWinIeaIiOn
pOH888


00

g
Re 0ds Nuber C
WhereIdistaCetheONNwaO t1e Surey StatiOnT
ndayayerEhypecspeedrereaithickandOrn
screesrtebaayereraOr
AThe itegratiOn Oreq00s accOplished by
ra hicaeaS
te
betweeSCkwavesandbOudaayeFOe
r
1jhdCPem a cOne Or
0Pkp
WedeadihOCkahypeSOnicdWeeyCOSetOthe

DurinhecabratiOnphaseOuttimaFyPerSOtuet00peT SuThebOudayayeOnhQ0hewedgeOCOneWe
t amipOrtatpahedIancebeWeenIhesurandtheck
UndehesecOndinlhOmOdecann0OnbecOnSidered
isOnthestartmadOperatFgcOpeSSiOnratiOShetueThes
testswdresutsthataketpOSSibetOiitFeeih00dOr

bidigaOdesOe2turetestwhisthahetune hasapraydependeCReydsnumberWearesaygIhahe
Otbestarted OCkagetestsayakeSeOrayShapeOdeFat arOundavehiceapeSOnicspeedisdndeO

isey tObetested ithetunnehOughtheOreSuaslapeSaree asntextenOnnbeeandent
CeientinaddiIiOnIOdagaikebedbynOdsnumber
ThOundaay30nmOdesinersOnIcunsaren0m
tunnedOWStreaOrthe diseareeaSredwipressuretraSdCerS yCeyinHWSIha
AnOZZewastaticpressueintheviciityOrtheOdenthetestsectOn thebOundayreanW0heprObem0ObIaini0parabe
isredwithatransducerThetunesbrOghtuptOtypi gsOVehOdemIhnandheSevehicmint
IntathypeSOneedshCmisOhaOn
runSOamireaOnabyshrROE

tueWhenthQShOCksystepaSSeSthrOuthetestsectiOnhewa numbeSaShasOuIransiIiOnhaeenrepOrtedOn
StaticpeSgeWdeceaSeSddyindicatigthatthetnehasstarted
ThnStartin ressiOnratiOiscakatedP0the SeEigChaberand
dOWreapreSSureS idated at this tie OrtunnestartigTFe ayeipshOudbSedhegeneraacIiceatpreistOteStOde
WithOtanins1ipiypeOnIumSndthahe
tSarhendWhenthesCksyste
eSupStreapaShnOdehe
SOdeaSeXlensiebOayasOetat
1t1rl

ThminituneOPeratigCOpreSSiO rat i
s Whichsbexpected
O
nntt
hhe
Vve
hh
iic

eit
nh
e
hn
ta
I
th
re
an
sri

i
n

ay

SeEigChaberadthedOWStreapreSSreSidicatedahtieO betrdPS inatthepaaIhiaynObeeasy

1
tunestOpP3g With iCreaSi
bdaryayerbeceSincreasy
ThistetprOCndreWbeOWedr OdelsiNeS
atSayOtOabOeOudaryaye
mtihetartigOrOperatimCOPeSiOnratiOareea0ablyhigh reainppedbychbasweded10mesudOneay

111
Ortihetunnewi1nOtStartataInaddittOSerVgaSauSeru SulysaytrinS
idesizig2teOdeShedatatObtaieddeetheequied RenceugShainheranuVhereyds
OpeatingcOditiOnScOpeS0OrCOtiuOuStunnendak nubereauaedaheOPOherOughneS
pOSSib avaaberutieCauatiOnSPnterittenunels
uO Stti
T00kOWednO data OnOdestatigOadin hypeSOnic WheregHeOCec
tunelshavebeepbishedHOWeVerited persOeerienceat deSitySugs
MachquhasidicatedthatstatiadsareOteaysOSeVereaS ViscOSityLbS
idtedSpeSOictueiSectiu
rOgheSShetP
 2
ShOEdincrease0OatkTtON08atU eeXPerT itCetainIhaIgaOn0hebancewieatedmOre
mgFamindicatedthatp2rtherincreaseOraSCha ercentay thangagesOnhIhersidehes0unebaancQhnrQ
beCQSSa nOakencareOrbyeperaurm
rthhQ
1
TFededdragduetOtheminimumrOuneSirOpOrtiOtOthe dnce
ctiOnOrtsuadOrOreatiOtOthSrgeReasOnab MdsusOhsOVVebanceIepuepObnm
gsPrAbduetOrOnessrun00000OgOAnalternativn

teStmatalminheeShbeenwOkedOuIg
tthXyakesitaSi

IrbOndaryaynrdeS nOt OCCur On thQ mOdeand ithe thanOneminuIemeres0genacEedbythQ

bOdaryayeS nOt QXtreme ativO tOOdedimensiOnS insidsOrIhQOdusiPebetweenthe
reasOnabyOdstabiiqdatacanbbtainedwithtestReynOdsnubers baancmStandthmOdebasetOminimize
CircatiOn 0hOtrF
OWreatigeteynOdsnmbersUndehesecOnditiOn thQbaancecav
mOddractedtObeessOraprObhanintransOicand InaddEOntOeclnbaancadinn3maImgOnlhind
SpernictnneleenWithOutedtanSitiOnWihinceaSnpeed WardandeewarddesggQayCa0
theskFictiOn dra
Theticpresse
CantprOpOrtiOnarticyirIhenIOdiamraIiOihThis
eiscOedbymOdengImimIIIenIOpn
OrthwbecOmeapOtiOnOrthedynamicpree0ha tuayaObeaaledbyinCeamOdhickng0y
YariOrsOetweenabsONeO andticprrm StesghaswEchhaOWCOeiOrthera
CannOtbQeXpatOCauSmHCebOndaryayer eXpaSm
COnditiOnndstingectEdbeOrprtanCe AnOtherprObeminhyp30nicCesEs
OWmOde
particu
arthrMachnubrAeOdynamicOadneCamay
11htlrtI
t
reO
FOrCestnp30niEaOnOtdirinprOCedreOmtFOSe
inperSOnictnHOWQherrQawprObeSinpers02C tO gdthemOdebmuIalsObewenOutObeSitis
rlLriI L
tun2CetettdOnOtstintFeOWeSpeedtunneS SrthanthemOdeWhIApr0mmikIOdOphese
persOnictmmOEnYaiabyeheatndairandtheOdesare COnditnsisacOntinuOgOW

0heOddduin
therePreateddurithetestsCaremustbetakentOenSurethahe atestThe gOnCaneaSbO
OrientatudetOCauSeOde
mOdeheatindthmhedairdOnOtacttheectisigS ineaaOadstOJQaSig8mpOnOeaerstO
u
thtrainbaanceTheQWprObabybQSiatterate gmeUndergCOndi0aF8nnOtObmed
ehCOnbance readOutattemperatreSWeeOWthOSe
CegtFOdinhegeStOtheexueSThectreiktO
CircEatiOn Orairthe
OdeWiththeOddat
iCn
anangeOrattaCkSurPcOheatinateSOrtheOdeWbeherOnthe tuaVMachnmmSOnisdemiby
WindwardsidethanOntheeewardelrthisheascOnductedthrOugh ibatiAhisMachnuma1grt
thQWa150hOmOddherewiEbehOtteSuenprOXiitOthe dynamictOtpemdhOiExgpe
StraineOntFOrthebaancethanOntheeewarde
OW
TEscOmditiOnWicaemenatingOrtenSiOnandcOmpeSSiOnga
OrmOmemtbridSWithacOnSeqentStraingagesaduetOtepeatue AsentiOnednSectiOnEcEiSShSpeedtuns
IrairisciratigmthemOdeashrObaancecit arndespassththrOthsttntwOtes

t 11



h 9
usingadOpaSSSySterdeeaSetSySteSenSitivity CurrentwOThewOrCurrnizestheWdWith
HOWeVerhasbeenPunddicubtaigOOdscherenpicturesO theresutthat ShOCkwavesarecaShOWm FrOguarphOtOgraphpnd
thOWaOudaOdewhenlhepreureSithetestsectiOOraWid areuChOreVisibeinschHmenphOtOgraPhsthaninscEieenphOt
tunnearelessthanabOu evenwiththesmdOub graphstakenwithOuizatiOnFigLThepOWeSySteShOuldbe
passsysteSessuresbOW yarCOOninwdtu itkapSSibywithPtOprVirytO
MachandabOVe persOn
T00btaibetterOW aOWttiOnprmSSurnShO
A Tei NOSm CO
JetrOpusiOnLabratOryFauSedanEPbtOiOniNetheair
intheWldOrPOdeL AnisplacedPwiChesupstream NOSeCOnmS dirP0annd rentrybOdieasPraswindtunnel
andawinchesabOVetheOdenthetestsectiOP ApOtentiaOr8v testreCOnCernedinbeinmOru00tO81bLn
directcurrensestpbishedbetweentheeectrOdnandtheOdewithP muchsarnOSehaan PO0deandinsgPr
sa08duigrentyWed
twOtypeSOrnOSnCOneSaneuVerngandnOnaeuYengMangveng
nOSeCOneS haeCOntrOs and aaEerstaticar iin OrdertO redCe
therOrinentSthatmutbOVeCOebycOmt0
IngeenOSeCOneSOrattaCkyEeduring
thepartOrthctOygdOWggmSAde
durigthartNVerthSFhYhilm
Fp
besugctedtOeey COuntreaSureSthat
WantdatathrOuOut
ranFOheangVermgtypeStheect OrCOntrOIsrPce
extensOrjeteuxwiErequirOata
MOdesarSuayadeOrStaesssteeOreassandareted
WithOuraSitiOStripsAbatiOnaybesiuatedbyarpPHedsuPce
rstatictests
SiCehypeiccOeCntChangebt HnwithMachber

increentSiMachnbmrareSedPrwindtnneestsFOrnXa
EbeadequateheMachnberangQbetwe
awnOralbeObtainaatangHettaCkiC
ancreenIsrpepegIhr
MaeuVernOSOCOeSWOraynOteatObe
tetedOeraSWidearangOralQOrattaCkasnOnanOugnOSm
COneSAtyparaaneuenmnOeCOnmghncudOmang
VerigpdeDectiOSOrOL0OanduOdegagesOrattaCkOr0
udngandyawangesOrOandOdBasicdata0aOdeghar
angenOSeCOneteStatMacOareOWninFigLThnCOrreatiOn
OwindtnnedatPWithaHQparaetSisggmrayOdhO
tSduetOReynOEsnberdienCeSayberequied
SendernOSeCOnedataarSuayreducedbyngtOtaOnhra

rergCeegandbasearearEeCeareaWhihnbuntnr
typesbaeaeaanddiaeteraybeSedrreenceSiCethebOdies
FigLSchpCurOahypeSOnIunnthwithiOiiOnOr
hOPOWnld aeyeticn00dataaretakg

Jul

2

u
N
l
NormalforcecoefficientC

PitchingmomentcoecientCmC

82028
l
t

I l N l O

l
l
iaHorcecoefficientCA

l0J

01 N
AeOfattackeg

O NOCOnOdIICOciasaOnOdeggIhadb

rrtiiYggimgpa

AwrdrWarmngTheequatinSrmtinrentqbht
trtriSFmwrkedbyrsandthe
WindtueeerWiHdOWeOaCCIhenewnOeatre
arnamiparaetQrSandsaQargentIeVenthOhQmayPd
himsngsuchsacreuSSymbOsasPrO0andsO
rth
u Ttin
TnmamrgngrenqvehicesiNegeadynaicpeSSure
andFencQhavnatdece13iOnSandheaigaIes1hemayng
typemuStanditscOmSequenthdnCeratiOnSThi
ac83plishedbySiaOWrthrderOrBthe
naneVeredtypesFasMercFiadApOay
riticarctOriestheaneuVerinDyaSOarlJeiceswhOSe
L
00
AOJtackdeS
PisrertherderOrq3bAwwOrdsOntheaer
dynaicpObeSOreaChandtheannerinwhichwindtunesare
neededaeglenbeOW
PFCr The naneuVerngmanylgr
ntryVhicessChastheMercuryFandtheApOOast
thirattitudSthaheyhaetheiraxesrgIhe
pathdurigretryThereergythenisdissipaediaSle
pFgendintterinaCthevehicleandrugaparaChute
wate0andipaCtWiIhOuseiOuSCOqemCeSI0hea0auS
WhietheiritendedattitudesencpaSSSalasreatietOtheght
pathlerityOrOrdeandsthaheyrOugh

3 2
FighMSuqpPQSCOurteStiOAS
nicndSpOAgen
thbptackrahapSibleOnyateg
AccOrdiyWidtnneestsmbeadeVeheentireangerange
SlnSeriesOrStin0ntaSdeCribedinFigNAngksOryaW
enneCeSSarybecauOrthmCOmpetesyelyDaIaSCFa
testarhOWninFU
rThm manCaryngaeuerabrentry
EceOsthppOrtuniqtOaneuVeSthaandayOCCany
Wh3ingarathUnitdStatesargeraP
0uOtON00iSFOrOntarae
isprOVidediemttpOritatreaSabeedTwarky
diretthOOutWaysiilatypeSarpOSSibeFOrOrbitaveOCities
say000ecitappearpSetChevehicebyh
h
murFPeCiticavOlOCitiessaysecandabOe
retryteperateSabOnpeSenTdayradiatC00teCFqueSW
bedeveandatiOnateiamustbeprOVided1thiscasetFe
Jtll
l
A
OW
b8
FigNpicaOdhggrgackrq
bOdyt
desicrriOnitPbeabetOFndrThe
burnOrthQabatiOnmateiaedCeeaSS00gpeCen
adtendstOOVethQCentOrOr rmarWard WhereasthQeXpd
OEPluSuayOVeSitrward
FOrhervehicleradiveOrabativQC00edrentryStbeade
atasaEansayNdeBbeOWthetangenOtheearthshOri
ZOnwhiethehiceitseinitiauyataharattaCkarOund
degAhretqbeginandthQehicealtitedQCreaSeShO
dynaic pSueisesThOYCQ angOra1ackip0SSiYey
decreased P0itsinitiaYaeinaannnrtOCauSQaCOrOledNOO
accderatiOnayOqThiCCeeOnCaSQthOYehicOrisep
000tO000tterhapsgtdeThQppSrthe
Z00mtOSOWthehicmdOWntFnaetytrctOryW
resEt in aaer aueQm TnberOrNOOmSruiredwi
increaeWiththeinitiahEeOCityFOuOWthQNOOSWhenthe
peiOdOrtiehenOHedtOadeeattiIQamainIainedinthis
attdQaperiOdOeipaCtpOgcOEdbeOtheinitgineO
tbutatakssnr ranthaWithOuhmrOFOhOtestrentries
theehiceaybe inpdegattitePrtded
periOdsasaeaSOrCingthQWnthOpiOtdrig
thQetyAsWindtunnQSaneuVengryVehicSuS
h 9
Q
b
N
d

E
P

q E
O O
N
P
N


1

E

O

P
U P
IPI PON
PlO
PC n
l

IP IPN
IP

gT1
AcFdrnFdAcFd
FFu HytPmt02rndOEdimppOSdS0eper

bedatpersOnicspeedspashOangOCOrreSpOndFgtO
SincenOShar breaknthecOeientsarecOmmOnthe

angOSaybQp10yedsay udebEalxcOpOnentSOrrces

0 N
ll N

l 1

AhcFde andmOmentmuStbetPkenmditiOnanCmbROrCOntSinS
mStbOedDmctiOnFatmOhmCOntrOntOtshadOWOr
FiU NOS08ddOmarattpCkrangOCOci
bpsaOnbgOPanddFt thewmaybQXpeCtObnByOhasQctiv
thanthOeOYitintOthOWTypiyinthOhyp30nicrangthe
COeitSWarybEiewitFMacFnumbeandOidey
paCedlnmberabested
COrOnOrndunnelwiFPscadaathesEbbybOdh
asthatshOWninFigSeryimitedWhatexistsemStOShOW
OdequiPrand AandreirCbErme
unexpainedrnaSOnShOWSp00rCOrreatiOnWiththQyaWingdata
TStin
nadditiOntOtSm0MdymamiCStabiityrtW00techniqumS
FigA SchOTqglidr arereceiiOmeattentiOnaFigpnedsOneOrthnSQihme




OnteChneusCrSSStrutdesuppOrtSySteaSShOWn
imFiP InthiSySetheOdnspi0edOnaShaexending
thrOghtheesOrthemOddinsteadOr0thQOdebaseThis
methOdOrOdeSppOtdObtedycteSanin1menceOnIheaP
pOtiOnOrtheOdenOtpeSetWIhSuPp0HOWeVnSOe
evncehasbnenObtainedindicatingthahisBteXtreeyipOrtant
WithregardtOdapngOmeaSurementSOrOdesOrthpeshOWn
inFig
ThOtheChniquQ reCeng SOe atteOn ia nOYet
tnChniquedeveOpedbythetPrOpEsiOnLabOratOryReInthis
techniqePOdeSPendedinIheesseciOnbyaIaEwir
tendin0ttOptOthebOttOOrthetunThewireisweakened
insidethOdesOthPtwireakwiIhasighincreasOinIeniOn
ArthetnneSOperatingheneededincreaseinensiOniappied
athewireipedOEOrthmOdetheIOpandb00n
tmOdentintheaiSteamatanaeOrattaCkThOtn
OrtheOdesubsequtOeasQisrecOrdedbyhispphOtOgrap
SOmetieSakiSOrtheOpticsOrtheschieenSAreencm
disphOtOapFaaOngWiththOdeOprOearmC
meaSrn Odea eetOthewdieCtiOnandeaSnm
mOdedispacQmThecaerampeQdaccuratetiedsOthat
the timnteVabetweenubseqntes knOWnTFs a te
EstOqOrOdeattiteisObtainedThOdapngencOeien
arethenObtainedbyinsiriadapngCOientstOherwith
Static aerOdynaic cOecientsLntO
prOamntiheObseratrctOqis
FigCrOSSutmOddspPOrtambydyaicstabiHtestigCOur
tmJtPOplsiOFbOratO
93
FOhistOChniqueeaateSOrthemOdamrOdynamichPraCtastics
mStbeaYaiableWhentheseestimatesObtainaispObl
S
iintheed OrViQWOrthnCaOra
1sinteinOmOthahighmChniquQhasObenuSed
tOObtnmeaSementSHthastadinthieSpeCttha
presen0tQhewinthOciniqOrtFmOdeasm
On tOet testinmdSnm thQ WirO SppOrt teCFniqg
mOdeFaObegPeddpStrnamintOthWOmPpOintdOWnStream
OrthmtsgtiOnWindOWP ThieOhniqdFOWSthOmOddtOrOmaimin
thedOrewOrthQWindOWwicQamgPSdOehewirQppOrt
tnChniThisaOWOrQCyCOSOrmOddOSCatiOnrdFraCti
DsOrapnmumatiCanChrandOnmOddgmandricatiOn
mmthOdarQpreSentaiN
DynaictestingathypersOnicspeedsisrdativelyntnbracesbOth
edOmetrymOdesandtFOSnWitFpbatinmsPqAnytepanned
inthdshOdiudnadeYOnOrthsQtptO
COneCQinthQdataThesQmightinCStudiOOrthQOCOrSti
intergCeynOdnmberheredCtiOnOrtPredampmgthrOF
theuairbeariand sensitiEierenyStemStOFepint
ndeStanding Or the bOundynr behPYiOrAly signit
StepwardinthiareaFpsbn3mebythQFEdynQEnineerng
COrpOratiOnWhereaateriahgbednOpathatabatesan
trectOry teperatureSjust as the nOraySed Pbatig COngS dO in th0
gFramgetsstudyingdynaitabiwitF
abatinmmOdesseemtOindicatethatrOnCethQpr0ynknOWP
ects wOrk in the rit directiOtOWard lnCreaSn
SurPceabatesApitOaidintheareaOrnOninmarCOQcigt
iCOmpainmdataObtainedma0CatiOnSWiththatObtaina
OmFOSCiEatiOnS
q Ttim Pr HmTrpnsr
HeattransdepeSamOngOththiBOnadirgCeintempmra
tubetweenthObOdyinquiOnandthOStagntemperatureO
airstrePm AccOrdingyOnemCOndgtheattransstiesinE6m
SmgnitrarerPtedmOdelEd2rstreamPtmOdQrPtetempera
tnSOraheatedairstreamandpmOdelatmOdmratetempeGrH
neOnQWOudbeFppywithatemperatQdirentiaOru00FtO
wOrkwithSOmeteStShaQbe3mQWithaslitteaF
HaraSrratjaSumnhriandspriBwind
tunsareadebySnithnrthethFOdeskintechniqueOrthQh

transgaPdSCribedinSiOn9UncOntinuOSWimdtunneS
tFOdembepOtedmtheaiIStrmamdheimewi
beiFbiiZedinthQtneOtFttEmmOdeskinandthat
tranrgeSFaOWtFemamaandexpOSOthiS1eam
pmattnrOrOnmOwOminteSiikeytOCaSheeperaIuresbeing
ita
prOteCtitmOdednndWbiiiOistFttFetemperaturO
risgSabytthermOCOpePrdeterininmhearansbe
dependenttOSOmeeXtentOnattranrbetwegtgeandIheaeE
OrtF02rrOumdinmSrgQatpdiremperatu0eciOmOrIhO
mOddduringtnnestabiiZatiOnWigdtOminimizQOdeSrce
temperategradientdngtpctaeattransmeasurements
InadditiOntOtPbOereaSOnPJprOteCtingIhnOderhsOn
diredtOmeaSraranswiththerati00rairstreamtOmOde
rCempQratOatapeCidOVlnhypers0tunSheair
tempererOnemgEOWerthanthOSFgihrOwEch
tFe2ircraPwiEbeingInOrdertOObtainEati00raiream
tOmOddrperatrQCOrrOOndintOhtisnecessarytO
C00mOdecOnSideryinadditiOntOimpyp0inmimlhe
airstrnPm
TwOteChiqeebeemSndPrprOtingamOdemIheair
ePmdunstabiiNatiOnOnecOnistrtWOprOteCtivmShOe
mOdmttnWaEswhichcOmpeteyeOSeIhmOd
FiWFenitistimOmaketFnattranSmnasregtSthm
esarECkwithdrnnmmOaChsidWhenadmOds
desiredatthQbenngOrEestLhesQShOeSaybeequippedwithinterna
C00inmpaSSaSthrOwhichiqidnitrOggiscEatedpriOOthO
testrthQymaybeeppawitFatubnthrOwhichiqEnitrOge
isbrOtintOthetunnelandcausedtOwdieyOVeheeOSed
mdTFthOenistethnmOdecOpteyOrthQ
tnwFiFewisstabiizedandthentOiectitquickyintOthe
teectiOnrecOrdingdataTheattertechniqueimuChmOeCOpex
OmthntandpOintOrhardwarereqd
InintermittentgnmdsaynOtbenecerytOCOOheOddirt
winthtnnecanbereasOnabHywbedinHethNsecOnds
WithprOpmdeOrththinskinOrthQheattraSgagehepea
tiseOrthOgagQSandthesurOndingmOdeSindnglhQW
StabiiNPtiOnWiEFaYmnOdeetOriO
prOperdgieanhat
OnheattransreaSrQntS
tregradigtSinthevicinityOr
themePSrnmpOimtswiQSarandthahmperatreahQmea
SurmpOintwbemChOWQhana5treate1ureandmCh
9
OWehanthOdenOpQatingtQpe00rthQgaWhwis
nStpbishmd
HeattransratOSarehestatthOnOSrPbOdyttheleadingndgQ
OraWOrthicinityOrjnCturaQtWnenWOrandbO
andinhnVicinityOrpOtubeanCa00thsu5OWee
heaanSreaSueentSayberedatanypOintOnanyOde10r
anaircradesignrhhsup30nicOrFypersOnicspeeds
TestF r AEiOm
Tin2PbatiOniaryinthmCandtryStagQWherVariOuS
cOnuratiOnSandaiOuateiarQSedtOhxesthatwE
abatetheiSurPcSTFemOdesthamgetaethQbData
takingcOnSistsOrphOtOaphingthemannerOrabgOnandwhinm
andeaSunhmmOdeartilneinncesthermOCOupes
buriedintheablatiOmateriaadditiOninatiOnOnOCa
COnditiOnSTprOgeSSOrabatiOmOnOnOmOdssFOWninFig
Testin SOmic AF
WhiQOnyawhyprSOniCairpanOS FareaCFed the wind tunn
teingaWhenitdOQOCCuhetinmidientandwOthyOr
COmmentsiy henOmmnaOCCur
ThSOphcurOrthinrlsdeaSeStOWhSthe
ratiOSrhOrizOntaandvertictaiSPcQSativetOthewinguand
NOpercteSpeCtiyybecOmOtOO ma1pndadditiOna SurPcn
mtbepOVidedr
NThewmanychOaenhbehindaiEngwiintO
shapydeedreFwhichthaynapreSSaybeseveaie
ahaneamr0uChOSS thpn8nday have
sbstantiavariatiOmS inOW directiOF0the PeQStream dirnCtiOn
HencheWdsinwhichthQhOri20mandvicaaisOPerat
becOQp0undyimpOrtant
uTheaerOdynaicdnSign0anciencydpOibecOe
subsnrin0hO desithat wenthO aircaP tO SuVive th
aeOdynaiVirOnmgt
ThewzOneSentiOnedinNabOVOactthediiOnalandlate
SabybyputtinmthenOYetitainareglOnOrdeaedqas
retinminESOrdirectiOandateSilityYAsipe
CreisaventFwhichintumyiedsanetivmdihe
ThedicuHtyOrtippnhebOundaryayeratFyper
nd
thediFyOrppyingeynOdbersinttnneleqa02ght
CObineI01bpaiOnSbetwnenWindtunneestand
 1
9S

Fiq AbHatteStSat 0F Heatwa2hadlOW

deStrathesSheSchiSSySteeHNO
SeCCeCsecCOuyN0mOpnOpOa
 Lr r1

rgmePudPrOdtwOr

OrH

FtOprtFenOrmrCOCeubQWitEnOpercentOrthO
prO0FmaminghmcaseIhOYariatiOnPreinthe
WilbewitEPgOrCOrtbOdylFTnetrQSisthatOnemuSt

tdiCStieOrWittedPOstseemtOindicatethahO
tunmddpgdraWbeEwithinrCandthgentrOrpreSrO
WrOdirgtiOn
TppartiaistOrpniCWindtGnsinthiOuntry

n WiFd Td

Tablell1

efcdg
MachNumber TeStSecliomHmXIXI
OrganiZalion TunnLocationpo Range Sizo psia OR
g t

AGOVERNMENT
136
B

AEDC Tullahoma Prure 581212 481300

Tenn YaCuum
B

AEDC Tullahoma Continuou5 850round 1800

Tenn
C

AEDC Tdkhoma Contimuou5 101250round 18M400

9S

Tenn
ChnC

ARL WrightFkld Comtinuous 176round 4003000

0 Openjt
n

ARL WrightFid Blowdowm l01520round 40025000

0 Openjt
h

ARL WrightFkld Pressur J2130round 4X2900

0 YaCuum
Openjet
ARL4inch WrightFidd Continuous 8174rOund480002400
0 Opemjet
ASD24inch WrightField Pressure 1424round 12004700
0 YaCuum
ASD EGF WrightFild ACbeatd 417To24roumd 150013500
0 blow
down
ASD2bot WrightFidd IndraR 3622 115750
0
BRL HWT4 Aberdeen ContilluOuS 21418 15822000
Md round
DTMB HyOmic CardrOCk Blowdown 510135roumd 16002500
testhcility Md
NASAAmes14ineh MottField Blowdown 102514round 502000530U5helium
Calir
NASAAmes20inch MottField Blowdown 20round 3600610UheIium
Cal

Tablell1C
MachNumber TtSlionmlXI
OrganiZation Tunnel Loctton Typo Range Size psia OR

AGOVERNMENT
NASAAmes Froight MoItFkldFrnight 24roumd45015000To23000S
Cali
NASAAmes Freeight MottFiddFreeght 17211150 T020000S
Cal
NASAAmeS35bot MottFiddBlowdowm515 35round582 3500
Clif
NASAAmes Masstransr MottFkldBbwdowm520 30round lO1500
CaH
NASAAmes EntsimuIator MofkttFiddFreght 60060150 15000T02300Orbs
Cal
NASAJPL2Hnch PasadenaConlinuous4115 212115750 1350
CaliL
NASAbngley20inch LamgleyFiddContinuousO 202030550 1060
6O Va
NASAbngley22inch LangleyFiddBlowdown85 20round1830 510
85 Va
NASAbngley22inch LamgleyFieldBlowdowm1525 22roumd5001000 1060
helium Va
NASAbngIeyO LangleyFkldowdowllO rround3002500 1500
Variable Va
den5ity
NASAbngIeyO LangleyFiddBlowdown60121415JOO 1060
bwdensity Va
NASAbngley Aerothermo LangleyFiddlowdown 17024round1500150004000Use8nitrogen
hcility Va
NASALangIey Ceramicheated bngleyFieldowdowm 13012round6004100
Va
NASAhngley EIasticity bngleyFieldowdown 71524round151200530Ueshdium
tumnel Va
NASAbngley 15hchhyper LangleyFieIdowdown lO415round3015001960
SOnicnow Va
NASAbngtey 2bot LangleyFiddContinuous 3724243501200
lowdensily Va

NASAbngley l0Mw LamgleyFieldBlowdown8O 24round001000016000

arclunnel Va
NASAbngley Archeated LangleyFieldBlowdown1214 20round l 10000
Va
NASALangley lOimchceramk LangkyFieldBlowdown46 10round1125 4000
heated Va
NASAL nnley31inch LangleyFiddConlinuou51012 31312252250 2000
9

hypemOniC Va
NASAbngley13O LangleyFkldBlowdown13O 27round l1200 4500
Va
NASAbngley Hypenhrmal bnglyFieldBlowdown 4round601500 000
Ya 20000rs
NASAbngley Helium bngleyFieldBlowdown1020 35301000 l060
Ya round
NASALangky Structures LangleyFieldBlowdown75 8round4501000 450063
Va 7300S
NASAbngly lbot LanglFiCld Blowdown 111312roulld400 000
arctunnel Va
NASbngley4bot LangkyFd Blowdowm 12204round1500 12
arctunnd Va
NASAbngley HeIiumblow bngleyFidd Blowdown 3042215 1060USeShdium
down Va round
NASALangIey llinch LangleyFidd BIowdown 680111600 1700UsSairor
Va helium
NASALewis24inch CleYdand0 ContinuOuS 7024round2480 120
NOL No WhiteOak Blowdowm 510To25round752500 2000
Md
SandiaCorpHypOnic Albuquerqu Pressure 49round15275 3000
NM YaCuum
NOL No4 WhiteOak 8lowdown141812roumd2000 4500Usesnitrogen
Md

Tablell1COed
MaChNumber TestSectionHmmlXh
Organiation Tunnel Location Typ RamgSize psla OR

J3COLLEGES ANDINDUSTRY
BoeingCo12inch SeattIWowdown56712mund16001

Brooklyn Hypersonic Freeport owdowll 212et3M0026

PolythInSt NY round
CormeIIAr0 Wave BuloNY owdown 15To7mund330008000
hb SuPerhater

005070004030M
2
DougI 2RhypeOnic EISegundo Blowdown 681024roumd 752200

AircraRCo Calir

Fluidyne 8inch Minneap01iS B10Wdown 708diam 150

Mimn

Fluidyne lOinch Minmeapolis Blowdown 5810diam 450

1
Minll

Fluidyne 20inch MinnapOliS BIowdown 20020diam

4
2000
Minn

GeneTalDynamics Arcjel FortWorth

5
Archated 112roumd 15150

Tex blow

down

6133

Lockheed PropuIsion Burbank BIowdow 8030round

3
CalibrniaCo CaIi

Lockheed Hypersonic Burbank Blowdown 1230round

1
jCaliEbrnia Co Calif

UniversltyOr No2 RosemOunt Blowdowm l5101212

1
Mimnesota Minn

53
UniYerSityor No4 Rosemount Blowdown 55101212

3
Minnesota Minn

UniYerSilyor 69inch Rosemount Blowdowll 27269

Minnesola Minn

MIT Hypersonic Cambrjdge Continuous

1
7612round

COre Mass

0
NorthAmerican

1
12inch Imgkwood Blowdown 5712round
AYiation CaliL

NorthAmerkan Arcdischarge Inglewood Blowdown 112212round 1500012000

Aviatiom Cal
NorthropCorp Hyper50nic HawlhorIle B10Wdown 61430round 30003200
Cal
Ohio State HypeOnic Columbus Blowdown 61412round 501500200
UmiY6ity 0
Princeton 5inch Primceton Blowdown 155roumd 1500580Usesnitrogen
University mitrogem NJ
Pdnceton 7inch Primceton 810Wdown 167round 500900UseShdium
UniYerSity NJ
princeton inch Princetom Blowdown 18258round 50005700Usesnitrogen
UniYity NJ
PurduoUniYity Hyperermal La ytteInd Blowdown 10012round 45012000
RepubliCAYiation HypeOnic Blowdown
9

Farmingdale 6143round 5030003500

NY
RepublicAYiation Arctunnd Farmingdal Blowdown 2108round 150001500014Mw
NY
UIliviIyOr towdensity bsAngeks Continuous 9 Sma1154025corein
SouthemCalir lunnel Cal 30jet
Stanbrd Hyptmnic Stanbrd Blowdown 56round 5000
University Cal
UmitedAircran 6inch Ea5tHanbrd Blowdown 10066 0000
Corp Conn
CFOREIGN
35
600
31lJ

ARA HyperSOnic BedbTd Blowdown 7012round

Engtand
BAC 18inch StYanage BIowdown l5601818
England
FFA Hyper90nic Stockholm PreSSure 10020diam
500 Sweden YaCuum
FFA Hypemnk S10Ckh01m Prure 738diam
200 Sweden YaCuum
NAE Helium Oltawa Pressur 9189round UsesheIium
Canada YaCuum
NAL HypemOnic TokyoJapan Continuous 50
blow
down
NAL 20inch TokyoJapan Blowdown 11020round
 l
b
2
RmrmnCeS
nDmarSpdeFtTnaWFdTunnOH
JOtpuPbOOqTRQPOrIuEN
NHHOWJrSISdDJrmcLr
FrFightTnmipCOnYWindunneJpLTMOramdu
Latin npMaber TionI

21002000

12001260
12701080

upAViglndNgSyHyp0WFJunCthO
UngStateASnOCOrpOrOnRrIMC
HrPcSIiWAbgOnMi
gDuratiOnWFdTuDunn0pOOnM0
180

RgDstandCuOupqerIFSpn
SpeedshhUN
FHOOWayJgeSE0Cr0aSROugh
l01612round

O7653030
81012round

5712round
609

701015

122diam

8577

0undaqrTanOnMghQrandgZASATND
534

OVeLAdOrveOpm0SuOnadSupOnurO
HOWdOWnpWindTASTADNlunO
EThOandJDgCibr0FNhSOniC
NOHngthanbhrhiOSIaIOUENAlOSU

70
BIowdown

BIowdown

Blowdown

Blowdown

Btowdown

Blowdown
YaCuum

YaCuum
YaCuum
Preure

PreSSu
Pressure
Ntherlands

Farnborough
Amsterdam

Tddington

HypeOnic TdditOn

SMA Md
EngIand

Meudon

Meudon

Meudon

England

Engtand
France
France

France

France

France
Modane

ChaIais

Bedfbrd
Hypennk Chalais

ChaIais
OrgamZation Tunnel

9inch

34bot
R3Ch

S3MA

R2Ch

7inch
Tablell1cogd

ONERA

ONERA

ONERA

ONERA

ONERA
NLRL

RAE
NPL

NPL

RAE
 r

CFapter tweYe

Fig12lThestagnationpressurcsandtemperaturesrequiredtoduplicatemghtconditionsovcrawideranseof
80001200016200002428

Z
HypereOCiyPciiies

7
NGner
Treanb0OrnXperienaeOdaiciEehaaOW

testingandreseaChtObedOmeaveOCiIieCOnSiderabyabOVehOS
acEevedimtunnesOheesdescibedintheprecedinChapters

UsyinthesQgiesthehveCitiereaChidaFeexpense
OrSOmeOtheestparameterSuChasMachnuberreSSurendOr

rumtime
GeneyspeakithOgiitie1aVQCeObebecausethe

J

arOdynaicidOeSnOtbelieYhaheaerdynaicpbSOrh

VelocitySeC

SpdarmCOmpeteyansweredbyteinhypersOnicwindtunS

WherhunneperatingteperaturSyhnnOOaVOid
iqegtiOnTheeareSealreasOnShisskepIicis0de

thestatictemperatreSandpQSSureSinlheesseciOnOraWindtun

tOeqeatSOmeatitudeintheatOSphereatFesaetiethat

l
12 8 40 00 50 20 30 0 40
theOCiqinthewindtunneeqsthehtOCityOnaircraPat

thatatitudehtOmperatueSandprQSSureSinhWindtunneuSt

beryhTEsisratedYeCitinSandatitudesntheranOr

J J
Currennterby FiNThe ip0ance Ordupicaiic
tOmperaturetaticpressureandveOCiqinthetestsectiOnarS
theghatOitEswayhOteperatueSandpressuresinthe
ciniOrPmOdebeEndsFOCkwaeSandinbOndaryHayerscOrr
tOCOnditiOnhiceinhIHahepOpeepera

1
turesandpeentheinityOrtheOdescOnideedip0an
becauseathteperatureShmCharacteisticsOrairarecOpet

SpeedsandaItitudes
dientmthOSeaOWtempeaueSThQenpyn0OneaSeS
inearywithtperatureandthaSawbsn0OnVaid

ThariOnOremthapywithtepeatureathteperatureevesis

00
i1ustratedbyFNNltisntedthaheethaatePeratureS
2 0 1 6 1 2
isdependentOpreSSueaSWeEaepeae OSPUS
TheprOCnSStakingpaceinairathteperatureSWhFCauSeSthe
gaawbObeinidadwhhasaectt1eea

flY

r
81J

ThedissOCOnOrnitOgendOeSbeSigninunIiepeaueS
abOuwicethiarerChed
AttperateSneaheaXuOrFiNnOIherrgaC
1

benstOreaChnianceThisQCSdiOmiNatiOn10nizatiOn
JnthapthatpyoftgaL

Jl

isaprOCnSinwhicherODSObiinabOuhQmeusOrtheiratOm

aebOkeOutOrthei0bitsandbecOeindividpaSOrIhetOta
i 13

gasixturehOizatiOnpOgeSSeuaasdOeSdissOCiOna
FsannctsilaOthOrdisCiOnOnIhQprOperies
tJ

tm

UdrStandabyWhentheairintheiCinirpnhi6Oinh
ll O

dissOCiatedOrdissCiatedandiOniaidityOrdatatakeminawg
l t n g

tnaheaeMachbQWithOutdissCiatiOnitO
V

qeStiOncausQ0histredOertFsbmgdmOtedtOthe
deeOpent Orgies thape mOa risticw cOnditiOnS
N 0 1Jl

UtunateyOgiityyetbegdndinwhichcOmpletm
dpEcatiOnOrthewcOndEOnShtcanbebtainedaheher

MachmbeSThSanthrenprmpyreaOnShiThePtihO

inabii0abeataOWidIhmeXIe0emperaIurgnd
l

pSurnViSFwithbrSO0
erOOnTheresismChcOntamiiOnOhewandarapid
8 0

destructiOnOrtunecOpOnentSattheheperatureTheOnd

istheinabitOmaintainthehtperatureSriredOnnOutO

ObtaindatabecauseOremeyEghheaOSSeSthQairduetO
eperatrR radiatiOnTFethideaSOndswiIhIhOpeViOuSydescibeddisia
tiOnpFenOenAheairieaedimbeexpandedFOugha
FNatiOnOrOraiWithteper
nNNinOrdeOaChihjCitiesIntheprCeSSOreXpanSiOn

thrOughthenONNeitc00sveryrapidyhinmWerelOIakepacm
isdissOCiatiDissOCiaIiOnisIheeren0meprOCeSSinwEch atasHOWenOurateaOrthedissOCgedmOecEnWOEdrecObine
diatmiSOrOXyandnitrndNNarebrkep SOthaairenterinhmteStSeCtiOnandapprOaChintheOdeWd
intOCOXenandnitrgenOandAtsOeteperaturehich havethSaeCOmpOitiOnaa0heicaihatiswOudbea
isdpndOnpreSureeintereeryeartheairbecOeSh mixtureOrmOeerOndNHWtdsthaherateOr
enOuthahetwOatOSrthediatOiceesbegint000Setheir COqdurigtheXPanSiOninanypractinONZleist00thn
bOndsandapartThisccrSaheYibratiOnaegreredO recObtiOtOOCCThertisthatthQairreachihetestsectiOn
diCSSedinSectiOnsgXCiedCOSiderabeeermySequied WieihediCiatedaleaaOWIeperauehiphenOenOnis
breakthediatOicecuesintatSThisexpaiStunus Cagwezland idiscussed F ROPN tO hNFOW
VarOnOnthaWithteperatreathteperatureleveSThe eNmctthnMachnubQrandOIhewpaameeSinthest
SawisOtidwhendisCOnispeSenbecause1menuberOr eCtiOnandrinatesIedithaaydiageadthQ
mOeepreSensincreasedEach0ecuOrONthasdissOCiated desiedmixteOr0ecuesOandNY
becOmeStWOmOecEesOrO FacilitieswhichhavQbeendeveedintheprOCeSOrtryingtOprOide
DiCiatniOtaninslanIameOSprOCeSSbegiSaOneepnra ristiwPOditiOnSathspeedsandwhichareWSediy
tureandthenberOrdiatOic0ecusthataredissOCiatedincreases XtgSiYyinhSpeedtestinncFdehtShunnelspasajets
WithigreaSteperaturentiahe0mCEmsaredissOCiatedThe ShOCktubesOCk tneSndtS gSSThesegiitinSare
dissOCiatiOnnOtedinFiimthevicinilyOr00RisIha10xygen discuSedbrieinthe10WngSaiOnS


NOtmS
HOtSFOunRePNupndNeareshOrtduratiOnteStdevices
imwhihthhtemperatendpressuresriredperatiOnarQ
btainmdbyrapidydiscFraraunreectricalenerntO
SdsYOumrairWhhthemexphrOuaOZZO
ThmrCOmpOnentSrahtShttarewninFNuand
didaIamahOshOesaShOWminFThe
prnCippgtiOnisdescribedwihreenceIOFigsandNS
FiScring020um
OWSTarccmberisEedwiIFairapressrmSp100OpshP
adthgmainderOrthecirciaCaIOayOWpreSSueusy
tPmicrOhandOWpreSSurOrtiOSOrthecircuitarQ turncauarupturOOrtdiaphrammbetwnentFeCCFPmberandthe
paratdathinpasticrmdiaphraCaedstyupstrea nZZthrWhenthediapFrarupthQhitp3turh
tnOhrEec1ieemacCianceOrinductance presrairimthgrCChamberXpandhrOutnONZeandebishes
enerStOrageSytemisdischardinIOIhearcchlaberOVeratime ahOCiqWThehCiwtypiyastspergsOr
erva0wmieCOndsheeneyaddedtOtheamthearc OmbutvariescOnlydnhepSOdsTheW
ChambercaeSanimceaSeiniS1mperaueadpressreandth ariatiOmisdudQCayWiIFimrhepeSSandInmperaIurein
0 O N
O u O A O u O
FNU GgaOraF01shOmnlahOArdEgDOp
ieSeC
CerThhabOFthackuWONNettand
YaCuutktOthiCArdEingDeve FNu O10gr3 trgQS iEung thO tisQ VariatiOn Or typdatP

COPOnsdurinnpFOtSgu


 l
rL
g

theaCChamberdue10heOuwOairandheaeShe
VeOCiOWiteinaIedwhenIheshOCkIhapdIhrOughthetn

i
instartthewietedthedOWreaedOrtheaCuu
takandarrieSbackpSeaahnOde

V t

HOtShunnehaebeendeigned100PeaeaaCChaberpeSureS

ashaspsFadatarcchabeePeratureSORand

1
higheFrOFigiseenha1eSeIaaiOCOnditiOSCOrr

Spdt2dicatiOnabOutgecveOCEesatabOut

NtdEayeihOI0aIagCOndEOnS
apprOaChinhesedesvauesweeqdiappOtingeeta

ierneectOdeaIiOa1eeec1OdesiearccaberwS

1 N
SeeyerOdedbyIheaCdchaheetwasanexcessivec

lN jtJ10
taiiOnOheaibyandOhepOducheerOSiOThe

Timetomemsec
aSSwOrthrthetunnewasaytieStheaSSwOr

AhepObeWaIhee05n0heONNethrduetOth
Seereati

N
MaypOVeenswereadeimearcchabedesignianert

8 l N l l 01 N p N N i 0

tOaleiatetheerOSnprObOdaIe0e0eSeaPpea100
asOtiOOpeaIiOnapreureSadIeperauresappOaChi

bb
psFand8RSdie0heIhOaeOSiOnprObWern
SiiaydisappOinigTheccuaedIieSawhichaIunthr
WbetOerOdedurinunOperatiOnatvariOSarCCFabnr

teperatreSandpreseSaeSedinFiInlhireitis
icatedthatwanaIiOnepeaIunOeie
thrOWbeginFabOuSeCaanpresureOat
psiaandthaheiebehOaeWdecrease

r
rapidywithincreaSIagnpreeResOheepresented
inFEaepataydisappOinwOethaun
stFehestelttemperatureOraVaabeetaHs
caSeOrthebithStOSOhearcchaberandthr AChabtePeureR
erOiOnprObeSegeneraendencyFhOshOueOpeaIhas FeredIOeldFeIerIhtwFd
btOredCeOpeaIineperaIuresOrpeSSureSOrbOthCOOn
OperatCitiOnSnOWaepreueSOggpsiaepeatureSOr
thevtyOrOdeswhichdOFYelhereaprOpertSssOCF
andMachnubeSI0adabOVehOthereuCh
tnadiOiOhaaeCharacerisicOveryhVeOCiyt
VariatiObetweengeAsOhasbedthaesswcT
HOWeemperaIure0g00RaOWIheOrMacF
tainatiOnandhSSiOCCuSini10isusediOrair
nubersuChhihanarQpOSSibEnIhemOreCOnVenIhyp
thetestgaAeCOndadvatageOusini10ieadOrair
Sictediscussedipdchapters
thestandpOtOrIunOpeaiOieaeiaiOn0hepeViOu1y
TepObeSOrObaFnaaIshOueuChOre
entiOedWeNgprObeedissOCaiOn0mgisnOI
duhainIe30eCOneniOnaunneIsbecauseOhertrun
Scaa
tieThehespOSeruenIaIiOreluirsbeyOndIhescOpe
TheeraredtOreducOperaIipeaIuesadsOetieSuSe
rthisbbtantheprObeSin0vedmaybeObtained
nOgeninsteadOrairheegasaSeSutedinwcOnditiOSin
ReN00tOneeeSincesIheprObeinvOin

11
b
mpceswaninternaaCWhethtunestartshOCk
passeeheOdehemOdedtubndadbest00SCiatQ
ThemOdeOSCiEatiCauSeSimertircestObeinducedOnthinterna
bcmTtmnerumtimQissOShOrhatisverydiulOdes
amOdelbancQSyStemimwhicFIOdenetiacesdOnOntere
WithtdesibalgeQadueOaeOdamiclOadhecever
tiOntOthprObemdiCuSSedineP G00cOnSnsa
acceerOmetSinthemOdewithibratedtObethesaeaS
bgCQgduetOmOdOSCaiDuriIheshmdrencm
betwnthbgCndIheaccderOeIersgnasarnmeaSredandgiYe
iabedataaerOdynamiCOads
piwcOnditiOnStheSeEpOrtiOnOrahOtShOunerun
arStaatiOnpreSSrmSOr00teOpiaStaatnteperature
OrA0RIMachnmbeSnearadynapeSSueSOr
PbOutPsiapiythetunneWbeevacatedbeetheruntOa
pressOr00tatherunwiastrBSeC
Prcme
asmrCtunneSSePhicurreectrarctOheatatesttOa
YeryFightempeatThQymPybeOperaIedperiOdsOiepIO
manymteseitherdirecOraeringcurrenIperaure
arQdeOpedinthetestOmOrham08
TpasmaarctunnFigLNcOnSistsOranarCCFberanONN
SyraMacFnumbeehanuneVaCuatedtestcFmberintO
WEcFthndndauy1mainainie
tcFmbnatEOWpeSmInOpeOnawOcOdesSi
abisha thrOthQ arC Chaber and gZNeAn eric arc i
estabisFathrOuttSbetweenaninsEatedeectrOdeinthrC
iNq SktChOraOWdSit1
C
ChabeadheaCChaberpOpeheeectrarc
raisesthetQpStueOrIheISOaniOnatiOneWiththerest
thahestgabecOeSPireOr1OnS0iivgcaged
iOnSdnetaI0TEiQiscaedPpasaandit
thihahOpasaarCsitsnae
SaaCtSuayOpewiIOWIiOnpeSSureSess
thanpgandwithSeSOIhhanairhQetha3Orthe
tStdSquenttheperatrQadeOCFaennOZNC
areher1enpOWempuIwnIhQprmSrOisOWArnis
qySedasthetesIgainsOrairbuSeaheepeature
aherdegreesOriOnatiOnCanbaChiewiIhagepOWnp
andbecESeOXidaIiOnOrthneectrOdQSeiFated
FOrhpWerperatiOnheprObeOrwcOntainatiOna
nO22ethrOateOSiOndiscSSedinSeci3NhOtShOunnelsexist
InexitinmgiitiesecrOdeerOSiOnsbeencOntr01edtOSOeeXtet
bywateC00iyinrOducinSgasin10hCChbeh0
apOrOuSeectOdercigppOpndbyrOainhearcc
tinuOuusngPaIicdNONNhre0OnIheh
teperatuescOntedtOanenbyOperaI5naOWpgueS
atdiEtywapasajstheOnOrtheqitiesOr
thepasaOeheeeisgacI18geOSSOenegy
thrOradgOnSOthatbOhIhperPueandheenhapydecrnaSe
WithdistancedOWeaInOneSplasaarCchindiaeter
thetempStue0ghecenImQ000RtOR
inPnandateraEy000RtOinEiChSCh
VaiatiOSCaCeyakesOde
SaaCtunaSeyarem0aeOdynacIestgitie
ithreSeSeOhewOrdheyhaveanappaIOninthedOr
ardyaiciOWeVerShQ hheatinrateS thatcan be
deveetCauSeEinIhQdyOaIerialsretq
icesSugeaerEabaeWhichar0pOSSiblQinOW
teperatretunsOrhighteperauSh0duraiOntunnCanbe
madentheestseannerinwEchaIeriissipathe
SurgeOrateStOdeFmrbyegEuOrbyYapOaIiOnis
StdiedMOebasicsIudieswhichcanbQadeinpaaanmels
andwhichhappicaIiginlhedOaeOdynaicsaethOSeO
aaerOdynaicspasaChInlesudinSeel
triadcheiprpertiesrthQhiyiONedSinthewgd
arOund aOdearestudied
SOeCOnSidStiOnein1VenI0heSeOpasmaaCChabersas
ateS0eCnVenIiOnaghMachnuberwindtuSSeeeP
NNaiSagitinSinthnUitedStates
i
 rl
A SFOCk TuF
ShOCktubesaredevicestFatgSeahhpreSSueStOSetpPShOCk
WaYeWhFwcOmprOSSaOWpeSuegaSandhearkE
tepnratreSAsshOWninFN00LhesOCktubeissimpytwOtubes
SepaatdbyadiaphraOnOrthetubesawithadiver
atPhipressrmandtheOtheubeisedwithadrivenrWOrking
gasatpOWpeS2eTdiaphambetweenthetwOtCbesispted
andthehpreSSredriverSruShesintOthediveSeCtiOnSettinup
ashOCkwaeWhchcOprnandheatsthQdrivengasThepeSSue
VariatiOnSthrOughtheshOCktubeahntantOrdiaphagrpture
pJr
QHO
Ce
igNPrnSSureadwavmdiagrarpshOCktube
Ch
andawOShOiQintesgreShOWninFiNP AsOShOWn
FFigJN00isdiIancmWediahichisqgySedin
dctinhOCktubeOpenTFnwaYQdiamSimpyOWhQ
pOSitiOnOrtheipantwavPPnciOnOrlimeInFig00
IieediaphaibOkgand1ecksaIsOVngIFhn
drntubatgQVeyFThiisdctedOnthetimdincepOt
aiWithaOpeEiEincQlIS SiarlyOper
thinetedriverieninterPcegdtherarePctiOn Waeare
SF0Wm
WhentheOCkwaveaCheslheendOrhQdiemtubeEOrthe
drivengaswhavebeencOpeedamdwilaOCiyinIFe
dieCtiOrShOCkwavetaeThQckwa0upOnS1ikinhOendO
thetubeieetedgdsaaVeingbacknaAsipasm
thghthdivenaSandbingsi0eSIddiiOnalcOpreSSiOnand
heatingSaCCOplishedTcOmpSSedandheaedgaSapeahe
edOrtheshOCktubmWetainileXCepheaOSSentiOnn
OrtWOthinmShappensitheheshOCkwavect0theendOr
thetbepassesthrOughthedriQrStdriYeinIergandsendsa
rectedwavebackthrOuthestaantSSampeharegtiOn
WaVeJctedmthQendOrthedieSOn8CSpe
ThectivenessOrhOCktbneratinmFtpStrnSis
SydenOtedytheshOCkMacFnbQrhaSheMacFnmber
CrrnditOthespeedptwhichthninitishOCkwaYaYesthrO
thedrivggaSTheshOCkMachnubehatcanbeObtainedinaOCk
tubeisdependentOntheJai0OriniialpreseinIhedierandtFQ
digtubnsmtheratiOSOhQSpeasOrSOundsinthedriverand
divengasntinicOtiOnSandOnlhespecihearaiOSOrthetwO
gasesEqiOnn0maySeddengOCkleOperaiOnare
prSgtdinReNHershCkMachnbersareObtadby
SargeratiOSOrdrivedrienSpreSSrnSSdbySight
divergaseWithhihspeedsOOundThmmOrpOWnrEOCkubes
ueheatedhydenOhhiverShOCkMacFnbers
tOgOrabOVehaebeenneratedinsChshOCktubes
ShOCktubesarenOtraSathyperaSdynaicstudie
whichwitnaredbecaSeOrIhmySh0draIiOnOhe
hVeOCitywsHOWeVnrehiteperatureSSapesthatcan
bn gerated make the shOCk tube use21r sties Ohe cheica
physicprOblemrhSpeedtChasdisCiatiOnandiOniiOn
SFOCk TneS
ShOCktunneWindtunsthatOpeanaMachnub3tONuOr
EghetieinteruptOawmEisecOndsbySlnirhedand

C
COmpreedinPcktubeTFQckIunneFigsNnd20
iudePhOCkIubenOea1ached10heeOrthedritiOn
OrtbSFOCktCbendadiaphabeWeenthndrinntbndthe
nOeWmthesFOCkIbQisdandheeaIedshOCkreachest
hOubeediaphrahen022Qen1aCeisupued
TFegCkiremIhOend0haitubeandtheheatedand
COmprndaibehindtheedshOCkisavaabeOp3iOnOr
thetnnd
AstheretedsFCktravesbackthrOuthndrientiOmiraYe
aatiyshrtdiCebrekingthecOntaCtSurgebetween
thedriverandthdrivengasUpOnSrikinhscOnactsurgeW
bereedbacklOWardIheend0hedriSOP Whenthisreted
ShOCkrmaChestheeOrIhedriveniOniWrinachanm
prSandtQmperaturertheSacenOtheendOhedrn
IrthecFanncOndiIOrhedienSissinte
FO SchnCOrShOCkIuIOwaYdi
winthenOnwiegSai0yandheSeEtesimewie
temiedIneayckIunSeiOdsOsIywcOtiOS AtaedinegereOCiiOnSwhiChIFepererisgrOSS
thQckrCedmIhg0QendOtgdrivgtbewibFesame
WSthumitedtOaCiOnOraisecOndInIheprOCeSOrShOCk
tunnedOpmitwandlhaenmescOEdbeinceaedby inthOdrivenandhQdiverWnhiiiOnietck
a0nOrderOraQbyum0edinIeReEu WipahrbIhOrgewiFObrctedInthiaFe
aabeteseepandweermiedbyIhOWOr
thastOrthedrmgarOnOZNeOrbylhtedraregiOn
WaeSthedriverseciOnWEchreIhg0dOrthdrig
tubeIthasbndbyenndhat
iatdeiatCnditiOnSthetaiOredirgecanbO
tOeratedwithOEEaraecreaseinue22mIimPlrthecditiOnSdO
ntdaatetOmthSetaiOrtheshOCkwbereted
WnitkeheinIergewicaCSianIchannpeSSure
WnitkeshenOZ2d0hiubIieHOWeer
SubselentreiOnbePndIFnpeSureWeainesseniay
COnStantrthedratiOnOhOrun
ShOCkterreinhavebeendesdOprOatiOn
CitiOnStOab80aImprendR1mperatureandtO
prOVttieSIbOumsecFiinSdesdhr
OperatigpreSreSandpSIreSarebeimmCOnuctedAsinhOtShOt
tunSwcOntainaIiOniOm0apObnmahemOrm
XtregpratigCOnditinrcktunneSFre2sasCEierem
phOtOgaphOreybOdybeimFPhypeSOnicshOCktu
ThetunneandquiIQSiaFOpeatiOntO
FFNAinchic shOCk tnCOurteS
COrDAmrOuta
bO0 tShOCktunriudesahiprQuredrierSeCtiOngda0
PreSuedieFOnWadiaphaaraIngIwP ApistOni


DPhraS
DaCO
FiN Gntunadwaira
FigIOPFOrqbOinpOnck
tnCUtO9rASnicaHLabOratO
arAtOugraSainchdietQdriSeCtiOnAsOepistOn
mStbequiterggedtOWithtandacceQratiOnSghtQmp3
pacdimthedriventubeacen1hediaaShatwhenthe
turndnOniOadiWhichccrdthQinitialdiaphrag
diapFarupturehepIOnisprOpeedIhrOhhedriventbe
ruptrecaSn OrpistOniitatiOnS the ratiOS Ordriver tO drien
mprhSaheadritTFepistnSedisveryisOthatit
pressurearenOaEycOderabyeshaninshOCktubeandshOCk
tunneSCOSequeytheshOCkstrhiscOnerabyessandthe
teperatureSaChievedarecOnSiderabyOWehaninshOCklesand
tFQdrigtubeanda1FeSheshOCkwaQberected
ShOCktunThnmaXiutempeaurnSnOalyachieedareess
tendOrthdriIubelOIhepisOnnherhealinhe
than uRePEu andNathugh RmPrepOr
pistOnCOmmOreSwiIFeqpreureOnitstwOidesndtheheated
teperatureStOabOuWiththQneedtOiiherati00rdriver
andcOpreSeddrivemruresadiaphragmandwshrOt
tOdriggaSpreSSrandthedabirahOpStinprerm
nOAsthOpistOn1aFOghIhedrivensectiOnitOVerShOOtSits
COmOntOhypersOnictnhQprmandmassimthmdriv
eqibmpOSitiOna2mPpreSSurpeakhis1anSienIrapidy
tubearmhierthaninthenOrashOCktubeThQretismOrQ2mtie
dipearSdhnpureOrIhOdigaeainsessenIiaycOnSanI
atessentycOatpSQwhthOQXpanSiOnWa0thedriQr
heSieXhausedOranexpansiOnWaVethedrier
tiOnCanbOdeayedntinSanOrderOrmatudQhehanin
eCtneaChesthepIOn
ShOCkteaepOtedinRePuadNP Largeandrapid
GuntunneaiiedinhaXimuteperauehacanbe
decayshnstaatiOntepeaturehavebegnOedduriglhepdOM
ahiVdbythnpistmdesThepistnuStbevnryHnOrdO
essentiay cOnStant peSureAan eXpRePNu rep0a
baratedtOSuperSnicspeedsinsgrtdrienSeCinStypicaeiS
tepeaturedCayOmabOtNN00t0gOduringaNu1SeCrunn


g
FigLSchOrangaR
TwOtypeOrgPSryinuseaeiu1aedinFig
anduThecOmbOnChaber0hegunwninFi
dwithareOrheiudrOdOXnDargeOrthe
CapaCitrSthrOthOiIubecausesiiOerOand
OXygenandcOnSequentheainmOrhegiuWncOmbuOmhas
FigJN TtunnCOFFASw
prOgreSSedtOthede5dpOinhediapFabetweenthecbOn
Chaberandthnprieiupubylhehpressreandthe
pesOrIetcanbeOedOIingumtsarethQ
prtieisacceeratedlh0hQbOrIheirated
SgePFOntFhOunnendtOCktunneS inFisaWgeghepOWdercbeSdwithP
a E ndardgnpWderWhenthpWderiteditaccathe
pntOaSupeSO0OCiIyPaYeShrOthereVOird
tFOugEgaisn01Fdlnnenanysenseip
WitFOneOrtheSepOnmOVnhrOthereservOir
tanCaeOCisIgiincreangadiihereewO
CauSmeatinndcOmpressiOn01heinhermSerVOibymeanOr
Ormnthib00kiadeYichaIacceealeprtiQ
ashOCkwavOWhichprecedehQpgnWnIEighsbeen

1m
tYeeOCitieneht
CmpreStthedesiredprereandIperauredhrai
COndardrOCOSunpOWderarQ
iedinhemaximummeOCiieshacanbeachibyIhe
maximumspeedOOundinIprOdsOcOmbuIiOnOhepOWder
andbytheweiOrIcOmFsiOnmaSehmustbeaccerated
ngWFeprhmiIimeOCiiisnhas
earedtObeeshansecInISdOgenOr
gmWhicharghgaWaEedOrSOuareatedand
CmpreSSedandCOaeraeaprIieWS0his
meveOCitiestO00Fvebeemached
lIl FigJNuhQcdrawFn0WptY


G
rpturedbythehpresseThiaEWSthhipressurdhi TbN
tepQratrOgaSeSintherSerOiCOmeincOmtaCtWithtbaseOrthQ

pjeeandacceQrateih0ghlhnbOrQ
inhprctieintatankraratcntrOuedprereand OrnatiOn Tunne LOCptiOP y p Q l S 0
tejpmratrehmprQSSueeperatureSdveOCEesOraVehicein
AGOVEZMENT
htatveqFOCitiebedicatedTEgiitythusprOides
ASD EeclrOdymp Wrhteld dF
tOStreaCnmentOranyhQFerVOCitestgiitie
Pcy
ItdOeSweetimitatiOnthatpecteshahusbeen AEDC HOshOtN
0
TulOma HOthOt uOdFm
imitedtOardatiysmSeanytyphtvehice Tmnn
AmDC TunnF T HOhOt 0dipm
TFetaskOrObtainingdaaOnIhearOdynaicchPaCcsOra n
NASALay Hyp LOyFd da
prtraYntaYeqhOCinSidSbmOreCOpX pcy VP
thanttOrObtainingdatPgaiOnaqWgunnemOdeAagQ 20L HypOrn YnrSpri SFOCk mOd
hOCk tun M
d
pOrtiOnOrdtakentOdatehavebeenph0OgrPphicCaeaae
StatindatiOOSitinS0thepathOrhtOheprctiQ ZOL

HypSOic YSpr ShOCk mOds
WithsFttersOpgdAshightistreredbythepjeCigassng ShOCktun Md

N
tFOuaibeamOSmetdeviceciIyOrapectiEs NOL Hypn YOrSpri ShOCk NOOdS
mtimebtainedbySnganmberrintedcircuitcardsatprec0 hOCktFmn M
d
U
OnSintheinererthegunAsthOpeepassesthrOu
eachcadheprintedcircisbrOkgTtimatWhicFeacFchrcuitis r COLLEGE AND HNDUTY
brOkenieCOrdabyanOCiE0COpQAad0wOrkhaJeen AOSPCOCOrp HypSOn EISdO hOCk dFm
directOWardthedeOpmenOraSySIemeemeeringdaam FOCklum C
ACOD ShOCktunn WintOn ShOCk lNudip
thmpectietOPedreReNNOThiWOrkFsmetwith Dd

CO HOtShOtWFd SOWF HOtShOt dF
SCeSpthedeeethatprgremeaSureentShavebeenteeetered
tunn
maectietraveintmrethanecTcOmpOr nhCO nchFOthOt ttWF HOhOt dF
tFisthniqueisOb0SWhemisrdthahrctieandany COnYr ShOCktu SSD
OC
k dF
C
iruentatiOnhOedinthepectieisctedtOaCCeleratiOnr nOrAOrO iCFhOCk 0Y ShOCk dF
000 L
ab tun
COrnAP Hhbr u0Y ShOCk dia
L
pb hOCk tunn
Nq Est OMH eeOCit Wimd TuneS COrnA0 WpvO Uu0ZY Drivby dF
Lab pOrhO qgti
TabeNgiYeSppartiaistOrthehypnreHOCwindtunsinthis disch
COntry
0my
ShOCktub
DOuE pu StpMOn ShOCk uOdip
ArprlnOrP u C
GOnEtrin uch yFOr ShOCk uOdip
C
O PFOnklun
p
Grup Eyp20 thpp ShOCk dFm
ArpPCOrp FOCklunn
Y
LinTnC HypOOC DlT HOthOt dip
2tCOrp tuDn
LOCkhQd HypOrVeOC urbk ShOCk 00dF
CarPCP tunnd C
LOCkheQdOS Spkhea HOtFOt Ndip
dacQCO lunn C
LOCkhQQd MS Spprkhta OAlt ShOCk udF
andacOCO En C
artFMpr H01shOttun tiOre H01hOt Udipm
COrp M
d
b

Tpb
AbamdCgeWuaShOCkuDea
Or Tumn LOCiOP ypO
ApplOHyp30ngOCOrA3naug0epO
10tSiNQ
McDOnu lpuunn LOiMO HOshOl uOdF CEWMRWdAHNhQer
ArnOrp
UmvOrSOr SOnShOCkTuJOurASpScigOSApr
HOtShOttud AnArbOr OIshOt ldF
MF Mh PWHOdeadDLSchhumandpwinp
NOrAicpP chhOshOt LOA HOtShOt
d
F HcShOCkTuhOARSImee
AYFtqn C nOACgu
20rthAOrPn 5Ch LOSnm ShOCk dia N NCEua0hOniCOumnhO
AFtiOp hOCktund C
NOrthApD MllrOdyic DOWnmy shOt
ARSIntpOrSOCOrOnAuSt
lNdF
AYFtiOn Pcil C Nn PNCOXDW5Ere5Or
pubicAYgiOP ShOCkgnn Far5a ShOnk dia IntWFdunnOnCOmprRE
Z
Y
hOdPnd
RPOrtSeptb
Fchlunnd Ck HOtShOt aOdip
UOHO CaiP
GG CkAnInv80hOnCnsFthOShOCkC
StPnrd HOtShOt Stpnrd HOtShO PrOnHeatnrnAROpSIOCkhOH
UYOrSity C hN MELgCCObunH1um
UntQdATcrp EOthOttun EpstHtPrd HOtShOt uPudha
nOrp
FunchnrEDCP
COnn
N JEckgWMSchwrdOF
RpDOpmACOhDOpmDiv




RmrmCeS
NN
O PLCedMgODOpntruOn
pOCggQEDCN
SmCUtrpHighSpASdynaAEDCTR hNN DJTigArCgiInmgSlale1C9t


uRNNOVmbe
NNCDepurOmDCgMFaHyp30m
ZONeAC
NU J0OmgdALSSIudiOrCnequilu
inpSNNlOOWSapOrpntaCbusIinlnsIiIutOMng
W3StsSOnAngeCalNOVbny
COmAOrOutFbOratOnC
DWgyAqMChn0rdALRSOpprOXaIQSOgSr
mmquiibriuAiwFnNZAEDCT
Nu RWqgdWNMac30DOphmSpakHea
COWdOWDTunnHOtOtEDCT
Na JAandOr2therDOrCCitaCeadguctanc
DEHOtShOtTuneSAEDCTDN
NJsOnRStOrMrrWbOSDaKEbeStdyOrRGas
gdHTrgsctOnthQDeOrHOOtWiSSadF
COrpOratFnnpOr
NEEEdSdLFdnOOnOrDynPcSIigECn
HOtShOtrMnaSrOentSAmDCTDRNNLN
GRDuqlMFandLMStSOn1utatnFOrCO
N

u
pssMUsFpHypOrSniOShCkTunnerOdhe
SdSypOSFOnpCniquQSUnrsOrDenerMarch

n
N
JVidMOdenstruOnThnHeatTransrgdFOrCO
MgrsFpp30niOShCkTuCrA3aIiLabOrry
mpOrtZOADALL
trtaE
l


AndiX
NumericacOnStantS
andcOnYerOmOruniS
SpeedOrSOund
sec
Fahrenheit
centigradeb
tandardSeaeCOnditiOnS
ss5nchincheserCury
DensityNSug
scOSityUbS
SpeedOrSOndmphsec
TePeatureuqF
UStadardAtOSpe
TeperatedecreaseFFeachN0titud2mtilu00P
FrOuO000tnperatrmiscOnStantatIF
essuredecreasesaccOrdingtO
000uN
ptOgOPadaccOrdigtO

OmugtO00N000nbOthruasabOeZisinthOSadsOr
tVadisininchesOrguryDensideaSnSaCCOrdtO


iscOSityvarieswithtepeateaCCOrdin0
tItNN
COnVerSiOnFactOrS
 h

ALHNGTH QQ

i333
FesecO
QQ
kiOmeterShOur

knOtS

NuHuHOHDH

00Ch u00
1JJh Lhll00h JCh L
HnchmS CQntimterS ieshOur
Ft CtieterS MieshOur
metnrecOnd
LJbJUltlJ

eCOnd
J00

terS
MiS mt ki0OtehOur
kiOmnterS kDOtS
nauticaliles OmetnrShOr etQCOnd
CenmQr inches knOtS
MQtrS inchQS mihOur
mt OtSSCOnd
MetSsecOnd COnd
yards
iOmeter nt kmtQhOr
miS mhOur
nOtS
yards mihO
P ARM EWMGHT
SquarOinchnS AuN OuncesavOidupOi 00nNu
SqarOCentieter pOundsPOidupOiB
SquarQt 0 SquarQCgtieter
POndsavOidupOi O OunCmavOirdpO

A
A Sqareinches
TOnSshOrt N pOSaOidupOiB
SqCarOCgtimQt Ouu0 Oq ki0amS
arminchnS
SquQrS
0q
n SqarOt 000 tOnSetric
TOnS NNA0 pOundsaOidupOiB
COLUMM

0m kgamS
TOnSnEB
000 kiaS

qN Cubicinches
NNOu pOund
00 CbiceterS


ON
u tOmSshOrt
USEOnS
iamS NNOAn
0nOu pOus
ImprianS Cubicet
FPRSCRE


itnrS
NJq Cubicinches POundssquareinch uO mCrOnS
CSiquid PGuq Cubicet POnOA atOSPhere
N
u
CubicinchS NOUn FchesOrerCy
0 iperiagaEOnS q
OU
kilOaeetnr
CSquartS POundsuareOt 0NA inchesOrWater
CubiCeter uu Cubt Au kiOgramquarQmmt


UO
00 Cubicyad AtOSphQreS qnO CgtirsOrerCuq
NnAN SOn N inchererCuq
DMLOCHTY
O
uU ki0amquare
CentimOtnr
FintQ P09 tsecOnd
POUn


pOundquareinch
ih N
pOndsareOt

QQE
nchmSOrWater uNOA pOundssquPrePOt lnde
Nu kiOgraSsquarQjetmr
OqUuu inchesOrmerCry
iamSuaOmeter PNO pOundquaOt
MicrOmS0medEyg08 pOuSsquarOinch
GTETURH
TOChaFahFQiOCgtiadO
AbatiOtgl CrOnggt
AddP cca0WideS COpOlN
UJ

Actiaaaa00u
Mipyby WalTOula
Adbalwalmpnalurnue a00nel
SGbtraOtAO
AerOaslctsuA arOer
Arlercgr
TOChangOCgtigradtOFahr3h BasOdrauNN
irON3 ahQatiiu3
AddP pOWerA
uJ

di031cOtrO
Mutiplyby rnvnrspeedOrN OCka
AcOOrS
SGbtractAO OdyaSN
ATdrirSlUl
BOudarylayOruNN
rOrdrnuq
displacnhickSOr
prnSSurndrOPl piu
AT
SalnOrLu
AOads
SrVOyOJAN
ArOrQtaks
lurbu31
Pait0 Vi2N0U
AirOW
ChinpcHN
Aan
uidNU00
cOhNOu
uescenacqeNu
AphaFOnNlu
0gwNU
AuuOXidg BruS
A0nlnrhOtWNN OyaCyuOU
Arg rEeu NNUg
SbOdy
bOdywid CcualawraleqO
AarcUuJ CibraliOPUuN
COrrgtiOnSNU OrbaancOSNa
hyprgtn
ckprrnaS
OarSOntunOu
BaancnSaXgrcU
prnSSurNO
CibralFOr lrate
deN
nOPu
exlnrar CapturOprra
alFgOr COrpreSgrn
hi0lN ChaClst
eaU CharaclisticQthOdOrU
rnOtnN3 rncli2



ChipEayNU Drirluu GObar LaTdrgtn le
ChOkaustaba DriN GrFcarbOruduuN LQaquprO U
bOdy DrOP lnu 1ablQOrUN LitS
ChOkinuOu Dryair GEtun riqOPCl
WnFOkUOn DyaicrO
dOIQ00
Circillun DyaabyUUu eElaSrPNN riquidNu
COnClsrcSdtN rcaOSCaliO ONNthrOat Ondalstabiy adCOtrOruN
COPrnSbgwlhgryu PnOSCatiON lesingr ruFOSCgqOr Nu
COPrn0 pilchi gt0CObStiO
dryim rauctiOOr dg0 MacFnubnr
raliOul rrNN gtricresisgcQL
naibratFnOPuuuS
COprSSOrqyS tigru ra COtrOrnicn
CglrS aphiln driOnOPuuN
aS rsN dr Machwa
SurnOP l rQqatU itrOmQlg MnuSPrCU
COndtiOnUOq EnSN preSrQdrOpin MamOOrNO
COducliilyOrairt tnStSOr rslgcOtub3 idrNOu
OrWat EquatiOSOrOt0 pitchN rtCnWirO00 utipNO
COtityqu0lu EqualOrSllN Oral UubON01
COnluOuSlunS EanOn HtSg Mgw
COluuOWe gntrOl MOanrOdynpiOChOrdU
COalpyp Fasa HOtShOun
MgOp7
COnVtFCurrgtON FibrOrraN HOTwiOanOnr
MOaSrinmdicOS1
COVrOrEitsu FapsdiSlO ypersOicluSibrat0
rrc
C000rPairl FtOWaguarityuu AON rtN
dOru rrnu00 deOrN 01apeurnNq
COOin iOiNaliOnO PctN MCuryg
radiativu quaS li0Pe MnthOdOrCharactOrtU
COrrnCliOtOdatauOu ratqO HypOeityPcis0 MicrOgOOtSN
raCtiOnOPU paratiOOrLu MirSl1u
SprnadnrS dggwNN MOdnEchnrS
DnadwiSlnrO StrnaH dralEnel
MOdCFyuO
Dccanl VisiNat duu rhhtnpEurnSq
annaalIO FlgrN liaurnN MOdS00
DnlOpnSIsuN FTprOOrilU jectOrS dystiity
DWpOit FOrCOdataN ntSu
OtSlN
nrSrNNu mnaSrnrNAN innN mrruS
iaphraS raucliOOrN tQrrgCQlS rcN
DibEyTphthaNOu lesIs3 tnrrOntnrNuu
haspaHN
ir30lNuu FOrCOS Sl htiAl
adjSttn OrCad0BtSWind aSN drawgSON
knlO
03ciCyOP bOdyaS HOaliOu
OulinO
ps FrhnChiqAN 10a gw
prOSSurO
WEa FrnOt lrOpCrSlu NNOU
DisiOppNA COSa labnOru
ppOrtySlOlNu
DnCtiOaabiyadcOtrOuuU Fr03OWe MOlurn
DgntiO FricliOraC10r JOuhOn nOW MOl
00rSlStiON FrnShq MOluqaliOU
tuninlOtS Kalha
DOWWaSaN GaraClOrN KindSu NlOhyu
DraUuO GassN KEdsubr
ZOisue
g


qqkh
NOrrcOSNuN RaNr SOundQndOrU TnnacOctu
20rashOCkUU RgOryraCtOrNUe SOudw 03npOWQrU
riOnr ROClOnPgnStiuu SparkpNuO rSu00U
NONNOU Orriraa Sparatabn OPNO bObu
bOndpylpymrruN RydsubOrg ariatiOSWithlQpOralErOg COplnrplannSuNU
dOP ROynOldsubnrL SpaheatruU dragO
lE OnbaprmSSrn30 Spabrak drOpOdu
lhrdiSiO 0Stability
SlabililyROy0EsnbclNu u
NuQriccOls OnlraSitiOUe Slart0Su rrt
NutsnubOr dapgn raCliOOrS pransr
ROpilchcOpu SttmpSOictuS hilO
ObqunShOCk R01ratnSuUA StatiOplp hypOrSOnicarplannl
Oilnr ROnm0tNuu StcprOSru idd
OpnralimprnSSurmS R01iOagar naSurQOrNuuA udFaabiy
OprtranSOiC ROtOnalnaOdlNu plpnl rMaurcS
Opticsy ROFuUl PrOb iSiObaQFeUu
adOWaphNN RurrnqCy SligSNO nOCO
SChrgNUN Rn li nC0PuU prOCarOyN
inrrOntnrNuu bOWdOWtuS StOraakUu rgtrybOdN
indrart tels StraFSN rOlrrOCkOt
bmbas bridN ricbOO
Pipi SalylUl SrmatubS
abrakO
itchFlN SaydiC StrgW udrOCkOl
tchpauSON SatygridslJO SlrnbaancON yprnSrOS
tOtprQuruuu SadbFSliS St21C10rU rabrOOnthagu
PitOubnSuu ScaValvprnSrQ NOq IwiSCrOWN ThiCOprnSSQgwu
PFsPPrCtunnAuO SchSyStn5N NlUN mrtatNO grul
PuChPbnr10 00OrNu Supl picL
OrOWaU dOublpaU SpOrC00i Thair
PradMOynrW Scrll SupictraOrtu0000 ThOrOCOuplnSNl
Sup30mwFdtueabra0Pu hrOanONN
labkr prOSrndrOp
urOCibratiOnNN SQqOdrONPUN OruS ipg
COmcigt SmparatiObOudary ay rOdCtiOOrtHOad Otalhnad
SimMachnubr SuppOySOd arn310rN
COntrO
datpN ShOWmraphNN Swlwi00 T01tQpnratErOprObnNlqNNN
drOpuN ShOCk tubSN TrgaunnrNO
ShOCk lunnelsU TaiOraitmrraCA CaibratiOnOPuN
ditypnNOu
ShOCk wnS00N Tar02rrtiO00 inlatiONN
CaibrptiOOrNO
agN TperalurCOpSagrOrN gSitiOnUNuUNu0
Obqu
mOrt00 SidrnmNuu gradt 0n COnN
ratiOUu SaSurN naSrnlOr00Nl dntQrinatnOuBue
dnitiOOruO SiataN prObNNN auNO
rOryu SiCS SeltChaber pOWe
Sila nSr prnSSrnN ROy0dsubnrN
ruatOrS
Si00U TmstsecliOOy luu ipuNO
transdCOrNO
PrnSSuraCutunS Skrrt auysuctnrOr TnSOictun0Ju
l SpWle rrj ubiN
70itytnU S10tSOU plFr TunbOWdOW
Puplti SCassrOOluSUN VtiatiOOr0 dOr
VaCu SOicbOOle WidOWSrN dnSB
Tiablat Opacharl
PupSdisF SOicpnmuaticpObmSNNl

nprOSgrOYuu1 braliOn
SChbnr VratiOaCNN
SiNn scOyrrl
arliUa 01walr
tSCtiOlO
WamclUON
WaaA
TurbgC13uN
WallnRnCUON
dntOnOr
WrOnducliily
l
apOr
gubOilF cOS
WaanaSurnt
VguupupS
WandiaaN
ulakN
alvObkprOSSur
WaS
WidOWSN
ba
WidOWSpaatFS
bullOr
dOWnSrgl
YawOlnrSNuS
tUU
hyprSOn
pu
guuN
tSnON NircOiu0d
Thank you for evaluating AnyBizSoft PDF
Merger! To remove this page, please
register your program!
Go to Purchase Now>>

AnyBizSoft

PDF Merger
Merge multiple PDF files into one
Select page range of PDF to merge
Select specific page(s) to merge
Extract page(s) from different PDF
files and merge into one