Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Report Final Projek
Report Final Projek
Report Final Projek
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.3 Objective
1.4 Scope
a) To produce a prototype.
b) Increase the security system.
c) Used to stop the vehicle.
d) Used in vehicle automatic shifters.
3
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Review of existing components markets and how to use it. Complete details
and limitations are used for projects that will be produced.
Site is rectangular in shape more balanced and stable. It is suitable for use on
the project components to accommodate the load. The site for this prototype is
rectangular shaped which aims to support and strengthen the stability of the product.
There are many dangers that need to be considered when reverse parking:
7 Switch on/off
Transistor
10 i. Is a semiconductor
device used to amplify
and switch electronic
signals and electrical
power.
ii. It is composed of
semiconductor material
with at least three
terminals for
connection to an
external circuit.
10
11 Resistor
i. Is a passive two-
terminal electrical
component that
implements electrical
resistance as a circuit
element.
ii. The current through a
resistor is in direct
proportion to the
voltage across the
resistor's terminals.
Cable brake
groove in a softer material such as wood. Normal function of the bolt is to hold objects
and placing objects.
Bolts usually have a head, which is usually found at the end of the bolt that
allows it to be rotated or driven. Tools commonly used to rotate the bolt includes a
screwdriver or spanner. The head is usually larger than the body screws, which prevent
the screw from the driven too deep than long bolts.
2.9 Nut
Nut is a type of thread fastening holes. Nat usually used against the bolt to bind
together the stack. Two couples are placed together by a combination of friction on
both threads. In applications where vibration or rotation may cause the nut open,
locking mechanisms apply: adhesive (adhesive), safety pins, or oval-shaped threads.
Nut graded by the strength of the bolt, for example, the nut with the ISO class
10 capable supporting bolt with 9.10 without the ISO class off. Similarly, nuts are
SAE Grade 5 bolts capable of supporting a load of SAE Grade 5, and so on.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This prototype Emergency Reverse Brake system was created to show how it
could work in a vehicle. The main purpose is to avoid violations or accidents from the
rear. This situation often occurs when the conditions in the reverse situation. The
selection of the components involved are selected to suit the size of the prototype
design so that it does not interfere with the space.
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START
Problem Statement
Literature Review
Product Design
Detailed Design
Selection of Components
Mechanical Components
Test
Finishing
END
After paper work is done for the implement design framework of this project
by selecting the type of main components to build a prototype projects have been
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made. Appropriate types of components have been selected to obtain a strong project
and tools that can work well for this project. Below are the components that will be
used for this project:
Parking sensors are generally divided into two categories: Ultrasonic Parking
Sensors and Electromagnetic Parking Sensors.
How to work
The system is activated automatically when you enter the gear 'R'. Sensors
located at the rear of the vehicle to send and receive ultrasonic radio waves, which
bounce off obstacles and alert the control unit. There is a buzzer that gradually
increase in frequency of vehicles approaching object. A continuous tone indicates that
the vehicle is 0.35m from obstacles.
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These rely on the vehicle moving slowly and smoothly towards the object to
be avoided. Once detected the obstacle, if the vehicle momentarily stops on its
approach, the sensor continues to give signal of presence of the obstacle. If the
vehicle then resumes its maneuver the alarm signal becomes more and more
impressive as the obstacle approaches. Electromagnetic parking sensors are often
sold as not requiring any holes to be drilled offering a unique design that discretely
mounts on the inner side of the bumper preserving the 'new factory look' of your
vehicle. This type of parking sensor system is also highly recommended for vehicles
fitted with externally mounted wheels or accessories - a spare wheel on the back of a
4x4, for example, or a cycle rack. These can cause false triggering or inaccurate
warnings when used with ultrasonic systems. Electromagnetic systems ignore fixed
items that are already present and look for changes to the surrounding area.
How to work
Simple and concealed installation. The sensor antenna is entirely installed inside
the bumper without any drilling work.
Maintenance free, no cleaning or washing is required.
Fit for any car, truck, RV or mini-van. Peel & Stick Antenna foil tape sensor for
vehicles bumpers.
Wires to Reverse Lamp (12 Volts DC)
High output Piezo buzzer alert you with a beeping sound
Detects object at 3 feet or less Detection in all directions without dead angle.
Minimize bumper damage. Totally built-in installation without impair overall
appearance.
3.4 Motor
Most consumers prefer cars with power windows. Power window motors are
mechanisms installed inside of the car door which control the function of the window
glass enabling them to go up and down. The motor power window in a car is the
control that allows someone in a car to roll the window up or down. This function
can be accomplished in one of two ways. In early model cars, the window in a car or
truck was rolled up and down manually, by use of a turn-handle that connected to
various gears within the door of the car. Now, however, it is far more common to
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see car windows that operate with a switch or a button. These power window
regulators operate under electrical power.
How it work
The linkage has a long arm, which attaches to a bar that holds the bottom of
the window. The end of the arm can slide in a groove in the bar as the window rises.
On the other end of the bar is a large plate that has gear teeth cut into it, and the
motor turns a gear that engages these teeth.
The same linkage is often used on cars with manual windows, but instead of a motor
turning the gear, the crank handle turns it. In the next section we'll learn about some
of the neat features some power windows have, including the child lockout and
automatic-up.
i) A combination electric motor and worm gear reduction provides power to the
wipers.
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ii) A neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor into the back-and-
forth motion of the wipers.
How it work
It takes a lot of force to accelerate the wiper blades back and forth across the
windshield so quickly. In order to generate this type of force, a worm gear is used on
the output of a small electric motor.
The worm gear reduction can multiply the torque of the motor by about 50 times,
while slowing the output speed of the electric motor by 50 times as well. The output
of the gear reduction operates a linkage that moves the wipers back and forth. Inside
the motor/gear assembly is an electronic circuit that senses when the wipers are in
their down position. The circuit maintains power to the wipers until they are parked
at the bottom of the windshield, then cuts the power to the motor. This circuit also
parks the wipers between wipes when they are on their intermittent setting.
Interface Controller". PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists
alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of
application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial
programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. They are also
commonly used in educational programming as they often come with the easy to use
'pic logicator' software.
Function
3.6 Battery
Function
i) A car battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the
engine.
ii) A car battery supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicle's electrical
load exceeds the supply from the charging system.
iii) A car battery acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system. The battery
evens out voltage spikes and prevents them from damaging other components
in the electrical system.
Function
Weekly
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
.
Activity
1 Discussion
topics project
2 Determine the
project title
3 Initial sketch
4 Final drawings
5 Analysis and
research
projects
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6 Selection of
project
7 Initial
installation
8 Initial testing
and identify
problems
9 Improvements
10 Installation
and final
testing
11 Achieving the
objectives and
final
preparations
12 End
TOTAL RM 452.50
CHAPTER IV
4.1 Introduction
Analysts and make learning process for a project that is produced is very
important to know and evaluate the effectiveness of the project. Ability to achieve
the objectives of the project can be proved by tests performed.
A sensor is placed on the rear bumper of the car, which is capable of both
emitting and detecting ultrasound. As it pulses, a computer measures the time it takes
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for the sound of it emits to be heard again. Parking sensors operate at a close range
and some sensors have a minimum operating range. When the user set distance
threshold is passed, the sensor will emit an audible sound alerting the driver that is
getting close to an object.
The distance threshold is useful for those who may want to leave more room
behind their vehicles, and those who like to squeeze in as tight as possible. Some
more expensive models may also have an extra unit inside the car which can also
visually alert the driver.
4.1.2 Limitations
Usually reverse sensor that have been install in the car can detect distance
while reversing a car. The limit distance that reverse sensor can detect is from 160 to
0 cm. This table below show how the reverse sensor detect distance and make buzzer
voice.
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Power window are mechanisms installed inside of the car door which control
the function of the window glass enabling them to go up and down. When the power
window motor fails the window ceases to operate in whatever position it was in
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when the power window motor failed. It can be a security concern if the window is
open when the motor fails.
The no load speed or speed when no torque is applied to the motor shaft is 95
rotation per minute (rpm) and the no load current is less than 1.5 amperes.
The power window motor has four mounting hole positions. There is a
working voltage of 12 volts DC current. The unit is waterproof and ISO 9001 certified.
Rated torque is 3 N.m (30 Kg.cm) and it rated speed is 65 rpm (55-75).Besides that
the stall current is 28 A and stall torque is 25 Kg. The noise of the power window
motor is 55 DB.
The brake pedal is a simple class 2 layer attached to the master cylinder
piston by a rod. As force is applied to the brake pedal, it is multiplied through
leverage.
For example:
The brake pedal has a ratio of 3 to 1.The force is multiplied by 3, i.e, a force
of 100 psi becomes 300 psi at the master cylinder.
Conclusion
The force of the pads clamping on the rotor, or shoes pressing against the
drum, now can convert the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat energy. As
the kinetic energy is converted, less and less of it is available for conversion and the
vehicle slows and eventually stops.
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Analysis Data
4.8 Force
4.8.1 Definition
In physics, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change,
either concerning its movement, direction, or geometrical construction. It is measured with
the SI unit of newton and represented by the symbol F. In other words, a force is that which
can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from
a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate, or which can cause a flexible object to deform. Force can
also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or pull. A force has
both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.
The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is
equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time.[1] If the mass of the object is
constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net
force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional
the mass of the object. As a formula, this is expressed as:
Figure 4.8.1: Forces are also described as a push or pull on an object. They
can be due to phenomena such as gravity, magnetism, or anything that might cause a
mass to accelerate.
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The optimal pedal ratio is 6.2:1 on a disc/drum vehicle without vacuum or other assist
method. This means that the 70 lbs. the driver has applied now is amplified to 434 lbs.
(6.2 x 70 lbs.) of output force. The problem is that the travel of the pedal is rather long
due to the placement pivot point and master cylinder connection.
A booster increases the force of the pedal so lower mechanical pedal ratio can
be used. A lower ratio can give shortened pedal travel and better modulation. Most
vacuum boosted vehicles will have a 3.2:1 to 4:1 mechanical pedal ratio. The size of
the boosters diaphragm and amount of vacuum generated by the engine, will
determine how much force can be generated. Most engines will generate around -8 psi
of vacuum (do not confuse with inches of HG or Mercury). If a hypothetical booster
with 7-inch diaphragm is subjected to -8 psi of engine vacuum, it will produce more
than 300 lbs. of addition force. Here is the math:
To keep things simple, lets return to our manual brake example. The rod coming from
the firewall has 434 lbs. of output force. When the force is applied to the back of the
master cylinder, the force is transferred into the brake fluid.
If the master cylinder has a 1-inch bore, the pistons surface area is .78 square
inches. If you divide the output force of 434 lbs. by the surface area of the piston, you
would get 556 psi(434 lbs. divided by .78 inches) at the ports of the master cylinder.
Not bad for a 70 lbs. of human effort. If you reduce the surface area of the piston you,
will get more pressure.
This is because the surface area is smaller, but the output force from the pedal stays
the same. If you used a master cylinder with a bore of .75 inches that has a piston that
has .44 inches of piston surface area, you would get 986 psi at the ports for the master
cylinder (434 lbs. divided by .44 inches).
4.9 Torque
a flywheel. For example, pushing or pulling the handle of a wrench connected to a nut
or bolt produces a torque (turning force) that loosens or tightens the nut or bolt.
The symbol for torque is typically , the Greek letter tau. When it is called
moment, it is commonly denoted M. The magnitude of torque depends on three
quantities: the force applied, the length of the lever arm connecting the axis to the
point of force application, and the angle between the force vector and the lever arm.
In symbols:
Where
The length of the lever arm is particularly important; choosing this length
appropriately lies behind the operation of levers, pulleys, gears, and most other simple
machines involving a mechanical advantage. The SI unit for torque is the newton
metre (Nm). For more on the units of torque.
To select the proper motor, we must consider the worst case scenario, where the robot is not
only on an incline, but accelerating up it.
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Note now that all forces (F) are along the x and y axes. We balance the forces in the
x-direction:
Inserting the equation for torque above, and the equation for mgx, we obtain:
This torque value represents the total torque required to accelerate the robot up an
incline. However, this value must be divided by the total number (N) of drive wheels
to obtain the torque needed for each drive motor. Note that we do not consider the
total number of passive wheels as they have no effect on the torque required to move
the object aside from adding weight.
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CHAPTER V
5.1 CONCLUSION
Generated from the project, hoped that this will show and demonstrate a new
system was introduced. The prototype was created to show that the system design to
avoid violations of the right to withdraw from the current back to reduce the rate of
accidents often occur among drivers less attentive while driving a vehicle.
Planning costs incurred is one aspect that is quite important in this project. As
a result of the planning and implementation of projects correctly and systematically
minimize the cost of the project without defacing project produced. Studies of
purchased components can reduce production costs by purchasing capital goods and
components that are correct and accurate.
Analysis and findings that have been conducted show that this ideal
Emergency Brake Reverse applied to vehicles to improve safety.
Overall, many aspects of which have been collected from the projects that have
been implemented. In addition, it is hoped that this project will meet the needs of the
automotive field (PSMZA). With production of Emergency Brake Reverse could help
in some way to develop technology in the automotive field in the future.
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5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force
http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4564441_parking-sensors-work.html
http://www.ehow.com/facts_7435345_active-brake-assist-mean.html
http://www.motorauthority.com
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5.4 Appendix