CURD Unit 1 ¢ Multiple-choice Questions + 2 4. 15, 20 D Note that both AU and AH are negative. Since some energy released is used to do work to the surrounding, AH is less negative than AU B ‘There is no change in volume during the reaction. Hence, PAV=0 D The reaction rate will be different for different sizes of CaCO,, However, the amount of heat liberated is the same, B ‘The absolute value of internal energy and enthalpy (ofa system cannot be measured directly B B D Bonds may be broken or formed during a reaction For an exothermic reaction, energy required for bond breaking is smaller than that released in bond form A Addition reaction is exothermic as the less stable C=C bonds are converted to the more stable C-X bonds. c A The relative stability of individual molecules cannot be found without further information, D Combustion and neutralisation are exothermic processes, Equation C involves only bond formation while equation D involves only bond breaking. a \ D A At constant volume, PAV’ and AH = AL 010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited wel Complete answers and Marking Schemes gy 16. € Newton is a unit of force 1B The combustion of hydrogen is exothermic, The first equation refers to the formation of 1 mole of H,O while the second equation refers to the formation of 2 moles of HO. BC Diagrams (3) and (4) refer to two-step reactions. However, the enthalpy change of a system depends ‘only on the initial and final states of the process. wc In an endothermic reaction, enery the surroundings to break the bon the temperature of the system, is absorbed from not to increase 2. € Structured Questions + 1. (a) The H-bondings between water molecules are broken when liquid water turns to gas. Hence AU increases during the process. (b) There is an increase in volume during the process, Hence, w = PAV’ > 0 or work is done by the system (©) AH=AU+w As both AU and w are positive AH is positive, or the process is endothermic. 2. (a) Molar mass of NH, = 17.0 g 1000 17.0 58.82 (mol) enthalpy change for the formation of 9245882 _ Number of moles of NH, in Lk Hen T kg of NH 720(k3) (b) There is a decrease in volume during the reaction, AV <0, Hence, work done (x) PAV <0, Work is done to the system, u m u] a a nm ul u ul ul Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6Wa Complete Ansers and Marking Schemes Nyy 3. © @ ) © @ () 924 3 ~ +308 (ky) (i) According to the Law of Conservation fof Energy, the overall AH for the process below is 0 mot: 2NAg) + 3Hg) — 2NHg) —> 2NAg) + 3X8) Hence, AH® = +92.4 kJ for the reaction 2NH,(g) ——> 2N.(g) + 3HAg) The above reaction refers to the formation of 3 moles of H.(e. @ ane Exothermie Diagram Labelling { NaQHieq) + HClea) Heo NaCllaq) + H:01) Reaction coorainate Enthalpy Mixture (1) has a more negative enthalpy change. Both reactions are exothermic. For mixture (1), HCI completely ionises in ‘water. Little energy is required to ionise HCL For mixture (2), CH;COOH only slightly ionises in water, As more energy is required to ionise CH\COOH, the energy liberated (enthalpy change) is les. “Exothermie” means that heat is given out during the process. AH=<0 ‘The O-H bonds in sulphuric acid are broken to form H” and SO, ions. HY” and H,0 react to form HO" and there are attractions between H,0", SO,” and water molecules, The O-H bonds in sulphuric acid are rather weak, not much energy is required to break the bonds, As the O-H bonds in H,0° and the attraction between H,0", SO, and water molecules are strong, more energy is released than absorbed during the process ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited nm 1 a a a R) o) a u uy a a iu} io) © (a (by © @ @ ) © @) (a) (b) © @ ‘The reaction of adding 5.0 g of concentrated sulphuric acid to 100 cm’ NaOH is more exothermic. ‘There is also a neur-alisation reaction between H,SO, and NaOH during the mixing which is ‘an exothermic process, Free radical additi (The first step of reaction involves the breaking of a Be Br bond which required energy. Light or heat provides the energy required forthe breakage of Br-Br bond. Gi)_As energy is required, the first step is an endothermic prceess Step (3) is exotherme, 11 involves only bond formation which releases energy: Cannot be determined, There are bond bresking and bond formation during the reaction, As the exact amount of energy required released for bond breaking/ formation are unknown, we cannot determine AH value forthe reaction, ‘Addition reaction 1. C=C bond 1 Br-Br bond. 1.C-C bond 2.C-Br bonds C=C double bond is energetically less stable than C-C single bond, Air (oxygen) is required for the reaction to start ‘The plastic bag prevents the chemicals from coming into contact with aie The reaction should not be very exothermic. Otherwise, it causes burns, ‘The reaction should be slow so that it can continuously give out heat over a period of time. ‘To prevent skin burn, (The oxidation of iron to form iron( III) oxide, (li) The active carbon is used to speed up the reaction. (The original reaction is to0 slow) (Note: In Fact, sat is also used to increase the rate of rusting of ir0»,) uw a iy io u a a t w ul a a) a) 1 u a uw ul a 1 a ul ‘Chemistry Suceess Key for HKDSEE 3(a) Calcium oxide €20(s) + HO) ——> CalOH),(aq) () (No. ‘The reaction is very exothermic, It may cause burn of skin of the user. ‘The reaction is too fast. It cannot keep warm fora long time No. ‘The reaction is slow and is not very exothermic. The food/ drink in the can ‘cannot be heated to a suitable temperature. Air (oxygen) is required for the reaction to start. The self-heating can is completely sealed from the surrounding. 9. (a) Water (b) The temperature of the mixture drops. ‘The dissolving of ammonium nitrate in water is an endothermic process (©) Any one of the following: = As fitst aid on sport injury — Asa reftigerant for cooling food ‘drink for outdoor use (@) Ammonium nitrate is an explosive. It causes explosion if disposed of in fire. 10, (a) 1 C-H bond 2.C-C bonds 1. CH bond 1.C=C bond (Note: There is a rearrangement of the position of H-atom during the reaction. Also, turning @.C-C single bond into a C=C double bond is ‘equivalent to the breaking of a C-C single bond and the forming of a C=C double bond.) Comparing answers in (a) and (b), itis found that the whole reaction is the conversion of 2 CC bonds into a C=C bond, As the reaction is endothermic, energy is absorbed for the conversion, A C=C bond is Jess stable than 2 C-C bonds, ) © + Essays + 1. AH=AU+ w, where Adis the enthalpy change during a reaction, AU js the change of internal energy of the system during the reaction and wis the work done ofthe system to the surrounding. The enthalpy change (AM) of & reaction is also the heat change ofa reaction under constant pressure. ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited fa} a) W w 1 mH a) oy m ul tm a o io) 0 uw a i W wel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy ‘This value ean be found by measuring the heat given ‘out for the above reaction carried out in an open container. ‘The change of internal enengy (AU) of the system is, the heat change of the reaction under constant volume. [1] ‘This value ean be found by measuring the heat given cout for the above reaction carried out in a closed 1 container. u The work done by the system can then be calculated, by using the equation AM = AU + w. Note that both Aff and AU are negative while w: is positive, as work is done by the system to the surrounding. Mm Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas in @ precise manner m1 ‘The ability to present ideas in @ systematic manner [1] ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences m Enthalpy change of a reaction is the heat change ‘when the reaction takes place at constant pressure. [1] Enthalpy change is negative when heat is released 10 the surrounding and the reaction is exothermic Enthalpy change is positive when heat is absorbed from the surrounding and the reaction is endothermic. [1] ‘Chemical bonds are formed and broken during a reaction, Energy is required to break a bond. The energy required is taken from the surrounding in the form ul of heat. iO) Energy is released when a bond is formed. The ‘energy released is in the form of heat 0 I the energy required for bond breaking is more than that released in bond forming, hea is absorbed and the enthalpy change of the reaction is positive. In contrast, ifthe energy required for bond breaking is ess than that released in bond forming, heat is released and the enthalpy change of the reaction is negative a Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas ina precise manner [1] ‘The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner {I} ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and fall sentences a ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 6We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes Nyy Unit 2 —_— # Multiple-choice Questions + 9. 10. Mu. 2. 13. 4. 1s. A In general, a solution in standard condition refers toa 1.0 M solution. However, in calculating the enthalpy change of solution, the final solution should be of infinite dilution. B c ‘The four reactions are essentially neutralisations. Reaction A has the least negative A value as energy is required to dissociate CH;COOH. Reactions B ‘and D have similar AM values as they form free ions in the solution. Reaction C has the most negative value as AH Sy[NaOH(s)] is highly negative (i.e. exothermic), D Equations (1), (2) and (3) represent chemical reactions. B ‘Water i a liquid under standard conditions, c AH of an clement in its standard state has 0 kJ mol’ B AH refers to the formation of one mole of the product. D ‘The reaction should be Zn(s) + Cl(g) ——> ZnC hs) c A Carbon should form CO; on complete combustion. A AH refers to the combustion of 4 moles of Na. D Different names may be used to describe the same centhalpy change. D = 1371 x 230, 0.0 2.04 * 46.0 A 8732, statix 87, 20 11.6 * 46. c 8.0 1 =5.80% 145 580% 145% 5) © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 16. 1. 18, 19. 20, D A ‘The enthalpy change of sclution of infinite dilution can only be obtained by extrapolation of @ graph, Ifa large amount of water is used, the temperature change will be very small. This leads to a serious experimental error, Sodium carbonate has a limit of solubility in water. [Fa large amount of sodium carbonate is used it may not be completely soluble in water. The accuracy of experiment is seriously affected, B ‘The student may minimise the heat loss to surrounding by using even better insulation and Jagging methods. However, he ean do nothing tothe formula to improve this, B ‘The combustion of a hyérocarbon is exothermic, i.e., AH® is negative. Hence, the standard enthalpies of combustion of alkenes decrease (become more negative) down the series because their molar masses increase down the series. c Both AH9[H,O()] and A¥°(H,O(g)] ace negative. ‘Since energy is required ¢ vaporse liquid water to smascous water, AM ?[H,0(@)] is less negative @ Structured Questions ¢ oo 40.1 (a) AHE = 40x SO «235 uw = 207317 (0) 207.3 KI 1 (b) Ca(OH), is not very soluble in water. Hence the solution turns milky during the reaction. 1 As some Ca(OH); remains undissolved during ‘the reaction and that there is enthalpy change to dissolve the remaining Ca(OH), solid, hence the value so found in (a) in not the correct AH? of the reaction, uw (©) No. Mg(OH); is even less soluble in water than ‘Ca(OH);, Also the reaction between Mg and water is very slow at room temperature Q ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 32 @ ) reacting mixture °C [Number of moles of water formed =s0.0% 2 — 9.100 1000 ‘Volume of solution = 100 cm? Inexperiment (1) Heat produced = 100 «4.2 13.7 = 5754 () Enthalpy change of newalisation AW? _ 5754 0.100 = ~57540 (J mot”) =-$75kI mol! In experiment (2): Heat produced = 1004.2 x 11.5 = 4830) Enthalpy change of neutralisation ATS 4830 ot D100 ~ 48300 (J mol ') = 48.3 kJ mol In experiment (1), both NaOH and HCI ‘completely ionise in water to give free OH” and w. In experiment (2), CH;COOH is a weak acid. It only partially ionises to give free H’ for the reaction,/ The dissociation of CH,COOH absorbs some energy. Hence, the result in experiment (1) can better bbe described as the standard enthalpy change of neutralisation, Graph Labelling 10 20 Volume of KOH added / em! ‘a0 {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited a a a ul io) oy oy a) 1 1 el o © @ © @ ) © wel Compete Answers and Marking Schemes gg ‘Neutralisation is an exothermic reaction. In the first part of the reaction, neutralisation occurs and the temperature of the solution increases. In the second part of the reaction, neutralisation is complete, Further addition of KOH solution lowers the temperature of the solution. ‘The temperature: 35,6 °C (Accept 35.0 °C ~ 360°C) ‘The volume: 18.2 cm? (Accept 18.0 em’ 19.0cm’) ‘Molarity ofthe final solution = 1.16 (M) (Accept 1.14 M~1.17 Mp Number of moles of H,0 formed 0.0500 Heat produced = 4.2 x (25.0+ 18.2) x (35.6 ~26.8) = 1597 (J) (Accept 1480 J ~ 1700 J) Hence, the enthalpy change of neutralisation 1597 0.0500 x 1000 = 31.90 (kJ mol") (Accept 29.6 kJ mol” ~ 34.0 KI mol") Standard enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change when one mole of a solute is completely dissolved in a sufficiently large volume of solvent so that there is no further heat exchange on further dilution (ie. infinite dilution), ‘Molar mass of NaOH = 23.04 16.0+ 1.0-40.0(g) Number of moles of NaOH used 4.00 goo 7000 Molarity of the solution _ 0.100% 1000 200 = 0,500 (M) Heat produced = 200 x 4.2 4.0 = 3360 (3) Enthalpy change of solution u ul O) a] ay a a a o) ul um um u ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 6Ba Coplete Answers and Marking Schemes gy (a) No. The molarity of the final solution is 0,5 M. There will be heat exchange on further dilution,’ The molarity of the final solution is not of infinite dilution (a) Standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions. (b)_ Any one of the following: i} ul al = Sodium reacts with water, Side reaetion oceurs, = NaBr dissolves in water. Physical state of product is not the same as stated in the equation. 880% 35.0 23.0%2 2000 708400(N) = 708 kI (Note: deduct "4 mark if the unit is wrongly expressed as kJ mol") @ No. Enthalpy change of formation of NaBr refers (o the enthalpy change when one mole of NaBr is formed from its constituent elements. In the above equation, 2 moles of NaBr are formed instead of L ‘The actual enthalpy change of formation of NaBr, according to the above experiment, © a= shoot be EE 3542 Amer ¢_ Box120 ns to arg 394 (kJ mol |) jon of (b) Standard enthalpy change of combu: graphite Standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide. (Note: Do not accept standard enthalpy change of reaction.) (©) AH® is more negative than AH'?./ Reaction (2) is more exothermic than reaction (1). Both reactions involve the breaking of O=O bonds and the formation of CO;. The only difference is the breaking of the lattice of ‘graphite and diamond, As the combustion of diamond produces more ‘nergy than the combustion of graphite, this means that less amount of energy is required to break the lattice of diamond than that of graphite. Graphite is energetically more stable than diamond. {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited i ul tu uw tH ay ul iO) uw uw @ oy © @ @ ) © Standard enthalpy change of combustion is the ‘enthalpy change when one mole ofa substance is buent completely in oxygen under standard conditions. Heat produced when 0.92 g of ethanol is burnt = 400 «4.2% 10 = 16800.) =168kI Hence, AMY of ethanol _ 16.8% (12,0%2 + 1.0%6+16.0) : 2s LOG 416s =-840 (kd mol ') [Because the combustion is not carried out under standard condition, i. at 28 K. Any three of the following errors: ~ Combustion is not complete. — There is serious heat oss tothe surrounding. The transfer of heat to the calorimeter is incomplete. Heat absorbed by the metal ealorimeter is not considered. city 3.04 + c040)+28:00 (Not: the inte ft rain and he pets pte) Mk of ba = 12.0 + 1.0x4 + 16.0 =32.0 (g) Surman Mipont = lowe = 10-4609 no, 20 AME {eethanol] = 1391 125 X tog =1175 = 718 iki mot) Calorific value of ethanol _ 1371 46.0 = 29.80 29800 8") Calorific value of methanol 78 320 = 2.43 =224(k 2") Ethanol is a better fuel as it has a higher calorific value ul a) Mm u uw BL 0 1 2 ) i a a) Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3@ 9% (a) ) © Molar mass of hexane = 1206+ 1.0 14 = 86.0 (8) 4194 ‘The calorific value of hexane is “174 = 4.77 ~48.8(kI g') a Let the percentage by mass of methanol in the mixture be x%, then a 24x x 100 4880 ~ 355) x= 720 ‘The percentage by mass of methanol in the mixture is 72.0%, a @ 1 298 (i) CHL, = CH) 304) —> 2COsg) + 21,00) [1] (ii) Molar mass of ethene 2.024 LOxd ~ 28.0(8) 410: AH @ [ethene] = a ® HH HHH HOH a HCHCH\(g)+ 604g) > ACOs) + 41,00) [1] (Gil) Molar mass of but-I-ene 20x44 10x8 6.0 (8) 84x 56.0 130 1810 (kJ mot") Mm (i) Each row 1 AH fbut-I-ene] = ‘When one mole of the following substances are burnt: Bond formed {number of moles cule clec on]C-O Bond broken number of moles Ethene 4[o,[i/3{4j4 But-l-ene si2t1felsls je © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 10. (a) ow) © @ wel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gj i) Mass of 2 mol of ethene = mass of 1 mol of but-t-ene Comparing the combustion of 2 moles of ethene and that of 1 mole of butel-ene, it is found that 1 more mole of C=C bond is broken in ethene but 2 more moles of C-C bond are broken in but-I-ene Now, AH 2[but-I-ene] ~2 x AH @fethene] = 1810 ~-2(-878.6) = 52.8 KI The combustion of 1 mole of but-I-ene produces more heat than the combustion of 2 moles ofethene by 52.8 Kd ‘This means that more energy is equited to break 2.C-C single bonds than to break 1 C=C bond a C=C bond is less stable than 2 ©-€ single bonds. 11 is to ensure that all the ethene has been reacted The two reactions should be caried out inthe dark. Under sunlight, substitution reaction oceurs and mixture of produes is formed. Molar mass of ethene 2.0%2+ 10%4 = 28.018) ¢ _ 680x280 ant = 0 = 95.2 (kd mot") =12.11% 280 2.00 = -170 (KI mot) AN — AH? =-170 952) 74.8 (kd mot") The main differences between the two reactions are the breaking of the halogen-halogen bond and the formation of two earbon-halogen bond As CI-CI bond is stronger than Br-Br bond, more energy is required to break Cl-CI bond than to break Br-Br bond Since AW is more negative than A, the extra energy released must come from the formation of C-halogen bonds. In this ease, CI bond is much stronger than C-Br, the extra energy released far more than compensates the energy required to break the halogen-halogen bonds an? = a a i} ul ul a ul uw a Ww ul (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy Essays + are very useful in chemistry, Enthalpy change of a reaction depends on the conditions under which the reaction is carried out, e.g. the temperature and pressure at which the reaction is performed. For easy and correct comparison of experimental results, @ set of standard states and standard conditions are necessary. Standard conditions: Temperature of reaction is 25 °C. Concentration of a solution is 1.0 M. Pressure of gases is 1 atm, Standard states: ‘The standard state of an element of a compound refers to its normal physical state under standard conditions. E.g. Water may exist as ice, liquid water or steam, However at 25 °C and 1 atm., water should exist as @ liquid, and this is the standard state of water. E.g, Some substances exist in different allotropic forms. Usually the most stable allotropie form is taken to be the standard state. In the case of carbon, graphite is taken to be the standard allotropie form, Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present angwer in paragraph form and full sentences, Assumptions forthe experiment Possible errors in the experiment Improvement Any two of the following assumptions for the experiment = There is no heat lost to the surrounding. ‘The heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup is negligible. ~The specific heat capacity of the solution is equal to the specific heat capacity of water = Density of solution is equal to the density of water whieh is 1 g em” Any two of the following possible errors in the experiment: = There is heat lost to the surrounding due to evaporation, convection ete. © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited |. Enthalpy change of a reaction can be used to estimate the stability of a compound, the strength of a bond and the feasibility of a reaction ete. which a Ri ul mH a in} Ri — Some heat is absorbed by the polystyrene cup. ~The specific heat capacity of the solution is not ‘equal to the specific heat capacity of water. The density of the solution is not equal to the density of water. = The thermometer is no: precise enough, Any two of the following improvements: Ry = Use a vacuum calorimeter or use herter lagging to reduce the heat lost lo surrounding. ~ Determine the heat capacity of the polystyrene ‘cup and take it into aecount in the calculation, Measure the heat capacity of the solution using electrical method. — Use a thermometer of higher precision (which ray easily be read to 0.1 °C) (Note: Mark any two items from each category. The points given in the three categories should be closely related.) Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner WW ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner [1] The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences m i: —_ * Multiple-choice Questions # D AH? = EAH (products) — EAH (reactants). However, AH? of one of the reactants, AHP[HLO()]. is not given. a AH[Br,(0)] = 0 in its standard conditions. B B AH? = AHO graphite] ~ AH 2{diamond] B ‘The three molecules have the same molecular formula. The more stable molecule has a more negative AH?, B The more stable molecule gives out less amount of ‘energy when burnt, i., it hes a less negative AH®. c AH® = 2 x AHP[FeCI(s)] -2 x AHP [FeCl(s)) ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3aA AH? = aH?COug)] 2x AN7(Cu:06)} oA ANS [SnCI(D] = AH® + AH P{SHCLS)] 10.€ AHSENa:COs + 10H0(8)] = AH [NCOs *H0(9)] +9 x ANFUHOO)] nD Iron reacts with chlorine to form FeCl, not FeCl: np Follow the arrows, stating at HBr). a (@) involves the atraction of an electron to an atom (electron affinity) which is exothermic, (3) involves the removal ofan eleeton from an atom (ionisation) which is endothermic, As energy required for (3) is greater than the energy released for (2), (1) is also endothermic. 4B 15. D AH E[CH,CH,CH,OH(D] = 3 x AHF[COAR)] + 4x AH9TH.O(] ~ AN F{CH,CH;CH.OH) 16.8 1.€ [Note that 72, but not AA are given, 18.B 9.4 20. € Almost all reactions are temperature dependent (unless AH ~ 0), Hess law states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the routes the reaction proceeds under the same conditions. Structured Questions ¢ (@) CH, and H,0 do not react under normal conditions. a oo CHa) + #,0() > cHOHKN + Hilo) Hy ICHAg) ‘OH, (CHLOH()] + aM (HOW) G(s) + 2H.{9) + 7 Os9) + Hilo) RI ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 2 3. w Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gj (ii) AHS = AHF [CH,OH()] - AN F{CHAg)] ~ AH*[HLO0] uw = -239.0 — (-74.9) - (-285.9) = +1218 (KJ mor!) w (Note: The enthalpy change of reaction can also be found using the equation A = Eat products) ~ LAH cactans) = AH[CH,OH()] ~ AH ?(CHAg)] ~ AvF(H.00) (a) Hess's law states that the enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes ofits individual steps in} (b) Carbon usually burns to form carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide is formed only when the combustion is incomplete (as a side product). It is difficult to control the reaction so that carbon ccan only burn to form carbon monoxide. 0 o@ co) + $0 co, \Z ls) + O49) Ry AH? - AHS uy) 393.5 ~(-283.0) = 110.5 (kd mot) 1 (Note: The enthalpy change of reaction ean also be found using the equation 1 CO{g) + 5 Oxlg) —> COM) = BAM P( products) — EAH 9 reactants) HY = AH? AHT) (a) The reaction does not proceed under normal conditions uw (©) (The enthalpy change of the following reaction can be measured directly in the laboratory CHA(g) + 4Cl4g) —— CCL(Y + 4HCK yg) ANE In the presence of excess Ch and under diffused sunlight! on heating, CH, can effectively react with Clyto form CCL). (2) ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSWa _Lonplete Answers and Marking Schemes Nyy Gs) + 2Hg) _ aH? +4ciig) Md} + 4K) .| \ “j \ COM + 2HG)_48HS Corin ¢ atci. +201,(9) “ el (iil) AHF + 4aHS = AHS + AHS AH? = AH? + AHS —4aH? 2 4. (a) Refer to the following enthalpy change cycle: a Ho) + Fog) 2240101, HLoyy H,019) 242.8 (43.1) 285.9 (kJ mol") eR (Note: The above enthalpy change eyele is not required in the answer. It is included here for clear explanation.) ) ANF IH.O0 ex,c00H19 +2040) 24 OM = 2046 AH; [CH,COOH(N) / \we [CHa] 2018) + 2449) 5 agg) 4 2,010 +3049) 2aH? [C0,(g)] + 20H? 1H,O(0] 21 AH? = 28H F[COAg)] + AHF HOW] — AHPCHCOOH()] — AHCHg)] [1] = 2X (393.5) +2 x 285.9) — (489.0) (809.3) = 605 (kd) a 5. (a) Any one of the following: fo} = The absorption of water by Na;CO.(s) t0 Form NasCO, + 10H,0(s) is very stow. = The reaction is hardly controllable, (b) Determine the enthalpy changes of solutions of Na;CO\(s) and Na;CO; + 10H,0(s) using simple calorimetric methods, By © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 10 © Na,CO,(s) + 10,0) —“ _, Na,co, - 104,018) ae, “A LL. nae 'Na,C0;(29) a (@) AH? = AHSyINaCOMs)) ~ ANS ,INasCO, + 10H.065) u 6. (a) Emthalpy change of ths reaction 425x73 = 158.1 @.0200% 1000 155-1) (b) Consider the following enthalpy changes: Reaction aHerig (1) Zn(3) + 2HCKag) —> “188.1 ZnClug) + Hats) 2) ZnCh(ag) + H,000+ COXg—>_ +225 ZaCOMs) + 2HCKag) ME) + OX — 11.00) 285.9 ()C) + 044) —> ous) 393.5 ‘Adding up, we have Zn(s) + C(s) + fous) > 2004s) ‘whose enthalpy isthe enthalpy of formation of ZaCO\6). a AHP [ZnCOss)] = 155.1 + 22.5 ~285.9 ~393.5 =-8 200k mol ') a (Note: Students may also draw enthalpy change eyele as shown below: ZnCO4s) = 226K , ZnCi,(aq) + H.0() + 2HCIaq) +60.) AH} [2nCO,(s)] |, Tesesbien Znis) + C(s) 158.1 kd, ZnCl,(aq) + He) + $0,(g) + 2HCI(aq) +0(s) + 2 0409) (©) ZnCO’s) —— Zn0(s) + COMg) AH? AN® = EAH 9(products) - EAH F(reactants) -M7.8- 3934-8120 = 970.7 (kJ mol ' 2) ) Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3Te (@) SHFICHBr(0] = SHF(CHAg)] + AE 0 =+523-90.1 37.8 (kJ mol) tw AHFICHAg)] = ANPICHM)] + AHS ul = 4523-1370 = 84.7 (kd mol ') a) () Cathy) + 28) —> CsH,Br() + 2HBr(g) AH? EAH (products) — EAH ? (reactants) = AH SICH,Bra(D] + 24H SHBrg)] — AMF(CHAg)] ~ 24H P[BR(D] = -378-2x724+847-0 97.9 (kJ) R) 8. (a) We need to find the enthalpy change of the following reaction x69 ! bx —s Ko ie aH (RBA) Rearranging the equations, we have: Reaction AHP iks 0) KOH(ag) + HBH(ag)—> KBr(ag) 1,00) -Q)H0@) —> Hig) + Oe) 12028 +) 1,0) —> 1,0) +3.1 1 lig) + 5 Bra) na +6) HBrg) + ag 86.4 1 1 HOKU) + $048) + FHA) on > KOH) (7) KOH(s) + ag ———> KOH(ag) 35.2 (8) KBx(ag) —> KBus)*0g 2003] Adding up, we have Koy J Bad) ——> KB) and AHFIKBr(s)] = -$7.1 + +431 -724~ 864-4260 $5.2 200 = 431.2 (kt mot") PI © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited ide ) 9. (a) oy 10. (a) wel Conte Answers and Marking Schemes gy KBa(s) melts at 727 °C. ‘KBr(s) ane), KBr(!) X24 Kis) + 5 Br), AH is the enthalpy change of formation of KBr(s) below 727 °C where AM is the enthalpy change of formation of KBr(/) at 727 °C, AH® is the enthalpy change for the melting of KBr(s) (called the latent heat of fusion). As AH = AH? + AH®, the difference in enthalpy change is due tothe energy required to melt KBr(s) which is about 30 ki mol! ra] CuO{s) + 2H1CKag) —> Cuchiag) + 00) ANS. [IT Rearranging the equations, we have Reaction AH?) KI 41) Cals) +CLig) —> CuCl) az? 4Q) CuCl) + ay—> CucLfazy at 1 ° +3) Hae) + 504g) — HL) aH -2 x (4) 2HCl{g) — Hyg) + Chg) 2a? 45) CuO) —> Culsy* F040) -AH1® 2 (6) 2HClag)——> 2HClig)+ag_ 2a’ Adding up the equations, we have CuO(s) + 2HCKag) ——> CuCh(ag) + HOU) and Atfiou= AH? + AHE + AHS —2AH9 - AHS 2aHe 8) Hence, AHS, ~ 206.0 ~ $1.5 ~ 285.9 +2 92.3 + 185.0 +2739 = 36.0 kt) 2 (Note: Students may use other methods as they Tike.) Reaction (1). Energy is required to change a solid substance into a gas a) (Note: This is called sublimation energy.) Reaction (2). Energy is required to remove cleetrons from an atom. a (Note: This is called ionisation enthalpy) Reaction (3). Energy is required to break the C-CI bond. a (Note: This is called the bond enthalpy of C1-Cl.) ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy m + . Pony 2aHe Mo") +Cl(@)+2e | | ag*ig) + 2crte) He z Mg(g) + Cha) = any mais ciis)| an? MgCl) 21 (©) AH = AHS + AHS + 2AH9 +20HZ + SHE [2] (Note: Follow the arrows, do not follow the levels.) + Essays ¢ L State Hess's law 1 Reasons why the enthalpy change of a reaction cannot be directly determined experimentally 3 Using Hess’ law to determine the enthalpy change ofa reaction 2 Hess's law: 1 ‘The enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes of its individual steps. Reasons why the enthalpy change of @ reaction cannot be directly determined experimentally = Reactions that are to slow. E.g., the rusting of iron wo = Reactions that are hypothetical, ie., reactants do not react to give the desired products as stated in the equation, E.g., formation of CH,, Na;COs, ZnSOy, ete. from their constituent elements 1" — Reactions that involve formation of side products, E-g,, bromination of CH, to form CH,Br ~ polysubstituted products are also formed a} (Accept other appropriate examples.) Using Hess’ law to determine the enthalpy change of a reaction Measurement of the enthalpy change of a reaction indirectly, E.g,, Direct measurement of the enthalpy change ofthe following reaction is not feasible CuSO(s) + SHO) —> CuSO, + SH,O() However, it can be measured indirectly by measuring the enthalpy changes of solution of CuSO(s) and CuSO, + 5H;O(8), uw ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited eae ~ Calculation ofthe enthalpy change of reaction by using AN values of the reactants and products provided by data book. E.g. CsHy(g) + Bry!) ——> GH.Br()) + HBr(g) The enthalpy change of reaction AN® = SAH % products) EAH P(reacants) = AH STHBr(g)] + AH P[CH.Br()] AHFICHAE)1 i} (Accept other appropriate examples.) Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner wu The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner [1] ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences m1 Application of Hess's law to determine indirectly the enthalpy changes of the reactions which cannot be determined directly by experiment 2 Enthalpy change cycle and its characteristics 2 Enthalpy level diagram and its charactersties 2 Application of Hess's law to determine iniretly the cemthalpy changes of the reactions which cannot be H,0(1) + S(s) + SOXaq) (b) The solution slowly turns turbid. Sulphur is formed during the reaction. It is insoluble in water. {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited ul io} 1 ul WW oy uy ay aw a a a Oy 1 a a a a ul -14- (©) He stopped his stop wateh when he could not see the eross on the paper. This means that the reaction has arrived at a certain point that the amount of sulphur formed is large enough to blot out the cross. (@) Since the faster the reaction, the shorter time is required to blot out the cross, We have 1 time required w blot out the eross rate ce (©) He should use the same volume of the same thiosulphate solution, {He should use the sane volume of hydrochloric acid but of different molarity (a) x ae 2 60 150 Tne! (b) At the first part of the curve, the slope is the steepest, The concentration of HCI is highest and the reaction is the fastest At the second part of the curve, the slope becomes less steep. The concentration of HCI is decreased and the reaction becomes slower, At the end of the reaction, the curve becomes horizontal. HCI has been used up and there is no further reaction, 40 (©) @ Rate =F) =2.0¢em' s) (or 120 (em! min ')) Average rate= = 067 em’ sy 1 (or 40 (em? min” )) (d) Measure the change of pressure with pressure sensor. (a) SCO, (ag) + 2Mn0, (ag) + 16H"(ag) ——> 2Mn""(aq) * 10CO.¢) + BHO €,0/ (aq) is colourless and MnO, (aq) is. purple, “(ag) has a flesh colour (very pale pink), ) a Wy uw uw ul a a nm a uy ul a ul u) uw Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3(©) Feom purple to very pale pink (@ Colorimeter (©) The colour intensity of the reacting mixture is proportional tothe concentration of MnO Hence the faster the decrease in intensity of the reacting mixture, the faster is the reaction rate (8) Any one ofthe following Measure the loss of mass using an electronic balance — Measure the volume of gas collected using 4 gas syringe — Measure the pressure of the gas using a pressure sensor ~ Measure the conductivity of the solution using a eonductometer (Note: The mentioning of the apparatus used is optional in (.) 7. (@) A quenching agent is a chemical added to a reacting mixture to effectively stop the reaction (b) ‘The reaction can proceed in the presence of an acid. Sodium bydrogencarbonate is used to react and remove the acid in the solution so that the reaction stops. (© No. ‘Any one of the following reasons: ~The reaction is also catalysed by alkali The reaction will continue in the presence of excess alkali Excess alkali also reacts with Ip. is decolourised and further titration reaction is not possible. (@) No indicator is required. I, has @ prominent reddish brown colour. The end point is shown by the disappearance of the colour. (Note: However, iodometry, the titration involving iodine, often uses starch solution as indicator.) (©) By measuring the colour intensit solution using a colorimeter. of the © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited ul a a1 1 a a i 1 ul uy i i -15~ el Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg Any three methods and explanations of the following: — By measuring the colour intensity of the solution using a colorimeter MnO, has an intense purple colour. Its ‘concentration change can be followed, — By measuring the conductivity of the solution using a conductometer. ‘There is a big change in the number of ions (23 ‘on the reactant side by 2 on the product side) during the reaction. — By measuring the volume of gas liberated using 8 gas syringe, CO, gas is liberated during the reaction. By measuring the pressure of gas liberated using pressure sensor. CO, gas is liberated during the reaction, (a) Label 1 Shape 1 [2] 8 Mass of carbon did collscted/@ 180) Times a (b) Molar mass of CaCO, = 40.1 + 12.04 16.03 00.1 g Molar mass of COs" 12.0% 16.0*2=440g [1] 5.50%100.1 Hence mass of CaCO, added = "75 5 = 1251-125 (8) iW ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6Wa Complete Answers and Marking Schemes Yop 10. © @ (a) o © @ © © ® aCO,(ag) + 2HCKaqg)—> COug) 1 2 ole ratio = 20M a ™ 1000 40 Caclyag) + HO) 200M _2%5.80 1000 ~ 44.0 25.50% 1000 Mm SETI = 1.25 (M) ‘The decrease in molarity is 1.25 M. Hence, the molarity of HCI after the reaction is 2.00 ~ 1.25 = 0.75 (M) (i) Rate of decrease of mass of CaCO, = 1231 a S417 emin i) Rate of decrease of molarity of HCI = L2s : 225 — 0.417 mol dm” mit 3 Reaction rates are sensitive to temperature, The Solutions should be mixed only when they have reached the required temperature to ensure that the reaction occurs at the required temperature. ‘To ensure that the whole reaction proceeds at the required temperature, A 5.0 em’ pipette (Since the volume of the solution extracted affects the titration results, the Volume should be accurately measured.) She should pour the extracted solution to ice ‘water to “quench” the reaction, Otherwise the reaction will continue even when the student is preparing the titration and during the titration, ‘The reaction has finished’ has reached an equilibrium stat. Keep the molarity and volume of all the reacting solutions the same as before But warm the solutions to elevated temperature. Yes. She does not have to know the exact molarities of the solutions used provided that same volumes of the same solutions are used. The volumes of HCI used in different ‘experiments bear the same ratio as the rates of the reactions {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 11, (a) The instantaneous rae ofthe reaction at 3* second: 270=9 ~97 em’ 5! ol . 2260-2170 _ 96 gm ¢! SO" seconds EAT” — 9.0 em! s i} 2390-2340 6! 100" second 722%: Lo-em's 1 105~' oy (b) HF concentration, M1 7 When H’ concentration decreases, the rate of reaction also decreases, a " (©) Lower reaction rate 1 The total amount of hydrogen gas formed is halved 1 m nM i = 3 5 mn a mn ° 40 80120 Time /s im — Excess Zn + 50,0 cm’ of 20MH,SO, Excess Zn + 50.0 cm" of 20MHCI ty io) * Essays + uy | t+. hive aspects of the effet of reaction rate to the a society 3x2 1 The chemical in airbags of vehicle undergoes very Mm fast reaction when ignited. It reacts to produce gas ie in a very short time. The gas inflates the airbags o which then provide a cushion effect in a car accident. [2] a Explosive is a compound or mixture of compounds Which react very fast to produce heat and gases. When used appropriate, like in mining and a ‘quarrying, explosive provides great help. When used inappropriately, human lives may be endangered. {2} Corrosion of metals, e.g. rusting of iron, is a ay chemical process in which metal objects ate damaged. If the reaction rate is fast, natural resources will be wasted, aur environment will be polluted, our lives will also be endangered, Hence, the corrosion processes sFould be kept a slow as possible a (Any other reasonable answers) -16- ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences 2. Radioactive substances emit high energy radiations Dut most of them have very low reaction rates. ‘These high energy radiations, if not hitting other radioactive substances, will finally dissipate in the atmosphere. However, if these high energy radiations hit on other radioactive substances, they will initiate nuclear reactions of other radioactive substances. Radioactive substances are seattered all over the world but their concentrations are very very low. There is little chance for their radiations to hit on other radioactive substances. Hence, these radioactive substances are not harmful to human beings. ‘When the radioactive substances are collected and concentrated, the chance for the radiations to hit on other radioactive substances is greatly increased. ‘The reaction rate and the energy liberated are also greatly increased. If this is well controlled, the energy released can be used to provide power for nuclear power plant ‘When the radioactive substances are concentrated to 4 certain extent, the energy and radiations emitted «will cause serious harm to human beings. Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas ina precise manner The ability o present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and. {ull sentences ‘ units5 05 —_—~ 4 Multiple-choice Questions 34.1 g. Mass of $00 om’ of on 24000 a nC 3B A: BC: D= 200 x 2:300 x 3:400 x 2:500 x 1 9:8:5 ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 3 ou) i} ul el 2) fo) Ww O) Oy 10. -17- pel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes A Water at rtp. is @ liquid. 40 em’ of water has about 40 5.0 IES D For gases of the same mass, the greater the molar ‘mass of the gas is, the smaller is its volume. c Number of motes A:B:C:D = 102,20, 20008 Tos 24° 1000 2000 34000 ota ~jo6'i2' 10°12 A 1000 em? of SO; contain + mole of molecule % sansots= 2 = 13840 ¢ Acting wth pation, {mole of NOs ge ta of toy Nan ef nel of HNO, 00 50 = 008. Hece une oF NO, = 0050» 24000 = 1200 cm* 8 The ole flo iN a8 NA #30, mem NO HO and th Nee : 160 of 40; has the sme number of moles as Mogetsty Lae he reave sonic mse 160-210 x432 +76 5 ory=32 3.60 dm’ ain 0 3.60 din? of CO, contain “7 0.15 (mol) of the molecule. 2NaHCO, ~ H,SO, ——> Na,SO, + 2H,0 + 2CO; According to the equation, | mole of H.SO, produces 2 moles of CO;. Hence number of moles SO, is 0.15 M of (Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 6Wa Lomlere Answers and Marking Schemes My 2D 3.60 dim’ of XO, contains 0.15 mol of the molecule. 3.60 dm’ oF X,0, also contains 4.20 g of X and 6.00 ~ 3.60 = 2.40 (g) of oxygen, i. 0.15 mol of 40, has a mass of 4.20 + 2.40 = 6.60 (g). Molar mass of 6.60 440 XOn" fg “42 BB 0.15 mol X,0, contains 0.30 mol of X whieh has a 420 mass of 4.20 g. Relative atomie mass of Xis 42° = 14 14.20 w. Relative a 1 Xis BP = We 840 Number ofmoles of Hy = 5555, = 0,035 Za(o) + 2HCKag)—> ZnCLag) * Hg) As I mole of Zn produces | mole of Hs, mass of Zn used = 0.035 x 65.4 = 2.3 (g) 15. B 200%0.500 Original number of motes of HCL= 7 =0.100 (mol) As2 moles of HCI produce 1 mole of H,, number of moles of HCI used = 0.070 2000 0.100 — 0.070 = 20 or the molarity of the resulting HCL solution = 0.15 M. 164 500 em! of NH = 55° = 0.021 mol. Molariy of 24000 1000 the NH, solution = 0,021 x 2° 0,042 (Mt the NH, solution = 0,021 x 150 (™) 17.B 400 1 umber of motes of toms = 5200 eg ae aan 24000 1s 1D Consider the formula of the hydrocarbon as CH, [As I vol. of C,H, produces 3 vol. of COs, x = 3. There is no information about the value of yin this cease asthe vol. of O; used is unknown, DB H,SO, is a dibasic acid while CH\COOH is a monobasic acid. Hence, H:SO, produces more H, ‘when solutions of equal volume and equal molarity are used. 20. C Bromine is a liquid at room temperature and pressure while chlorine isa gas. © 2010 Times Publishing (Hlong Kong) Limited 4% Structured Questions # 1 @ CaCO4s) + 2HNOMag) ——> mole ratio 1 2 CatNO)(ag) + HOW + COAg) 1 U 912 | Number of moles of CO, = 5712 038 (mol) ‘Number of moles of HNO, = 0.038 x2 0.076 (mol m1 0.076% 1000 100.0 = 0.76(M) m1 (b) Number of moles of Ca(NOs)s = number of moles of CO. Hence, molarity of HNO, = = 0.038 i} Hence, molarity of CatNO3)> _ 0.038 1000 “100.0 =0.38(M) w (©) Molar mass of calcium carbonate is 100.1 g. Number of moles of calcium carbonate used = 0.038 a) Mass of caleium carbonate used = 0.038 x 100.1 = 3.80 (@) Mass of caleium carbonate remained =5.0-38- 1219) 1 (a) Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the solution. The actual voime of carbon dioxide liberated is more than $12 em’, and the actual amount of calcium carbonate dissolved is greater than 0.038 mole uw 2. (@) Number of moles of SO; formed 0.500 Soy = .01558 Volume of SO; formed = 0.01558 x 24000 = 374 (cm Pl (©) H:0() + $0g) — 1.80 ,(ag) 1 mol of SO, produces | mol of H:S0 0.01558%1000 50.0 = 0.3116) m (©) @ C10; (ag) + Hag) + 3503" (ag) > 2€* (ag) + 4,0) + 380 (ag) [1] Gi) The orange solution turns geven, uw ‘Molarity of H;S05~ -18- (Chemisty Success Key for HKDSEE 3wo om @ @ &) © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Lit (iy According othe equation, 3 mol of SOs / $0," react with | mol of Cr,027 Number of moles of Cr, required 01558 = 0.005193 (mal) on Hence volume of acidified potassium dichromate soition required 0,005193%1 0.0800 = 649 (em i) Mus) + 2N@) ——9 2MayNas) a 1.00 Namber of moles of Mg = £0 04115 (mol) As 3 moles of Mg react with | mole of Ns, volume of N required ~ 208115%24000 = 329 em" a MgsNa) + 64:00) ——> 3Mu(OH).Aag) + 2NHY(aq) [1] Gi) 1 mole of Ny produces 2 moles of NH, number of moles of NH, formed _ 0.08115 “3 Hence, molarity of the NH, solution 0.02743 1000 = SE TEX1000 = 0.137(M) a The first reaction: Zn(s) + CuSO,(ag)——> ZnSO(ag) + Cus) [1] The second reaction: Zaks) + HySO,(ag) —> ZnSO.ag)* Hg) [1] (Note: students cam also express their answer in the form of ionie equations: For the first reaction: Zns) + Cu (ag) ——> Zn°(ag) + Cus) For the second reaction: Zn(s) + 2H (ag) ——> Zn? (ag) + HXe)) Displacement reaction occurs when zine is added to copper(II) sulphate solution. Zine is in excess and hence some amount of zine is remained after the first reaction Ww *2= 0.02743 a Excess zine reacts with sulphuric acid to give Hy, Cu is formed during the first reaction, itis below Hy in the es. and does not react with acid, (1) -19- Wel Conpiete Answers and Marking Schemes gg (0) Number of moles of H liberated 36 © 24000 Number of motes of Zn which reacts with ‘excess sulphuric acid = 0.015 mol Number of moles of Zn added 3.60 ~ Go 7 0.05505 (mot Hence number of moles of Zn which reacts with CuSO, = 0.05505 - 0.015 = 0.040 (mol) According fo the equation, number of moles of CuSO, ~ 0.040 mol Hence, molarity of CuSO. _ 9.040% 1000 = (@ Number of moles of sulphuric acid added 25.0%1.00 Tog ~ 00250 (mol) Number of moles of H® remained after the reaction = (0.0250 ~ 0,015) x 2= 0.020 (mol) (Note: 1 H,SO, produces 2H”) ‘The final volume is 75.0 em! 0.020310 75.0 =027M 0.015 (mol) =0.80(M), Hence, molarity of H = (a) Molar mass of ammonium chloride = (140+ 104) +355 = 535 (8) Number of moles of NH, formed if the 00 335 = 0.03364 (mol) ‘Volume of NH, produced at np. = 0.03364 x 24000 = 807 (em') (b) Ammonia is very soluble in water. An inverted funnel is used to provide a larger contact surface area, Otherwise, the solution may suck back and crack the hot boiling tube. =) Inverted tunnet Ni percentage yield is 60%= <= x06 water uy ty a 2 Mm fe} uw w ul ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 6Way Complete Answers and Marking Schemes Nyy 200 1000 Molarity of ammonia solution =x (©) 0.03364 = 1682 = 0.168 (M) (@ @ A(25.0.em) pipete (i) Methyl orange. Iesums from orange to red at the end-point ity H,SO,aq) + 2NH, (ag) moleratio 1 2 O.100Y 0.1682 x25.0 1000 1000 —— (NHL).80, (aa) Volume of H,SO, required 1682 25.0 © 0.10052 21.0 (em’) 6. (a) Dissolve a small amount of the impure sample in nitric acid, When all the solid dissolves, add silver nitrate solution tothe resulting solution. A white precipitate appears. (Note: The addition of excess nitric acid prior to the addition of silver nitrate solution is necessary to dissolve the sample.) ) NaOH(aq) + —-HCKag)—> mole ratio It at 18.0%0.150 _ 25.0x 1000 1000 NaCl(aq) + H,0(0) Motarity oH == 1:9%0:150 = 0.108 (M) (©) Number of moles of H’ reacting with CaCO, (0,300 -0.108)%250 - 1000 = 0.0480 (mob) CaCOXs) + 2HCI(ag) —> mole ratio 1 2 CaCh{ag) + HOW + COMB) Number of moles of CaCO; in the sample 2280 240 oa Molar mass of CaCO, = 100.1 Mass of CaCO, in the sample = 0.0240 x 100.1 = 2.402 (g) Percentage purity of calcium carbonate in the 2.402 sample = 2" x 100% = 80.1% © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited ul u uy a a1 0) w uy mH) u a a 1 (@) Volume of CO, evolved = 0.0240 x 24000 = $76 (em’) (©) Mass of CaCl in the sample 5980 (g) Nig ‘Number of moles of C~ in the sample 0.8980 Mi Molarity of CI in solution f= molarity of Cr from HCI + molarity of Cl from CaCly |, 0010771600 2* 0.01077 (mol) 39 + 90107 330M) 1080 (a) Number otmotes of t= 108, 045 tol) Mass ofH, collected =0.045 x2.0 090(@) () 1 mol of H,0 contains 2.0 ¢ of hydrogen and 160g of oxygen, Mass of oxygen reacting wit ron 0.090160 20 =0.72(g) Mass ofiron oxide ¥=0.72+ 1.88 = 2.60 (g) © ro: 0 Mass'g 188: O72 1.88 on Mole rao 188 on 3369 = 0.085 3 4 Hence, the empirical formula of Yis FesOy (@) 3Fe(s) + 4H,0(g) —> Fe.O4s) ~ 4H.(g) 2) a) a i} m1 a) u) wy uy (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3& @ o) © @ ) © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited All the ammonia formed is dissolved in water. ‘The residual gas contains only N; and Hy, Total volume of gas reacted = 500 + 1000 ~ 420 = 1080 (em") m1 According to the equation, N; and H; should react with a volume ratio of 1:3. ‘Therefore, volume of N; reacted — 1080 ; oar 270 (em*) and volume of H, reacted = 1080 270 =810 (em!) m1 Volume of Np remained in the residual gas mixture = S00 — 270 = 230 (em') and the volume of H, remained in the residual gas mixture = 1000 ~ 810 = 190 (em’) a Nz and H; should react in the ratio 1:3. In the above experiment, the N; : Hy ratio is 1:2, Le., Ns s in excess. w Both N; and H, are present in the residual gas mixture, ic. the reaction is incomplete / the reaction is reversible. a (Note: The idea of reversible reaction will be discussed in more detail in Chemical Equilibrium.) According to the equation, 270 em? of Nz reacts to form 2270 = 540 (em’) of NH, Number of moles of NH formed = = 24000 = 0.0225 1 0.0225 1000 Molarity of NH, solution = “O=T=SS 225 = 023M) a 2NH, + H.S0,——> (NH,):S0, Molar mass of (NH);S0. is 132.1 As2 moles of NH, produce 1 mole of (NHL),S0,, mass of (NH,);SO, produced 132.10.0225 oe eee mH =15@) 1 Cth ++ F709) —$> sCOxg) + 7 HO [1] KOI is used to absorb remove CO; from the mixture am 2KOH(ag) + COs) —> K,CO,ag) + H,O(/) [1] -21- wel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg (©) Volume of O; used = 450 ~ 150 = 300 (em) Volume of CO; produced = 350 ~ 150 = 200 (cm) 200 xo aa y _ 300 4 50 Substitute x = 4 into the above equation, we have y=8, ‘The molecular formula of Mis CH, (@) Since M does not react with bromine in the dark, M is a saturated hydrocarbon’ does not contain C=C bond, Possible structures for Mf are cH, cH BS CH, — CH, 10. (a) CHAg) + 20,¢) —> CO4g) + 24,00) CHA(g) + 50.44g) ——> 3C0,(g) + 4H,0(0, (b) Volume of O; used = 500-210 = 290 (em’) ‘Volume of CO; produced = 370-210 = 160 (em) Let » em’ be the volume of CH, in 100 cm? of the mixture X, then the volume of C)Hy is (100-y) em”, ¥+3(100-y) = 160 y= 70 Percentage by volume of CH, in the mixture is 70%. (©) Molar mass of CH, = 16.0 8: ‘molar mass of CsHy=44.0 8 890, CCalorfe value of CH= 1655 = 556K g' 2220 Calorfic value of CH= 70) = 50.5 kg Calorific value of the mixture 5.60.7 + 50.5 x03 a) "] 0 wy fe} a) a a Ww a io} 2 ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 6We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy + Essays + 1. State Avogadro's law Experiment procedures State Avogadro's law: Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. Experiment procedure: Leseription of one reaction: Dissolve a known amount of a metal (e.g. Zn) in excess acid (e.g. H,SO,). Measure the volume of hhydrogen gas evolved using a gas syringe. Calculate the mumber of moles of H, liberated and hence find ‘out the molar volume of hydrogen. Description of another reaction: Under the same temperature and pressure, repeat the experiment by dissolving a metal carbonate (e.g. CaCO)) in excess acid (e.g. HCI). Measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas evolved using a gas syringe. Caleulate the number of moles of CO; liberated and hence find out the molar volume of (CO, under the same experimental conditions. (Note; Students should give at least «wo appropriate experiments in which a gas is given out.) Comparing the result ofthe two reactions Compare the experimental results to show that the ‘molar volume of different gases under the same conditions is the same Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas ina precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences, 2, (Note: This question requires students to provide an appropriate example reaction in which the volume of gaseous reactants and products are readily measurable. One of a good example is the combustion of a gaseous hydrocarbon. However, student may also quote other reactions which involve gaseous reactants! products.) — Describe the stoichiometry of a balanced gascous equation: CH(e) + 2032) —> COsg) + 2H,0() Measure a known gaseous volume of each of the gaseous reactants, 30 cm’ of CH, and 200 cm’ of O; are measured and then mixed, {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited eI m ul a ul ul 0 -22- = Allow the reaction to start, Ignite the gaseous mixture Measure the volume of the gaseous mixture after being cooled to ei.p. ~ Describe how tke volume of the gaseous reactants used and gaseous products formed are measured Pass the resulting gaseous mixture through potassium hydroxide pallets. The contraction of volume shows the volume of COs formed. The volume of gas afler passing the gaseous mixture through potassium hydroxide pallets shows the volume of oxygen remained, — Compare the volume of gaseous reactants used and the volume of gaseous products formed to show that the ratio is the same as the stoichiometry of the equation, Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences Unité C5 —_~ Multiple-choice Questions ¢ La ‘The system should be carried out in a closed system which has no 2xchange of materials with the surroundings. A elesed system does not imply a physically sealed syste anc) All combustion reactions are irreversible. 3B Both forward and backward reactions still occur when the system is at equilibrium, B A The equilibrium constant is the same at the same temperature and pressure regardless the initial concentrations of the reactants, Whether [4B(2g) Joes * [ACag) on 9F not depends on the initial concentrations ofthe reactants, m i. i m u1 a) ul ‘Chemistry Suceess Key for HKDSEE 3c Fe(OH), is slightly soluble in water. So it exists in aqueous solution and is considered in the K expression. However, HO is the solvent and is not considered, A AgCl(s) is very slightly soluble in water. Usually it is considered as insoluble in water. Hence, both [Ag'(ag)] and [CY(aq)] are far smaller than 1 at equilibrium, D The initial number of moles of the reactants in the ‘wo experiments are the same, so the equilibrium concentrations are also the same. Change the volume of the container will change the initial concentrations, but K, is independent of the initial ‘concentrations. c [A.Aagylequ = 0.750 M; [82(2g)logy = 0.750 Mi [4B(2q)]ay.~ 0.500 M __ [ABAGN [ACO BD ge > No.of moles CO(e) + 21g) —= CHONIe) Initial’ mol 1.00, 1.00 ° Ategnv’ mol 0.900 0.800 0.106 Hence, at equilibrium = 2.900 6.6500 ol dm (CO) 100 0,0900 (mol dm *) 0.800 , (THL@)] = 10.0 = 0.0800 (mol dm *) 0.100 for1011) = ~ 0.0100 (mol dmv) [COL eal HaC8 Ig, ~ 0.0900 0.0800" = 17.4 mol ? dm* © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -23- Rn 13. Mw 15, wel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg D No. of moles CO(e) + H,0(g) == COwe) + Hae) Initial’ mol 1.00 1.00 0 0 ‘Ategm/ mol 1,00-x 1.00—x x x [CO,(e eal Hage [COE gg HO Bhyn = 0.667 (Note: The number of moles, instead of molarities, ‘can be used in this question. Could the students tell the rationale behind?) B Concentration SO@) += NO) Initial’ x10°M 3.00 3.00 Ategm! x10°M. 3.00—x 3.00 — x == SOx) + NO(g) o 0 1.00% 1.005 _ = 80s) NUMge 180,(£ gl VLO lye 00 = 1.00510" xP (3.00- x10" x=225 Hence, [SO.(2)}aye™ 2.25 x10" mot dm * (Note: Q.12 and Q.13 aim to show students different ‘ways of solving equilibrium problems.) a Concentration Hag) + Lg) <= 2Key Initial? M 1000 1.00 Ategm/M 100+ x 100-2 HIE, UL Heyl hen (1.00-2 an x(L00+ x) += 00159 Hence, 3(¢)]oqy~ 0.0159 mol di (Note: Students may find the answer by substitution.) B The unit of equilibrium constant must be related to concentrations (or pressures, which is dircetly proportional to concentrations). Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6Way Complete Answers aud Mariting Schemes gy 16. D 17. D ‘The reaction is reversible, hence [4(ag)] should not fall to 0 mol dm” ic _ (CH,CO0"(ad al Hay © [CH,COOH(ag)),., Ko = [H (ag MegnfOH (ag Voge {CH,COOH Ay, H(2M)apy {CH,COO(aq)).,, _ (CH,COOH( ag) gfOH" gE Cag). [CH,COO™ (29) uf (AN) air A 20. ¢ ‘The rate of reaction has no direct relationship with reversibility of the reaction, + Structured Questions + [ABC FO Taal Begg ed (6) Concentration aq) + By(ag) —* 24B(aa) Initia 3.00 6.00 M 3.00+x x 600-2 [1] 0 (3.004) 1.315 oF 13.68 (ejected) [4sCagyhayn = 3.00 + x= 4.32 (mot dim) 0 [Bxaglag, = €= 1.32 (mol dr") a [Blog lee = 6.00-28=3.37 (mol dm?) [1] {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 24 ay ) 6 Concentration / mol dim @ >) Goncentation / mol dm? 0 Time / min (Note: deduct 1 merk for each wrong curve; ‘maximum deduct 1 mark for wrong labelling.) At the first part ofthe curve, [B(aq)] is high and {[C{ag)} is tow (0 trol dm, so forward reaction is fast but the backward reaction is slow: Hence the decrease of [B(ag)] is fast During the reaction, [B(ag)] decreases and the Forward reaction rate also decreases. At the same time, {Clag)] increases and the backward reaction rate also inereases. Hence, the decrease of [B(aq)] slows devs, At time = 60 s, forward reaction rate = backward reaction rate, and there is no net change of [4(aq)] with time. The curve becomes a horizontal line. [Aead)loge = 04 M {B(@Q)]ege = 0.1 M Times BI a) a W a a) ul (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3(4) [Clag\]egn = 0.3 M [CaM © Ke ls ee [ACA gl BAD gy 0.30" OK 0.40%0.10° = 6.8 (no unit) (Note: deduet /4 mark if unit is incorrectly added.) 3. (a) Concentration CH,CH,COOH(aq) Initia M 0.800 vega’ M 0800-2 ==> CHCH,COO (ag) + Haq) 0 0 [CH,CH,COO” (2a ggl 1” (AQ) an [CH,CH,COOH(ad}),, kK, 1.35% 10° = 5 stone [CHsCH,C00 (aq)] =x = 3.280% 10" = 3.28 x 10° (M) (Note: It is assumed that the self dissociation of water is negligible. Since K, << 1, the approximation 0.800 ~ x = 0.800 is taken.) (b) (H(ag)] = x= 3.280 x 10° M Hence, pH of the solution = log (3.280 x 10°) 2.48 (©) Dearee of dissociation of the 0.8 M 3.280x10" 0.800 = 0.410% CH,CH,CooH = x 100% 4. (@) No, of moles of PCI, at equilibrium = 0,500 x (1 ~0.850) = 0.0750 (mol) 0.0750 5.00 Number of moles of PCI, at equilibrium = 0.500 x 0.850 = 0.425 (mol) 02s [PCMag = "p= 0.0850 0M Number of moles of CI, at equilibrium = 0425 +04 = 0.825 (mol) 82s [CRG “Soy 9-165 eM) [PCL ge = 9075? = 0.0150 (My © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited uw a au ao a uw a io) a Q) io) ul a ~25- ) © @ @) © wel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg [PCI (eI egalCls (hag, = POW ae, , a [PCL(2 am a 0.085030. 165 Ke 0.0150 0 = 0.935 (mol dm”) a [4B,(aghh ag - : 1 N° Talat l 8, (ag, uy A§aq) + 2Byaq) No. of Initial/ mol 2.00 4.00 mmoles Ategnv/mol 1803.00 Concentration ateqnM 0.180 0300 — us saa) 0 1.00 m1] 0.100 0.1007 x 0.150 0.300" = 0.741 (mol! dm’) 2] (Note: deduct % mark if unit is incorrect) Let dm’ be the new volume of the container. Aag) + 2Bx(aq) > 2ABYog) No.of moles at 1,00 2.00 2.00 new egw’ mol Concentration 1.00 2.00 2.00 [1] anew eqn PP r 2.00)" Av) 1.00)/ 2.00)" ry LF ori m Hence, the new volume of the container is 0.741 dm wu Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy 6. © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited (#) Cone. sulphuric acid uw (b) Molar masses: CH,COOH = 60.0 g; CH.OH = 46.0 g: CH,COOC.H, ~ 88.0 g No. of moles of 8.00 x of CH;COOC.H, soo © 88.0 = 00301 oo novofme HCOOH) + GsHON tntsinot 22 caw $0100 was ‘co Asan mot 0300-00801 0100-0 aw) nes = CHCOOCH) + 1,00) ° ° oom oat [CHCOOC, Hog ( FO, [CH,COOH(L ,£€.1,0H)., 6.0909 © 0.1091 0.00909 334 = 8.33 (no unit) 0 (Note: deduct “mark if unit is incorrectly added.) (© Let y be the number of moles of C3H.OH at the new equilibrium. Number of moles of 9.00 Js COOCH, produced = {> = 0,1023 (mol CH.COOCIH, produced = 527) = 0.1023 (mol) No. of moles. CH,COOH() + CHO), 0.200 0.1023 = 0.0977 mH Ateqm’ mol = CH,COOCH.() + H0) 0.1023 0.1023 [CH,COOC, Ha lHOD gy [CH,COOH( .,(CHOHD].,, .334-= 0.1023" uw 0.0977 y = 0.01285 a Mass of ethanol added = (0.01285 + 0.1023 ~0.100) x 46.0 = 0.697 (g) m K -26- 7. (a) By colorimetry measuring the colour intensity of the solution, (b) Concentration Initial’ M At eam’ M. FeMug) + 4.0010" 6.9010" SCN (ay) 4.00 x10” 6.90 x10" S [Fascnyttaa) ° sano! re (FeSCNT adh [Fe ad gISCN (49) _3aba07 ~ (6.9010) = 6.952 10" = 6.95 x 10" ol" dm) (Note: deduct % mark if unit is incorrect) ©) Similar to @), _Ls310" (470x107) = 6926 x 10? 6.93 x 10° (mat dn’) Within experimental errors, it is found that the K, values esleulated from experiment (1) and (2) ate the same. This means that the equilibrium constant for a reaction is independent of the inital concentrations ofthe reactants (a) The average K, values 694 x 10! mot dm’, Flag) + SCN(ag) 1.00% 10" 1.00% 10" + => [Fescnyi tay) Concentration ‘At egm/ M [FSCNT COO [Fe ag gg SCN" (a oy (1.005107 =) x= 6.86 x 10 or 1.46 x 10” (rejected) x= 6.86 x 10 (dm' mol!) 6.9410" m a 1 a1 uw mH wu oa) 1 oy (Chemistry Suceess Key for HKDSEE 38 (a) Concentration 2NO“y) = NO(g) Initial M 0.100 0 Ateqm/M —0,100~2x x m 169) ~(0:100-24)° = 0.0292 or 0.0856 (rejected Hence, [N:O,(g)}ap.~ 0.0292 mol dm”? [NOslghyn ~ 0.1002 > 0.0292 = 0.0416 (mol dm”) Let, be the minimum initial concentration of NO, ul a (b) A equilibrium, [NOs = (N04) TN,O,( 20g [NO(@k ys 0350, (0.300 y= 0.230 mol dm * (When CaCO\s) is strongly heated in an, CaCO, would decompose to give COs. The reaction will continue until all the CaCO, has decomposed. When CaCO, is heated in a sealed vessel CO, liberated has the chance t come imo contact with CaO, Backward reaction oceuts and C40 recombine with CO; 10 give CaCO,, Equilibrium is established, When CaCO, is heated in the air, COs liberated leaves the reacting mixture and goes to the surroundings. Backward reaction is impossible, and CaCO, will continue to decompose unt all the CaCO, tums to CaO, K. = [C0,(g) (mol dm”) (ii) C20 is a solid, its concentration is very high. Its concentration (activity) is considered to be constant. Hence it 8 not included in the expression {.0()) appears in the equilibrium constant expression for rection (1) but not for reaction (2). 300; 0.350y id} 169 (2 @ ul uw i} uw 0 © In reaction (1), water is not required to dissolved the reactants’ products. Water itself is ‘one of the reactants in the reaction. It should be included in the K, expression, In reaction (2), water is also the solvent of the reaction mixture. It is in large excess and its concentration is constant throughout the reaction, i v1 ‘© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -27- Wl Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy 10, Note that K. >> 1 (a) Since [M*(ag)] >> [NH,(ag)], we may assume that M* reacts with all the NHy(ag) to form [MONH)F* (ag). Hence, [Cagis =1.00 = 0.9975 (M) {EMONH)}" (aaa = 2.50% 10° M Let x M be [NH(ag)la: a 1 MONE) PED Cad gg 2.50%107 0.9975x" INH (@g)]eg =x = 1.16% 10 mol dr Since [M*(ag)] << [NFy(aq)], we may assume that NH(aq) reacts with all the (ag) to form [NEL tag) Hence, [NH\(ag)lgx= 1.00- 0.01004 = 0.9600 (M) 100M 140x108 = mm ) a 0 [MONE F(ab Let M be [aq Ion (MONE) PCs INH (aay, 0.0100 -(0.9600)* BP Cag lan = © =841 x10 "(My Let M be [Males then [NH (ag)gn = 4x My and [L0H F* (ag) = (0.100 5) M. However, since K >> 1, we may assume that [EMONH).P(ag)legs = (0.100 2) M =0.100 M (aq) + ANH (aq) 4y [MNEL)4)" (ag) 0.100 TMINEO Gs (aga NH OMI, 0.100 sayy! = 4.89% 104 [9 (ag)logs = #489 x 10"(M); K, 1.40 x 10 = a © a Concentration ‘Ateqm/ M x 1.40% 10" = m1 (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6Wa Lomplete Answers and Marking Schemes gy INH\(ag ees = 4 = 1.96 % 10 (M) fa} (Note: The aim of Q.10 is to help students to understand the concept of approximation from this exercise.) + Essays © 2 ©2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited ‘The experiments 2a Interpretation ofthe result 2 Experiment (1): Add I; to KI solution, Shake and wait until all the solid dissolves. Add CHCl, to Is in KI solution, Shake und wait until the system comes to equilibrium, Isis now dissolved in both Kl(aq) and CHC, Separate the two layers using separating funnel. Determine the molarity of fs in Kag) Caleulate the molarity ofl in CHC, a Experiment (2): Repeat experiment (1), using the same amount off, same volume of Kifag) and CHCL,. The molarity of KI (qq) is also the same. However, I; is dissolved in CHCl, first followed by the addition of KI(ag) el Interpretation of the result: Experiment (1) refers to the forward reaction: [sin KI goes to CHCI, while experiment (2) eefers to the backward reaction, 1,Gin Ki(aq))} il, (in CHI, (Oy) experiments, showing thatthe same equilibrium ean bbe reached from either side of a reversible change, [2] Bonus marks max 2 Describe how the molarity of ls in Kag) can be determined, (c.g. by colorimetric method or by titration with $,0,*(ag) using starch solution as indicator) Observations in the two experiments (e.g colour ofthe two layers) ‘The ratio is the same in both — Show calculation how the molarity of the solutions ean be determined. Effective communication 3 The ability to present ideas in a precise manner [I] The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner (1) The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences uy The procedure (st — Mix a known amount of glacial ethanoie acid and absolute ethanol (The idea of glacial and absolute is important because the presence of water greatly affects the equilibrium calculation.) 28 - Add a suitable catalyst, e-g. cone. H.SO, Immediately extract a small volume of the mixture and determire the amount of catalyst (cone, H:$0,) by ttretion. — Wan the the mixture and keep the temperature of ixture at 80 °C. = After some time, e.g. | hour, remove a small amount of solution from the mixture = Quench the reaction ty adding the solution tice. — Measure the molarity of acid by titration, = Repeat extracting a small amount of solution from the mixture and measuring the H concentration of the mixture by titration until the H’ concentration becomes unchanged. This ‘means that the system comes to equilibrium. (Quench the resulting mixture and determine the number of moles of the reactants and products in the resulting mixture by titration = Calculate the equilibr um constant of the reaction. Bonus mark — Safety precautions ~e,g water bath, instead of directly heating with a naked flame. ~ Experimental details ~ e.g. use of boiling stone = Examples for treatment of experimental data to ‘work out the equilibrium constant Effective communication ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner ‘The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences Unit 7 C5 —~ + Multiple-choice Questions # LB [H(ag)] is decreased when pH is increased. Water is the solvent. Adding water to the solution would dilute the whole solution, 2B Both forward and backward reaction rates would increase when the temperature is increased. c Increasing the volume of a gas mixture is equivalent to diluting the solution. Increasing temperature ‘would shift the equilibrium position to the right. 4 Water is not the solvent. It is a reagent which hydrolyses BICI, max 2 3 1m i} a (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 35A SO; reduces Fe” to Fe", Equilibrium position shifts to the left. Fe™” and Cl have no effect on the equilibrium position. D (PECL Een [CI-(aaMTey _ [EPBCI Tag gufPO** (2G ayn (CU AGM © [CE Cag g PO (agg, [CI (a0 Ey, TPOCLF (age [Po* (aah gaICU (OTe gn [Pb*(agV] yu fC Cage, Since all PCI; redissolves in cone, HCI, the equilibrium position of equation 3 must lie very ‘much to the product side, ie. K, > 2D Concentration XAag) + ¥4a9) = Vag) Initial’ M0500 0.500 (Note: concentration ofthe solution is halved ‘when mixed.) Ateqm/M 0450 0.450 0.100 LGU EX Cag eg HAA ge 9.100% 0.450 2 9 ‘When 100 em’ of water are added, Concentration Xag) + Yag) <= 2xMay) Initia’ M0250 0250 Ategm/M —0.250-x 0,250-r 2 ey x 3} Ge) or x= 0.0250 Henee, [XYag)lays = 2 = 0.0500 M 4B Since forward reaction is endothermic, equilibrium constant of the reaction increases when the ‘temperature is increased. A Equilibrium constant depends only on temperature. © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 10. a n 13. 4. 16 rt 18, wel _Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg A For an exothermic reaction, increasing temperature would decrease the equilibrium yield. Catalyst is used to increase the rate of the reaction so that equilibrium is established in a shorter time. The ‘equilibrium yield is not affected. The best mole ratio for NH is 1: 3. Adding excess hydrogen is ‘equivalent to adding insufficient nitrogen! c Adding more solid HA would increase the ‘equilibrium concentration of 4”, but the degree of dissociation is decreased. Diluting the acid solution is exactly the opposite action to (1). Dissociation of a weak acid involves the breaking of H-A bond. Which requires energy. B Since the solution turns green, it means that both Cu and [CUuCL]” (blue + yellow = green) exist. There is no information about the equilibrium position (or K, value) of the equation, B HCI increases (H'(ag)]. equilibrium position shifts to left. Cly oxidises Br to Bry. CI does not affect the equilibrium position, D pH =7;(H'(ag)] = 1 107M. Ky = Ha afOH CM gn For a neutral solution, [H'(ag)loys = [OH (ag Vly hence, Ky = 1,0 x 10" mol dm, Dissociation of HO requires energy. Inereasing temperature would increase the dissociation of HO, Henee, at 50 °C, [OH (aq)] > 10” M for a neutral solution, The system is not at equilibrium, and net reaction should proceed tothe left D Equilibrium position of a reaction is not affected by pressure, A Dissociation of a weak acid requires energy, hence degree of dissociation increases with temperature D Ifthe number of gas molecules on both sides of the equation are the same, the equilibrium position of the reaction is not affected by pressure. ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy 19. 2 [Test tube] Observation Explanation Increasing temperature would increase the reaction a tate of both the forward and backward reactions. For eee ater eer an endothermic reaction, the forwatd reaction rate is roliriaa|tessmen) | Verreeietatats increased to a greater extent | lighter in colour. [1] | formed. Br is 20. removed from the solution, Equilibrium + Structured Questions + position shifts to wy the right and the 7 concentration of Br, Ag) + Hg) decreases fol No. of motes Initial’ mot 0.100 0.100 B | The orange solution | OH (ag) in NaOH ‘Ateqmn/ mol 0.0800 0.0800 becomes lighter | reacts with HO" Concentration ate in colour when | Equilibrium position at eqn’ 10° M NaOH(ag) is added. | shifts to the right. [1] — (1) | Addition of H,0° == 4M) 7 The solution|removes OH” becomes orange/ | from the solution/ ‘A yellow precipitate | Pb™(ag) * 2Br (ag) oon darker in colour | increase the H,0° 200 when HCK(ag) is | concentration, and [ABCD auded 111 | shits the eguiirium [eB positon 1 the lef 0.00200 it 6.00800" © [A dark precipitate | 20 (aq) + Bracag) =3125 is formed, and the | ——> bs) + 28r =31.3 (mol ' dm’ 1m solution becomes | (ag) (Note: deduct 4 mack if unit is incorrect) lighter in coloue. {1] | fy displaces Ft () Let ¥'dm' be the volume of the cylinder. To being itself reduced have a percentage yield of 40%, we have to Br Since Isis Concentration A(g) + Big) => ABLE) insoluble in water, 2 dark precipitate is Ategnvm 90600 0.0600 9.0400 formed u) voy v (Note: Since Br, is ABB in excess, all the TA lB. is oxidised. 1, so formed cannot be ce) dissolved in KK(aq).) sn), (29a) a 3 81 (dm) a ‘The piston should be moved down to compress the eylinder to give a volume of 2.81 dm’, (€) Addl some water tothe cylinder. m AB(g) dissolves in water and is removed feom the equilibrium mixture, The equilibrium position would shift to the right, forming more ABL2). ia} © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited (Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3(a) k= LAB) Ta 4 @ * [Ag ‘(aah [NH (agh 1 [A@ Gah ACE (00 gg Ke RC 7 INH (aa), WARN )T gM agslCE Od gal AB" (2A UNH (aq) of AB" (AD = HARE I ean (NH, C2) 1 AS" CED ag [CL ag laglAE'C@)Iaes (21 LS , ac oe _ 2.30x10 5.60% 10" = 4.1110" (a0 unit a (Note: deduct Ys mark iFunit is incorrectly added.) (b) The initial concentrations of Ag’ and CI’ are Ss @) both 0.500 M. They should have the same concentrations at equilibrium. (i) Let x M be the concentration of Ag’, then 5.60 x 10" © x= 4.23 x 10" Molarty of Ag” when mixed =4.23%10°M Ry) GA white precipitate appears when the © solutions are mixed i ‘The equilibrium concentration of Ag’ is far below is inital concentration, showing that most Ag” has combined with CI” to form AgCls). wy 6 (a) (©) K, >> 1. The equilibrium postion shifts very much to the RLS m Hence, the white precipitate redissolves to form a clear (colourless) solution 0 (ote: The equilibrium concentration of Ag” is far lower than the initial concenteation.) {© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -31- Wel Conpiete Answers and Marking Schemes gg (@ Since the forward reaction is exothermic, Increasing the temperature will shift the ‘equilibrium position to the L.H.S.. Gi) As 3 gas molecules react to produce 2 gas ‘molecules, increasing pressure will shift the equilibrium position to the R.H.S. (iii) A catalyst would increase the rate of reaction so that the equilibrium position can be established in a shorter time. It does not change the equilibrium position, (W) Adding nitrogen gas would increase the total pressure of the system. However, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain unchanged. There is no change in the equilibrium position, ‘The equilibrium constant K. depends only on temperature changes. Addition of catalyst, nitrogen or inereasing pressure of the system will nt change the K, value For an exothermic reaction, K, decreases when ‘the temperature is increased. ‘The suspension gradually dissolves to form a clear solution OFT from sodium hydroxide reacts and remove HO" to form water. Equilibrium position will shift to the right, HA(s) gradually dissolves. Suspension reappears when HCI is added. HCI increases the concentration of H,0", which combines with (ag) to form HA(s)’ shifts the cauilibrium position to the lef More white suspension appears when saturated Nat solution is added. Nad increases the concentration of (aq), which combines with H,0" to from HA(s)/ shifis the equilibrium position further tothe left. At the beginning, the concentrations of Aj(g) and Bg) are high and the rate of formation of 48(g) is high. As reaction goes ‘on, concentrations of reactants decrease and the concentration of product is increased, ‘The forward reaction rate decreases and the backward reaction rate increases, Rate of Formation of 4B(g) slows down. At around 20" minute, forward reaction rate is equal to backward reaction rate and the system comes to equilibrium, m m mH a i) om Oo a fa} a ul a 2 ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 6Wa Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy oy © @ © o ® © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Concentration —A,(g) + Bg) = 24Big) Ategm/x10°M 4.00 4.00 2.00 [I] k= bei [Agu By(@legn ___0.02007 © 0,0400%0.0800 = 0.250 (no unit) ty) (Note: deduct ¥ mark if unit is incorrectly added.) Some 4B) i aed tothe system uw As the concentration of 4B(g) is increased at the 20" minute, the equilibrium position shifts to th left to restore the new equilibrium, 0 Concentration Aa(g) + Big) = 24B(g) Atnew eqm/M 0043 0.044% 0.04~ 2x [I] _ [4B gif, © [AB Iegol Blogs (0004-24)? (0.085 © = 8.00 x 10° (no unit) o (Note: deduct % mark if unit is incorrectly added.) Hence, molarity of 4,(g) = 0.04 + 0.008 = 4.80 x 10° mol dm”. [1] Te temperature of the system decreases. 0 (Note: Since there is no change in number ‘of gas molecules during the reaction, the ‘equilibrium position is not affected by change of pressure) From the graph, the new concentration of AB(e) at the 60" minute = 0.03 mo! dm”. 0.250 = Concentration xg) + Bg) Atnew eqm/xI0*M_ 4.00+0.500 4.00 + 0.500 == UB) 4.00 1.00 (11 [ABN TAC Maal 0.03" ~ 0048 = 0.444 (no unit 0 (Note: — Deduct “4 mark if unit is incorreetly added, — K, increases as the temperature decreases for an exothermic reaction.) ) (a) ) © 5 3 0.08 z § 0.08 g A 0.02. 8 ° Tima / min No.of moles N,Og) <> 2NOxg) Initia’ MM 0.100 ° Ategm/ M —0.100—x 2 Mol % of N.0. 03793 0.100 0.03793, 5.00 =0.01241 (mol dm") 2 0.03793 INOs8Iham = Oy = 0.01517 {mol dm?) Hence, [N:O4(@)lax (NO, (8) K= [N,0.(@lep 0.01517" 0.01241 = 0.0185 (mol dm *) (ote: deduct % mark unit is incorrect.) ‘The mixture tums deeper brown in colour, ‘The reaction is endothermic. Henee, increasing temperature would shift the equilibrium position to the right, ferming more NOs. Also, K, increases as the temaerature is inereased for aan endothermic reactior, ‘The mixture firstly turns deeper brown in colour. The colour slowly turns pale brown again on standing. ‘When the volume of the container is suddenly compressed to half of its volume, the concentration of both NO: and N,O, is doubled Hence, the mixture turns deeper brown. ‘The system then shifts ‘0 the left to restore the equilibrium. As NOs combines to form N, the mixture slowly turns pale brown again, 2 in} a a m4 in} io} a a i} 0 ‘Chemisty Success Key for HKDSEE 38 © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited @ ) © ‘The solution turns from orange to yellow. n (OH from NaOH removes H’ from the solution’ reacts with H’ to form water, Equilibrium position shifts to the right. ‘The yellow solution turns orange again, 1H from H,S0, removes OFF previously added reacts with OH” to form water/ increases the 1 concentration in the solution. Equilibrium position shifts to the left Ki = [Ag (ag)legnlCH Ag )eg In order that AgC(s) is formed, a a a 3x 10° mol dm” AED” [Eady ~ K:= [Ag a legmlCrO. (ag) oge In order that AwsCrO,(s) is formed, (AB elon” Veer cag = 4.24% 10% mol dm” (Note: Calculations are for students’ reference. They are not required in the marking scheme.) Hence, the concentration of Ag” required to precipitate AgCl is much smaller than that required to precipitate Ag.CrO, When AgNOs(ag) is added, white precipitate of AgCl appears frst, ‘When most of the CI” in the solution has been removed as AgCI(s) the concentration of Ag” ‘would then increase, Finally red precipitate of AgsCrO. appears (Note: K3CrO, is commonly used as an indicator for the titration of CT with Ag’) ul a Oy uu 9 10. (@) -33- el Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy (a) The reaction is exothermic. Hence, low temperature would shift the equilibrium position to the right, resulting a higher percentage yield of SO, ‘Three gas molecules react to form 2 molecules during the reaction.’ The number of gas ‘molecules decreases during the reaction, Hence, high pressure would shift the equilibrium position to the right, resulting a higher percentage yield of SO3, Low temperature would increase the percentage yield of SO,, but the reaction is very slow. High temperature would increase the reaction rate but the yield is low. In practice, a moderately high temperature is used. High pressure would increase the percentage yield of SO,. However, the cost for raising a high pressure is high. Hence, atmospheric pressure is used. Vanadium(V) oxide is used as a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction ) © @) Reaction I is endothermic. Hence, increasing temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right, Equilibrium yield is increased One gas molecule reacts to form 2 molecules during the reaction./ The number of gas ‘molecules increases during the reaction. Hence, low pressure would shift the equilibrium position to the right, resulting a higher ‘equilibrium yield Reaction I is endothermic and reaction II is exothermic. Once reaction II is started, it gives out energy. The temperature of the system (furnace) is increased and the reaction becomes faster, However, the system will melt down if the temperature is too high, Reaction is endothermic, It takes up energy and the temperature of the system decreases. Hence, if the two reactions are carried out by turns, the temperature of the system can be maintained at suitable range. No further energy is requited for the reactions to proceed once started, @) a uy a Ww 0 a) i) 2 a uw a) a u (Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSBE 6We Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gy + Essays + 1. Description of theoretical conditions 2 Explanation of practical experimental conditions 4 © 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Description of theoretical conditions = The reaction is exothermic. Both equilibrium constant and equilibrium yield are favoured by low temperature nm Number of gas molecules on the reactant side Js greater than the number of molecules on the produet side. Increase pressure will shift the equilibrium position to the right. Hence, the higher the pressure the higher the equilibrium yield. i Explanation of practical experimental conditions = Although equilibrium yield is favoured by low temperature, the reaction rate is also Tow. tn practice, a moderately high temperature (450 °C is nota very high temperature in industry) i used. [1] Increasing pressure shifts the equilibrium position to the right to produce more NH, However, the cost to produce a high pressure environment is also high. In practice, a pressure ‘of about 200 atmosphere is used. i — Finely divided iron is used to increase the reaction rate, 0 As reaction is carried out in a closed vessel and that Ny and H, should react in the ratio of 1:3, the same volume ratio is used to optimise the space used, iy Bonus mark a ‘As the percentage yield is low in the process, other ‘methods should be used to shift the equilibrium position to the right, e.g. the reaction mixture cooled under pressure to condense and remove the ammonia produced. The unreacted gas mixture is then fed back to the reaction vessel. Effective communication 3 The ability to present ideas in a precise manner a ‘The ability to present ideas ina systematic manner [1] ‘The ability o present answer in paragraph form and full semtences ny 2 Le Chateliers prineiple Effect of temperature Effect of pressure Effect of concentration Le Chatcliers principle: t Le Chatelier’s principle states that if a system in equilibrium is subjected to a change, the equilibrium position of the system will shift in a way to oppose the effect of the change. Effect of temperature: = For an exothermic -eaction, when the temperature of the reaction mixture is increased, the equilibrium position ofthe system will shift in such a way to remove’ absorb the heat. In this cease, the equilibrium position shift to the left, as the backward reaction is endothermic. uy - For an endothermic reaction, when the ‘emperature of the reaction mixture is decreased, the equilibrium position of the system will shift in such a way to add/ preduce more heat, In this, case, the equilibrium position shift to the lef as the backward reaction is exothermic. ou Effect of concentration fer gaseous reactions! reactions in aqueous solution When some reactants are added to a system in equilibrium, the equilibrium position of the system will shift in such a way to remove the reactants added. In this ease, the equilibrium position will shift to the right, 1 (Note: Students may also describe the effect of adding/ removing products on the equilibrium position. However, since the effect is very similar, no extra mark will be awarded.) Effect of pressure on reactions involving gaseous molecules: ey Take Naw aNd Nemign t0 be the number of gas ‘molecules on the left and rigit side of the balanced equation respectively = I Neweais » Nyon» ineweasing pressure would shift the equilibrium position to the right, reducing the number cf gas molecules and hence pressure of the sysem. TF Nessus = Noasuses increasing pressure has no effect on the equilibrium position of the system, ~ TF Neecunts * Nprsucs » increasing pressure ‘would shift the equilibrium position to the lef, reducing the number of gas molecules and hence pressure of the sysem. ‘Chemistry Success Key for HKDSEE 3wel Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gp (Note: Students may also discuss the effect of reducing pressure on the equilibrium position of the system.) Effective communication 3 ‘The ability to present ideas in a precise manner uw The ability to present ideas in a systematic manner [1] ‘The ability to present answer in paragraph form and full sentences tu 1© 2010 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -35- ‘Chemistry Suecess Key for HKDSEE 6