Fundamentals of Finite Element Method: Variational and Weighted Residual Appoaches

FUNDAMENTALSOF
FINITEELEMENTMETHOD:
VARIATIONALANDWEIGHTED
RESIDUALAPPOACHES
WinterAcademy2008
Guide:Prof.S.MiGal
AmitAgrawal
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering
IITBombay
1
2
OUTLINE
IntroducPontoFEM
WeakFormofProblem
ProcessofFEM
MethodofWeightedResidual
PieceWisetrialFuncPons
InterpolaPonFuncPons
NumericalIntegraPon
VariaPonalPrinciples
RayleighRitzMethod
FUNDAMENTALSOFFINITEELEMENTMETHOD:VariaPonalandWeightedResidualapproaches
AmitAgrawal,IITBombayWinterAcademy2008,IITMadras
3
INTRODUCTIONTOFINITEELEMENT
METHOD(FEM)
STARTED:Forsolvinglinearprobleminsolidmechanics
CURRENT:Forsolvingnonlinear,dynamic,transientproblems.
PiecewiseapplicaPonofavariaPonalandweightedresidualmethod
DomaindiscrePziedintoniteelements
DierenPalEquaPonconvertedintoalgebraicequaPonsusingintegral
approximaPons
Analy6calApproach FEMApproach
GoverningEquaPon DierenPal DierenPal
Element DierenPal Finite
SoluPon Exact Approximate
LimitaPons Geometry,B.C. ElementType
4
WEAKFORMOFAPROBLEM
IntegraPonby
DierenPalEquaPonWeakorvariaPonalEquaPon
Parts
ConsiderthedierenPalequaPon:
for0<x<L
BoundaryCondiPons:
MulPplyingtheDierenPalequaPonwithatestfuncPon:v
TwiceDierenPable
whichsaPses
5
WEAKFORMOFAPROBLEM
IntegraPngequaPonstwicebyparts:
WeakForm
ConPnuityrequirementofsoluPonweakened
BoundarycondiPonatx=LincludedinthevariaPonalequaPon
BoundarycondiPon@x=LNaturalBoundaryCondiPon
BoundarycondiPon@x=0EssenPalBoundaryCondiPon
6
GENERALPROCESS
GoverningDierenPalequaPonisknown
a) AssumeatrialsoluPon
1. DiscrePzethedomainintodierentelements
2. Approximatetheeldvariableoverthedomain(InterpolaPonfuncPons)
b) SaPsfytheBoundaryCondiPons
c) SaPsfythedierenPalequaPonwiththetrialsoluPon
(Errorisknownastheresidual)
d) Minimizetheresidualoverthewholedomaintoobtain
setofalgebraicequaPons
7
UNIFORMROD,UNIFORMAXIALLOAD
GoverningDierenPalEquaPon:
Figure1:UniformRodSubjectedtoAxialLoad
BoundaryCondiPon:u(0)=0&
a)TrialSoluPon:u=c1+c2x+c3x2
b)SaPsfyB.C.s:c1=0;c2+2c3L=0
c)Residual:2AEC3+q
d)MinimizeResidual:C3=q/2AE
8
HEATCONDUCTIONINASOLID
GoverningDierenPalEquaPon:
WithQ=1for0<x<L/2&Q=0forL/2<x<L
B.C.:T=0x=0
T=0x=L
a) TrialSoluPon:
b) B.C.:SaPsed
c) Residual:
d) Minimizetheresidual
R(x)=0??????
METHODOFWEIGHTEDRESIDUAL(MWR) 9
Residualmadezeroinanaveragesense
Weightedaverageofresidualiszero
TrialSoluPon=Cifiwherefisareknown
WjarearbitrarynonzerointegrablefuncPons
SelectasmanyweighPngfuncPonstogetenough
equaPons
ExactsoluPonsaPseseachandeveryweight.
10
METHODOFWEIGHTEDRESIDUAL
Colloca&onMethod
DiracDeltaweightfuncPons
Wj=(xxj)
R(xj)=0
Residualmadezeroatnitenumberofpoints
OrthogonalCollocaPon
SubdomainMethod
Domaindividedintosubdomain
Wj=1in
=0elsewhere
11
LeastSquaresMethod
Wj=
ImpliesminimizingwithrespecttoCi
MethodofMoments
Wj=1,x,x2,x3..
i.e.
12
GalerkinsMethod
WeighPngfuncPonsdonothaveanyconstraint(degreewise)
Wj=fjwherefjsarethetrialfuncPon
Residualmadezeroby
makingorthogonaltothetrialfuncPons
E.g.:W1=W2=
13
Subdomain:Integral
oftheresidualinthe
subdomainmade
zero
PointColloca6on:
Residualmadezeroat
par6cularpoints
Galerkins:Residual
madeorthogonalto
completeset
Figure2:SoluPonofD.E.withdierentM.W.R.(ZienkiewiczO.C.,TaylorR.L.)
14
GALERKINSMETHOD
DISADVANTAGES
DicultyinchoosingthetrialfuncPons
SelecPonoftrialfuncPonswhengeometryiscomplex
HighcomputaPonPme
CANBEOVERCOMEBYUSINGWEAKFORMANDFEM
DierenPabilityofsoluPonloweredusingweakform
NeedtosaPsfytheessenPalboundarycondiPons
SystemaPcderivaPonofapproximaPonfuncPons
15
ANEXAMPLE:
GoverningEquaPon:
Wherea(x)=1+x
g(x)=1+4x
BoundaryCondiPons:u(0)=0
u(1)=0
WeightedResidual:
WeakForm:
16
PIECEWISECONTINUOUSTRIALFUNCTIONS
a) TrialSoluPon
1)DiscrePzingthedomainintoelements
Divide0toLintoNparts
Chart1:VariaPonofshapefuncPonsindomain
1
0,8
ShapeFuncPon
0,6 W1
W2
W3
0,4
W4
W5
0,2 W6
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Domain
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2)ApproximaPonoveranelement
UsingLineartrialfuncPons
Foranyelemente
,areshapefuncPons
ShapefuncPonsareconPnuous,linearlyindependent
SoluPonconPnuityatsubdomainendpointsguaranteed
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b)Applyingtheweakformattheethelement
EquaPonswithweightfuncPonsWeandWe+1wouldbenonzero
WritetheequaPonsinformof[k]{F}={c}
[k]knownastheelementmatrix,symmetricinnature
c)AssemblyofelementequaPons
Combinealltheelementmatrices
Finalform[A]{F}={b}
[A]:sPnessmatrix,sparsematrix
{F}:displacementvector
{b}:forcevector
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SoluPonobtainedusinglineartrialfuncPons
Toimproveaccuracyincreaseno.ofelements.
Figure3:SoluPonusingpiece
wiseconPnuoustrialfuncPon
(ReddyJ.N.)
x
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DerivaPvesofsoluPonareimportant
InformaPonaboutphysicalvariablesofinterest:heatux,stress
Figure4:DerivaPveofthe
soluPon(ReddyJ.N.)
SoluPoncanbeimprovedusingmoreno.ofelementsor
higherordertrialfuncPons
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NATURALCOORDINATES
Coordinatesystemtransformedfromglobal(x)
tolocal()
Originatcentreofelement
1atle{endnodeand1atrightendnode
Convenientin
ConstrucPngInterpolaPon/ShapefuncPon
NumericalIntegraPon
22
INTERPOLATIONFUNCTIONS
DependsonGeometry&NumberofNodes
Independentoftheproblem
HavefollowingproperPes
i.
ii.
23
INTERPOLATIONFUNCTIONS
Numberofnodes=n
=NumberoffuncPons
OrderoffuncPon:n1
InterpolaPonfuncPonfornodei:
24
NUMERICALINTEGRATION
NewtonCotesQuadrature
Evaluatedatn+1equispacedpoints
nthorderpolynomialevaluatedexactlybychoosingn+1points
TrapezoidalRule
n=1
SimpsonsRule
n=2
25
NUMERICALINTEGRATION
GaussLegendreQuadrature
Evaluatesnthorderpolynomialexactlyat(n+1)/2points
RequireslesserbasepointsascomparedtoNewtoncotes
forsameaccuracy.
WhereiaretherootsofLegendrepolynomialPn+1()
26
VARIATIONALPRINCIPLES
MinimumPotenPalEnergy,LeastEnergyDissipaPon
TotalPotenPalEnergy(I)staPonarywithrespecttoanysmalldisplacements
(statevariable{u})
uforwhichIisstaPonaryissoluPon
i.e.I=0foreveryu
FormulPpledegreefreedomsystemgiveniaredisplacements
fori=1,2,3n
STRINGPROBLEM 27
EnergyEquaPon(VariaPon)=ForceEquilibriumEquaPon(D.E.)
Figure5:Stretchingof
stringunderconstant
force
ForceEquilibrium:
EnergyConcept:
StrainEnergy:
PotenPalEnergy:
TotalEnergy:
MinimizeI
28
ForxedxvalueofuwhichminimizesI(u)
ForutobesoluPonIshouldbezero
29
I=0isvalidforeveryu
BoundaryCondiPons:
E.B.C.
NaturalB.C.
EulerLagrangeEquaPon
30
EulerLagrangeEquaPon:
WeakForm:
31
WHENAVARIATIONALPRINCIPLE
EXIST,
MWRANDVARIATIONAL
APPROACHARETHESAME
BOTHBOILDOWNTOTHESAME
WEAKFORMOFEQUATION
32
RAYLEIGHRITZMETHOD
AssumeatrialsoluPon
SaPsfytheEssenPalBoundaryCondiPons
EvaluatethetotalpotenPalwiththetrialsoluPon
SetupequaPonsby=0fori=1,2,3N
(VariaPonindisplacementisduetochangeincoecients)
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SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS
FEMapproximatesthesoluPonusingdiscrete
elementsandfuncPons.
GalerkinsMethodonFiniteElementusestheweak
formulaPontogeneratesetofalgebraicequaPons.
EasilyprogrammableusinginterpolaPonfuncPons
andnumericalintegraPon.
VariaPonalMethodsmakesthefuncPonalstaPonary
withrespecttothedependentvariable.
34
REFERENCES
FiniteElementMethodZienkiewiczO.C.,
TaylorR.L.,1989
ThemethodofweightedResidualsand
VariaPonalPrinciples,FinlaysonB.A.,1972
IntroducPontoniteelementMethod,
ReddyJ.N.
35
QUESTIONS
???

Fundamentals of Finite Element Method: Variational and Weighted Residual Appoaches

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