NANOMATERIALS FOR ANTICORROSION IN

AUTOMOBILES
A Seminar report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of
T.Y. B.Tech. in Automobile Engineering

By

Gore Abhijit Suhas

Roll no 1401001
Academic Year (2016-17)

Department of Automobile Engineering

Rajarambapu Institute of Technology
(An autonomous institute)
Rajaramnagar, Sakharale, Sangli 415414

1
 DECLARATION

I declare that this report reflects my thoughts about the subject in my own words. I have

sufficiently cited and referenced the original sources, referred or considered in this work.

I have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in this my

submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary

action by the Institute.

No Name of Student(s) and Roll No(s) Signature

01 Gore Abhijit Suhas (1401001)

Date: Place:

CERTIFICATE

2
 This is to certify that the Seminar report NONMATERIALS FOR
ANTICORROSION IN AUTOMOBILES submitted by MR. GORE ABHIJIT
SUHAS in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Automobile Engineering to the Rajarambapu Institute of Technology is a record of
bonafidework carried out by him under my guidance and supervision.

Dr.S.D Yadav Dr. S.R Desai

Supervisor Automobile Engineering
Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

3
We express our deep sense of gratitude to KES Rajarambapu Institute of Technology,
Rajaramnagar for providing us an opportunity in fulfilling our most cherished desire of
reaching our goals.
We are in debated to our guide Dr. S.D Yadav for his constructive criticism and
useful timely suggestion and encouragement at every step which were of immense help to
carry out project work under guidance .We are thankful to him for his great support .
We express our heartfelt gratitude to Dr. S.R.Desai, Head of Department for
providing the facilities to carry out this work for seminar for all the help extended to us
from time to time.
We thanks to our all Professors, Lab Assistance and all those who helped in any
way or other in completing this seminar work successfully.

ABSTRACT

4
Metals and alloys are widely used in the automobiles Nanocoatings are the materials
which are known for their outstanding mechanical and physical properties due to their
extremely fine grain sixe and high grain boundary volume fraction. Now a days
deposition of the nanomaterials have been made easy to deposit on the automobiles using
(HVOF) high velocity oxyl fuel thermal spraying there are various advantages of this
those are better surface appearance ,good chemical resistance ,optical clarity ,easy to
clean ,Anti reflective characteristics along with this it is also being used to reduce the
corrosion and it also affects the various automobile properties various coatings that are
possible some of them are zeolite ,zeolite coating, epoxy coating, chemical coating,
polymer coating, sol gel nanocoating, in this paper various characteristics are being
shown also their effect and behavior on the metals are being explained ALO4 and ALO6
are being also used as the nanocoatings there are various conventional technology
available to mitigate the corrosion but amongst them this technology proved to be the
best performance of them can also be increased due to nanocoatings these are of size
generally ranging from 1 to 100 nanometer hence among them solgel are mostly used as
an nanomaterials

KEYWORDS: Nanomaterials ,Sol-Gel ,Polymer coating , Hvof

CONTENTS

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DECLARATION i
CERTIFICATE ii
ACKNOWLEGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT Iv
CONTENTS V
LIST OF TABLES Vi
LIST OF FIGURES Vii
NOMENCLATURE Viii
ABBREVATIONS Ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 General 1
3
1.2 Motivation of the present work 4
5
1.3 Objectives

1.4 Closure
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5-12
2.1 General 5
2.2 Literature 5
2.3 closure 10
3 CASE STUDY OF 11-28
3.1 Nanomaterials
3.2 Scenario of nanomaterials
v
4
CONCLUSION
5 USE IN AUTOMOBILES

6 REFERANCES

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
6
1.1General:-
Nano materials are widely used in the various fields and sectors among them
one in which it has been used widely along the sustainable growth and development is the
automobile sector in this paper the various types of the nonmaterials are been explained
along with their characteristics and at what condition which of them nanomaterials are
used is being also explained in this paper also what are various methods that are being
used for prevention of the corrosion are also being explained in this paper also the what
are the unique properties of the nanomaterials how they can be utilized in day to days life
and by using these nanomaterials what are the properties that can be enhanced are being
also explained in this paper. Various descriptions along with the properties of the
nanomaterials are also explained. The experimental results obtained after obtained after
using these materials are being compared to the original one. Generally corrosion is
irreversible interfacial reduction of the materials (metals, ceramics, and polymer) and the
distortion of the materials taking place. In this also the mechanism of the corrosion is
being explained on the comparison of with and with ought using nanomaterials also
their thermodynamically behavior characteristics are being also explained. New concepts
like passivation and what are its reduction techniques are explained. After application of
this nanomaterials what are the developments that took place in the automobiles are also
explained. Advantages of nanomaterials are explained in detail what are the zeolite what
are the zeolite coatings what are the epoxy coatings are explained in detail It is realized
that the most widely used definition of corrosion is the degradation of material by its
reaction with its environment. The following are the main concepts in the definition:
degradation, material, reaction, and environment. Generally, corrosion is conceived as
harmful that is, the degradation/destruction that occurs with corrosion. All the
polarization resistance techniques (linear, potentiodynamic, cyclic and so on) can be
employed to evaluate corrosion kinetics of coating systems; coupled with the coating
thickness achievable in a given period. Current density is main parameter used to
measure the efficiency of coating kinetics, the higher the current density the poorer the
electrochemical behavior. High corrosion rates are characterized with a small passive
range and lower pitting potential, suggesting the presence of defects and pores that allow
the electrolyte diffusion, thus promoting the failure of the protective barrier. For over one

7
hundred years, hexavalent chromium compounds, mainly chromates, have been widely
used as a corrosion inhibitor to protect high strength Al alloys used in aerospace and
defense applications, as well as other materials in a wide range of applications. Most
catalytic converters utilize the precious metal platinum, which is experiencing shortages
and therefore increasing in cost. The catalytic reactivity of platinum nanoparticles is
significantly enhanced over existing catalysts due to the fact that a much greater surface
area of the metal is exposed. Efficiency increases of 50% or greater can be achieved in
some cases. Nanocrystalline materials possess extremely large grain boundaries relative
to their grain size. Hence, nanomaterials are very active in terms of their chemical,
physical, and mechanical properties. Due to their enhanced chemical activity,
nanomaterials can be used as catalysts to react with such noxious and toxic gases as
carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide in automobile catalytic converters and power
generation equipment to prevent environmental pollution arising from burning gasoline
and coal. Since nanomaterials are stronger, harder, and much more wear-resistant and
erosion-resistant, they are presently being envisioned to be used as spark plugs. These
electrodes render the spark plugs longer-lasting and combust fuel far more efficiently and
completely

1.2 Motivation of the present work:-

To resolve these problems, various countries have embarked upon the research
concerning the nanomaterials for anticorrosion in automobiles and its application. There
has been tremendous increase in the use of nanomaterials in every field along with the
automobiles in every sector
There are two goals the first goal is to understand what is the technology
exact (is what are the exact nanomaterials) and how it would be beneficial if they would
be used in the automobiles and the second goal is to understand its properties and its
behavior under different conditions

1.3OBJECTIVES:-
To study the development of nanomaterials .

8
 Study the nanomaterials and its applications
Study on properties of the nanomaterials
Route adaptation nanomaterials in vehicles.

Study and analysis of nanomaterials

Analysis of nanomaterials

1.4Closure;
In this chapter, main focus is on the general view of the overall work which is
supposed to be done in dissertation. Motivation, aim and objectives are somewhat main
matter of interest which is given in this chapter

9
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1General
This section includes the literature survey of earlier research work made by
various researchers on nanomaterials. These are suitable for various application and are
used as an anticorrosive compounds various properties of it must be defined as the first
step in study Following papers are giving details about the various characteristics its
types along with its application.

2.2Literature:
Api Popoola, et al. [1] concentrates on importance of the how the nonmaterials
can be used for anticorrosive he also explained about the how the nanocoating materials
are being selected and on what basis are those selected he also explained about the cost
and the economics consideration while selecting any kind of the nanomaterials for any
kind of application. Also the writer in this paper explains about the mechanism of the
corrosion takes place and how those nanomaterials react it is being also explained in the
details about the corrosion thermodynamics also the importance of the anti corrosion
coating are being explained here with the various graphs two types of the anti corrosive
coatings are being explained here like active and passive types of the anti corrosion
coatings. After this the forms of the corrosion are also being explained in the details then
with ought help of nanocoatings how the corrosion preventive controls and the measures
and what are those measures taken are also being explained in details in this paper. Then
in this paper anti corrosion using the various materials like ceramic materials like hybrid
materials and the polymer materials are explained by the writer

V.S.Saji et al. [2] reviewed the importance of NANOSTRUCTURED materials (1

100 nm) are known for their outstanding mechanical and physical properties due to their
extremely fine grain size and high grain boundary volume fraction1. Significant progress
has been made in various aspects of synthesis of nano-scale materials. The focus is now
shifting from synthesis to manufacture of useful structures and coatings having greater

10
wear and corrosion resistance. Existing PVD and CVD processes for preparing
microcrystalline coatings can be used to produce nano-structured coatings by modifying
the process parameters or using feedstock powders having nano-grained structure.
Corrosion behaviour of nc-alloys is also being explained in this in like this manner
Electrodeposition is a versatile technique for producing nc-materials. It is a
technologically and economically viable production route to metals, alloys and metal
matrix com- posites, both in bulk form and as coatings. Properties of nano-structured
electrodeposits such as hardness, wear resistance and electrical resistivity are strongly
grain size- dependent. Writer in this explains about the various types of the nanocoatings
like Ceramic coatings are attractive as they possess good thermal and electrical
properties, and are more resistant to oxidation, corrosion, erosion and wear than metals in
high-temperature environments. Nanoparticles of diamond as well as chemical
compounds used for hard coatings (SiC, ZrO2, and A12O3) are commercially
available19, with typical particle sizes in the range 4-300 nm. Within tribo- logy, a new
development has been to deposit nanocoatings from colloids, e.g. of graphite. Nano-sized
silica has proved to be an alternative to toxic chromate conversion coating. Metal precoat
based on the combination of a nanostructured metallic oxide of ceramic-type, with metals
like Ti and Zr produces nanometre-range conversion coat- ing, while the conventional
phosphate layers are within micron range20.Also about the Polymer coating Conducting
polymers have evoked a great deal of interest due to their electrochemical properties and
their mixed ionic/electronic conductivity properties23. They have been used as host
matrices in various composite films. Organic or inorganic particles can be mixed with or
incorporated in the conducting polymers to modify their morphology, conductivity and
different physical properties depending upon the application, such as corrosion protection
also in this case writer has explained about the various factors like self cleaning coatings
and the biocidal coatings also the writer explains about the nanocoatings for the high
temperature applications

S.S.Pathak et al. [3] studied Nanotechnology in coatings Nanotechnology has been

employed to (i) enhance the natural corrosion resistance and performance of the

11
metal/alloy itself, by achieving a desired nely crystalline microstructure (e.g.
nanocrystallization) or by modifying its chemical composition at the nanometric scale
(e.g. formation of copper nanoparticles at the steel grain boundaries), and (ii) develop
coatings and inhibitors with tailored properties. briey summarizes the use of
nanotechnology in managing corrosion. In solid-state material systems, interest in
physical size in nanoscience start where normally invariant structural and physical
properties start changing with size. When material is at nanoscale, macroscopic materials
characteristics (e.g. dielectric constant and specic thermodynamic state functions) are no
longer valid. This often occurs while the material system contains a sufciently large
number of atoms or molecules so that a rst principles atomic scale model of the system
is infeasible. A nanomaterial is one with at least characteristic size between 1 and 100
nm. There are indeed characteristics of materials and materials systems that, when
extended or scaled to the nanolevel, lead to improved properties as conceptually simple
(or scalable) extensions of properties from larger-sized systems. 5 Types of solgel
coatings Inorganic solgel coatings Inorganic solgel coatings consist of only
metal/oxygen (Si-O, Zr-O, Ti-O) networks and are widely used for enhancement of the
oxidation and corrosion stability of metals such as stainless steel, aluminum and copper.
Various solgel thin lms of SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , SiO 2 /TiO 2 , ZrO 2 /Y 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3
have been produced for corrosion protection of metals. 18 For example, aluminum oxide
(Al 2 O 3 ) solgel lm can be prepared from solutions of hydrolyzed aluminum-tri-sec-
butoxide in methoxyethanol on steel. While all of these coatings showed promising
corrosion resistance, unfortunately poor interfacial adhesion, shrinkage and oxidation of
the substrate remained a problem. These coatings also often fail if the lm is thicker than
about 1 m because of the damaging shrinkage strains during drying and densication.

Api Popiila, et al. [4] studied about the Nanoparticle based coatings
Nano particle based coatings have been used to protect corrosion of various metals and
alloys. Zeolite coatings, epoxy coatings, self-cleaning paints and antimicrobial corrosion
coatings have been used to protect metals and alloys from corrosion. Their corrosion
protection efficiency is enhanced, when nanoparticles are incorporated into these coatings

12
Nano-coatings are materials that are produced by shrinking the material at the molecular
level to form a denser product. The appearance and usefulness of nanoparticles brings
many advantages and opportunities to paint and coating industry. Coating industry is
among the first to tap the potential of nanotechnology. Addition of nanoparticles to
coatings can upgrade many properties of coating system and can produce multipurpose
coatings with a little cost difference. Such coatings, sometimes made of self-assembling
monolayers are applicable in many ways: from scratch resistant coatings on glass to self-
cleaning surfaces to moisture absorbing to anti-graffiti and corrosion resistance coatings.
Nanoparticle based coatings for magnesium alloys with thermal and mechanical
stability Magnesium alloys have an excellent strength to weight ratio and are attractive
materials in cars, aircrafts and high end portable devices. Nevertheless they are also very
reactive and require excellent corrosion protection. Inorganic coatings offer good
protection especially under mechanical and thermal strain. However, due to the low
temperature stability of most magnesium alloys, dense inorganic coatings cannot be
applied using conventional techniques. Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate
minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents. The term zeolite was originally
coined by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who observed that upon rapidly
heating the material stilbite, it produced large amounts of steam from water that had been
adsorbed by the material. Based on this, he called the material zeolite, from the Greek
meaning boiling stone. Zeolites are microporous crystalline aluminosilicates with
uniform and molecular sized pores. They are non-toxic and have been explored for
medical applications. The application of zeolite films as chromium-free protective
coatings on aluminum alloys have been investigated.

Belen Diaz et al. [5] explained about the various techniques that are being used to
reduce the corrosion are being explained but the importance of the nanomaterials are
being explained greatly the techniques such as the magnetron sputtering ,ion plating
anodic and cathodic arc deposition are being also explained in this with the help of
various graphs the results are being explained here the performance the corrosion

13
behaviour and various characteristics of the anti corrosive materials is being explained
here various types of the analysis interpretation charts are also being explained

S. Mukhopadhyay et al.[6] revived about the various characteristics and various

types of the nanocoatings materials are being explained and their experimental results are
also being interpreted in this paper also the analysis is being also done and the various
results of the analysis are being interpreted in the form of the graphs

Closure
In this chapter the various researchers done yet on nanocoatings to enhance its
properties . It also covers the shortcoming of the research which needs to be focused. It
broadly gives the path to analyze and interpret results of various research works

14
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The traditional precursors for solgel reactions have been metal
alkoxides. In most of the solgel coating formulations, metal alkoxides/organofunctional
metal alkoxides are used either alone or in combination with a conventional polymer
capable of participating in solgel reactions. Solgel reactions start with a solution of
monomeric metal or metalloid alkoxide precursors M(OR) n in an alcohol or other low-
molecular-weight organic solvent. Here, M refers to a network-forming element such as
Si, Ti, Zr, etc, and R is typically an organic

3.2 REACTIONS
A solgel process is a two-step inorganic polymerization that
involves hydrolysis and condensation reaction of metal alkoxides (F ig.) . In the rst step,
polymerization starts by hydrolysis at the metalalkoxy linkage yielding alcohol and new
reactants, hydroxylated metal centers (M-OH). In the second step, condensation or three-
dimensional propagation occurs when hydroxylated species condense to form
oxypolymers (M-O-M). Polycondensation involves alkoxylation, oxolation or olation, a
reaction that creates oxygen bridges and releases water or alcohol species.

15
Various stages of solgel coating preparation and application to substrate: preparation of
solution of coating precursors (a), formation of sol through hydrolysis of precursors
followed by progressive condensation reactions (b), application of sol on the metal
substrate (c), gelation of sol on substrate which results in the formation of a three-
dimensional network throughout the liquid medium (d) and conversion of gel into solid
coating lm after drying/curing (e).

Step I: M(OR) n + xH 2 O [M(OR) nx (OH) x ] + x R-OH . . . . . .(Hydrolysis)

Step II: M-OH + RO-M M-O-M + ROH . . (Condensation) M-OH + HO-M M-O-
M + HOH . . . . . . . . (Condensation)

3.4 CORROSION RESISTANCE

Metals and their alloys, such as iron, aluminum, copper
and magnesium, have a natural tendency to form a thin layer of oxide/hydroxide on their
surface. Oxide/ hydroxide layers provide sufcient corrosion resistance to the metal in
dry ambient conditions. Under continued exposure to moisture, these layers become thick

16
but more porous, which makes them (oxide/hydroxide layers) no longer protective for the
metal beneath. Rust formation on iron, white oxide formation on aluminum and
magnesium, and tarnishing of copper are examples of corrosion. 19 Coating is one of the
most frequently used methods to barricade the metal from moisture and other corrosive
environmental factors.
The primary role of coatings in corrosion protection is to retard
or prevent the diffusion of corrosive solution to the metal beneath the coating. Solgel
coatings have the ability to undergo chemical reaction with natural oxide/hydroxide lms
on the metal substrate ( Fig. 12.5 and Table 12.1 ) and passivate the metal surface. The
hydroxyl group of hydrolyzed metal alkoxides in coating sol forms a covalent bond with
the hydroxyl group of natural oxide/hydroxide layers on the metal surface. bonding of a
solgel coating with a metal surface also results in better adhesion of solgel lm to the
substrate. As we know, better adhesion to the substrate is the primary requisite for proper
functioning and durability of corrosion-resistant coatings. Other important features which
make organicinorganic hybrid coatings more promising than conventional coatings are
the precise control over coating thickness, homogeneity and nanostructure,
hydrophobicity, scratch and abrasion resistance, and weathering stability. These
properties thus have great impact on the long-term corrosion resistance of hybrid
coatings. Before going into further discussion on the corrosion resistance offered by
organicinorganic hybrid coatings, we will also brie y discuss the hydrophobicity and
scratch resistance stability of these coatings, with some critical examples.

17
Closure
In this chapter the various researchers done yet on nanocoatings to enhance its
properties . It also covers the shortcoming of the research which needs to be focused. It
broadly gives the path to analyze and interpret results of various research works

18
 CHAPTER 3

CASE STUDY I

Nanomaterial Case Study: Nanoscale Silver in Disinfectant Spray. This report

represents a case study of engineered nanoscale silver (nano-Ag), focusing on the specific
example of nano-Ag as possibly used in disinfectant sprays. This case study is organized
around the comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) framework, which structures
available information pertaining to the product life cycle, environmental transport and
fate, exposure-dose in receptors (i.e., humans, ecological populations, and the
environment), and potential impacts in these receptors. The document does not draw
conclusions about potential risks. Instead, it is intended to be used as part of a process to
identify what is known and unknown about nano-Ag in a selected application. In turn, the
external review draft of the document provided a starting point to identify and prioritize
possible research directions to support future assessments of nanomaterials.

Engineered nanoscale materials (nanomaterials) have been described as having at least

one dimension between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm). They often have novel or unique
properties that can arise from their small size. Like all technological developments,
nanomaterials offer the potential for both benefits and risks. The assessment of such risks
and benefits requires information, but given the nascent state of nanotechnology, much
remains to be learned about the characteristics and effects of nanomaterials. The
document "Nanomaterial Case Study: Nanoscale Silver in Disinfectant Spray" is intended
to be used as part of a process to identify what is known and, more importantly, what is
not yet known that could be of value in assessing the broad implications of certain
nanomaterials. The complex properties of various nanomaterials make evaluating them in
the abstract or with generalizations difficult if not impossible. Thus, this document
focuses on a specific example of nano-Ag in disinfectant spray products.

This case study does not represent a completed or even a preliminary assessment of nano-
19
Ag; rather, it and other, similar case studies (see Related Links below) support research
planning efforts for nanomaterials. The document is organized around the comprehensive
environmental assessment (CEA) framework, which structures available information
pertaining to the product life cycle, transport, transformation and fate processes in
environmental media, exposure-dose in receptors (i.e., humans, ecological populations,
and the environment), and potential impacts in these receptors. When information is
available, it also includes other direct and indirect ramifications of both primary and
secondary substances and stressors associated with a nanomaterial. The CEA approach is
both a framework and a process; the external review draft of the document supported the
latter aspect, which engaged stakeholders from diverse technical (e.g., toxicology,
exposure science, atmospheric chemistry) and sector (e.g., industry, government,
academic) backgrounds.

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 CHAPTER 3

CASE STUDY II

The focus on nanotechnology in public discussion has increased over the past few years.
Nanotechnology is considered to be one of the key future technologies. The present study
focuses on applications of nanotechnology in environmental protection, especially in the
water and air sectors. First, nanotechnology solutions in the research and development
stage and products which are already available in the marketplace were identified. The
aim was to present a broad overview of already applicable and upcoming solutions for
environmental protection. Then, based on life cycle assessments for two case studies, it
was checked how the potential benefits and impacts on the environment for
nanotechnology products or processes compare with those for conventional solutions.
The first case study deals with the solar treatment of water contaminated with
tetrachloroethylene, comparing nanoscale titanium dioxide (photo-catalysis) and a photo-
Fenton process. The second case study compared a combination filter for cars with
nanofibres and a conventional filter. As a result of the research the following
nanotechnology solutions were identified for purification of water and air:

AIR SECTOR
Nanotechnology has been used in automotive exhaust catalytic
converters for 35 years. Furthermore, nanotechnology products are applied in air filters
and in photocatalysis for air purification. Catalytic converters: In the automotive sector,
catalytic converters are state of the art technology. A three-way catalytic converter has a
stainless steel body that contains catalytic material as a layer on a substrate (washcoat).
The particles of the noble metal catalyst in the washcoat are nanoscale. Research is
currently in progress, amongst other things, to minimize the amount of noble metal but
with the same catalytic performance. Filtration/separation: In the automobile industry
filter media lined with nanofibres are frequently used in filters for passenger cabin air.

21
Nanofibre-coated filter media are also applied for air filtration (e.g. dust removal) at
industrial plants and for filtration of the inlet air for gas turbines. Research focuses,
amongst other things, on the development and optimization of nano-structured
membranes for CO2 capture from power plant flue gases. Nanocatalysts: Nanocatalysts
for sustainable air purification are mostly still under development or just at the start of
being ready for practical use. For example, 3 through the use of nanoscale titanium
dioxide in cement photo-catalytic active concrete surfaces can be produced for air
purification in towns.

22
 USE IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

Currently, automobile engines waste considerable amounts of gasoline, thereby

contributing to environmental pollution by not completely combusting the fuel. A
conventional spark plug is not designed to burn the gasoline completely and
efficiently. This problem is compounded by defective, or worn-out, spark plug
electrodes
Since nanomaterials are stronger, harder, and much more wear-resistant and
erosion-resistant, they are presently being envisioned to be used as spark plugs.
These electrodes render the spark plugs longer-lasting and combust fuel far more
efficiently and Completely
A radically new spark plug design called the "railplug" is also in the prototype
stages. This railplug uses the technology derived from the "railgun," which is a
spin-off of the popular Star Wars defense program. However, these railplugs
generate much more powerful sparks (with an energy density of approximately 1
kJ/mm ).
2

conventional materials erode and corrode too soon and quite frequently to be of
any practical use in automobiles. Nevertheless, railplugs made of nanomaterials
last much longer even the conventional spark plugs. Also, automobiles waste
significant amounts of energy by losing the thermal energy generated by the
engine. This is especially true in the case of diesel engines.
the engine cylinders (liners) are currently being envisioned to be coated with
nanocrystalline ceramics, such as zirconia and alumina, so that they retain heat
much more efficiently and result in complete and efficient combustion of the fuel.

23
 CONCLUSION:-

1. I conclude that there are several types of nanomaterials which are widely used in the
automotive sector. According to the results acquired by various test procedure and cost-
benefit analysis in fleet operation, it can be concluded that how nanomaterials are
beneficial and what is its wide variety of application,

2. And also adaptation to a specific route deccreases the potential of the corrosion.

3. I conclude that the how the nanomaterials are being helpful nowadays and what is the
variety of application in which it is used.

24
 REFERANCES

1: Spray-coated Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Wear-resistance,Drag-

reductionandAnti-corrosionProperties Author Chunze Wang Fei Tang Qi Li Yan Zhang
Xiaohao Wang

2 corrosion resistance of nanoparticle - incorporated nano coatings author R. Joseph

Rathish[a], R. Dorothy[a], R. M. Joany[b], M. Pandiarajan[c] and Susai Rajendran

3 Corrosion Resistance Through the Application of Anti-Corrosion Coatings author

Api Popoola, OE Olorunniwo and OO Ige

4 Solgel nanocoatings for corrosion protection author S.S.PATHAK and A. S.

KHANNA, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

5 Chromium and Tauthorantalum oxide nanocoatings prepared by filtered cathodic arc

deposition for corrosion protection of carbon steel Belen Diaz

6 In depth studies of nanocoatings author S. Mukhopadhyay

25