6 - Verma Et Al. - 2016

Journal of Heat Transfer.
Received June 15, 2016;

Accepted manuscript posted February 21, 2017. doi:10.1115/1.4036015
Copyright (c) 2017 by ASME
Journal of Heat Transfer
Assessment of Thermal Damage during

Skin Tumor Treatment Using Thermal
Wave Model A Realistic Approach
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A. K. Verma1
Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
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School of Mechanical Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
akv11@iitbbs.ac.in
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P. Rath
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prath@iitbbs.ac.in
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Member - ASME
S. K. Mahapatra
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swarup@iitbbs.ac.in
Member - ASME
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ABSTRACT
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In the present study, a three layered skin tissue has been modeled to assess the heat transfer
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characteristics in laser skin tumor tissue interaction. A finite volume based two-dimensional numerical
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bioheat transfer model has put together to study the damage prediction of healthy tissues by considering
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both Fourier and non-Fourier law. The combination of the bioheat transfer equation with Fourier law,
forms the parabolic equation (Pennes model) and with the non-Fourier equation forms the hyperbolic
1
Corresponding author: A. K. Verma, akv11@iitbbs.ac.in
Downloaded From: http://heattransfer.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/jhtrao/0/ on 03/01/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme

Journal of Heat Transfer. Received June 15, 2016;
equation (thermal wave model). In this article, the laser source is provided on the outer layer of the skin to
dismantle the undesired tumor region exemplified as inhomogeneity (tumor) present in the intermediate
layer. Heat input through the laser source is on, until it reaches the tumor killing criteria. The heat
transport equation has been discretized by the finite volume method. The finite volume based numerical
model is developed in such a way that the non-Fourier model predictions can be obtained through
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conventional Fourier based solver. The central difference scheme is adopted for discretizing the spatial
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derivative terms. An implicit scheme is applied to treat the transient terms in the model. For few cases of
the hyperbolic problems, certain limitation for a chosen implicit scheme has also been addressed in this
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article. The results are validated with the existing literatures. The evaluated results are based on both the
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Fourier and the non-Fourier model, to investigate the temperature distribution and thermal damage by
ensuring irreversible thermal damage in the whole tumor region placed in dermis layer. Thermal damage
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of the healthy tissue is found to be more in the time scale of thermal wave model.
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Keywords: Skin tissue, tumor, bioheat transfer, non-Fourier.
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1 INTRODUCTION
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Human skin is the outer covering of body which acts as a protecting layer from
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external conditions. The external conditions are prone to heating as well as cooling,
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which sometimes might feel uncomfortable to human skin. Skin is the vital part of the
body which executes many functions, such as sensing, thermoregulation, host defense,
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etc. It comprises of three layers: epidermis (outer layer), dermis (intermediate layer)
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and sub-cutaneous fat layer (inner most layer). The basal cell is present in the lower part
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of the epidermis layer. Basal cell cancer happens due to direct or indirect exposure to
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chemicals, radiation, and also due to getting old. Basal cell cancer is the most common
type cancer found in human skin and it has a tendency to grow slowly, whereas,

melanoma cancer develops from melanocytes which spreads and grows in a faster rate,
if left unattended.
The modern therapeutic applications are playing a major role for the treatment
of damaged biological tissues in a hasty way, by using different techniques (laser,
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microwaves, radio frequency, etc.). While performing the therapeutic approaches, the
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heat transport and temperature distribution in biological tissue must be well controlled.
The heat transfer processes exists in the skin tissue are complicated. Therefore, the
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Fouriers law is used first for analyzing the heat transport considering a homogeneous
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material, followed by many available literature. But non-homogeneous materials
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(biological tissue, sand, etc.) possesses a different behavior and may not obey the
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Fouriers law. The dissimilar wave type behavior which occurs in non-homogeneous
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materials, can be termed as the non-Fourier law [2, 3]. The presence of non-Fourier
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behavior in non-homogeneous constituents have been verified by its properties, like

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temperature oscillation and undulating behavior.

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Many literatures have been found on the basis of experiments performed with
various non-homogeneous constituents like biological tissue (processed meat), sand,

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NaHCO3. Richardson et al. [4] was first to witness the temperature fluctuation in
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biological tissue and later by Roemer et al. [5]. In their studies, canine (resembling to
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dog) thigh muscle subjected to an abrupt application of microwave heating.

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Subsequently, Kaminski [3] has conducted experiments on sand, chemicals, glass beads,
etc., and concluded the presence of thermal wave type effect. Likely, experiments were
conducted by Mitra et al. [2] on processed meat in which two meat samples of same

size wrapped-up with insulated materials having different temperature levels, were kept
together in contact. The authors have placed the thermocouples, at the interface and at
certain distance off, from the interface inside meat samples. Temperature jump sensed
by the thermocouples has been reported in their study. Herwig and Beckert [6] looked
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into the experimental results carried out by Mitra et al. [2] and in their experiments,
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they used hot water passing through a pipe kept inside a rectangular box having filled
with sand or meat sample. In their study, they merely find any thermal disturbance like
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non-Fourier effect and the Fourier law shows good credibility for describing the
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transient conduction phenomenon. Furthermore, Gramann and Peters [7] have
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performed experiments on wet sand and detected, no thermal wave type behavior.
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Roetzel et al. [8] have also enquired about the experiments conducted earlier [2, 3, 6, 7],
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and performed two different experiments for finding thermal conductivity and thermal
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diffusivity. Roetzel et al. [8] has also conducted an experiment to find out, thermal
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conductivity and thermal diffusivity simultaneously, from one experiment on processed

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meat (biological tissue), sand, NaHCO3, and observed non-Fourier phenomenon.
Banerjee et al. [9] has also experienced the wave like thermal behavior in meat sample,
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when laser source was introduced. Therefore, no decisive conclusion can be drawn
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whether the thermal wave behavior exists in biological tissue due to its complex system.
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It has been well known that the biological tissue reacts fast to temperature. The
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vascular destruction occurs in tumor tissue when the temperature exceeds 42.5o C [10,
11]. One thing was noticed that near the temperature of 42.5o C , the normal tissues
were unaffected, while tumor cells were being killed. Likewise, Robinson et al. [12]

predicted that a temperature of at least 56 o C for 1 sec or more was enough for cancer
cell denaturation and death. Hence, there is no universal consent in the literature about
the correct amount of temperature rise and irradiation time required, for entire tumor
treatment [13] and its affects on normal tissue [14].
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For heat transfer analysis of biological tissues, Pennes [15] bioheat transfer
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equation has been generally used. Mathematical models: Pennes model of bioheat
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transfer (PMBT) and thermal wave model of bioheat transfer (TWMBT) [16, 34], have
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been developed to investigate the temperature distribution and thermal damage. PMBT
equation is parabolic in nature, whereas TWMBT equation is hyperbolic in nature.
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In the recent studies, Liu et al. [17], Shih et al. [18], Xu et al. [19] and Ahmadikia
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et al. [20], have solved for one-dimensional (1-D) cases with parabolic and hyperbolic
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approaches. However, in some situations like, therapeutic applications and medical

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treatments, it is necessary to know the detailed temperature distribution and thermal

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damage factors. Therefore, the two-dimensional (2-D) solutions has become more
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realistic and more likely to be addressed. For 2-D problems, more attention is needed
for resolving the issues. Strher and Strher [21] have developed 2-D numerical model
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considering skin surface with tumor in the center of the domain rather than taking the
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tumor depth. They have considered the surface heat flux at the boundary for certain
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duration which helps to understand effects on the burn injury and the tumor.
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Askarizadeh and Ahmadikia [22] has solved the 2-D domain analytically, but they have
not considered the tumor in their study.

In the present article, 2-D numerical models, PMBT and TWMBT have been
established, considering the three layers of skin with different thermal properties. The
FVM is used for discretization of the transport equation. The central difference scheme
is adapted for spatial term discretization. An implicit scheme is used for time
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discretization. It is found that, the implicit scheme exerts certain limitation for few
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hyperbolic approaches, which has been discussed later in this article. The finite volume
based numerical model is developed, in such a way that the non-Fourier model
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predictions can be obtained through conventional Fourier based FVM solver with
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appropriate treatment of the additional linearized source terms arises due to non-
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Fourier effect. The numerical solutions are being compared with analytical and transient
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numerical solutions. The results have been evaluated on the basis of two approaches
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(i.e. PMBT and TWMBT), by satisfying the tumor killing criteria. The domain also
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contains inhomogeneity (tumor) at the basal layer, which is the most likely region to
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occur melanoma skin cancer. The 2-D domain considered here is a section consists of
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top skin surface (as a line) to certain depth underneath the surface. A surface heat flux
has been applied above the tumor region in the top layer of skin, till it reaches the
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vascular destruction mode of tumor cells. Damaged region clearly distinguishes the first
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degree and second degree burns, which specifies how much irreversible damage has
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occurred. This article is divided into five sections. In the next section, bioheat transfer
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models are expressed using the non-dimensional form of TWMBT. Then, the thermal
damage is described. The physical problem is conferred next. Subsequently, in the
numerical method section, the finite volume discretization of PMBT and TWMBT are

presented, which is followed by results and discussion. Finally the article is concluded
with conclusion yielded from results.
2 BIOHEAT TRANSFER MODEL AND THERMAL DAMAGE
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2.1 Bioheat transfer models
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Two bioheat transfer models: PMBT and TWMBT are used in the present
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analysis. PMBT is the Fourier model and TWMBT is the non-Fourier one. The PMBT can
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be mathematically represented as [15],
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T
C k 2T b Cb wb Tb T Qm Q (1)
t
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Where, is density of the tissue, C is specific heat of the tissue, k is thermal
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conductivity of the tissue, T is temperature of the tissue, t is time, wb is the blood
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perfusion rate, Qm is metabolic heat generation, Q is volumetric heat source, and

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subscript b defines the blood for their respective properties.

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The TWMBT was introduced by Yang [16] and can be written mathematically as
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[19],
2T T

k 2T wb b Cb Tb T Qm Q
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q C C w C (2)
t
q b b b
t 2
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Where, q is the thermal relaxation time.

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The TWMBT is an extension of the PMBT model by considering the finite speed
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of propagation of the thermal wave, introduced by Cattaneo [23] and Vernotte [24].
The governing equation can be non-dimensionalized by using the following non-
dimensional variables,

y C
x*
x
, y* , * , C* ,
L L ref Cref
k k ref ref t T T
k* , ref , t* , T*
k ref ref C ref L2
Tb T
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ref q wb b Cb L2 Qm L2

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Vn , wb* , Qm*
L k * k ref k * k ref Tb T
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The non-dimensional TWMBT equation can be written as,
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Vn
2 2T *

1 Vn wb*
2
T * 2T * 2T *
wb* 1 T * Qm* (3)
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t*
2
t * 2
x* y *
2
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Where, Vn is the Vernotte number and superscript * defines the non-
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dimensional form of their respective terminologies. Here, volumetric heat source is kept
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zero.
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2.2 Thermal Damage

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Henriques and Moritz [25, 26] proposed, the Arrhenius burn integral equation,
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which is being broadly used by investigators for evaluating the skin thermal damage.
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The thermal damage can be estimated using the dimensionless parameter th as [1, 19,
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21],
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t
th A exp Ea / RT dt (4)
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The value of the material parameter equivalent to the frequency factor A has
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taken here as 3.1 10 98 s 1 and the Ea / R 75000 [1, 19, 21].
The measure of thermal damage for the first, second, and third degree burn can
be estimated by integrating the above equation (4). In basal layer [1, 19, 21, 25-28],

when the temperature, T 44 o C and 0.53 th 1, which is then considered as first
degree burn. This first degree burn, signifies the temporary discomfort, and no
permanent damage with quick healing. If the T 44 o C and th 1.0 , it is called as
second degree burn which indicates about the damaged epidermal layer (outer layer)
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and damage extends into the dermal layer (intermediate layer) as well and for third
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degree burn, T 44 o C and th 10000 . Third degree burn defines about the
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complete destruction of epidermal and dermal layers.
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3 PHYSICAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
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A 2-D physical domain of size 2L L has been considered with three layers [19,
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34] (mimicking a typical human skin) as presented in Fig. 1(a). In this problem, the
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inhomogeneity (tumor) has been incorporated inside tissue medium. Dimension

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L / 3 L / 6 of the tumor is considered to be present in the upper side of the dermis

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layer. To reduce the computer memory and computational time, half symmetry of the
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computational domain (right side of the symmetry line) is being solved, as displayed in
Fig. 1(b).
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Non-dimensional temperature, T * inside the domain can be evaluated by

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solving both PMBT and TWMBT, with the following initial and boundary conditions,
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(i) T * Tsteady
*
, t* 0
T *
0, t 0
*
(ii)
t *

T *
0 at 1 and 3 , t 0
*
(iii)
x *
(iv) T * 1 as 2 , t * 0
(v) T * h *T * as 4 , t * 0
*
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(vi) T * qo* as 5 , t * 0
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*
qo L
where, qo*
y k k ref Tb T
*
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Initially ( t * 0 ), the skin surface is exposed to the atmosphere for some time, so
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that it can attain steady state condition. This can be achieved by setting up a convective
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heat loss boundary condition on, 4 and 5 . The steady state temperature, Tsteady
*
can
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be obtained by solving steady state form of equation (6). Initial condition (ii) is used,
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while solving TWMBT equation. The dimensionless heat flux is applied on the boundary
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5 , until T * inside the tumor region reaches 1.3235 ( T 42.5o C ), which is the
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threshold temperature to ensure complete killing of tumor cells [11].

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4 NUMERICAL METHOD
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Finite volume method is being used to discretize the bioheat transport

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equations. Central difference scheme is adapted for spatial discretization. Implicit

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scheme is applied to discretize the transient term. The resulting finite volume discrete
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equation is rearranged in line with the conventional Fourier based standard finite
volume solver with additional linearized source terms ( S C and S P ) as appropriate.
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2T *
While discretizing equation (3) using the FVM, the first term Vn2 can be
t *2
discretized as,
dT * dT * * *
d
Vn2 * x y
dt dt * t *
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t * t *
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T* t * t *
T T
t* * t t
* * *
* t
T*
V 2
x * y *
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t * t *
n

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Vn2 x * y * * 2Vn2 x * y * * Vn2 x * y * *
T t * t *
T t*

T
t * t *
(5)
t * t * t *
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The other terms can be discretized using the standard finite volume procedure
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[29] and hence not repeated here for brevity.

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The overall finite volume discrete equation in its standard form [29] can be
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written as,
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aPTP* aE TE* aW TW* a N TN* aS TS* b (6)

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where,
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aP aE aW a N aS aPo S P V
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b a Po TP*
o
S C V
The coefficients of discrete equation (6) for the present problem are expressed
as,
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y *
, aW
y *
, aN
x * x *
1 Vn wb* x * y *
2
aE
x x y , aS

o
, a P (7a)
y * s t *
* * *
e w n
V
2
S P wb* n 2 (7b)

t *

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2V 2 * V2 *
t*
t * t *
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S C n 2 TP n 2 TP wb* Qm*

(7c)
t * t *
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Above discretized equation (6) is then solved by tri-diagonal matrix algorithm
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(TDMA). Iterative solution at all internal nodes are obtained by solving equation (6), for
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which the convergence is set to 10 6 (difference in the values of a variable between two
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successive iterations) at each time step. After updating the variables, at the end of each
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time step, the boundary values are evaluated from the adjacent internal nodes of the
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boundary using the boundary conditions. At the interface of the control volume, the
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diffusion coefficients are interpolated by harmonic mean to correctly determine the

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face values of the diffusion coefficients for any sharp discontinuity of the properties.
While solving hyperbolic equation, the solution obtained is sometimes oscillatory

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because of selecting random t * . So, it must be taken care of while selecting t * to

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avoid unwanted oscillations. The hyperbolic equation is solved analytically by Liu et al.
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[17] with thermal relaxation time of 20 sec. Figure 2(b) shows that, there is unwanted
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oscillations present in the solution for t 0.01 sec, although implicit scheme is used.
The reason for the unwanted oscillations, is the presence of double derivative term with
respect to time in the TWMBT [19, 34]. Since the diffusion term is smaller than the term
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for ( t * t * ) in the discretized equation of TWMBT, the solution starts oscillating.
Therefore, proper selection of time step size is required, so that, fluctuation in the
solution may not arise. Following criteria has been set to avoid oscillation in the solution
for the present 2-D model,
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a Et t and aWt t and a Nt t and a St t a Pt t
* * * * * * * * * *
(8)
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y * x * Vn x * y *
2

x *
and
y * t *
2

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t * Vn x * , and t * Vn y * tN (9)
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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For heat transfer analysis of skin tissue, the geometry and the thermo-physical
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properties selected are listed in table 1 [11, 19, 30-34]. In the present problem, the
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blood temperature Tb 37 o C , blood density b 1052 kg / m 3 , specific heat of blood

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Cb 3800 J / kgK , heat transfer coefficient h 20 W / m 2 K , and environment

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temperature T 20 o C , are considered. The overall thickness of the tissue medium is

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taken as L 0.006 m .
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To validate the numerical model, the present numerical results have been
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compared with the experimental result [2] as shown in Fig. 2(a) and with analytical
results [17] for both PMBT and TWMBT ( q 20 s ) as presented in Fig. 2(b).
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The present numerical model is also validated with the 2-D numerical solutions,
which possess the inhomogeneity at the center of the tissue medium as shown in Fig.
2(c). Zhang [30] had solved the Pennes bioheat equation for steady state and transient
temperature distribution. The results obtained for both 1-D and 2-D are matching well
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with the literature [17, 30].
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A grid sensitivity study is also executed. Figure 3(a) shows that T * is nearly same
beyond 120 120 control volumes. A dimensionless heat flux, qo* 18 and Vernotte
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number, Vn 0.25 (i.e. TWMBT) are taken for this study. A time independent study is
also being carried out and it is found that below t * 0.5 10 3 , the results are not
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affected as shown in Fig. 3(b). Hence, a time step size of 0.5 10 3 and control volume
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size of 120 120 are used for further presentation of results.
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Figure 4(a-d) depicts the dimensionless temperature distribution along the lines
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A, B, C, and D for qo* 6 , and Vn 0 & 0.25 . Dimensionless time taken to attain tumor
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cell death ( T 42.5o C or T * 1.3235 ) inside the tumor region for Vn 0 (i.e. PMBT)
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and Vn 0.25 (i.e. TWMBT) are found to be t * 0.1295 and t * 0.136 , respectively.
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As Vn increases from 0 to 0.25 , it takes additional time to attain the tumor necrosis.
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The thermal wave propagation speed is inversely proportional to Vn and hence, the
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results show the delay in time to attain the threshold temperature for TWMBT in
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comparison to PMBT. Dimensionless temperature distribution curves for TWMBT is
below PMBT as shown in Fig. 4, even though the time taken to reach the threshold
temperature is higher for TWMBT than PMBT. But beyond threshold reaching time
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(when heat flux is switched off), the heat energy will take time to dissipate from the top
to bottom layers for TWMBT, because of that temperature will rise below the tumor
region as well and eventually T * will become same (after long duration) for both
TWMBT and PMBT.
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Figure 5(a-d) displays the dimensionless temperature distribution along the lines
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A, B, C, and D around the tumor cells for dimensionless heat flux, qo* 18 , and Vernotte
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number, Vn 0 & 0.25 . For Vn 0 and Vn 0.25 , time to attain the tumor numb
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condition are t * 2.75 102 and t * 6.65 10 2 , respectively. As expected with
increase in Vn due to finite thermal wave propagation speed, the time taken to reach to
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the threshold temperature increases. At threshold temperature reaching time,
dimensionless temperature distribution curves above the tumor region is

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underpredicted by PMBT, but below the tumor cells it is overpredicted by PMBT,

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because of the absence of lagging behavior in biological tissues.

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Figure 6 represents dimensionless heat flux versus dimensionless time to reach

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threshold temperature for PMBT and TWMBT. Dimensionless heat flux is taken as input,
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which varies from 6 to 18 . As q o* increases, time taken to reach tumor death condition
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decreases. One can observe, from Fig. 6 that the t * decreases very less below qo* 9 for
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both Fourier and non-Fourier conditions. So, in order to capture and understand, the
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dimensionless thermal damage parameter and damaged region, qo* 9 is taken.
In table 2, time taken to reach first and second degree burn for different
Vernotte numbers are presented. It can be observed that the skin damage is reached
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earlier for Vn 0 (PMBT) than Vn 0.25 (TWMBT) for both first degree and second
degree burn, which clearly depicts the lagging behavior of non-Fourier model.
Figure 7 shows the dimensionless temperature distribution, thermal damage and
damaged region for qo* 9 at t * 0.03 . This clearly depicts the rise in the lagging
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behavior in predicting the thermal penetration for increase in the Vernotte number. A
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comparison of dimensionless thermal damage parameter is shown in Fig. 7(a2) and
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7(b2) for PMBT and TWMBT, respectively. In PMBT, thermal damage started at
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t * 0.03 with T * 1.41 ( T 44o C ) and 0.53 th 1 which comes under the first
degree burn (yellow colored zone) condition with no permanent damage. In TWMBT,
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although temperature distribution is above 1.41, but th 0.53 . So, it does not even
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reaches to the first degree burn at t * 0.03 . The damaged region is presented in Fig.
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7(a3) and 7(b3) which clearly distinguishes the zones for damaged area (red and yellow
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colored zones) by necrosis phenomenon outside the tumor region (blue colored zone) in
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the healthy tissues region (green colored zone). Damaged region is very less in PMBT,
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but in TWMBT no damaged area was observed till t * 0.03 .

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Dimensionless temperature distribution, dimensionless thermal damage

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parameter and damaged region for qo* 9 at t * 0.05 are shown in Fig. 8.
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Dimensionless temperature distribution in the whole tumor region is found to be above

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1.41 as predicted by both the models, i.e. PMBT and TWMBT. Thermal damage
parameter is found to be, th 1 for PMBT and 0.53 th 1 for TWMBT. So, the
PMBT model comes under the second degree burn ( T * 1.41 and th 1.0 ) which
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signifies irreversible thermal damage to epidermal layer, and TWMBT falls under the
first degree burn at t * 0.05 . Damaged region expands for both PMBT and TWMBT at
t * 0.05 in comparison to that at t * 0.03 which is shown in Fig. 8(a3) and 8(b3).
Figure 9 shows the dimensionless temperature distribution, thermal damage
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parameter and damaged region at qo* 9 satisfying the tumor killing criteria for both
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PMBT and TWMBT models. It is found that the time taken to reach to the tumor killing
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criteria as predicted by PMBT and TWMBT is t * 6.2 10 2 and t * 9.05 10 2
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respectively. From Fig. 9(a1) and 9(b1), it is evident that the tumor region is completely
under necrotic state as the threshold temperature line (contour of 1.3235 ) passes
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through the edge of the tumor. But TWMBT is realistic one and so the exposure time of
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heat flux (external source) should be up to t * 9.05 10 2 for entirely killing the tumor
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cells. If an exposure time of heat flux is less than 9.05 10 2 , then few tumor cells will
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still be left alive which can again grow to its full potential. Dimensionless thermal
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damage parameter shown in both Figs. 9(a2) and 9(b2) approaches second degree burn.
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Damaged region predicted by TWMBT is more than the PMBT, because to completely
kill the tumor, the external heat source should be on for an additional time of
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2.85 10 2 due to the lagging behavior of the heat wave.

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6 CONCLUSIONS
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A three layered skin tissue, 2-D numerical model has been established to find the
transient temperature distribution, dimensionless thermal damage parameter and
damaged region. The numerical results from the proposed model are validated with
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analytical solution (for one-dimensional problems) and existing experimental results. It
is further validated with existing numerical results in two-dimensional geometries with
inhomogeneity. The finite volume based numerical model is developed in such a way
that the both Fourier and non-Fourier model predictions can be obtained from the same
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conventional Fourier based FVM solver. An implicit scheme which is normally known to
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be unconditionally stable may become unstable for hyperbolic equations. So, in order to
keep the solution stable the time step size criteria has been established. Accordingly,
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the time step size has been selected which shows a stable solution, for the problem
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presented in this article. TWMBT takes additional time to attain the tumor killing criteria
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than PMBT, because of absence of thermal relaxation time in PMBT. The normal tissue
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present above the tumor region is exposed to the laser source which is very thin
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(epidermis layer). Consequently, it is more prone to be damaged. It is found that the

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overall damage prediction obtained through the TWMBT is more compared to

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conventional Fourier based PMBT while satisfying the tumor killing criteria. So, the
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conclusion can be drawn that the TWMBT is more realistic and better approach than the
PMBT in addressing the physics of laser tissue treatments and subsequent damage
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prediction in the healthy tissue region.

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18

NOMENCLATURE
A material parameter or frequency factor, s 1
C specific heat, kJ / kgK
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Ea activation energy, kJ / mol
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h heat transfer coefficient, W / m 2 K
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k thermal conductivity, W / mK
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L length, m
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Q external heat source, W / m 3
Qm metabolic heat generation, W / m 3

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qo peak heat flux, W / m 2
r ip
R universal gas constant, J / mol K

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T temperature, K
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T environment temperature, K
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t time, sec
ed
V volume, m 3
pt
Vn Vernotte number
ce
Ac
w perfusion rate, m 3 / m 3 s
x, y coordinate axes
19

Greek symbols
thermal diffusivity, m 2 / s
zone
d
th dimensionless thermal damage parameter
ite
density, kg / m 3
ed
q thermal relaxation time, sec
py
Subscripts
Co
b blood
E east
ot
tN
N north
ip
control volume P
r
P
sc
ref reference
nu
S south
Ma
W west
ed
Superscripts
pt
o value from previous time step

ce
* dimensionless
Ac
20

Abbreviations
CV control volume
FVM finite volume method
d
PMBT Pennes model of bioheat transfer
ite
TDMA tri-diagonal matrix algorithm
ed
TWMBT thermal wave model of bioheat transfer
py
1-D, 2-D one-dimensional, two-dimensional
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
21

REFERENCES
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d
117, pp. 568-573.
ite
[3] Kaminski, W., 1990, "Hyperbolic heat conduction equation for materials with a
ed
nonhomogeneous inner structure," Journal of Heat Transfer, 112, pp. 555-560.
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py
between deep tissue temperature and blood flow during electromagnetic irradiation,"
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Co
[5] Roemer, R. B., Oleson, J. R., and Cetas, T. C., 1985, "Oscillatory temperature response
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ot
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tN
[6] Herwig, H., and Beckert, K., 2000, "Experimental evidence about the controversy
concerning Fourier or non-Fourier heat conduction in materials with a
ip
nonhomogeneous inner structure," Heat and Mass Transfer 36, pp. 387-392.
r
sc
[7] Gramann, A., and Peters, F., 1999, "Experimental investigation of heat conduction
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nu
[8] Roetzel, W., Putra, N., and Das, S. K., 2003, "Experiment and analysis for non-Fourier
Ma
conduction in materials with non-homogeneous inner structure," International Journal

of Thermal Sciences 42, pp. 541-552.
ed
[9] Banerjee, A., Ogale, A. A., Das, C., Mitra, K., and Subramanian, C., 2005,
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pt
ce
[10] Jeong, S. W., Liu, H., and Chen, W.R., 2003, "Temperature control in deep tumor
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Ac
[11] Jiao, J., and Guo, Z., 2009, "Thermal interaction of short pulsed laser focused beams
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[12] Robinson, D. S., Parel, J. M., Denham, D. B., Gonzalez-Cirre, X., Manns, F., Milne, P.
J., Schachner, R. D., Herron, A. J., Comander, J., and Hauptmann, G., 1998, "Interstitial
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laser hyperthermia model development for minimally invasive therapy of breast

carcinoma," Journal of American College of Surgeons, 186 (3), pp. 284292.
[13] Sajjadi, A. Y., Mitra, K., and Guo, Z., 2013, "Thermal analysis and experiments of
laser-tissue interactions: A review," Heat Transfer Research 44 (3-4), pp. 345-388.
[14] Dewhrist, M. W., Viglianti, B. L., Lora-Michiels, M., Hoopes, P. J., and Hanson, M.,
d
2003, "Thermal dose requirement for tissue effect: Experimental and clinical findings,"
ite
Proceedings of SPIE, 4954, pp. 37-57.
ed
[15] Pennes, H. H., 1948, "Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperature in the
resting forearm," Journal of Applied Physiology, 1, pp. 93-122.
py
[16] Yang, W. H., 1993, "Thermal (heat) shock biothermomechanical viewpoint," Journal
of Biomedical Engineering, 115 (4B), pp. 617-621.
Co
[17] Liu, J., Chen, X., and Xu, L. X., 1999, "New thermal wave aspects on burn evaluation
of skin subjected to instantaneous heating," IEEE Transactions of on Biomedical
ot
Engineering, 46 (4), pp. 420-426.
tN
[18] Shih, T. -C., Yuan, P., Lin, W. -L., and Kou, H. -S., 2007, "Analytical analysis of the
Pennes bioheat transfer equation with sinusoidal heat flux condition on skin surface,"
ip
Medical Engineering & Physics, 29, pp. 946953.

r
sc
[19] Xu, F., Seffen, K. A., and Lu, T. J., 2008, "Non-Fourier analysis of
biothermomechanics," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51, pp. 2237-
nu
2259.
Ma
[20] Ahmadikia, H., Fazlali, R., and Moradi, A., 2012, "Analytical solution of the parabolic
and hyperbolic heat transfer equations with constant and transient heat flux conditions
on skin tissue," International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 39, pp. 121-
ed
130.
[21] Strher, G. R., and Strher, G. L., 2014, "Numerical thermal analysis of skin tissue
pt
using parabolic and hyperbolic approaches," International Communications in Heat and

ce
Mass Transfer, 57, pp. 193-199.

Ac
[22] Askarizadeh, H., and Ahmadikia, H., 2015, "Analytical study on the transient heating
of a two-dimensional skin tissue using parabolic and hyperbolic bioheat transfer
equations," Applied Mathematical Modelling, 39, pp. 3704-3720.
[23] Cattaneo, C., 1958, "A form of heat conduction equation which eliminates the
paradox of instantaneous propagation," Comptes Rendus, 247, pp. 431-433.
23

[24] Vernotte, P., 1958, "Les paradoxes de la theorie continue de lequation de la

chaleur," Comptes Rendus, 246, pp. 3154-3155.
[25] Henriques, F. C., and Moritz, A. R., 1947, "Study of thermal injury I. The conduction
of heat to and through skin and the temperature attained therein. A theoretical and an
experimental investigation," American Journal of Pathology, 23, pp. 531-549.
d
[26] Moritz, A. R., and Henriques, F. C., 1947, "Studies of thermal injury II. The relative
ite
importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns,"
American Journal of Pathology, 23, pp. 695-720.
ed
[27] Henriques, F. C., 1947, "Study of thermal injuries V. The predictability and the
significance of thermally induced rate processes leading to irreversible epidermal
py
injury," Archives of Pathology, 43 (5), pp. 489-502.
Co
[28] Diller, K. R., 1992, "Modeling of bioheat transfer processes at high and low
temperatures," Advances in Heat Transfer, 22, pp. 157357.
ot
[29] Patankar, S. V., 1980, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere
tN
Publication, New York.
[30] Zhang, H., 2008, "Lattice Boltzmann method for solving the bioheat equation,"
ip
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53, pp. N15-N23.

r
sc
[31] Cohen, M. L., 1977, "Measurement of the thermal properties of human skin. A
review," The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 69, pp. 333-338.
nu
[32] Emery, A. F., and Sekins, K. M., 1982, "The use of heat transfer principles in
designing optimal diathermy and cancer treatment modalities," International Journal of
Ma
Heat and Mass Transfer, 25 (6), pp. 823-834.
[33] Xu, F., Lu, T. J., Seffen, K. A., and Ng, E. Y. K., 2009, "Mathematical modeling of skin
ed
bioheat transfer," Applied Mechanics Reviews, 62, pp. 050801-1-35.

pt
[34] Verma, A. K., and Mahapatra, S. K., 2016, Thermal wave model for analysis of
multilayer tissue medium in presence of inhomogeneity in laser treatment, Proceedings
ce
of the 5th Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer International Conference, Biopolis,
Singapore.
Ac
24

Figure Captions List
Fig. 1(a) A schematic representation of the physical domain
Fig. 1(b) A schematic representation of the computational domain
d
Fig. 2 (a) Validation with the experimental results provided by Mitra et al. [2],
ite
(b) Validation of 1-D work with Liu et al. [17] at x 0.00208 m , for
ed
t 0.1sec and oscillated solution for t 0.01sec , and (c) Validation of
py
2-D code with Zhang [30] for transient temperature distribution along
Co
the symmetry line with heat source 100 t W / m 2 inside the tumor
ot
region tN
Fig. 3 (a) Grid independent control volume test along the symmetry line
(threshold temperature reaching time), and (b) time independent test at

r ip
the top surface center location of the whole domain

sc
Fig. 4 Effect of thermal wave propagation on dimensionless temperature

nu
distribution for dimensionless heat flux qo* 6 along the lines A, B, C, D

Ma
around tumor cells (at threshold temperature reaching time)

ed
Fig. 5 Effect of thermal wave propagation on dimensionless temperature

pt
distribution for dimensionless heat flux qo* 18 along the lines A, B, C, D

ce
around tumor cells (at threshold temperature reaching time)

Ac
Fig. 6 Dimensionless heat flux versus dimensionless time (threshold
temperature reaching time)
Fig. 7 At dimensionless time t * 0.03 , indices a and b correspond to
25

Vn 0 & 0.25 , and 1, 2 and 3 correspond to dimensionless temperature
distribution, dimensionless thermal damage parameter, and damaged
region, respectively
Fig. 8 At dimensionless time t * 0.05 , indices a and b correspond to
d
ite
Vn 0 & 0.25 , and 1, 2 and 3 correspond to dimensionless temperature
ed
distribution, dimensionless thermal damage parameter, and damaged
py
region, respectively
Co
Fig. 9 At threshold temperature reaching time inside tumor cell, indices a and b
correspond to Vn 0 & 0.25 , and 1, 2 and 3 correspond to
ot
dimensionless temperature distribution, dimensionless thermal damage
tN
parameter, and damaged region, respectively
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
26

Table Captions List
Table 1 Different parameters for different skin layers [11, 19, 30-34]
Table 2 Time ( t * ) taken to reach first and second degree burns for different
Vernotte number
d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
27

d
ite
Fig. 1(a) A schematic representation of the physical domain
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
r ip
Fig. 1(b) A schematic representation of the computational domain

sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
28

d
ite
ed
Fig. 2 (a) Validation with the experimental results provided by Mitra et al. [2], (b)
py
Validation of 1-D work with Liu et al. [17] at x 0.00208 m , for t 0.1sec and
Co
oscillated solution for t 0.01sec , and (c) Validation of 2-D code with Zhang [30] for
ot
transient temperature distribution along the symmetry line with heat source
tN
100 t W / m 2 inside the tumor region
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
29

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
Fig. 3 (a) Grid independent control volume test along the symmetry line (threshold
r ip
temperature reaching time), and (b) time independent test at the top surface center
sc
location of the whole domain

nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
30

d
ite
Fig. 4 Effect of thermal wave propagation on dimensionless temperature distribution for
ed
dimensionless heat flux qo* 6 along the lines A, B, C, D around tumor cells (at
py
threshold temperature reaching time)
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
31

d
ite
Fig. 5 Effect of thermal wave propagation on dimensionless temperature distribution for
ed
dimensionless heat flux qo* 18 along the lines A, B, C, D around tumor cells (at
py
threshold temperature reaching time)
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
32

d
ite
ed
Fig. 6 Dimensionless heat flux versus dimensionless time (threshold temperature
py
reaching time)
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
33

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
Fig. 7 At dimensionless time t * 0.03 , indices a and b correspond to Vn 0 & 0.25 , and
r ip
1, 2 and 3 correspond to dimensionless temperature distribution, dimensionless thermal

sc
damage parameter, and damaged region, respectively

nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
34

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
Fig. 8 At dimensionless time t * 0.05 , indices a and b correspond to Vn 0 & 0.25 , and
r ip
1, 2 and 3 correspond to dimensionless temperature distribution, dimensionless thermal

sc
damage parameter, and damaged region, respectively

nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
35

d
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
Fig. 9 At threshold temperature reaching time inside tumor cell, indices a and b
ip
correspond to Vn 0 & 0.25 , and 1, 2 and 3 correspond to dimensionless temperature

r
sc
distribution, dimensionless thermal damage parameter, and damaged region,

nu
respectively
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
36

Table 1 Different parameters for different skin layers [11, 19, 30-34]
Tissue Type Epidermis Dermis Sub- Tumor
cutaneous (in dermis)
d
Thickness (m) 0.0001 0.0015 0.0044 0.001
ite
ed
Cp (J/m3K) 4.2106 4.2106 4.2106 4.2106
py
k (W/mK) 0.21 0.30 0.21 0.59
Co
wb (m3/ m3s) 0 1.6310-3 1.010-3 5.010-3
ot
Qm(W/ m3) 400.0 400.0tN 400.0 4000.0
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
37

Table 2 Time ( t * ) taken to reach first and second degree burns for different Vernotte
numbers
Vn (Vernotte number) First degree burn Second degree burn
0 0.0255 0.0285
d
0.25 0.045 0.0475
ite
ed
py
Co
ot
tN
r ip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac
38

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Journal of Heat Transfer.

Received June 15, 2016;

Assessment of Thermal Damage during

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar

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of damaged biological tissues in a hasty way, by using different techniques (laser,

behavior in non-homogeneous constituents have been verified by its properties, like

temperature oscillation and undulating behavior.

various non-homogeneous constituents like biological tissue (processed meat), sand,

dog) thigh muscle subjected to an abrupt application of microwave heating.

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conductivity and thermal diffusivity simultaneously, from one experiment on processed

meat (biological tissue), sand, NaHCO3, and observed non-Fourier phenomenon.

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treatment [13] and its affects on normal tissue [14].

equation is parabolic in nature, whereas TWMBT equation is hyperbolic in nature.

approaches. However, in some situations like, therapeutic applications and medical

treatments, it is necessary to know the detailed temperature distribution and thermal

not considered the tumor in their study.

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damage is described. The physical problem is conferred next. Subsequently, in the

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with conclusion yielded from results.

2 BIOHEAT TRANSFER MODEL AND THERMAL DAMAGE

perfusion rate, Qm is metabolic heat generation, Q is volumetric heat source, and

subscript b defines the blood for their respective properties.

Where, q is the thermal relaxation time.

The governing equation can be non-dimensionalized by using the following non-

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2.2 Thermal Damage

taken here as 3.1 10 98 s 1 and the Ea / R 75000 [1, 19, 21].

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when the temperature, T 44 o C and 0.53 th 1, which is then considered as first

permanent damage with quick healing. If the T 44 o C and th 1.0 , it is called as

inhomogeneity (tumor) has been incorporated inside tissue medium. Dimension

L / 3 L / 6 of the tumor is considered to be present in the upper side of the dermis

Non-dimensional temperature, T * inside the domain can be evaluated by

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threshold temperature to ensure complete killing of tumor cells [11].

Finite volume method is being used to discretize the bioheat transport

equations. Central difference scheme is adapted for spatial discretization. Implicit

volume solver with additional linearized source terms ( S C and S P ) as appropriate.

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[29] and hence not repeated here for brevity.

aPTP* aE TE* aW TW* a N TN* aS TS* b (6)

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diffusion coefficients are interpolated by harmonic mean to correctly determine the

While solving hyperbolic equation, the solution obtained is sometimes oscillatory

because of selecting random t * . So, it must be taken care of while selecting t * to

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for ( t * t * ) in the discretized equation of TWMBT, the solution starts oscillating.

for the present 2-D model,

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

blood temperature Tb 37 o C , blood density b 1052 kg / m 3 , specific heat of blood

Cb 3800 J / kgK , heat transfer coefficient h 20 W / m 2 K , and environment

temperature T 20 o C , are considered. The overall thickness of the tissue medium is

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