FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNP 21403

EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 7

EXPERIMENT TITLE DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY

DATE 13 APRIL 2017

GROUP NO. 3
1) MUHAMMAD NAIM BIN MISDAN (AN150127)
2) SORFINA NUR KHAIRUNNISA BT ROHAILAN (AN150199)
GROUP MEM BERS 3) NURUL AZIDA BT HASSAN (AN150040)
4) MUHAMMAD NAZMI AIMAN BIN ZULKAPLY (AN150326)
5) MUHAMMAD HAZIM BIN HALIB (AN150210)

LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR PROF. MADYA DR RAFIDAH BINTI HAMDAN

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION 18 APRIL 2017

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

COMMENTS:

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY
LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT

Level of Achievement

Very Weak Weak Modest Good Excellent

Elements
1 2 3 4 5 Level Weight Score
Equipment /Mishand-ling Major mistakesMinor mistakesNo mistakes Students are
Tools: Choose while usingwhile usingwhile using comfortable
the
the suitable P1 P4 /20
equipment/ toolequipment/ equipment/ equipment /equipment/ with the
tools tools tools tools, but not equipment/
s comfortable tool s
Experiment

Display a good All Major Some Most of the Procedures P4 5 /25

handling and procedures procedures procedures procedures are followed
understanding are missing are missing are missing are followed correctly
of Experiment correctly
Measurement
Most data All data are
Measure and All data are Most data are correctly taken but All data are P4 5 /25
taking data missing or are missing taken, no minor data are correctly taken
with efficiency incorrect or incorrect missing data incorrect
Respond to Able to
Able to
Q&A respond and
Minimum Limited ability respond and Unable to
answer
ability to to answer and answer P3 3 /15
Respond and constructively respond and
answer to the respond and sometimes do constructively answer to the
at all times.
question answer to not match the most of the question
accordingly. the question. question. time. accordingly.
Disciplines

Show the good Major flaws Minor flaws to Minor flaws to Conform to Conform to all
discipline by to criteria, 10 criteria, 5 dress code dress code, criteria P2 3 /15
follows the minutes late minutes late and safety minor flaw to
rules below; safety

-Dress Code,
Lab
Total
/100
Mark:
 STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to

not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it

is true.

1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : Muhammad Naim Bin Misdan

Matrix No : An150127

2) Group Member 1 __________________________________(Signature)

Name : Sorfina Nu;lpo099oolbbnpbiur Khairunnisa Bt

Rohailan
Matrix No : An 150199

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : Nurul Azida Bt Hassan

Matrix No. : An150040

4) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : Muhammad Nazmi Aiman Bin Zulkaply

Matrix No. : An150326

5) Group Member 4 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : Muhammad Hazim Bin Halib

Matrix No. : An150210
 Group Members

1.0 OBJECTIVES
a) To determine the alkalinity of a water sample using analytical method
(indicator method) double endpoint:
(i) Phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3) and methyl orange endpoint
(pH 4.5) titration
(ii) Phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3) and bromocresol green methyl
red endpoint (pH 4.5) titration.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this course students are able to:

a) The student be able to describe the importance of alkalinity in the

environmental studies.
b) The students be able to measure the alkalinity of samples.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Alkalinity is a parameter that is measured on almost all environmental samples
drinking water, natural water, natural waters, polluted waters, sewage, and industrial
wastes. Alkalinity refers to the buffering capacity of water samples and to their ability
to neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall or wastewater. For municipal sewage or
industrial wastes, the amount of alkalinity is important in determining the type of
treatment which should be employed.

3.2 Alkalinity is primarily caused by the presence of carbonate (CO2-3) and

bicarbonate (HCO-3) IONS, although hydroxide (OH) ions masy also contribute,
especially when there is industrial pollution. It is measured volumetrically by titration
with 0.05M and 0.01M sulphuric acid and is reported in terms of CaCO3 equivalent.
For sample whose initial pH is above 8.3, the titration is conducted in two steps.

3.3. in the first step, the titration is conducted until the pH is lowered to 8.3 the point
at which phenolphthalein indicator turns from pink to colourless. This value
corresponds to the points for conversion of carbonate to bicarbonate ion.

3.4 The second phase of titration is conducted until the pH is lowered to 4.5,
corresponds to methyl orange end point or bromocresol green methyl red, which
corresponds to the equivalence points for the conversion of bicarbonate ion to
carbonic acid

3.5 Living organisms, such as aquatic life, function best in a pH range of 5.0 to 9.0
and levels of 20 to 200mg/L are typical alkalinity values for freshwater . When the
pH is above 8.3, carbonate (CO32-) is the primary contributor to alkalinity, when the
pH is below 8.3, bicarbonate (HCO3-) becomes the dominating factor. The values of
alkalinity are reported in units of mg CaCO3?L because of its relationship to
hardness, which is reported using the same unit mg/L

4.0 INSTRUMENTS/ APPARATUS/ CHEMICAL/ REAGENTS

This experiment consists of eight parts:

PART A: Preparation of 0.05 M of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solutions
PART B: Preparation of 0.01M of H2SO4 solutions.
PART C: Preparation of phenolphthalein indicator solution.
PART D: Preparation of methyl orange indicator solution
PART E: Preparation of bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution.
PART F: Preparation of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3. 5H2O) solution.
PART G: Alkalinity determination using methyl orange indicator solution.
PART H: Alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red indicator
solution.

Part A until F will be prepared by laboratory technician prior to the experiment

session.

Figure 1

PART A: Preparation of 0.05 M of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solutions

a. Chemicals
(i) 2.80 mL concentrated H2SO4.
(ii)Distilled water

b. Equipments
(i) 1-litre volumetric flask
(ii) Digital pipette and 1000ml Duran bottle

PART B: Preparation of 0.01 M of H2SO4 solutions

a. Chemicals
(i) 0.56mL concentrated H2SO4
(ii) Digital pipette, and
(iii)1000mL Duran bottle

PART C: Preparation of phenolphthalein indicator solution

This part must be conducted in area away from sources of ignition
a.Chemicals
(i) 50mL of ethanol
 (ii) 0.5gof phenolphthalein
(iii)Distilled water
b.Equipments
(i)Digital pipette
(ii)Weighing boat
(iii)100mL volumetric flask
(iv)small funnel
(v)100mL dropper bottle.

PART D: Preparation of methyl orange indicator solution

a. Chemicals
(i) 0.1g of methyl orange
(ii)Distilled water
b. Equipments
(i)100mL beaker
(ii)100mL volumetric flask
(iii)weighing boat
(iv)small funnel

PART E: Preparation of bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution

a. Chemicals
(i) 100mL of isopropyl alcohol
(ii) 0.1g bromocresol green
(iii)0.02g methyl red
b. Equipments
(i) Digital pipette
(ii) Weighing boat
(iii)100mL volumetric flask
(iv)small funnel
(V) 100ml dropper bottle

PART F: Preparation of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) solution

a. Chemicals
 (i) 25g sodium thiosulphate
(ii) Distilled water
b. Equipments
(i) Digital pipette
(ii) Weighing boat
(iii)beaker
(iv)100mL volumetric flask
(v)small funnel
(vi) 100mL dropper bottle

PART G: Alkalinity determination using methyl orange indicator solution

a. Chemicals
(i) 0.05 M H2SO4 solution (prepared from Part A)
(ii)Phenolphthalein indicator solution (prepared from Part C)
(iii)Methyl orange indicator solution (prepared from Part D)
(iv)Water sample
b. Equipments
(i)Burette
(ii)Clamp Stand
(ii)Conical flask

PART H: Alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red

indicator solution
a.Chemicals
(i) 0.01M H2SO4 solution (prepared from Part B)
(ii) Phenolphthalein indicator solution (prepared from Part C)
(iii)Bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution (prepared from part E)
(iv)0.1N sodium thiosulphate solution (prepared from Part F)
(v)Water sample
b.Equipments
(i) Burette
(ii) Clamp stand
(iii)Conical flask

3.0 PROCEDURE
 Figure 2

PART A: Preparation of 0.05M H2SO4 solution

1. 1-litre volumetric flask is half filled with distilled water.
2. From a bench acid container of concentrated sulphuric acid, 0.56mL of acid is
pipette into the flask. Then it is swirled to mix. The tip is rinsed under running cold
water immediately after used.
3.the solution is made up to 1-litre with distilled water.
4.It is tightly capped and well shaken to mix.
5.Then it is poured into 1-litre Duran bottle and labelled.

PART B: Preparation of 0.01M H2SO4 solution.

1.A 1-litre volumetric flask is half filled with distilled water.
2.From a bench acid container of concentrated sulphuric acid, a digital pipette is used
to pipette 0.56mL of acid into the flask. It is swirled to mix. The tip under running
cold water is rinsed immediately after use.
3. The solution is made up to 1-litre Duran bottle and labelled.
4. It is tightly capped and well shaken to mix.
5. it is poured into a 1-litre Duran bottle and labelled.

PART C: Preparation of phenolphthalein indicator solution.

1. A digital pipette is used to pipette 50mL of ethanol into a 100mL volumetric flask.
2. 0.5g is weighed phenolphthalein into a weighing boat.
3. A small funnel is placed into the neck of volumetric flask and the powder is tip into
it.
4. The powder is washed into the flask with distilled water and gently mixed to
dissolve.
5. The solution is made up to 100 mL with distilled water and tightly cap and shaken
to mix.
6. A small funnel is used to transfer to 100mL, and appropriately marked dropper
bottle.

PART D: Preparation of methyl orange indicator solution

1. 0.1g of methyl orange is weighed out into a small beaker (100mL).

2. About 50mL of distilled water is added and stirred to dissolved.
3. the contents of the beaker is washed into a 100mL volumetric flask and is made up
to 100mL with distilled water. Stopper and shake to mix. A small funnel is used,
transfer to and appropriately marked dropper bottle.

PART E: Preparation of bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution.

1. A digital pipette is used to pipette 50mL of isopropyl alcohol into a 100mL of

beaker.
2. 0.1g of bromocresol green and 0.02g methyl red is weighed out into a 100ml of
beaker.
3. Then it is added into 100ml beaker containing isopropyl alcohol, the it is stirred to
dissolved.
4. the solution is poured into 100ml volumetric flask and the contents of the beaker is
washed using isopropyl alcohol. Stopper and shake to mix. by using a small funnel, it
is transferred to an approximately marked drop bottle.

PART F: Preparation of 0.1N sodium thiosulphate solution

Function to remove chlorine before test started. Normally when chlorine level
3.5mg/l interference will be occur.
1. 25g of sodium thiosulphate is weighed out into a small beaker (100mL)
2. About 50ml of distilled water is added and stirred to dissolved.
3. The contents of the beaker is washed into a 100mL volumetric flask and is made
up to 100mL with distilled water. Stopper and shake to mix. A small funnel is used
then is transferred to an appropriately marked dropper bottle.

PART G: Alkalinity determination using methyl orange indicator

1. The burette is cleaned with distilled water and is allowed to drain.
2. The burette is ensured to secured in the clamp stand.
3. About 40mL of the 0.05M H2SO4 is poured into a small beaker very slowly.
4. The funnel is inserted into the top of the burette and poured in the contents of the
beaker very slowly.
5. The acid is allowed to flow through the burette and topped up as necessary.
6. 100mL of sample is placed (or recorded another volume as V) in a 250mL
conical flask.
7. 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added.
8. If no pink colour is produced, the titre is recorded as A= 0 mL
9. If the sample turns pink, it is titrated with the standard acid solution until the pink
colour just disappears. The volume of acid used as A (mL)
10. To the same sample, a few drops of methyl orange indicator is added.
11. If the sample turns red, the titre is recorded as B=0mL
12. If the sample turns yellow, it is titrated with the standard acid until the colour just
changes to orange. The volume of acid used is noted down as B(mL)
(The same procedure is repeated using different samples)

PART H: Alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red

indicator
The burette is cleaned with distilled water and allowed to drain.
1. The burette is ensure to secure in the clamp stand.
2. About 40mL of 0.01M H2SO4 is poured into a small beaker very slowly.
3.The funnel is inserted into the top of the burette and poured in the contents of the
beaker slowly.
4. The acid is allowed to flow through the burette and topped up as necessary.
5. The volume of sample ( or record another known volume as V ) is placed in a
250mL conical flask according to estimated range alkalinity water sample.
6. 4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added
7. If no pink colour is produced, the titre is recorded as A= 0mL.
8. If the sample turns, it is titrated with standard acid solution until the pink colour
just disappears. The volume of acid used is noted as A (ml).
9. To the same sample, 4 drops of bromocresol green methyl red indicator.
10. If the sample turns pink, the titre is recorded as B=0mL
11. If the sample turns blue, it is titrated with standard acid until the the colour just
from blue to green and changes to light pink (end point). If the colour turned pink,
meaning that it has exceed the end point. The volume of acid used as B(mL)

5.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION

A. Alkalinity determination using methyl orange indicator

TABLE 1: ALKALINITY DATA (TAP WATER)

Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Phenolphthalein Total
alkalinity alkalinity (mg
CaCO3 / L
CaCO3 / L )
(mg
)
1 0 2.20 0 110.00
2 0 1.50 0 75.00
3 0 0.90 0 45.00
Average 0 76.67
Conc. of acid, C (M) 0.05
Vol. of sample used, V 100
(mL)

B C 1000 100
CaCO3 / L
Total alkalinity (mg )= V

2.2 0.05 1000 100

Sample 1 = 100 = 110

1.5 0.05 1000 100

Sample 2 = 100 = 75
 0.9 0.05 1000 100
Sample 3 = 100 =45

TABLE 2: ALKALINITY DATA (WASTEWATER INFLUENT)

Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Phenolphthalein Total
alkalinity alkalinity (mg
CaCO3 / L
CaCO3 / L )
(mg
)
1 0 7.00 0 350.00
2 0 6.30 0 315.00
3 0 6.00 0 300.00
Average 0 321.67
Conc. of acid, C (M) 0.05

B C 1000 100
CaCO3 / L
Total alkalinity (mg )= V

7.0 0.05 1000 100

Sample 1 = 100 = 350

6.3 0.05 1000 100

Sample 2 = 100 = 315

6.0 0.05 1000 100

Sample 3 = 100 = 300

TABLE 3: ALKALINITY DATA (WASTEWATER EFFLUENT)

Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Phenolphthalein Total
alkalinity alkalinity (mg
CaCO3 / L
CaCO3 / L )
(mg
)
1 0 1.90 0 95.00
 2 0 1.60 0 80.00
3 0 3.90 0 195.00
Average 0 123.33
Conc. of acid, C (M) 0.05
Vol. of sample used, V 100
(mL)

B C 1000 100
CaCO3 / L
Total alkalinity (mg )= V

1.9 0.05 1000 100

Sample 1 = 100 = 95

1.6 0.05 1000 100

Sample 2 = 100 = 80

3.9 0.05 1000 100

Sample 3 = 100 = 195

A. Alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red indicator.

TABLE 1: ALKALINITY DATA (TAPWATER)

Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Phenolphthalein Total
alkalinity alkalinity (mg
CaCO3 / L
CaCO3 / L )
(mg
)
1 0 2.25 0 45.00
2 0 2.35 0 47.00
3 0 2.80 0 56.00
Average 0 49.33
Conc. of acid, C (M) 0.01
Vol. of sample used, V 100
(mL)

according
CaCO3 / L
Total alkalinity (mg ) B multiplier (table 1)

Sample 1 = 2.25 20=45

Sample 2 = 2.35 20=47

Sample 3 = 2.80 20=56

TABLE 2: ALKALINITY DATA (WASTEWATER INFLUENT)

Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Phenolphthalein Total
alkalinity alkalinity (mg
CaCO3 / L
CaCO3 / L )
(mg
)
1 0 17.20 0 344.00
2 0 6.35 0 127.00
3 0 3.55 0 71.00
Average 0 180.67
Conc. of acid, C (M) 0.01
Vol. of sample used, V 100
(mL)

according
CaCO3 / L
Total alkalinity (mg ) B multiplier (table 1)

Sample 1 = 17.20 20=344

Sample 2 = 6.35 20=127

Sample 3 = 3.55 20=71

 TABLE 3: ALKALINITY DATA (WASTEWATER EFFLUENT)
Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Phenolphthalein Total
alkalinity alkalinity (mg
CaCO3 / L
CaCO3 / L )
(mg
)
1 0 7.70 0 140.00
2 0 13.00 0 260.00
3 0 12.00 0 240.00
Average 0 213.33
Conc. of acid, C (M) 0.01
Vol. of sample used, V 100
(mL)

according
CaCO3 / L
Total alkalinity (mg ) B multiplier (table 1)

Sample 1 = 7.00 20=140

Sample 2 = 13.00 20=260

Sample 3 = 12.00 20=240

6.0DATA ANALYSIS

From the data above, for experiment using methyl orange indicator the amount of
highest total alkalinity were recorded at influent wastewater with average of 321.67

CaC O3 /L
mg and the lowest were recorded at tap water with average 76.67 mg

CaCO3 / L
while the value of total alkalinity recorded at effluent wastewater were

CaCO3 / L
with average of 123.33 mg .

For experiment using bromocresol green methyl red indicator, the highest total
alkalinity were recorded at effluent wastewater with average of 213.33 mg

CaCO3 / L
and the lowest total alkalinity recorded were at tap water with 49.33 mg

CaCO3 / L
while the total alkalinity recorded at influent wastewater were with

CaCO3 / L
average of 180.67 mg .

The value of phenolphthalein alkalinity for both titration were equal to 0 mg

CaCO3 / L
as there no reaction of phenolphthalein with samples along the

experiments.
7.0 DISCUSSION

b) In this experiment, we have determined the alkalinity of a water sample

using analytical method (indicator method) double endpoint:
(iii) Phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3) and methyl orange endpoint
(pH 4.5) titration
(iv) Phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3) and bromocresol green methyl
red endpoint (pH 4.5) titration.

Methyl orange endpoint

CaCO3 / L
We managed to obtained results of total alkalinity of 110 mg for sample

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
1 , 75 mg for sample 2 , and 45 mg for tap water. For

CaCO3 / L
wastewater influent, the total alkalinity is 350 mg , 315 mg

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
, 300 mg for sample 1 , sample 2 and sample 3

CaCO3 / L
respectively with an average value of 321.67 mg . In wastewater

CaCO3 / L
effluent , the total alkalinity for each sample 1, 2 and 3 is 95 mg , 80

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
mg and 195 mg respectively with an average of 123.33

CaCO 3 / L
mg .

Bromocresol green methyl endpoint

When we using bromocresol green methyl red indicator, we had obtained total

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
alkalinity for tap water is 45 mg , 47 mg , 56 mg

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
for sample 1, 2 and 3 with average of 49.33 mg . For

CaCO3 / L
wastewater influent , the total alkalinity was 344 mg , 127 mg

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L

and 71 mg with average of 180.67 mg . Last

but not least , we had obtain the total alkalinity in wastewater effluent of 140 mg

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L

, 260 mg and 240 mg with average of

CaCO3 / L
213.33 mg .

This experiment shows that the tap water sample for both indicator have 45 mg
CaCO3/L.For wastewater influent have 350 mg CaCO3/L for methyl orange and 344
bromocresol green methyl endpoint.The total alkalinity of wastewater effluent sample
for methyl orange indicator is 190 mg CaCO3/L and 140 mg CaCO3/L for
bromocresol green methyl endpoint.This similarity shows that our objective have
achieved eventhough there are still some differences in the total of alkalinity for both
endpoint.

8.0 ADVANCED QUESTIONS

8.1 Whats is alkalinity?

Alkalinity is a water characteristic that quantifies the capacity of water to

neutralize acids, namely, accepts hydrogen ions H+. Alkalinity of natural water is
mainly due to the presence of two forms of the carbonate ions denoted as HCO3(-)
and CO3(2-) that act as a buffer system. Alkalinity prevents sudden changes in the
acidity level of water and, hence, is important for fish and other aquatic life. It is
measured in mg/L of CaCO3. Naturally occurred alkalinity is in the range from 400 to
500 mg/L. As an example, calculate alkalinity if 1 L of water contains 035 g of
HCO3(-) and 0.12 g of CO3(2-) carbonate ions.
8.2 What is the relationship between alkalinity and hardness?

Alkalinity Hardness
A measure of the ability of water sample A measure of the total concentration of
to neutralize strong acid calcium and magnesium ions

8.3 Define equivalent weight and determine equivalent weight of CaCO3.

Equivalent weight is the mass of a substance especially in grams that

combines with or is chemically equivalent to eight grams of oxygen or one
gram of hydrogen, the atomic or molecular weight divided by the valence.

Equivalent weight = Molecular weight/Number of ions

Molecular weight of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 3(16)

= 100 (mg/mol)

Equivalents contributed by CaCO3 = 2 (meq/mol)

Equivalent weight = 100/2

= 50 (mg/meq)

8.4 Discuss the importance of alkalinity to the environment.

Alkalinity is important for fish and aquatic life because it protects or buffers
against rapid pH changes. Living organisms, especially aquatic life, function best in a
pH range of 6.0 to 9.0. Alkalinity is a measure of how much acid can be added to a
liquid without causing a large change in pH. Higher alkalinity levels in surface waters
will buffer acid rain and other acid wastes and prevent pH changes that are harmful to
aquatic life.

Acid shock may occur in spring when acid snows melt, thunderstorms, natural
discharges of tannic waters, "acid rain", acidic dryfall, and other discharges enter the
stream. If increasing amounts of acids are added to a body of water, the water's
buffering capacity is consumed. If additional buffering material can be obtained from
surrounding soils and rocks, the alkalinity level may eventually be restored.
However, a temporary loss of buffering capacity can permit pH levels to drop to
those harmful to life in the water.

The pH of water does not fall evenly as acid contamination proceeds. The natural
buffering materials in water slow the decline of pH to around 6.0. This gradual
decline is followed by a rapid pH drop as the bicarbonate buffering capacity is used
up. At a pH of 5.5, only very weak buffering materials remain and pH drops further
with additional acid. Sensitive species and immature animals are affected first. As
food species disappear, even larger, resistant animals are affected.

For the protection of aquatic life, the buffering capacity should be at least 20 mg/L. If
alkalinity is naturally low, (less than 20 mg/L) there can be no greater than a 25%
reduction in alkalinity.

9.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, from this experiment, for alkalinity determination using methyl

CaCO3 / L
orange indicator, we had obtained results of total alkalinity of 110 mg

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
for sample 1 , 75 mg for sample 2 , and 45 mg for tap

CaCO3 / L
water. For wastewater influent, the total alkalinity is 350 mg , 315 mg

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
, 300 mg for sample 1 , sample 2 and sample 3

CaCO3 / L
respectively with an average value of 321.67 mg . In wastewater
 CaCO3 / L
effluent , the total alkalinity for each sample 1, 2 and 3 is 95 mg , 80

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
mg and 195 mg respectively with an average of 123.33

CaCO 3 / L
mg .

For alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red indicator, we had

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
obtained total alkalinity for tap water is 45 mg , 47 mg ,

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L
56 mg for sample 1, 2 and 3 with average of 49.33 mg .

CaCO3 / L
For wastewater influent , the total alkalinity was 344 mg , 127 mg

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L

and 71 mg with average of 180.67 mg . Last

but not least , we had obtain the total alkalinity in wastewater effluent of 140 mg

CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L CaCO3 / L

, 260 mg and 240 mg with average of

CaCO3 / L
213.33 mg .

The objectives of the experiment listed is achieved.

10. APPENDICES

Figure 3: Burette and clamp stand Figure 4: pH checker

Figure 5 : the solution is titrated using standard acid

11.0 REFERENCES

http://ky.gov/nrepc/water/ramp/rmalk.htm

https://sites.google.com/site/ewbucsbkenya/documents/water/how-to-calculate-
alkalinity-as-caco3