Transportation

By: Lauren Doutt and Napassorn Esharoe

 What is Transportation?
The process of moving people and goods. It involves moving items
from one location to another.
Modes of Transportation
History
4,000-3,000 BC

Horses and donkeys are domesticated for transportation

3,500 BC

The wheel is invented

3,100 BC

The Egyptians made the sailing boat

History
Middle Ages

Covered wagons are used by the rich

12th Century (1101-1200)

European ships start using the rudder. Also the Europeans start using the compass.

15th Century (1401-1500)

European ships utilize three masks.

16th Century (1501-1600)

Horses are still widely used for transportation, covered wagons carried people and goods, countries still
using bodies of water for transporting goods like coal
History
17th Century

Stagecoaches, 1663 turnpikes open,

horse drawn carriages, wealthy

people used sedan chairs in towns

http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-sh
ort-history-of-sedan-chair.html
History
1783 the Hot Air Balloon is created

1801 High-pressure steam engine milestone

1807 First Steamboat

1814 George Stephenson designs Blucher steam locomotive

https://www.aps.org/publica
1825 Erie Canal is completed tions/apsnews/200611/histo
ry.cfm

1827 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad completed

1830 Liverpool and Manchester Railway completed

1869 Compressed Air Brakes invented

http://www.thinglink
1871 First Cable Car .com/scene/630020
609111228417
History
1900 The First Zeppelin
http://www.airships.net/zeppelins/
1903 Wright Brothers fly the first airplane

http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/Hi
story_of_the_Airplane/History_of_the_Airplane http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/Hi
_Intro/History_of_the_Airplane_Intro.htm story_of_the_Airplane/History_of_the_Airplane
_Intro/History_of_the_Airplane_Intro.htm
History
1908 Henry Ford launches the Model T.
1926 The first liquid fueled rocket launched
1933 Adolf Hitler gives specifications for the
the Volkswagen Beetle
1939 First modern designed helicopter
1969 Apollo lands on the moon
1981 First Space Shuttle Launch
1980s SUVs
Beetle Ad

http://sk8es4mc2l.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=goo
le&auinit=B&aulast=Rieger&atitle=The+%E2%80%98Go
od+German%E2%80%99Goes+Global:+the+Volkswage
+Beetle+as+an+Icon+in+the+Federal+Republic&id=doi:1
0.1093/hwj/dbp010&title=History+workshop&volume=68&
issue=1&date=2009&spage=3&issn=1363-3554
Social Aspect
Transportation provides an effective way to transport people and commodities from
one place to another place
Internal Combustion Engine
Internal = inside

Combustion = process of burning something

Engine = a device which is used to power

Chemical process of air and fuel mixed together to release energy

(2) C8H18 + (25) O2 (16) CO2 + (18) H2O + energy

Internal Combustion Engine
Spark Ignition (gasoline engine) Compression Ignition (diesel engine)
Spark Ignition Gasoline Engines
Compression Ignition Diesel Engines
Two Strokes
PROS

- Lightweight
- Simplicity
- Easy to clear

CONS

- Increased fuel consumption

- Hydrocarbon emission
Four Strokes
PROS

- Clean emissions
- Fuel efficiency
- Quiet

CONS

- Increased weight
- Harder to clear out
Environmental Aspect
Each year 28% of USs total energy is used on transportation
From that, 92% of the energy is from diesel fuels and gasoline
These emit carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, unburned
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide

Biofuels to fuel transportation?

http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/agriculture-biofu
el-production
Environmental Aspect
The Renewable Fuel Standard
Program was intended to increase
the use of renewable resources
and to decrease the USs
dependency on oil from foreign
nations.
https://www.epa.gov/rene
wable-fuel-standard-prog
ram
Environmental Aspect
Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE)s purpose is to increase the fuel economy
in vehicles to reduce energy consumption.

Started in 1975, these standards were set at 25 mpg for vehicles of the model year 1985
and beyond. In 2007, an updated CAFE law was passed by Congress that by 2020 new
cars, light trucks, and SUVs average 35mpg.

https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/final-rule-mod
el-year-2017-and-later-light-duty-vehicle
Hybrid Cars

https://www.tes.com/lessons/Iu http://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=
1a4I2J35ah6g/2nd-block-hybrid 36
-cars-faith-jacob-monica
Hybrid Cars vs SUVs
: http://fueleconomy.gov/feg/best-worst.shtml
Volkswagen Scandal

http://www.startribune.com/sack-cartoon-vw-emission-scandal/3289295
91/
Aircraft
Aircrafts emit carbon
dioxide and nitrogen
oxides.
They also make
condensation trails that
lead to more cirrus
cloud cover which
warms the Earths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory

surface
Conclusion
Transportation drives distribution of goods and services.

Horses 10mph

Sailing ships 10mph

Steam engine locomotives 50mph

Vehicles 65mph

Airplanes 500mph +
Sources
https://www.gis.fhwa.dot.gov/about.asp
https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C05/E6-40-01-01.pdf
https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/ch8c2en.html
https://energy.gov/eere/energybasics/articles/internal-combustion-engine-basics
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/engopt.html
https://www.eia.gov/Energyexplained/?page=us_energy_transportation#tab1
http://bca.transportationeconomics.org/benefits/community-impacts
http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/tvm/1111_nptel/102_TptnRole/plain/plain.html#SECTION00030000000000000000
http://www.localhistories.org/transporttime.html
http://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove/themes/story_48_1.html
http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/History_of_the_Airplane_Intro/History_of_the_Airplane_Intro.htm
http://fueleconomy.gov/feg/best-worst.shtml
http://sk8es4mc2l.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=google&auinit=B&aulast=Rieger&atitle=The+%E2%80%98Good+German%E2%8
0%99Goes+Global:+the+Volkswagen+Beetle+as+an+Icon+in+the+Federal+Republic&id=doi:10.1093/hwj/dbp010&title=History+works
hop&volume=68&issue=1&date=2009&spage=3&issn=1363-3554
http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/transportation/
https://www.epa.gov/renewable-fuel-standard-program/final-renewable-fuel-standards-2017-and-biomass-based-diesel-volume
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/how-do-hybrids-work#.WOqJNlPyvR0