/

1771

(Encyclopedia Britannica)

(atom)

19

(fluctuation)

(L.
Boltzmann )(Gas
Theory)

(W. Ostwald ) (E.

Mach )(A. Einstein )
Boltzmann
http://www.desy.de/f/hera/germ/chap1.html

1905

1908
(J. Perrin )
1922 1928 Ostwald
http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/enc/Images/

2006 2
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(Brownian Motion)(ubiquity) 19
(
)
1870
Mach (W. Ramsay)(L. Gouy)
http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~suchii/mach.jpg


(K. Van Nageli)

1905




Einstein

http://www.dlr.de/Schoollab/Oberpfaffenhofen/Experimente/G
PS/;internal&action=printview.action

Perrin
http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1926/index.html

1828 (R. Brown )

Brown
() http://www.abc.net.au/navigators/img/nature/brown_sml.jpg

2006 2
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-6 -
( 10 m) ( 10
10
m)
(laminar flow)()
(Stokes'
Law)-
(6a)vxa
Denny and Gaines, vx x
Chance in Biology (2000)

kBT d
= 6avx
dx
(x)vx
x (
) (the continuity
(osmotic pressure) equation)
(mobility)
d
x
dt

d d d k T d 2
( vx ) = ( vx ) = B 2
dx dt dx 6a dx


x kBT
D=
6a
x
(Einstein's relation)
x
(T)
(x) P = k B T ( P

k B T )

x P (x)

x0

x

dP
()
dx x0

dP d
= k T
dx dx 0
B
x0 x
-6
10 m
x0
-7
10
k T d
B

dx 0 x

2006 2
4


1908


P()
x

P() P( )d = 1

P()=P(-)
-7
(10 sec) P()

f(x,t) x t

f ( x,t + ) = = f ( x ,t )P( )d

f ( x,t )
f ( x,t + ) f ( x,t ) +
t

f ( x,t ) 2 2 f ( x,t )
f ( x ,t ) f ( x,t ) +
x 2 x 2

f f 2 f 2

f + f P( )d P( )d + 2 P( )d
t
x x
2

f 2 f
=D 2
t x

1 2
2
D= P( )d

N
x=0
(Langevin)
N
x2

f ( x,t ) = e 4 Dt

4Dt 1905
x 2 = 2 Dt
r 2
= 6 Dt
=17 1908
-2 -6
=1.3510 a=10 m t=1sec
< x 2 > 8 107 m

2006 2
5
 t t'
t t'|t-t'|
G G
< v( t ) v( t') >
G G
dv v G
m = + F m B
dt B (iv)
( G G 2 A 2
1t

2t
3
G < r( t ) < r( t ) > >= [ t + ( 2e e

)]
1 v m 2
2 2
)
6a B
G
F (random G G 2 A 2

< r( t ) < r( t ) > > ( )t

force)(random bombardment) m 2

G
F
A
2

6Dt D =
A =mB 6m
2

AB
2

=mB D = AB=6kBT
6
G G
t

(i) < v( t ) >= v( t = 0 )e

kT
D = B( k T ) = B

6a
B
t
(Einstein's relation)


(ii)

2t
A
2t

< v ( t ) >= v ( t = 0 )e
2 2
+ (1 e
) t 20
2m 2

2

<v (t)>

A

2m 2

3k T
< v ( t ) >= kB
2 B

m
T m

AB=6kBT
A B (A)
AB=6kBT

(Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem)


20
(iii)
60
G G
( t + t')
A
t t'

( t +t')

< v( t ) v( t') >= v ( t = 0 ) e

2
+ (e
e
) 2
2m 2

2006 2
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4 8
1905
1927

t
A A t
Banks, Growth and Diffusion Phenomena (1994)

B
N( r,t ) 1
=D ( r N ) + aN N
t r r r


M

M r 2
N( r ,t ) = exp( at )
4Dt 4 Dt
dv v
( V ) y
= y
V ( )g + F( t ) y
dt B
0
R 2

R
N( r ,t )2rdr = M exp( at
4 Dt
)
vy

R R2

N( r,t )2rdr = N( r,t )2rdr N( r,t )2rdr =M exp( at )( 1 e

4 Dt
)
0 0 R
0V

R = 2 aDt B
R 1
g F
20 6a
random force
0 < B << 1
= BV ( 0 ) g + BF ( t )
n(y,t)
n( y,t ) n( y,t )2
n( y,t )
=D + BV ( )g
t y y
2 0

NV ( )g
V ( 0 ) gy

 y)=
n( e 0 k BT
N
kT B

kB T V ( 0 ) gy

Banks, Growth and Diffusion Phenomena (1994) Boltzmann distribution

2006 2
7
 N C
y0



N ( y y0 )2 ( y + y0 )2 C 2t C ( y y0 )
NC Cy

2
n( y,t ) = [e 4 Dt
+e 4 Dt
] e 4D 2D
+ e D
y + y0 ct
e d the spring-mass block system
2 Dt D 2 Dt

C = BV ( 0 ) g

random force

the root-mean-square value

-10
10 m

E

e k BT
E

Denny and Gaines,

Chance in Biology (2000)

Pcseli, Fluctuations in
Physical Systems (2000) D

D'Arsonvalgalvanometer







(Pcseli, Fluctuations in Physical

Systems (2000)

fluctuation
the equipartition theorem

2006 2
8


kT 0.5mm
= B
KB T

rms


5

10
NiAB
10cm
N i A B

=

NiAB
=
diffusion limited
aggregation
4rms 1/3000
4rms seed particle

NAB
( )i = 4 imin

min rms
free particle

4 k T
i = B

NAB
min


1.7

Pcseli,
Fluctuations in Physical Systems (2000)

Peitgen, Jrgens, and Saupe, Chaos and Fractals (1992)
E

20cm 10cm 2

2006 2
9
 (F)

rc

C



C
metal leaf
Peitgen, Jrgens, and Saupe, Chaos and
Fractals (1992)
r
r rc C( r ) = C ( 1 ) r
c

dC( r ) r
J( r ) = D = DC 2

c

dr r

DC
J( rc ) =

r
c

F = 4rc 2 J( rc ) = 4rc DC

4rc 3 M
M
3
Peitgen, Jrgens, and Saupe, Chaos and Fractals (1992)
4rc 3 M
4rc DC =
3

3DC
rc =
M

-
HCO3

-
HCO3
(D
-9 2 3 3
1.510 m /sC 1.5 mol/ m M 1 mol/sm )
-5
rc 80m(=810 m)

Peitgen, Jrgens, and Saupe, Chaos and Fractals

(1992)

2006 2
10

1. Einstein, Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian
Motion (1968).
1905
2. Stachel, ed., Einstein's Miraculous Year: Five papers that

changed the face of physics (1998).

3. Pathria, Statistical Mechanics (1972).

4. Banks, Growth and Diffusion Phenomena (1994).

5. Pcseli, Fluctuations in Physical Systems (2000).

6. Peitgen, Jrgens, and Saupe, Chaos and Fractals (1992).

7. Denny and Gaines, Chance in Biology (2000).

interdisciplinary


email:nnp@phys.ntu.edu.tw

-------


N2O WF6 Xe
LHe Ne SiH4 Kr

760
6
035516256
035551 732

2006 2
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