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Homework Solution 10
Homework Solution 10
Homework 10 Solution
Chapter 9.
Therefore is an isomorphism.
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MATH 3005 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon
11. Let G = Z4 U (4), H = h(2, 3)i, and K = h(2, 1)i. Show that G/H is not isomor-
phic to G/K. (This shows that H K does not imply that G/H G/K.)
In G/H, ((1, 3)H)2 = (1 + 1, 32 )H = (2, 1)H, ((1, 3)H)3 = (1 + 1 + 1, 33 )H =
(3, 3)H, ((1, 3)H)4 = (1 + 1 + 1 + 1, 34 )H = (0, 1)H = H (Note that (0, 1) is the
identity of G.). So |(1, 3)H| = 4 in G/H.
On the other hand, in G/K, for any element (a, b)H, ((a, b)H)2 = (a + a, b2 )H =
(2a, b2 )H. But in U (4) = {1, 3}, all squares are 1, so (2a, b2 )H = (2a, 1)H =
(2, 1)a H = H because (2, 1)a h(2, 1)i = H. Therefore |(a, b)H| 2.
So G/H 6 G/K.
14. What is the order of the element 14 + h8i in the factor group Z24 /h8i?
14 + h8i = 6 + h8i
G = H K H K Z11 Z3 Z33 .
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MATH 3005 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon
So |(1, 1) + h(2, 2)i| = 2. On the infinite cyclic group Z, except the identity, there
is no element with finite order. Therefore (Z Z)/h(2, 2)i is not cyclic.
32. Prove that D4 cannot be expressed as an internal direct product of two proper
subgroups.
If D4 = H K, then because |D4 | = 8, |H| = 4 and |K| = 2 (or vice versa.). Then
K Z2 , and H Z4 or Z2 Z2 . In particular, both K and H are Abelian groups.
Because
D4 = H K H K,
D4 must be Abelian, too. But D4 is not, so it is not an internal direct product.
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MATH 3005 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon
44. Observe from the table for A4 given in Table 5.1 on page 111 that the subgroup
given in Example 9 of this chapter is the only subgroup of A4 of order 4. Why does
this imply that this subgroup must be normal in A4 ? Generalize this to arbitrary
finite groups.
Generally, if a finite group G has only one subgroup of H of fixed order k, then
H / G.
Indeed, for any x G, xHx1 G and |xHx1 | = |H| = k. From the assump-
tion, xHx1 = H. This implies that H / G.
58. If N and M are normal subgroups of G, prove that N M is also a normal subgroup
of G.
In general, N M is not a subgroup! But if (at least one of) N and M are normal,
we can prove that N M is also a subgroup. e = ee N M , so N M is nonempty.
Take n1 m1 , n2 m2 N M . Then (n1 m1 )(n2 m2 )1 = n1 m1 m1 1
2 n2 . Because M
is normal, there is m3 M such that m1 m1 1 1 1 1
2 n2 = n2 m3 . So n1 m1 m2 n2 =
n1 n1
2 m3 N M and N M G.