Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Factors Determining Customer Satisfaction
Factors Determining Customer Satisfaction
Factors Determining Customer Satisfaction
Customer Satisfaction is a measure of how products and services supplied by company meet
after the service has been procured and consumed. It is basically a customer. fulfilment
response. This response may include over fulfilment or under fulfillment Customer
satisfaction refers to the emotional response that people feel after making a purchase from a
company. The more positive the level of customer satisfaction, the more likely the purchaser
is to come back and buy again and to recommend that company to others who are looking for
dissatisfied. If the performance matches the expectations, the customer is satisfied. If the
have discovered that it is generally more profitable to maintain existing customers than to
replace them with new customers. Retaining current customers required that they be satisfied
Customer satisfaction could be related to various business aspects like marketing, product
regarding engineering & technological aspects of product and service, quality, cost and
performance of the product and service. The second category depends on the behavior of
senior managers and other employees and all other functional activities like customer
It is practically impossible for the marketer to provide all the above features. There are
always some positive as well as negative features in product and service which will influence
level of customer satisfaction. The final opinion is the sum of overall experiences which a
customer percept.
Almost all consumer durable goods need post sales servicing .After sales service is an
important aspect of a marketing transaction. Such service covers repairs, spare parts and
smooth maintenance at lower charges after the product has been sold and being used. The
need for such services arises to prevent dissatisfaction, frustration and ill will among
by the industries, leads to both attraction of new clients cheers to word-of-mouth (WOM) link
and recommendations of the continuing clients, as well as to progress of the connection of the
stable alongside its present clients by making them supplementary loyalty and devoted. In
supplementary words, Later denoting to finished ability quality perceptions, it is noticed that
a colossal body of the works (Rust 1993) is in line with (Spreng 1996) results, claiming that
Loyalty. In this context, client satisfaction has been the subject of a colossal body of works
(Parasuraman et al., 1994) because of its impact on client behavioral aims and attitudes
Zeithamlet al.(1996) ) counsel that favorable behavioral aims are generally in the form of
customers willingness to expend supplementary money alongside the specific firm or to wage
Because of the present discover focuses on two aspects of behavioral aims and as a lot has
been said concerning the re-buy intention it is vital to investigate additional suggestion
feature. Referrals or recommendations embody one form of WOM contact, and denote to the
affirmative interpersonal contact concerning product and ability offered , Because of the
present discover focuses on two aspects of behavioral aims and as a lot has been said
Referrals or recommendations embody one form of WOM contact, and denote to the
affirmative interpersonal contact concerning product and ability presented (Wheiler, 1987).
This kind of contact, nevertheless casual and unstructured, it is extremely competent and
association amid referrals and loyalty and dedication Heskettet al., 1994). Moreover, as it is
very important in the literature (e.g. Wilson,1994), because of the reduced risk that the
beneficiary as a new customer gains by the referrals, they perform as very strong motives for
buying the service, and as such they must be integrated among the most efficient and useful
marketing tools. For these reasons, it is asserted that referrals in finished are alongside the
companys vital intangible resources though, after the worth of referrals they are institute to
craft difference amid the assorted services categories. Additionally, the noted chance by the
client afterward challenged alongside buying a product a skill is a vital factor that influences
the worth and the efficiency of referrals (Murray, 1991; Roselius, 1971).
In finish, preceding studies connected to satisfaction, the volume of the people are focus on
satisfaction as the effect of the presenting of the core ability that endowed by the hotel
industry. On the supplementary hand, there is yet question as to the relation amid the rather
faithful and creative services generated finished satisfaction and their encounter on
satisfaction. This is the question that this exacting discover activities to address as it has been
clashed that the softly more important act of competitive primacy necessitates are
conceptualization of instituted thoughts like that of the scale of the services presented in the
Customer satisfaction:
Consumers are very important for every industry. Industries are more customers oriented they
have to satisfy their customers needs, the satisfied customer enhance the level of retain more
customers, which results in high sale earnings, higher efficiency and profit to the
organization. Customer satisfaction is associated with good after sales services to the
The component of client consideration is all that much administration arranged as most
customer, the supplier needs to have the those services which satisfy customer needs, which
customer requires through after sales services.(Davidow, 2003) On the off chance that the
client sees an administration in a constructive manner, however evaluated less, then the client
is fulfilled, People and associations that utilization expert administrations are generally set to
pay high charges for the administrations, due to the equivocalness, significance, and danger
included. The client needs to realize that they get the obliged focus. A service firm that is able
of project a helpful image and support that image with import is likely to success (Liljander,
1997)
The customer wants to know how the service will be act and that is added to his/her
expectations. Customers have previous experiences and based on those experiences, clients
understand services to be delivered in a helpful way, which can be measured company fulfill
Mostly clients analysis services according to industries values with which they are well-
known and those do not essentially relay to the service that is performed(Cotts, 1995), and
(Oliver,1997)It is important for the supplier to learn, to think as the customer does and be
aware of why a customer is buying specific suppliers products. This will make it easier to
perform in a way that influences the customer to purchase services from that supplier.
(Koskela, 2002)note that many managers require the intensity of understanding about how
their customers run and make their money. Often companies focus on mechanics but ignore
social relationships. Barsky (1995) notes that customer satisfaction is a feeling and can affect
the customers attitudes towards a product or a service. In a different environment, it is very
important to remember that it is the people who work together (Maister, 1997).
Attitudes are important for the supplier as there will become a strong relationship between
Customer Loyalty:
Customer loyalty is an exceedingly held loyalty to re purchase and preferred that service
again and again in the future. According to Liljander , customer satisfaction and repurchase
decision intentions create a positively connection. They discovered that it could be extra
their study set-up. (Rust, 1993) have learned client lifetime worth and the significance of
client loyalty by listening to their complaints, anticipating their setbacks, and understanding
why clients move to competitors. Clients stay faithful because of the worth they accord from
the supplier.
Customer retention way long-term an long live connection alongside a client (Cannie, 1994),
(Berger, 1998) situation that preceding this research presenting a little facts that good ability
quality and client satisfaction affirmatively alter the customers behavior. Customers, after
their have no ability setbacks have the strongest levels of loyalty intentions. On the
supplementary hand, their aims to wage extra are not extensively higher than customers who
Therefore, firms keen to enhance services, chiefly afar the wanted service-level, ought to do
so in a cost-effective manner. Firms aiming for client loyalty change their offerings to clients
to fit client demands. Produce or services are held to clients alongside minimum difficulty
and at hostile prices. Fulfilling client demands can be expensive, but its additionally
extremely vital factor. The client could additionally have to wage supplementary for best
quality ability.
Customer Expectations:
Customer expectations are thinking considering skill transport that give out as benefits or
proposition points opposite that presentation is judged. Knowing what the client expects is
the main and plausibly most vital pace in grasping good quality service.
In this Thesis we furnish a assembly for thinking considering client expectations. The
meaning and kinds of anticipated skill, that factors that encounter client expectations of skill,
and present subjects pondering client ability expectations. Different clients grasp disparate
kinds of expectations considering service. The anticipation result the hopes and wishes of
these clients ,without these hopes and wishes and they believed that they might be fulfilled,
According to Levitt (1983), the sale of a product is merely the onset of a seller-buyer
connection whereas the long-term connection amid the two parties is the key for long-term
prosperity influence the fact that after-sales services are frolic vital act in a firm to stable
competitive gains and to amass profits. There are a number of classifications hobbies inside
after sales services, is to uphold client uphold, product prop, and ability (Goffin, 2001) After
sales has many times confidential as a business network process, due to the fact that it has a
direct impact on the overall business performance and the competitive advantage (Egonsson,
2013) The hobbies inside a company can be endowed across alternative channels and actors,
or across several channels and actors parallel. Internet has additionally endowed at after-sales
ability channel that has made it probable for firms to have extra stroke points alongside its
client, consequently it is extremely easier to present the attention of client care. According to
Profit is the affirmative degree of difference amid subsidiary revenue and subsidiary cost.
Later sales ability is measured a main basis of business efficiency as well as the main factor
create positively link with after sales services is greater than that generated based on sales
and sales activities of those product display to point of sales Levitt (1983), for this reason
after sales services protected consumer loyalty, enhanced revenue based on enhanced
consumer satisfaction .
To make sure enhanced business profitability therefore, organizations are estimated to invest
on after sales services as method for enhanced word of mouth communication among
After sales services have great cost inference even at this, consumers are demanding high
quality at low prices. Quality, hence is a key source of services differentiation between firms
in the market place and gives competitive advantages to organizations that are highly quality
aware(Mosota, 2013) It fuses the associations capacity to meet the particular needs and
necessities, for example, conveyance on time of precisely the right quality, bundled
legitimately, including administration to clients some time recently, amid and after a buy.
exercises intended to impact the level of consumer loyalty, that is the inclination that an
administration has met the clients desire. It is additionally an agreeable execution for the
nature of administration in eatery hopes to convey to its clients, and can much of the time
From the position of an overall sales process development, after sale services plays an
important role in an organizations ability to make income and generate revenue (Selden,
2000) From that insightful, customer services should be included as part of an overall
approach to organized success. Customer service experience can change the actual perception
of customer has of the organization Micah, (2010). Services performance and client service
are closely linked in any quality programmed the greater the attention to services quality in
production, the less demand on the customer service act to correct following problems.
Additionally its typical capacities, client administration can execute as an early cautioning
framework to identify item quality issues. Client overviews measuring item execution can
likewise help spot quality control or plan challenges; and obviously identifying issues early,
then the level of satisfaction is consequently increment. So that is the reason additionally
maintained a strategic distance from humiliation and migraines. The quality of customer
service after the sale is very important as the quality of the product itself (Rust, 2000)A broad
majority of high tech firms managed to grow successfully during the recent economic
recession by developing their after sales services. In high technology area, more than any
other industry, after sales activity is very often a highly beneficial business, but has great cost
suggestion associated there to it. After-sales services include not only the customers its
management ,but also the maintenance operations perform, the extra parts planning and
logistics, and all the operations with a long-lasting effect on customers satisfaction(Viardot,
2004),(Erasmus, 2010)For firms that have marketing strategy, after sale services cannot be
measured without help of the product or services in terms of market share and profitability.
In a study of the restaurant services, show that finished satisfaction indicated that the services
sector made extra profit alongside its $9 billion after-sales than alongside its manage
Different companies, such as Dell, Lexmark have conducted research on the needs and
loyalty of their customers regarding after-sales services. All the surveys display that although
price is important to customers, the key issues are quickness of delivery, reliability, and
availability of different menu choices and maintenance services. The beauty of after-sales
services, they can double profit margin contrast to the profitability of the goods sold,
particularly in an environment that is economically depressed like Nigeria. But this is limited
by the incapability of firms to create favorable balance between the marginal cost of
operation (implicit and explicit) and actual and or predictable marginal revenue. This work is
interested in the management of the cost implications of after sales services as factor of
quality of offer and method to customer favorable perception, loyalty and revenue and
business profitability.
Services:
(Kotler, 1997) defines ability as follows: Service is each deed or presentation that one party
can proposal to one more that is basically intangible and does not consequence in the
ownership of anything. Its creation could or could not be tied to a physical product. (Mathe
1993) define ability as follows: Service is all of the hobbies undertaken by the stable to
furnish worth in use above period, measured by increased client satisfaction alongside a
palpable product or sequence of products. Producing and ability procedures have public
According to (VITASEK, 2005) After-sales services are mostly referred to as client services
activities, meaning all hobbies that prop the product-centric transaction. Furthermore, the
word after-sales services has been approached in the works below two large perspectives.
Later denoting to skill bestowing companies, after-sales services are being indulged as one
amid countless supplementary skill agents endowed by them (Oliva, 2003). The theory of
specific hypothesis, these administrations escort the stock owning one of the two primary
constituents or retailing and can be attack five bunches, to be specific variety, data, area and
atmosphere and confirmation of moment item transport at the needed period and in the
needed structure From the above administrations, just the latter is being gave as an after-
deals capacity, as, time-wise, it takes after the purchasing offering collaboration. The key
enduring deed in the client acquiring decision however the fifth can be seen as worth adding
fitness to customers.
While the above methods can be connected, it is clashed here that both these perspectives are
rather slender in scope because of their limitations. This contemplate, that focuses on an
oftentimes undifferentiated palpable good or ability, and grips the rising services as being of
minor meaning, leads to a cut finished worth proposition and subsequently a connection
amid others, the endowed competitive supremacy (C. Armistead , 1994)and the achieved
clients satisfaction and long-term relationships (Cespedes, 1995) Thus, in line alongside the
trusted of connection marketing, whereas firms battle to retain the relations alongside their
clientele alert, the intangible giving can be proved to be tremendously priceless as an agent of
The importance of after sales service has been known by durable goods manufacturers.
Firms present durable goods are essentially offering after sales services. After sales service
not only increase competitive advantage and helps in brand positioning but also contributes
extensively in profit generation. Customers are very conscious about purchase choice, mostly
in sales services. The most important reason is to conduct this study is to evaluate the impact
After sales service is an important for differentiating brands somewhat it increases customer
loyalty and retention. It is recommended that firms should estimate the importance and the
strategic role that after sales services can develop market competitive positions. Previous
research in behavioral science has recommended that the time planned of service delivery
may affect customer assessment of service and as a result it may also affect customer
satisfaction.
Background
Services have been studied broadly since 1980s. The idea of involving service importance
and customer satisfaction has existed for a long time. This Study examine that there are
couple of years, there have been studies that have instituted to develop connection amid client
satisfaction and client loyalty. Countless studies additionally develop associations amid good
skill quality, client satisfaction, client loyalty, and proficiency. (Grnroos, 1980) Finally after
sales used to express services for those customers who are very able to provide such services
(Lim, 2011). At last, after deals capacity is an approach to allow a consistent improvement of
item outline and value. Deep perceptive of afterward sales as a basis of competitive
advantage and company opportunity needs from a anticipated product centric think, in that
Many studies related to customer loyalty, customer expectation since 1990 have been
conducted in the area of consumer markets. Such studies have mostly concentrated on
relationship marketing, but only a few studies have concentrated on after sales services
creating an impact on customer satisfaction. Even nevertheless there are countless studies in
the span of services, afterward sales services and afterward sales hobbies normally have
signify a flouted span of the association works and merely an insufficient researchers have
paid attention on it. For the most portions, subjects connected to afterward sales hobbies and
afterward sales services have been given merely manipulated attention in those studies. On
the other hand, afterward sales services crafting an encounter on client satisfaction. Customer
satisfaction survey questions are not designed to measure loyalty, how the customer will
perform. In a survey by Deloitte across different industries, it was found that companies set
goals for improving customer loyalty for more advantageous and more likely to increase
growth plans than many industries that did not have such a good strategy. Most managers
concur that there is a affirmative connection amid client satisfaction and client expectation.
According to the researchers, mostly in business cases, price ranked among the most
One of the reasons could be the difficulty to exactly and consistently measure customer
satisfaction. The customers in general fill the surveys about satisfaction level through after
sales services. There are different ways of inflating satisfaction ratings, including the
formation of questions, timing of the measurement, and the mood of the respondent. Since
customers are likely to overvalue their satisfaction in these surveys, the consistency of
Gap Analysis
After sales services has been used in the most companies ,which describe services that are
provided to the customer after the products have been delivered (Sigala, Rigopoulou,
Chaniotakis, 2008) Every industry should always focus to the customer perceptions and
expectations. If there is a huge difference among customer expectations and satisfaction, then
there is a gap and in observe, it does not matter whether the gap is based on facts or feelings,
In the shoppers mind observation process it has been depict that clients perceive more serious
danger when obtaining administrations as opposed to items, more reliant on data from
individual sources, and utilize cost and physical offices as the most essential for
administration quality. Clients can be unwilling to attempt new administrations in view of the
dangers included (Cannie, 1994) Making and holding extra association with client while
utilizing each component of taking, holding and upgrading consumer loyalty is known as
client deals services administration (Armstrong, 2010). At the point when commercial
administrations after deal, similar to this current arranging is a piece of consumer loyalty.
After sale service has been important for every industries to battle in the market by using
such comprehensive services (Sigala et al., 2008) Mostly customers have different needs
some customers want that the services to be delivered to their target place at right time and
right place, others industries give value to customers needs and wants, then again poor after
deals administrations make negative impact on the outcomes, and customer fulfillment. Every
industries need to improve relationship with customers for increase more efficiency and to
improve their sales revenue. To provide good services, it will provide to the customers
pleasant sale service to consumer from organization. Properly planned feedback is very
important for every industry as they came to know that what customer needs from us. And
also know about what type of changes industries should bring into the services, so that they
give more value to the customers. hence, services given to consumer after sale are more
important to satisfy consumer needs, after sale service is very important for industries to
retain customers for a long time period and generate high advantageous relationship with
organization.
Many researchers agree that industries can achieve more than their revenue due to after sale
service if they provide to customer during a life cycle of a product. therefore, efficiency and
sales revenue increases and generate profit may be more than product sale (Alexander, 2002)
After above all discover, Most of the industries are not aware relating to the after-sales ability
factors and its encounter towards the client satisfaction. Dissatisfied clients will coil to
I recognize the gap that can reason, setbacks in ability transport that client anticipate extra to
the company. This Gap is amid client expectations. The intention of this thesis is to
concentrating on client satisfaction and client anticipation across afterward sales services.
However, most of the industries are not aware about the after sales service characteristics and
its impact towards the client satisfaction. Disappointed customers will turn to competitors just
Mixer Grinder-
Now a day people are becoming health conscious and they adopting method to keep
healthy and fit. Many people prefer to take a glass of fresh juice in the morning after
workout session or a long walk. Healthy juices are great sources of minerals and
vitamins. And it helps the body in fighting against diseases by improving immunity
power. The interesting fact is that people are having processed and packaged juices.
They think that they drinks pure juices, but there are certain amount of added colors,
preservative and flavors in them for sure. Therefore it is best to buy a juicer mixer
grinder for your home to drink fresh juices as and when required.
It is very good idea to buy a juicer for home and it is a good investment as well. Today there
are new technologies used by many companies that manufacture juicers of different kinds. To
buy a juicer, you must understand what your exact requirements are. Now a day juicer also
comes in complete set of mixer, grinder and juicer. With the advance technologies that are
applied in the juicer, the best results are derived from them. In fact now a day juicers have
become necessary part of kitchens in many people's home as juicers are great sources of
This should be kept in mind while you buying a juicer mixer grinder. After use, it is quite
obvious that the juicer has to be clean properly so that it keeps on working and remains
functional for long term. In the most of juicers several parts have to be cleaned separately.
This has to be done very carefully. The high-end juicer is costly on maintenance. It also
requires delicate handling while cleaning. As per instructions that states that the parts of
juicer mixer grinder should be clean with soft hand and should not be put anywhere in home;
as there are chances to break down some parts or get damaged. After all of cleaning process
each part should be wiping with a clean cloth. All parts should be placed together in safe
place.
With these types of kitchen appliances, you can easily prepare juices and milkshakes from the
fruits in no time and less consumption of energy. Now a day you can buy online. These
appliances have indeed made our life easy and secure. It is difficult to think a life of modern
Gas Induction-
Induction cooking heats a cooking vessel by magnetic induction, instead of by thermal
conduction from a flame, or an electrical heating element. Because inductive heating directly
placed under the cooking pot and an alternating electric current is passed through it. The
resulting oscillating magnetic field induces a magnetic flux which repeatedly magnetises the
pot, treating it like the lossy magnetic core of a transformer. This produces large eddy
currents in the pot, which because of the resistance of the pot, heats it.
For nearly all models of induction cooktops, a cooking vessel must be made of, or contain,
a ferromagnetic metal such as cast iron or some stainless steels. However, copper, glass, non
magnetic stainless steels, and aluminum vessels can be used if placed on a ferromagnetic disk
Induction cooking is quite efficient, which means it puts less waste heat into the kitchen, can
be quickly turned off, and has safety advantages compared to gas stoves. Cooktops are also
usually easy to clean, because the cooktop itself does not get very hot.
Microwave oven-
and cooks food by exposing it to microwave radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. This
induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known
as dielectric heating. Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation
is fairly uniform in the outer 2538 mm (11.5 inches) of a homogeneous, high water content
food item; food is more evenly heated throughout (except in heterogeneous, dense objects)
War II from radar technology developed during the war. Named the "Radarange", it was first
sold in 1946. Raytheon later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was
first introduced by Tappan in 1955, but these units were still too large and expensive for
general home use. The countertop microwave oven was first introduced in 1967 by
the Amana Corporation, and their use has spread into commercial and
Microwave ovens are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of
foods. They are also useful for rapid heating of otherwise slowly prepared cooking items,
such as hot butter, fats, and chocolate. Unlike conventional ovens, microwave ovens usually
do not directly brown or caramelize food, since they rarely attain the necessary temperatures
to produce Maillard reactions. Exceptions occur in rare cases where the oven is used to heat
frying-oil and other very oily items (such as bacon), which attain far higher temperatures than
that of boiling water. Microwave ovens have a limited role in professional cooking, [1] because
heat sources can be added to microwave ovens, or into combination microwave ovens, to
produce these other heating effects, and microwave heating may cut the overall time needed
to prepare such dishes. Some modern microwave ovens are part of over-the-range units with
a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that
transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the
fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. Refrigeration is
an essential food storage technique in developed countries. The lower temperature lowers the
reproduction rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage. A refrigerator
maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water. Optimum
temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 C (37 to 41 F). A similar device that
maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer. The refrigerator
replaced the icebox, which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and
a half. For this reason, a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage.
The first cooling systems for food involved using ice. Artificial refrigeration began in the
mid-1750s, and developed in the early 1800s. In 1834, the first working vapor-compression
refrigeration system was built. The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in
1854. In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the
first self-contained unit. The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator
market during the 1930s. Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just
for ice cubes) were introduced in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became
commonplace.
Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce. Commercial refrigerator
and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. Most
households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style, which has been the basic
style since the 1940s. A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators,
Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes. Among the
smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer. A large
domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of
600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing, or built into a kitchen. The
refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before. Freezers
allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure, and bulk purchases save money.
Air conditioning-
Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of removing heat from
a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity. Air conditioning can be used
in both domestic and commercial environments. This process is used to achieve a more
comfortable interior environment, typically for humans or animals; however, air conditioning
is also used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with heat-producing electronic devices, such
as computer servers, power amplifiers, and even to display and store artwork.
Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an occupied space such as
a building or a car to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Electric refrigerant-
based AC units range from small units that can cool a small bedroom, which can be carried
by a single adult, to massive units installed on the roof of office towers that can cool an entire
sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be made
based on desiccants (chemicals which remove moisture from the air) and subterraneous pipes
that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling.
In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies
movement). In common usage, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which cool air.
contaminants, suspended solids and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for a
specific purpose. Most water is disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but
water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including fulfilling
methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation;
biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical
processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such
as ultraviolet light.
including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, as well as reducing
the amount of a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that
Visual inspection cannot determine if water is of appropriate quality. Simple procedures such
as boiling or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all
the possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even
natural spring water considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century must
needed. Chemical and microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain
According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people lack access
to an improved drinking water supply, 88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal
disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, while 1.8
million people die from diarrheal diseases each year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these
diarrheal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including access to
safe water.[1] Simple techniques for treating water at home, such as chlorination, filters, and
solar disinfection, and storing it in safe containers could save a huge number of lives each
year.[2] Reducing deaths from waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing
countries.