Immune System (43.3-43.

4): Review Sheet

43.3
Helper T-Cells
Response to nearly all antigens
Secrete cytokines that stimulate lymphocytes
Make CD4 (a surface protein that enhances binding to antigen complexes on
antigen-presenting cells)
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Response to infected cells
Make CD8 (a surface protein that enhances binding to antigen complexes on
infected cells and transplanted tissues)
Secrete proteins that initiate destruction of their target cells
B Cells
Response to extracellular pathogens
Generate antibody secreting plasma cells, which are the effector cells of humoral
immune response
Antibody classes differ in distribution & function
Antibodies bind to the antigens on the surface of the pathogens
Phagocytosis & Complement Mediated Lysis
Active & Passive Immunization
Active
Natural
natural response to infection
Artificial
vaccination
nonpathogenic form of microbe elicits immune
response (memory T cells)
Passive
Natural
IgG passes the placenta to pass immunity from
mother to fetus
IgA passes through breast milk to pass immunity
from mother to baby
Artificial
Injecting antibodies into a nonimmune person
Immune Rejection
Blood type determined by antigens on red blood cells (A, B, AB, O)
Antibodies protect the body from nonself blood types
Transfusion of nonself blood type results in destruction of
transfused blood
MHC stimulates rejection of transfused & transplanted blood & tissue
Successful transplantation has better odds if MHC tissue types match and if
immunosuppressants are given to the patient
43.4
Immune Responses
1. Exaggerated (aka Hypersensitive)
Allergies
Responses to antigens called allergens
Most commonly involve IgE to be secreted by
plasma cells which induces mast cells to release histamine
2. Self-Directed
Autoimmune Diseases
Response in which the immune system turns
against particular cells of the body
Susceptibility influenced by gender, genetics, &
environment
Ex: Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes,
Multiple Sclerosis
3. Diminished
Immunodeficiency
When the immune system is compromised and
can't protect against pathogens effectively
Can be temporary or permanent
2 types
Inborn
Acquired
Acquired Immune System Evasion by Pathogens
1. Antigenic Variations
Alters the appearance of the pathogen to the immune system
Pathogens stop expressing epitopes (the accessible part of the
antigen)
Ex: flu, which varies by way of mutation
2. Latency
A pathogen waits until conditions are favorable to trigger synthesis
Pathogenic genome usually resides in the nucleus as a separate
DNA molecule
Ex: Herpes
3. Direct Attack
Pathogen attack the immune system
Ex: HIV
Attacks by infecting helper T cells by binding to
CD4 on the cells
HIV RNA is reverse transcribed & incorporated into
the host cells genome
The virus is replicated inside the cell, which then
lyses and releases more viruses to do the same thing