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Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis: Computers & Structures, 21, 257-264, 1985
Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis: Computers & Structures, 21, 257-264, 1985
Basic
Considerations in
Nonlinear Analysis
Contents: The principle of virtual work in general nonlinear
analysis, including all material and geometric
nonlinearities
A simple instructive example
Introduction to the finite element incremental solution,
statement and physical explanation of governing finite
element equations
Requirements of equilibrium, compatibility, and the
stress-strain law
Nodal point equilibrium versus local equilibrium
Assessment of accuracy of a solution
Example analysis: Stress concentration factor
calculation for a plate with a hole in tension
Example analysis: Fracture mechanics stress intensity
factor calculation for a plate with an eccentric crack in
tension
Discussion of mesh evaluation by studying stress jumps
along element boundaries and pressure band plots
IN THIS LECTURE
~E EMPI-\ASIZE
THE BAS Ie ~EQUIR.E
ME~T.s Of MECHANICS
Markerboard
2-1
2-4 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
J,\/Tij-8teij- tdV = tm
where
and
Transparency
2-2 8Ui, 8tei} = virtual displacements and
corresponding virtual
strains
particles
Transparency
2-3
time = 0
two material
Transparency
2-4
time = 0
time = t
2-6 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
Transparency
2-5
time = 0
time = t
a variation
Transparency
2-6
time = 0
time = t
another variation
'Ibpic Two 2-7
Transparency
Note: Integrating the principle of virtual 27
work by parts gives
Assume:
Plane cross-sections
remain plane
x
Constant uniaxial stress
on each cross-section
We then have a one
dimensional analysis.
2-8 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
tffi = ( t 8u tA tdx
JIL pg
Hence the principle of virtual work is now
~
BUT
-
tF
-
= BUT
--
tR
Hence we solve
and obtain
Transparency
2-14 More generally, we solve
tK au(i) = t+AtR _ t+ At F(i-1)
- - -
using
Thpic'l\vo 2-11
Transparency
Nodal point equilibrium is satisfied 2-15
when the equation
t+LltR _ t+ Llt F(i-1) = ..Q.
is satisfied.
CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS)
( ENTER
Note:
I
t+~te(i-l)
H.1tQ:(i-1) = tQ: + - C d~
t~
2-12 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
x
time
Stress-strain law
Need to evaluate the stresses
correctly from the strains.
Compatibility
Need to use compatible element
meshes and satisfy displacement
boundary conditions.
Topic 1\vo 213
Equilibrium
Transparency
Corresponding to the finite element 2-19
nodal point degrees of freedom
(global equilibrium)
Locally if a fine enough finite element
discretization is used
Check:
- Whether the stress boundary
conditions are satisfied
- Whether there are no unduly
large stress jumps between
elements
100 MPa,1
W
2-14 Basic Cousideratioils iu Nouliuear Aualysis
Transparency
2-21
Purpose of analysis:
Transparency
2-22
Using symmetry, we only need to model
one quarter of the plate:
100 MPa
f t t
Topic 1\\'0 2-15
Transparency
2-23
Accuracy considerations:
Recall, in a displacement-based finite
element solution,
Compatibility is satisfied.
The material law is satisfied.
Equilibrium (locally) is only
approximately satisfied.
We can observe the equilibrium error
by plotting stress discontinuities.
~z = 0
y
\..(froax = 281 MPa
2-16 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
Tzz
300 ff stress
a smooth
curve connecting
(MPa)
200
nodal point
stresses f100 MPa
100
0+---+-----+-----+--
o 10 30 50
distance (mm)
~Y~Z
2-26
200
Stress discontinuity O_y
150 0"1 = maximum principal stress
100
0"1
(MPa)
50
O+---r-----r--------,r----
o 10 Y (mm) 30 50
Thpic '!\va 2-17
,.zz 300
stress discontinuity
(MPa)
200 100 MPa
100 7
O+-----r-------,----...,------
o 10 30 50
Y (mm)
2-18 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
150
0"1
(MPa) 100
50
O,-\----.------::r::--------=r:----
o 10 Y (mm) 30 50
'T zz 300
(MPa) nominal stress
200 (100 MPa)\
100
0+---,-----...,..--------,,----
o 10 30 50
Y (mm)
0"1
100 ~
(MPa)
50
0+-----.-------...,..--------,,----
o 10 Y (mm) 30 50
2-20 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
Transparency
2-33 To be confident that the stress
discontinuities are small everywhere,
we should plot stress jumps along each
line in the mesh.
An alternative way of presenting
stress discontinuities is by means of
a pressure band plot:
- Plot bands of constant pressure
where
pressure = -(7 xx + 7 xx + 7 zz )
3
H
5 MPa 5 MPa
Topic Two 2-21
H~
5 MPa 5 MPa
--
-~
.....
2-36
l-~-I
5 MPa 5 MPa
2-22 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
Displacement Stress
Number of Degrees of Relative at top concentration
elements freedom cost (mm) factor
Transparency
Two element mesh cannot be used 2-39
for stress predictions.
Sixty-four element mesh gives
reasonably accurate stresses. How
ever, further refinement at the hole
is probably desirable.
288 element mesh is overrefined
for linear elastic stress analysis.
However, this refinement may be
necessary for other types of
analyses.
Stress
concentration 3.452 3.451
factor
I
I 2m 2m I
Background: Transparency
Assuming that the theory of linear 2-43
elastic fracture mechanics is
applicable, we have
KI = stress intensity factor for a
mode I crack
KI determines the "strength" of the
Vvr stress singularity at the crack tip.
K1>Ke - crack will propagate
(Ke is a property of the material)
}hickness t
_---o--
old
crack
tip
location
Ithickness t
:d--~-
fZ
~----+----~-_-+--+--~Ly
400
Tip B \ crac~ Tip A
200
'Tyy
(MPa)
o +---------+--+------'''''"-----+---+-
z (meters) 0.5 0.625 0~875 1.0
-200
~B
~
5 MPa Y ~5 MPa
Topic 'lWo 2-29
~ ----
--------------- ~
--/-- ~B
V L y
Line of
All elements are either
6- or 8-node isoparametric symmetry I
elements.
2-30 Basic CoDBide1'8tioDB in Nonlinear Analysis
Transparency
Detail of 128 element mesh:
2-53
~A
t----t-+-t-+-t-+-t-+-~
t',
Results: Stress plot on line of symmetry
"<. ".
for 128 element mesh. Transparency
2-55
no stress calculated
400
Tip B ~ crack\np A
~
200
Tyy
(MPa) Ill.. .m
0+------+-----t" J't------ir---
z (meters) 0.5 ~ (! 1.0
-200
I-----I--l
5 MPa 5 MPa
2-32 Basic Considerations in Nonlinear Analysis
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