CLINICAL RESEARCH www.jasn.

org

Extending Prednisolone Treatment Does Not Reduce

Relapses in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome
Nynke Teeninga,* Joana E. Kist-van Holthe, Nienske van Rijswijk,* Nienke I. de Mos,
Wim C.J. Hop, Jack F.M. Wetzels,| Albert J. van der Heijden,* and Jeroen Nauta*
*Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Erasmus University Medical CentreSophia Childrens Hospital,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care
Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics,
Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC University
Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and |Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen
Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT
Prolonged prednisolone treatment for the initial episode of childhood nephrotic syndrome may reduce
relapse rate, but whether this results from the increased duration of treatment or a higher cumulative dose
remains unclear. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 69 hospitals in The
Netherlands. We randomly assigned 150 children (9 months to 17 years) presenting with nephrotic syn-
drome to either 3 months of prednisolone followed by 3 months of placebo (n=74) or 6 months of pred-
nisolone (n=76), and median follow-up was 47 months. Both groups received equal cumulative doses
of prednisolone (approximately 3360 mg/m2). Among the 126 children who started trial medication,
relapses occurred in 48 (77%) of 62 patients who received 3 months of prednisolone and 51 (80%) of 64
patients who received 6 months of prednisolone. Frequent relapses, according to international criteria,
occurred with similar frequency between groups as well (45% versus 50%). In addition, there were no
statistically signicant differences between groups with respect to the eventual initiation of prednisolone
maintenance and/or other immunosuppressive therapy (50% versus 59%), steroid dependence, or ad-
verse effects. In conclusion, in this trial, extending initial prednisolone treatment from 3 to 6 months
without increasing cumulative dose did not benet clinical outcome in children with nephrotic syndrome.
Previous ndings indicating that prolonged treatment regimens reduce relapses most likely resulted from
increased cumulative dose rather than the treatment duration.

J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 149159, 2013. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012070646

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the most common
manifestation of glomerular disease in childhood.
Despite its relatively low incidence of 17 in 100,000
children,1,2 NS poses recurring challenges to many
clinicians.
Corticosteroids induce remission of proteinuria
in 90%95% of patients.36 Despite this high initial
response rate, relapses occur in 60%90% of the
initial responders. 6,7 The disease progresses to
frequent relapses, often accompanied by steroid
dependence, in around 20%60% of patients. Re-
current or continuous corticosteroid therapy in
these patients frequently results in corticosteroid
toxicity.1 This nding calls for the improvement
of existing treatment regimens, for which no inter-
national consensus currently exists.8
The present treatment modalities for initial child-
hood NS are mostly based on reports by the Inter-
national Study of Kidney Disease in Children and
Received July 3, 2012. Accepted October 10, 2012.
Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at
www.jasn.org.
Correspondence: Ms. Nynke Teeninga, Department of Pediat-
ric Nephrology, Erasmus MCSophia Childrens Hospital,
Dr. Molewaterplein 60, Room number Sp-2456, 3015 GJ Rotter-
dam, The Netherlands. Email: n.teeninga@erasmusmc.nl
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Nephrology

J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 149159, 2013 ISSN : 1046-6673/2401-149 149

 CLINICAL RESEARCH www.jasn.org
the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr Pdiatrische Nephrologie. Currenty
used regimens vary in dose and duration (Supplemental Table
1).6,9,10 The regimen prescribed in The Netherlands is made up
of 60 mg/m2 prednisolone daily for 6 weeks followed by 40
mg/m2 prednisolone on alternate days for 6 weeks.10 The cu-
mulative dose of this regimen is 3360 mg/m2.
In 2000, Hodson et al.11 performed a meta-analysis of cor-
ticosteroid therapy in childhood NS to evaluate the potential
benets of different corticosteroid regimens.11 Based on the
analysis of seven clinical trials in patients with an initial epi-
sode of NS, it was concluded that the risk of relapse was sig-
nicantly reduced by prednisolone regimens that were both
longer and more intensive. Additional analysis suggested that
the benets were more likely to be related to the increased
duration of the treatment than the higher cumulative dose.
However, collinearity between treatment duration and dose
prevented the work by Hodson et al.11 from drawing denite
conclusions.11 A subsequent study by Hiraoka et al.12 compar-
ing 3 months of prednisolone treatment to 6 month of treat-
ment was also inconclusive. In this study, prolonged treatment
reduced the relapse rate in children ages under 4 years; how-
ever, this intervention also consisted of a higher cumulative
Figure 1. Patients were analysed in a modied intention to treat analysis. All patients that started trial medication were analysed
according to their allocated treatment. SRNS, steroid-resistant NS.
150 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
dose.12 The independent effects of treatment duration and
cumulative dose, thus, remained undetermined.
Based on these data, we designed a study protocol to explore
the independent effect of treatment duration. In the present
study, we hypothesized that prolongation of a 3-month initial
prednisolone treatment to 6 months using equal cumulative
doses would reduce the occurrence of frequently relapsing NS
(FRNS) without increasing adverse effects.
RESULTS
From February of 2005 to December of 2009, 212 patients
were evaluated for eligibility. Participants and nonparticipants
were similar in terms of sex and age at onset (Supplemental
Table 2); 150 patients from 69 hospitals (60 general and 9
university hospitals) were randomized to either 3 months
prednisolone followed by 3 months placebo or 6 months pred-
nisolone (Figure 1). In both groups, 12 patients could not
start trial medication because of either steroid resistance or
withdrawn consent. These patients were excluded from the anal-
ysis. Median follow-up was 47 months in the 3-month group
J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 149159, 2013
 www.jasn.org CLINICAL RESEARCH

(interquartile range [IQR]=3260) and 47 months in the 6-
month group (IQR=3760).
Induction therapy and trial medication were administered
within a total of 24 weeks in both groups. The prescribed
cumulative dose of prednisolone in the 6-month group de-
pended on the number of days to remission, which is shown in
Figure 2. Because the median number of days to remission was
10 days in both groups (IQR=814 and 714 days, respec-
tively), the median prescribed cumulative prednisolone dose
was 3360 mg/m2 in the 3-month group and 3390 mg/m2 in the
6-month group. Baseline characteristics revealed no relevant
differences between the two groups (Table 1); 65% of the study
population was of Western European descent.
FRNS was scored and analyzed according to strict deni-
tions (strict FRNS) as well as a broader, clinically relevant
denition (clinical FRNS) as explained below.
The cumulative incidences of FRNS did not reveal a benet
of the 6-month regimen, regardless of the denition used
(Table 2). Strict FRNS was found in 28 of 62 children (45%)
in the 3-month group and 32 of 64 children (50%) in the
6-month group (log rank test: P=0.91) (Figure 3A and Table
3). Three patients in the 3-month group and six patients in the
6-month group did not meet the strict criteria for FRNS, but
they were characterized as having clinical FRNS (Supplemen-
tal Table 3B). Accordingly, clinical FRNS occurred in 31 of 62
children (50%) in the 3-month group versus 38 of 64 children

Figure 2. Treatment regimens were built up of comparable cumulative doses of prednisolone. The dotted line represents the median
number of days to remission (10 days in both groups), the gray area represents the IQR. Doses are in mg/m2. AD, alternate days; D, daily.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics

Overall (n=126) 3 Months Prednisolone (n=62) 6 Months Prednisolone (n=64)
Male, n (%) 86 (68) 39 (63) 47 (73)
Age (yr) median (IQR) 4.2 (3.26.2) 4.7 (3.25.8) 3.8 (3.26.4)
BPa (mean 6 SD)
Systolic, Z-value 1.761.3b 1.761.3c 1.661.3d
Diastolic, Z-value 1.661.1b 1.761.3c 1.661.0d
Serum albumin (g/L) median (IQR) 14.0 (10.016.2) 14.0 (10.017.0) 13.4 (10.016.0)
Microscopic hematuriae, n (%) 40 (33)f 19 (32)g 21 (34)h
Hospital, n (%)
University 14 (11.1) 5 (8.0) 9 (14.1)
General 112 (88.9) 57 (92.0) 55 (85.9)
Descent, n (%)
Western European 83 (65.9) 46 (74.2) 37 (57.8)
Non-Western European 16 (12.7) 6 (9.7) 10 (15.6)
Mixed 13 (10.3) 3 (4.8) 10 (15.6)
Not reported 14 (11.1) 7 (11.3) 7 (10.9)
Quarterly distribution of disease onset, n (%)
January to March 25 (19.8) 14 (22.6) 11 (17.2)
April to June 24 (19.0) 11 (17.7) 13 (20.3)
July to September 40 (31.7) 19 (30.6) 21 (32.8)
October to December 37 (29.4) 18 (29.0) 19 (29.7)
a
Lowest BP reported in patients chart at diagnosis. Z-values are adjusted for sex, age, and height.33
b
Data available for 123 of 126 patients.
c
Data available for 61 of 62 patients.
d
Data available for 62 of 64 patients.
e
Dened as .5 erythrocytes/eld; if cell count not available, $+ on dipstick analysis.
f
Data available for 121 of 126 patients.
g
Data available for 59 of 62 patients.
h
Data available for 62 of 64 patients.

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Table 2. KaplanMeier estimates of the cumulative incidences of strict and clinical FRNS
3-Month Group (n=62) 6-Month Group (n=64) Difference (%; 95% CI) Log Rank Test
Strict FRNS (%)
6 months 14.564.5 3.162.2 211.40 (221.20, 21.60)
1 year 38.766.2 39.166.1 0.40 (216.60, 17.40)
2 years 45.266.3 45.666.2 0.40 (216.90, 17.70)
3 years 45.266.3 49.366.4 4.10 (213.50, 21.70)
4 years 45.266.3 52.566.7 7.30 (210.70, 25.30)
5 years 45.266.3 52.566.7 7.30 (210.70, 25.30) P=0.91
Clinical FRNS (%)
6 months 17.764.9 10.963.9 26.80 (219.10, 5.50)
1 year 41.966.3 46.966.2 5.00 (29.10, 19.10)
2 years 50.166.4 53.366.3 3.20 (214.40, 20.80)
3 years 50.166.4 59.466.4 9.30 (28.40, 27.00)
4 years 50.166.4 59.466.4 12.20 (25.70, 30.10)
5 years 50.166.4 62.366.5 12.20 (25.70, 30.10) P=0.76
Data are expressed as percentages 6 SEMs at 6 months and yearly afterward. Between-group differences are expressed as percentages with 95% CIs. Log rank tests
were performed on all available data at the end of follow-up. Clinical FRNS, FRNS according to the denition of strict FRNS or other indications for additional
treatment measures (e.g., prednisolone maintenance therapy, ciclosporin, etc.); strict FRNS, FRNS based on more than or equal to two relapses within 6 months
after initial treatment or four relapses within any 12 months.

Table 3. Distribution of patients according to three criteria for FRNS

3-Month Group (n=62) 6-Month Group (n=64)
A (two relapses within 6 months after ending rst treatment), n 23 (11 SD) 18 (11 SD)
B (four relapses within any period of 12 months), n 5 (3 SD) 14 (10 SD)
C (need for additional treatment for other reasons than A or B), n 3 (1 SD) 6 (3 SD)
Strict FRNS (A or B) 28 (45%) 32 (50%)
Clinical FRNS (A, B, or C) 31 (50%) 38 (59%)
Patients fullling criterion A or B were characterized as strict FRNS. Patients fullling criterion A, B, or C were characterized as clinical FRNS. Numbers of patients that
also fullled criteria for steroid dependence are shown in parentheses. Detailed information on patients fullling only criterion C is presented in Supplemental Table
3. SD, steroid dependence.

(59%) in the 6-month group (log rank test: P=0.76) (Figure
3B).
The cumulative incidences of rst relapses were similar in
the two treatment groups. At least one relapse occurred in 48 of
62 children (77%) in the 3-month group and 51 of 64 children
(80%) in the 6-month group. Median survival time from
randomization to the rst relapse was 6 months (95%
condence interval [CI]=4.008.00) in the 3-month group
and 8 months (95% CI=6.0010.00) in the 6-month group
(log rank test: P=0.69) (Figure 3C).
Children allocated to the 6-month group experienced more
relapses during follow-up compared with the 3-month group,
although differences were not statistically signicant. The
median total number of relapses during follow-up was 2.5
(IQR=1.05.0) in the 3-month group and 4.0 (IQR=1.06.0)
in the 6-month group (P=0.13). The median number of re-
lapses per year of follow-up was 0.6 (IQR=0.21.4) and 1.0
(IQR=0.31.6), respectively (P=0.16). Simultaneous evalua-
tion (performed with Poisson regression) of relapse rates in
relation to treatment, sex, age category, and follow-up period
(I, II, and III) showed no signicant difference between treat-
ments. The adjusted overall relative relapse rate (RRR) for the
3- compared with 6-month group was 0.81 (95% CI=0.601.09;
P=0.16). The RRR was highest in the period between 6 and 12
months after diagnosis (1.5; P=0.008). The effect of treat-
ment did not differ between the three follow-up periods
(P=0.46).
Steroid dependence was noted less often in the 3-month
group: 15 of 62 children (24%) versus 24 of 64 children (38%)
in the 6-month group (Table 3). The difference did not reach
statistical signicance (log rank test, P=0.10).
Cox regression analysis revealed that boys tended to de-
velop FRNS more often than girls, although differences were
not statistically signicant. For strict FRNS, the male versus
female hazard ratio (HR) was 1.68 (95% CI=0.923.01;
P=0.09); a similar HR was found for clinical FRNS: HR=1.72
(95% CI=0.983.03; P=0.06) (Table 4). Interaction between
sex and treatment group was not signicant, indicating that
neither boys nor girls benetted more from one treatment
over the other. During follow-up, boys tended to have higher
relapse rates than girls (RRR=1.4, P=0.05). Sex was not asso-
ciated with the incidences of a rst relapse or steroid depen-
dence (Table 4). Age at onset (,4 or $4 years) had no effect on
any of the therapeutic outcome events; the same was true for
the number of days to remission (Table 4). Hematuria and BP
at presentation were not related to development of any of the

152 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 149159, 2013

Figure 3. Initial prednisolone treatments of 3 and 6 months resulted
in similar therapeutic outcome. KaplanMeier curves represent cu-
mulative incidences of (A) strict FNRS based on more than or equal to
two relapses within 6 months after initial treatment or four relapses
within any 12 months, (B) clinical FRNS according to either the def-
inition of strict FRNS or a clinical indication for additional treatment
(e.g., prednisolone maintenance therapy, cyclophosphamide, etc.),
and (C) cumulative incidence of a rst relapse.
J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 149159, 2013
www.jasn.org CLINICAL RESEARCH
therapeutic outcome events (data not shown). Interestingly,
ve patients achieved remission after more than 4 weeks of
daily prednisolone treatment. Of these patients, four patients
had only one relapse, and one patient had no relapses at all
during follow-up.
Secondary steroid resistance was noted in two patients al-
located to the 3-month regimen and one patient allocated to
the 6-month regimen.
Adverse effects were mostly transient and similar between
the two groups (Table 5). Evaluation of height SD scores
showed a signicant decrease of growth at 3-months follow-
up compared with baseline (P,0.01), which was restored
within 1 year after the start of initial treatment. Growth did
not differ between treatment groups (P=0.58) (Supplemental
Figure 1). Overall height SD scores at baseline were lower than
anticipated (20.3560.90). This observation was irrespective of
descent (P=0.83).
No effect of treatment was observed in the behavioral visual
analog scales at any time. Compared with baseline, children
scored signicantly higher on eating, overactive behavior, and
aggressive behavior at 3-months follow-up (all P value,0.01).
These scores returned to baseline within 1 year in both groups.
Scores for happiness temporarily dropped in the rst 6
months, while scores for sleeping remained relatively stable
over the whole observation period.
Bone mineral density (BMD) at 6 months was not different
from baseline in both groups. Mean change in Z-scores of
lumbar spine BMD was +0.09 (20.17 to 0.36) and +0.33
(20.06 to 0.71) in the 3- (n=17) and 6-month group (n=19),
respectively (P=0.35). Mean change in Bone Health Index SD
scores was 20.10 (20.35 to 0.14) in the 3-month group (n=33)
and 20.03 (20.16 to 0.11) in the 6-month group (n=30;
P=0.56).
DISCUSSION
Our study shows that prolongation of initial prednisolone
treatment from 3 to 6 months, while maintaining an equal cu-
mulative dose, does not reduce the risk of frequent relapses
in childhood NS. This nding challenges the previous as-
sumption that prolonged treatment duration improves clin-
ical outcome.
The high relapse rate in childhood NS initiated research
aimed at improving prednisolone treatment regimens. A
Cochrane meta-analysis of seven clinical trials by Hodson
et al.7,11 last updated in 2007 showed that prednisolone regi-
mens with both higher cumulative doses and longer treatment
durations (up to 7 months and 5235 mg/m2) resulted in a
reduction of relapses compared with a standard 2-month reg-
imen (2240 mg/m2). The works by Hodson et al.7,11 assumed
that longer duration of treatment was of greater importance
than increased dose and suggested at least 3 months prednis-
olone should be given for the rst episode of NS.7,11 Unfor-
tunately, the existing studies have not led to international
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Table 4. Adjusted multivariate analysis of treatment group, sex, age, and time to remission
HR (95% CI)
First Relapse Strict FRNS Clinical FRNS SDNS
Treatment: 3 versus 6 months 1.11 (0.741.64) 1.08 (0.651.80) 0.97 (0.601.56) 0.62 (0.321.18)
Sex: male versus female 1.19 (0.771.84) 1.68 (0.923.06) 1.77 (0.983.03) 1.96 (0.904.28)
Age: ,4 versus $4 yr 1.22 (0.821.82) 0.97 (0.591.62) 0.97 (0.601.56) 1.30 (0.692.44)
Time to remission (per day) 1.01 (0.991.04) 0.96 (0.921.01) 0.98 (0.951.02) 0.98 (0.931.03)
SDNS, steroid-dependent NS.

Table 5. Adverse effects

3 Months Prednisolone 6 Months Prednisolone P Value
BP$P95
At diagnosis 36/61 (59%) 28/62 (45%) 0.15
At 3 months FU 12/57 (21%) 7/60 (12%) 0.21
At 6 months FU 8/55 (14%) 10/52 (19%) 0.61
Cushingoid appearance at 6 months FU
Cushing (moon face) 14/59 (23.7%) 21/58 (36.2%) 0.14
Striae 3/58 (5.2%) 4/60 (6.7%) 1.00
Ophtalmological abnormalities at 6 months FU
Glaucoma 0/51 (0.0%) 0/45 (0.0%)
Cataract 1/53(1.9%)a 0/46 (0.0%) 1.00
Severe infections
Pneumonia 1/62 (1.6%) 6/64 (9.4%) 0.16
Meningitis 0/62 (0.0%) 0/64 (0.0%)
Osteomyelitis 0/62 (0.0%) 0/64 (0.0%)
VZV reactivation 2/62 (3.2%) 1/64 (1.6%) 0.62
Whooping cough 0/62 (0.0%) 2/64 (3.1%) 0.50
Miscellaneousb 3/62 (4.8%) 1/64 (1.6%) 0.36
Overall 6/62 (9.7%) 10/64 (15.6%) 0.42
Dyspepsia 1/62 (1.6%) 2/64 (3.1%) 1.00
Thrombosis 0/62 (0.0%) 0/64 (0.0%)
Data are expressed as number of events/number analyzed (percentages). FU, follow-up; VZV, Varicella Zoster virus.
a
Mild cataract, which was absent at diagnosis.
b
Three-month group: n=1 cellulitis, n=1 muscle abscess, n=1 intracranial abscess. Six-month group: n=1 appendicitis.

consensus. Two matters still deserved attention. First, the in-
dependent effects of treatment duration and dose remained
unproven. Second, studies comparing 3-month regimens
with longer regimens were of limited methodological quality.
The present study addresses both issues for the rst time.
The main strength of our study is its design. To review our
results in the context of other reports, we searched for studies
comparing 3- with (approximately) 6-months prednisolone
use for the initial episode of NS. Four studies had been reported
in the work by Hodson et al.7 We found one additional study by
Mishra et al.13 Characteristics of the ve previous studies re-
vealed several limitations (Supplemental Table 4). None of the
studies included a placebo or blinding in their design1216;
allocation concealment was inadequate or not reported in
three studies.13,14,16 In at least one study, patients who did
not complete study medication were excluded from the anal-
ysis after randomization.13 Interestingly, two studies were
never fully published. Before our study, the Japanese trial
by Hiraoka et al.12 was the only published study reporting
adequate concealment of allocation. This work found a
therapeutic benet of the 6-month regimen only in a small
subgroup of children aged less than 4 years; overall relapse rate
and FRNS did not differ signicantly between the two
groups.12 We evaluated the occurrence of FRNS in a meta-
analysis, of which the results are shown in Figure 4. Four stud-
ies, including our study, reported FRNS. Overall analysis
revealed no signicant benet of long versus short regimens;
however, signicant heterogeneity was present (Figure 4A).
Heterogeneity was no longer signicant when only fully pub-
lished studies and our study were included (Figure 4B). None-
theless, these studies are still quite different from each other
with respect to administered dose, design, denitions, and ob-
servation time; therefore, overall results of this meta-analysis
should be interpreted with caution.
The incidences of both strict and clinical FRNS in our study
population were higher than anticipated: 60/126 (48%) and
69/126 (55%), respectively. In previous studies, FRNS was re-
ported in 32%78% of patients who received 2-month prednis-
olone treatment (2240 mg/m2)10,1721 and 18%44% of patients
who received prednisolone for 3 months (3360 mg/m2).10,12,20

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Figure 4. Meta-analyses of studies comparing 3 months of prednisolone to 6 months of prednisolone do not reveal a benet of
prolonged treatment duration. (A) All four available studies (B) Two fully published studies. In both analyses, numbers of FRNS of the
current study correspond with numbers of strict FRNS. Analyses were performed with Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.1 for Windows
(The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2011).

This variation may, in part, be explained by regional differences
or variations in denitions of FRNS, length of observation, and
relapse treatments.
Based on our data, a benet of the 6-month regimen cannot
be excluded if the study had been performed with larger sample
sizes. However, the CIs that we found for the difference in
FRNS between the two groups exclude a clinically relevant
difference in favor of the experimental regimen (Table 2). At 5
years, the difference between the two groups for strict FRNS
was 7.30%, with a 95% CI ranging from 210.70% to 25.30%.
At best, the experimental 6-month treatment was 10.7 percent
points better than the standard 3-month treatment. For clin-
ical FRNS, which in our opinion, represents an even more
relevant group for clinicians, this difference was 12.20%,
with a 95% CI ranging from 25.70% to 30.10%. Accordingly,
applying the 6-month regimen would gain 5.7 percent points at
most. The cumulative incidences of steroid dependence at 5 years
further illustrate these statements, because they were 24.90%
65.6 and 40.10%66.80 respectively, corresponding with a
between-group difference of 15.20% (95% CI=22.10% to
32.50%). Based on these results, we are condent that a clinically
relevant difference in favor of the 6-month regimen is unlikely.
Previous studies have differed in observing and reporting
(frequent) relapses from either the start or end of initial ther-
apy. We chose a transitional type of observation to make a fair
comparison but still include early relapses during treatment.
We did verify that observing strictly from the end of initial
treatment did not lead to differences between the two treat-
ments (data not shown).
Analysis of covariates in our study revealed ndings of clini-
cal interest, although not supported by statistical signicance.
Boys tended to have worse outcomes than girls in terms of
frequent relapses and RRR. In the few studies that observed
an effect of sex on the clinical course of NS, males were at a
disadvantage.20,22 It would be interesting to further explore
whether boys and girls benet from different treatment regi-
mens in studies with larger sample sizes. We found no effect of
age at onset. The inuence of age at onset is still debated, be-
cause several studies have reported young age to be associated
with FRNS and/or steroid dependence.3,20,22,23 However, others
did not nd an effect of age on the clinical course of NS.21,24,25
Side effects were equally distributed over the two treat-
ment groups. Cushingoid side effects, high BP, and behavioral
changes were clearly present but transient in the vast majority
of patients. Ophtalmological complications were rare in our
study. Cataract and glaucoma have previously most often been
reported in Japanese patients12,26; in general, these complica-
tions are rare.7 Our ndings indicate that there is no need for
standard ophtalmological screening in children with NS at an
early stage. The same applies to measurements of BMD, which
remained stable over the rst 6 months. We found severe in-
fections in a clinically relevant proportion of both treatment
groups. This observation is consistent with previous reports7
and justies awareness of and early therapeutic intervention in
children with NS facing infectious diseases.
Our prospective growth data noticeably illustrated how
growth velocity signicantly dropped in the rst months dur-
ing highly dosed prednisolone treatment and subsequently
returned to its baseline within 1 year. Although this study was
not designed to assess a causal relationship, this temporary
effect corresponds with previous retrospective studies that de-
scribe a dose-dependent effect of corticosteroids on growth in

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 CLINICAL RESEARCH www.jasn.org
children with NS.2729 It is unclear why baseline height SD
scores were relatively low in our study population. A similar
observation was reported in the work by Schrer et al.,30
whereas others described normal height SD scores at diagnosis
of NS.27
In countries where a 2-month prednisolone regimen is
applied for the rst episode of NS, children who do not achieve
remission within 4 weeks of daily prednisolone are generally
characterized as steroid-resistant. Steroid resistance is associ-
ated with increased risk of renal failure and entails more ag-
gressive immunosuppressive therapy.1 Intriguingly, all ve
patients in our study who achieved remission after 46 weeks
of prednisolone treatment subsequently experienced a mild
clinical course. As argued in the work by Ehrich et al.,31 this
nding suggests that patients who do not respond within
4 weeks of daily prednisolone should be offered at least an-
other 2 weeks of daily prednisolone to prevent late responders
from undergoing unnecessary and potentially harmful
interventions.
A limitation of our study is the fact that participants were
observed and treated at their local hospital. Adverse effects
were scored by multiple observers, and ophtalmological and
radiologic assessments were not available for all patients. A
more centralized approach could have prevented these issues
to some extent; however, the setting that we chose made par-
ticipation feasible throughout the country. We were able to in-
clude at least one half of all newly diagnosed patients with NS
in The Netherlands.2 By including patients in a nationwide set-
ting, we believe that we have sufciently avoided selection bias.7
Frequent relapses remain a major challenge in the treat-
ment of childhood NS. In our opinion, FRNS, rather than the
occurrence of relapses in general, should be the focus of on-
going research. Broader uniform denitions for FRNS that
take into account other clinically relevant aspects besides
relapse frequency per se should be considered to facilitate a
more evidence-based approach to both treatment and re-
search. A possible effect of higher cumulative prednisolone
dose during initial treatment needs additional exploration,
because it may explain better outcomes in some of the reported
prolonged treatment regimens.7
In contrast to what was previously assumed but unproven,
the present study shows that extending initial prednisolone
treatment from 3 to 6 months, while maintaining an equal
cumulative dose, does not improve clinical outcomes in
children with NS. We believe that our results offer an important
contribution to more evidence-based treatment of this disease.
CONCISE METHODS
Trial Design
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial
was carried out in 84 of 87 (97%) general hospitals in The Netherlands
along with 1 Belgian and all 8 Dutch university hospitals. The trial was
approved by the medical ethics committee of Erasmus University
156 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Medical Centre in Rotterdam and registered at The Netherlands Trial
Register (www.trialregister.nl; registration number NTR255). De-
tailed information regarding median inclusion rates per hospital
and reasons for not participating can be found in Supplemental Table
5, A and B, respectively.
Participants
Children with a rst episode of NS ages 9 months to 17 years were
assessed for eligibility. NS was dened as .200 mg protein/mmol
creatinine in urine and albumin,25 g/L in serum. Renal biopsy was
not required to establish the diagnosis, because it is generally not
indicated at this stage of childhood NS.1 Patients with underlying
disease, such as HenochSchnlein purpura or postinfectious GN,
were excluded. Remission was dened as urinary protein excretion,20
mg/L or negative trace on dipstick analysis on 3 consecutive days.
Patients who did not achieve remission within 6 weeks of 60 mg/m2
daily prednisolone were characterized as steroid-resistant. Relapse was
dened as proteinuria$++ on dipstick analysis or .200 mg protein/
mmol creatinine for 3 consecutive days after previously achieved
remission. When milder proteinuria was present, pediatricians
were instructed to hold off corticosteroid treatment, particularly
when signs of mild infection were present. In these patients, relapse
treatment was indicated when spontaneous remission became un-
likely: continued proteinuria for more than 10 days, marked edema,
or decrease of serum albumin to less than 30 g/L. Relapses were
treated with prednisolone (60 mg/m2 per day) until remission fol-
lowed by prednisolone (40 mg/m2) on alternate days for 4 weeks.
For our study, the denition of FRNS was originally restricted to
commonly used criteria: (A) Two or more relapses within 6 months
after completing initial treatment, or (B) Four relapses within any
period of 12 months, including relapses during initial treatment. How-
ever, during the blinded data collection phase, it became clear that the use
of this denition posed difculties in some cases. Five patients displayed
secondary steroid resistance and/or steroid dependency within 36
months after diagnosis. Consequently, they experienced their rst re-
lapses before the end of trial therapy; additional treatment measures
were taken before these patients could even meet criterion A or B.
Four additional patients experienced several relapses within short
periods of time but did not fulll criterion A or B. The high burden
of multiple relapses within a relatively short period of time, the pros-
pect of experiencing another relapse in the near future, and several
signs of steroid toxicity resulted in a clinical indication for additional
measures in these patients. Because we found all of these patients to
be clinically relevant, we decided to add a third criterion: (C) FRNS
based on a clinical decision that included additional treatment of
prednisolone maintenance therapy (.3 months) or other immuno-
suppressive agents. Detailed information on patients characterized
as FRNS based on criterion C can be found in Supplemental Table
3A. We analyzed both modalities of FRNS: strict FRNS (criterion A
or B) to facilitate comparison with other studies and clinical FRNS
(criterion A, B, or C) to report all clinically relevant outcomes.
Steroid dependence was dened as two or more consecutive re-
lapses either during or within 2 weeks after cessation of prednis-
olone. All patients were diagnosed and treated according to the study
protocol at their local hospital by their own pediatrician. Participants
J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 149159, 2013

descent was obtained from self-reported countries of birth of parents
and grandparents.
Procedures
A statistician provided the central trial pharmacy with a computer-
generated random number table. Allocation to 3 months of prednis-
olone plus 3 months of placebo (referred to as the 3-month group) or
6 months of prednisolone was stratied for type of hospital (general
or university) and balanced with a ratio of 1:1 in xed blocks of
four patients. The central trial pharmacy fabricated trial medication,
controlled allocation concealment, allocated patients, and distributed
trial medication after informed consent was obtained. Participants,
health care providers, data collectors, and researchers were blinded
to group allocation. Trial medication was sent prepackaged to local
pharmacies and consisted of identical tasteless capsules containing
either prednisolone or placebo. Trial medication was dispensed in ve
containers, each with a xed blinded dose and a preset time frame.
Although doses of the containers differed between treatment groups,
container time frames were exactly the same. Container 1 was used from
remission to week 6, 2 was used from weeks 7 to 10, 3 was used
from weeks 11 to 12, 4 was used from weeks 13 to 14, and 5 was used
from weeks 15 to 24. The rst patient was randomized in February
of 2005, and the last patient was randomized in December of 2009.
Follow-up started at diagnosis and was truncated at either 5 years after
diagnosis or July of 2011, at which time the last enrolled patients had
a minimum follow-up of 18 months. The randomization code was
subsequently broken in September of 2011.
All children diagnosed with NS started induction therapy of 60
mg/m2 oral prednisolone one time daily. Participants switched to trial
medication only after remission was achieved. If remission was not
achieved within 6 weeks of 60 mg/m2 daily prednisolone, patients
were characterized as steroid-resistant, and trial medication was not
started. Both treatment regimens are shown in detail in Figure 2. In
both groups, induction therapy and trial medication were adminis-
tered within a total of 24 weeks. The prescribed cumulative dose of
prednisolone in the 3-month group was 3360 mg/m2. Depending on
the number of days to remission, the prescribed cumulative dose of
prednisolone in the 6-month group was 33203710 mg/m2, corre-
sponding with 99%110% of the cumulative dose in the 3-month
group. Prescribed cumulative doses did not include potential relapse
treatments during trial medication, because the occurrence of a re-
lapse and the total dose administered for that particular relapse could
not be anticipated. In the event of a relapse occurring during the
period of trial medication, relapse treatment temporarily replaced
trial medication to maintain a 24-week schedule duration.
Outcomes
The primary outcome event was FRNS. Secondary outcome param-
eters were cumulative incidences of a rst relapse, steroid dependence,
number of relapses per patient per year, and adverse effects. Height SD
scores, BP, Cushingoid appearance (moon face or striae), dyspepsia,
thrombosis, severe infections, and behavior were noted at diagnosis
and after 3 and 6 months and 1 and 2 years. Height SD scores were cal-
culated with Dutch pediatric reference data.32 High BP was dened as
systolic and/or diastolic BP more than or equal to the 95th percentile for
J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 149159, 2013
www.jasn.org CLINICAL RESEARCH
sex, age, and height.33 Severe infections were dened as nonself-
limiting infections requiring hospital admission. Behavior was scored
by parents on visual analog scales for overactive and aggressive behav-
ior, happiness, eating, and sleeping. At diagnosis and after 6 months,
participants were screened for cataract and glaucoma by an ophthal-
mologist; at the same time points, BMD was assessed. Using dual
energy x-ray absorptiometry, Z-scores of lumbar spine BMD were
calculated according to local reference data. Changes in individual
Z-scores over time were calculated from paired measurements. As
an additional indicator of BMD, Bone Health Index SD scores from
hand x-rays was calculated with BoneXpert.34
Statistical Analyses
Primary outcome events were originally dened as the cumulative
incidences of rst relapses and FRNS. Subsequently, at the time the
study was still blinded, FRNS was chosen as the sole primary out-
come, because we considered FRNS to be the most relevant parameter.
Incidence of a rst relapse became the secondary outcome. For the
cumulative incidence of FRNS to decrease by 20% points, 72 patients
per treatment arm were sufcient (80% power, a=0.05).
A modied intention-to-treat principle was applied in such a way
that all patients who started trial medication were included in the
analysis. Participants who were subsequently lost to follow-up or in
whom trial medication was stopped prematurely were analyzed ac-
cording to their allocated groups.
Cumulative event rates are expressed as KaplanMeier estimates
with SEMs. Treatment group, sex, age at onset, and number of days to
remission were included as covariates in the Cox regression analysis.
Age at onset was stratied as ,4 and $4 years.23
For comparison of relapses within time intervals between treat-
ments, follow-up was categorized into three periods (period I, 06
months; period II, 612 months; period III, .12 months after ran-
domization), and within each period, the number of relapses was
counted. Poisson regression was used to evaluate relapse rates in re-
lation to treatment, sex, age category, and period. Calculations were
done using Generalized Estimation Equations with a log link. Lon-
gitudinal data concerning height SD scores and behavior were ana-
lyzed with linear mixed models that included treatment, age strata,
sex, time, baseline values, and interaction between time and treat-
ment as xed effects. For the remaining variables, continuous outcome
was analyzed with either the t or MannWitney test, and categorical
outcome was analyzed with either the Pearson chi-squared or Fisher
exact test. P values,0.05 were considered statistically signicant. All
analyses were performed with SPSS (version 17.0).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the children and their parents participating in this study,
the central trial pharmacy, and the Hans Mak Institute for meticu-
lous work during the recruitment and data monitoring phases. We
acknowledge the Working Group Nephrotic Syndrome (WINS),
which provided advice on the study design.
This study was funded by Dutch Kidney Foundation Grant C03.
2072 and the Vrienden van het Sophia Foundation.
Randomized Controlled Trial Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome 157
 CLINICAL RESEARCH www.jasn.org
An abstract containing data from this study was submitted and
accepted for presentation at the European Society of Pediatric Ne-
phrology 2012 Meeting, September 68 2012, Cracow, Poland.
Pediatricians from participating centers: Albert Schweitzer Hos-
pital E de Klein, Amphia Hospital S de Pont, Atrium Medical Centre
Parkstad P Theunissen and H Sijstermans, Beatrix Hospital M Visser,
Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital BA Semmekrot, Catharina Hospital
JE Bunt, Diaconessenhuis Utrecht AJ Kok, Diakonessenhuis Leiden
DAJP Haring, Diakonessenhuis Meppel FJ Kloosterman-Eygenraam,
Diakonessenhuis Zeist AJ Kok, Dr. JH Jansen Hospital WP Vogt,
Elkerliek Hospital MA Breukels, Academic Medical Centre- Emma
Childrens Hospital JC Davin, Flevo Hospital MAJM Trijbels-Smeulders,
Franciscus Hospital ND van Voorst Vader-Boon, Gelre Hospital HFH
Thijs and DJ Pot, Gemini Hospital MC Wallis-Spit, BovenIJ Hospital
N Menelik, Groene Hart Hospital EHG van Leer, Hofpoort Hospital
C Dorrepaal, IJsselland Hospital AAM Leebeek, Ikazia Hospital C
Aleman, Isala Klinieken JME Quak, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, AHPM
Essink and PE Jira, Haga Hospital-Juliana Childrens hospital P
Vos, Kennemergasthuis A Adeel, VU University Medical Centre JAE
van Wijk and A Bkenkamp, Maastricht University Medical Centre
FAPT Horuz-Engels, Radboud University Medical Centre L Koster-
Kamphuis, Lange Land Hospital ED Stam, Leiden University Medical
Centre Sukhai, Maas Hospital A Verhoeven-van Lieburg, Maasland
Hospital JWCM Heynens, Martini Hospital HJ Waalkens, Maxima
Medical Centre SHJ Zegers, Maasstad Hospital JG Brinkman, Mean-
der Medical Centre MR Ernst-Kruis, Alkmaar Medical Centre WWM
Hack, Leeuwarden Medical Centre TE Faber, Medisch Spectrum
Twente EWD ten Kate-Westerhof, St. Antonius Hospital HE Blokland-
Loggers and MMJ van der Vorst, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis J van
Andel, Oosterschelde Hospital AGH Poot, Refaja Hospital SS Nowak,
Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis LC ten Have, Rijnland Hospital EA Schell-
Feith, Rode Kruis Hospital K Olie, Rpcke-Zweers Hospital IFM Fagel,
Ruwaard van Putten Hospital D Birnie, Scheper Hospital A Colijn,
Vlietland Hospital NJ Langendoen, Slingeland Hospital MAM Jacobs,
Slotervaart Hospital JHM Budde, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia
Childrens Hospital EM Dorresteijn, Spaarne Hospital JP de Winter,
St. Anna Hospital MCG Beeren, Antonius Hospital AH van der Vlugt,
St. Elisabeth Hospital RA de Moor, St. Franciscus Gasthuis HTM
Jongejan, St. Jans Gasthuis M van Helvoirt-Jansen, St. Jansdal Hospital
W Peelen, St. Laurentius Hospital ST Potgieter, St. Lucas Andreas
Hospital MK Sanders, St. Lucas Hospital GHC van Weert, Deventer
Hospital J van der Deure, Streekziekenhuis Koningin Beatrix AJM
van Kuppevelt, Streekziekenhuis Midden-Twente A van der Wagen,
Ter Gooi Hospital AJ van der Kaaden and CA Lasham, TweeSteden
Hospital JAC van Lier, Twenteborg Hospital IT Merth, Groningen
University Medical Centre M Kmhoff, Utrecht University Medical
Centre-Wilhelmina Childrens Hospital MR Lilien, Vie Curi Medical
Centre AAM Haagen and CML van Dael, Waterland Hospital F
Veenstra, West-Fries Gasthuis BJ Tuitert, Wilhelmina Hospital R
Meekma, Zaans Medical Centre JM Karperien, Amstelland Hospital
L Spanjerberg-Rademaker, Bernhoven Hospital JP Leusink and EML
Rammeloo, Bethesda Hospital Chr van Ingen, De Sionsberg Hospital
J Karsten, De Tjongerschans Hospital AI Kistemaker, Dirksland Hos-
pital IN Snoeck, De Gelderse Vallei Hospital M Koppejan-Stapel,
Lievensberg Hospital AJJ van der Linden, Nij Smellinghe Hospital WA
158 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
van Asselt, Rijnstate Hospital DGJW Creemers, Rivierenland Hospital
CS Barbian, Admiraal de Ruyter Hospital JG van Keulen, ZorgSaam
Hospital WS Corijn, IJsselmeer Hospital WP Vogt, University Medical
Centre Leuven EN Levtchenko.
DISCLOSURES
None.
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This article contains supplemental material online at http://jasn.asnjournals.
org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1681/ASN.2012070646/-/DCSupplemental.
Randomized Controlled Trial Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome 159