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8 Salts 2010
8 Salts 2010
A. SYNTHESISING SALTS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state examples of salts used in daily life,
explain the meaning of salt
identify soluble and insoluble salts,
describe the preparation of soluble salts,
describe the purification of soluble salts by recrystallisation,
list physical characteristics of crystals,
describe the preparation of insoluble salts,
write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation
of salts,
design an activity to prepare a specified salt,
construct ionic equations through the continuous variation method
solve problems involving calculation of quantities of reactants or
products in stoichiometric reactions
Salts Uses
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Lead(II) chromate PbCrO4 Plaster of Paris for broken
bone
Ba2+ NO3 -
SO4 2-
Ca2+
Pb2+
Water
2+ Na+
Pb K+ CO3 2-
Ag+ Cl- NH4+
Hg+
3. All sulphate salts are soluble in water except .. sulphate, . sulphate and
sulphate.
4. All chloride salts are soluble in water except .. chloride , . chloride and
chloride.
Activity 3 : Write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of soluble salts
a. metal + acid + .
c. alkali + acid + .
2. Using the general equations in question 1, complete the following chemical equation. It may also
be necessary to balance the equation.
a. Mg + H2SO4 + .
c. NaOH + HCl .. + .
d. MgCO3 + H2SO4 + + .
3. Deduce the identity of the acid, metal, salt, or other product by filling in the missing details in this
table of preparation of soluble salt
..
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
4. Name the reactants which are needed to prepare the following soluble salts:
5. Rewrite each of the following chemical equation as ionic equation. Shown below is an example
where a chemical equation can be simplified into an ionic equation.
c. Chemical equation : NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
d. Chemical equation : CuCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Activity 4 : Write out the procedure for the preparation of soluble salts of sodium, potassium and
ammonium
Chemical equation
Activity 5 : Write out the procedure for the preparation of soluble salts (not sodium, potassium or
ammonium salt)
Soluble salt Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4
Name two chemical
substances to prepare 1. ....
the salt
2.
Chemical equation
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Activity 6 : Write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of insoluble salts
Ionic Equation : .
Solution 1: .. Solution 2: .
Chemical equation : .
Ionic Equation : .
Solution 1: .. Solution 2: .
Chemical equation : .
Ionic Equation : ..
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Chemical equation
Ionic equation
Procedure: (Diagram) Description
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Activity 8 : Construct ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate through the
continuous variation method,
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows seven test tubes for the reaction between lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO 3)2 0.5 mol dm-3 and
potassium chromate(VI) K2CrO4 0.5 mol dm-3.
(a) Calculate the number of moles of lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO 3)2 and potassium chromate(VI) K 2CrO4
used in test tubes 1-7. Using a ruler, measure the height of lead(II) chromate(VI) precipitate
formed. Record all these in Table 1as well as complete Table 1.
Test Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of Pb(NO3)2 /cm3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
No of mole of Pb(NO3)2
Volume of K2CrO4 /cm3 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
No of mole of K2CrO4
Height of precipitate / cm
Table 1
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
(b) Based on Table 1, draw a graph of the height of the precipitate against volume of lead (II) nitrate
solution on the graph paper.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of chromate(VI) ions that has reacted with 1 mole of Pb2+. ions.
(iv) Write the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI).
(d) What can you observed about the height of the precipitate in Figure 1?
..
(e) What is your inference based on your answer in (d)?
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
..
Example 1 : A student prepares copper (II) nitrate by reacting copper (II) oxide with 100 cm3
1.5 mol dm-3 nitric acid. Calculate the mass of copper (II) oxide need to react
completely with the acid. [Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64 ; O, 16]
Solution :
Chemical equation : CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
Mole ratio : 1 mole 2 mole 1 mole 1 mole
Question :
3 3
1 Excess zinc powder is added to react completely with 50 cm of 2.0 mol dm hydrochloric acid.
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
2 Excess of magnesium carbonate powder, MgCO 3, is reacted with 100 cm3 of a 1 mol dm -3
sulphuric acid H2SO4 , What is the mass of magnesium sulphate formed?
[Relative atomic mass : Mg =24, O=16, S = 32 ]
3. 0.12 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. Given that
the relative molecular mass of H=1, Mg = 24, CI =35.5 and 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm 3 at room
temperature and pressure.
Fnd the (a) mass of salt formed (b) volume of gas produced
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Example 2 : A sample of insoluble lead (II) sulphate is prepared by mixing 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
3
lead (II) nitrate solution and y cm of 1.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16 ; S, 32 ; Pb, 207]
(a) Calculate the volume, y, of the sulphuric acid needed to react completely with the
lead (II) nitrate solution.
Solution :
Chemical equation : Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO PbSO4 + 2 HNO3
Mole ratio : 1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 mole
Solution :
Number of mole of PbSO4 = Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.05 mol
Mass of PbSO4 = 0.05 x (207 + 32 + 4 x 16) g
= 15.15 g
Question
3
4. A sample of insoluble silver chloride is prepared by mixing 50 cm of 1.0 mol dm-3 silver nitrate
3 3
solution and z cm of 0.5 mol dm sodium chloride solution.
[Relative atomic mass: Ag 108; Cl 35.5]
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride.
(b) Calculate the volume, z, of the sodium chloride needed to react completely with the silver
nitrate solution.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state examples of salts used in daily life,
explain the meaning of salt
identify soluble and insoluble salts,
describe the preparation of soluble salts,
describe the purification of soluble salts by recrystallisation,
list physical characteristics of crystals,
describe the preparation of insoluble salts,
write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation
of salts,
design an activity to prepare a specified salt,
construct ionic equations through the continuous variation method
solve problems involving calculation of quantities of reactants or
products in stoichiometric reactions
1. Qualtitative analysis of a salt is a chemical technique used to identify the .. that are present
in a salt by analysing its . and . properties.
2. Make inferences on the following substances based on their colour: (use formula of substance when
writing your answer. Make it is correct!)
Tests For Gases Complete the observation for the confirmatory test for gases
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Bring a lighted splinter to the
Hydrogen mouth of the test tube.
Mg + HCl release
hydrogen gas
Carbonate salts (except Na+ & K+ ) decompose on heating giving off carbon dioxide gas and
residue metal oxide
Metal oxide Colour
Copper (II) Black
oxide
Zinc oxide Hot: yellow ; Lime water
Cold: White turn chalky
Lead (II) oxide Hot: brown ;
Cold: Yellow
Iron(III) oxide Brown
Activity : Complete the chemical equation and observation for the action of heat on carbonate salt
Observation : .
.
Aluminium carbonate
Al2(CO3)3 .. .. + .
Observation : .
.
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO3 .. .. + .
Observation : .
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
.
Lead(II) carbonate
PbCO3 .. .. + .
Observation : .
.
Copper(II) carbonate
CuCO3 .. .. + .
Observation : .
Activity: Complete the chemical equation and observation for the action of heat on nitrate salt
Nitrate salts Action by Heat
Metal Nitrate metal nitrite + oxygen
Potassium nitrate
2KNO3 2 KNO2 + O2
Observation : ..
.
Metal Nitrate metal oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen
Calcium nitrate
2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
Observation : white solid formed, Brown gas which turns moist blue
litmus red released. Another gas released relighted
glowing splinter
Magnesium nitrate
Mg(NO3)2 .. .. + . +
Observation : ..
.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2 .. .. + . +
Observation : ..
.
Lead(II) nitrate
Pb(NO3)2 .. .. + . +
Observation : ..
.
Copper(II) nitrate
Cu(NO3)2 .. .. + . +
Observation : ..
.
Effervescence CO2
CO3 2- + Dilute
Lime water turns milky
acid
Ionic equation :
White White
precipitate precipitate
formed
Salt K1 Salt K2
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
c) d)
Add FeSO4 solution Add sulphuric acid
+ concentrated sulphuric
acid
Inference :
Brown ring Inference : Effervescence,
formed Gas bubbles,
terhasil Gas turn lime
water chalky
Salt K4
Salt K3
5 drops of alkali
(NaOH or NH3)
Q1 State whether each of the following precipitate is soluble or insoluble in excess alkali.
White
precipitate
Inference 1 formed
White precipitate
does not dissolve
in excess NaOH
Salt K5 solution
(A) The table shows how confirmatory tests are conducted for ammonium ion, NH4+ , Iron(II) ion,
Fe2+ , Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ , and lead(II) ion, Pb2+ . Complete the confirmatory tests and observation.
The diagram below shows the flow chart for the chemical test of Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions.
Dark blue
precipitate
Test II
Potassium
Solution No change
thiocyanate Fe2+ ions
contains KSCN
Fe2+ ions or
Fe3+ ions. Blood red
solution Fe3+ ions
Based on the flow chart, explain how to differentiate Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions.
Activity 18 : plan qualitative analysis to identify anions/ Analisis Kualitatif untuk mengenal
pasti anion
Rajoo works in a laboratory. He noticed that there are two large bottles. However both the labels have
fallen off. He found four labels beside the bottles. i.e Sodium Chloride Solution, Sodium Carbonate
Solution, Sodium Sulphate Solution and Sodium Nitrate Solution. So he has to carry out
confirmatory test to identify the anion in both the solutions./ Rajoo bekerja dalam makmal. Dia
mengenal pasti terdapat dua buah botol besar. Walau bagaimana pun, label kedua-dua botol itu telah
jatuh. Dia terjumpa empat label berada di sisi botol, iaitu larutan Natrium klorida; Larutan natrium
karbonat; Larutan Natrium Sulfat; dan Larutan Natrium Nitrat. Maka dia menjalankan ujian
pengesahan untuk mengenal pasti anaion dalam kedua-dua larutan itu.
Complete the graphic organizers describing four tests and their results. The charts can then be used
by Rajoo to distinguish which bottle contains which solution./ Lengkapkan rajah di bawah.
SODIUM NITRATE
Test 2
Result 2 Add dilute H2SO4 Result 2
followed by
solution.
1 cm3 of
Carefully add 21
H2SO4
WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
Test 4
Add dilute HCl,
Result 4 followed by Result 4
Result 1 Test 1
Result 1
Add dilute HNO3
(or any dilute acid)
. solution
SODIUM SULPHATE
Result 2 Test 2 Result 2
Add dilute H2SO4
followed by solution.
Carefully add 1 cm3 of H2SO4
Test 4
Add dilute HCl, followed by
Result 4 Result 4
. solution
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 CHAPTER 8: SALT
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