Đ Quang Huy - Supe Đơn

n tt nghip
TRNG I HC BCHGVHD
KHOA: Th.s Quch Th Phng
H NI
VIN K THUT HA HC
--------------- o0o ----------------
ti : Thit k phn xng san xut supe n vi

nng sut 300.000 tn/nm.
Cn b hng dn Sinh vin: Quang Huy

S hiu sinh vin: 20103158
Lp: KTHH5
Th.S Quch Th Phng Kha: 55
H NI - 20
H Ni, thng 3/2008
SVTH : Quang Huy

n tt nghip GVHD : Th.s Quch Th Phng
TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA HA NI

VIN KY THUT HOA HOC
B MN CNG NGH CC CHT V C
_______o0o_______
NHIM VU
THIT K AN TT NGHIP
Ho va tn sinh vin: Quang Huy
MSSV : 20103158
Lp: Cng ngh v c - Kha: 55
1. u thit k
Thit k phn xng san xut supe n vi nng sut 300.000 tn/nm.
2. S li u
ban u
Thnh phn cua qu ng apatit (qu ng nguyn khai - tinh theo thnh phn qu ng
kh)
Thnh P2O5 CaO F Al2O3 Fe2O3 CO2 MgO SiO2 H2O Tng
phn
Khi 33,4 48,5 2,6 1,2 1,5 3,5 2,1 3,7 3,5 100
lng
Thnh phn cua qu ng apatit (qu ng tuyn m)
phn
Khi 32,2 40,3 3,1 1,3 0,9 1,1 1,6 2,5 16,8 100
lng
3. N i dung tinh ton v thuyt minh

- Gii thi u v san phm, cc nguyn li u san xut
- C s hoa ly qu trinh san xut supe n
- Chon v bi n lu n dy chuyn, thit b
- Tinh ky thu t:
+ Tinh cn bng cht v cn bng nhi t ton phn xng
SVTH : Quang Huy

+ Tinh kich thc chu yu cua thit b chinh

+ Tinh v chon thit b phu
4. Yu cu ban ve
- Ban ve dy chuyn san xut supe n (A0)
- Ban ve chi tit phong hoa thnh (A0)
- Ban ve chi tit my nghin bi (A0)
5. Ngy giao nhi m vu thit k:
6. Ngy hon thnh:
Trng b mn Gio vin hng dn
PGS.TS La Th Vinh Quch Th Phng
SVTH : Quang Huy

MC LC
LI NI U.............................................................................................................. 1
PHN A - TNG QUAN.............................................................................................2
1. GII THIU NGUYN LIU BAN U V SN PHM THU C..........2
1.1 Thnh phn nguyn liu san xut supe n........................................................2
1.1.1 Apatit...........................................................................................................2
1.1.2 Axit sunfuric................................................................................................3
1.2 San phm thu c.............................................................................................5
1.2.1 Supe pht pht n......................................................................................5
1.2.2 Cng thc hoa hoc cua cc thnh phn trong supe photphat n................6
1.2.3 Tinh cht ho ly c ban cua supe phtpht n...........................................7
1.2.4 ng dung cua supe pht pht n...............................................................7
2. L THUYT CA QU TRNH SN XUT SUPE N................................8
2.1 Cc giai on chinh cua san xut superphotphat n..........................................9
2.1.1 Chun b nguyn liu..................................................................................10
2.1.2 San xut superphotphat n........................................................................10
2.1.3 Cc thao tc b sung lm tng cht lng superphotphat.......................13
2.2. Cc yu t anh hng......................................................................................14
2.2.1. Lng axit sunfuric ly thuyt v c th phan ng phn huy.................14
2.2.2 nh hng cua nng axit sunfuric:....................................................16
2.2.3 nh hng cua nhit axit:..................................................................16
2.2.4 nh hng cua mn bt qung apatit:................................................16
2.2.5 Phan ng cua cc tp cht trong qung:..................................................16
2.2.6 Cng khuy trn:............................................................................17
2.2.7 Thi gian lu cua bn trong thit b hn hp:........................................18
3- CHN V BIN LUN DY CHUYN, THIT B.........................................18
3.1- Chon thit b.....................................................................................................18
3.1.2- Thit b trn...............................................................................................20
3.1.3- Phong ho thnh........................................................................................20
3.1.4 - H thng thit b hp thu khi flo...............................................................22
SVTH : Quang Huy

3.2- Thuyt minh dy chuyn..................................................................................22

3.2.1 D qung trn toa xe la xung v chuyn vo kho...................................22
3.2.2 - Nghin qung t bng my nghin bi.....................................................23
3.2.4 - iu ch supe pht pht...........................................................................23
3.2.5 - u v trn supe trong kho v trung ho......................................................24
3.2.6 - Xut supe ln phng tin vn chuyn.....................................................24
3.2.7 - Hp thu khi Flo........................................................................................25
PHN B - TNH TON.............................................................................................27
I- CN BNG CHT V CN BNG NHIT.-*..................................................27
1- Tinh ton cn bng cht san xut Supe................................................................27
1.1- Quy i thnh phn qung t dng oxit sang dng thnh phn khong:.......27
1.2- Tinh ch tiu, tiu hao axit:...........................................................................31
1.3- Tinh cn bng vt liu pha long axit:..........................................................33
1.4- Tinh thnh phn supe ti ra khi phong hoa thnh khi phn giai 100 (kg)
qung .................................................................................................................. 34
1.6- Tinh nng sut phn xng:.........................................................................50
1.7- Cn bng vt cht b phn hoa thnh........................................................51
1.8- Xc nh thnh phn khi ra khi b phn hn hp v hoa thnh..................54
2. Tinh ton cn bng nhit san xut supe...............................................................56
2.1. Tinh cn bng nhit b phn pha long axit H2SO4 t 98% xung 75% 56
2.2- Cn bng nhit phn hu apatit b phn hn hp v ho thnh:...............58
II : TNH TON V CHN THIT B..................................................................66
1- Tinh v chon thit b chinh:.................................................................................66
1.1 Chon thng hn hp:.....................................................................................66
1.2. Tinh ton phong ho thnh:..........................................................................67
2- Tinh v chon thit b phu:....................................................................................73
My nghin bi:....................................................................................................73
KT LUN................................................................................................................77
TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................78
SVTH : Quang Huy

LI CM N
Trong thi gian lm n tt nghip, em nhn c nhiu s gip , ong

gop y kin v ch bao nhit tinh cua thy c, gia inh v bn b. Em xin gi li cam
n chn thnh n Th.s Quch Th Phng , giang vin B mn Cng ngh cc hp
cht v c - trng HBK H Ni ngi tn tinh hng dn, ch bao em trong
sut qu trinh lm kho lun.
Em cng xin chn thnh cam n cc thy c gio trong trng HBK H Ni
noi chung, cc thy c trong B mn Cng ngh cc hp cht v c noi ring dy
d cho em kin thc v cc mn i cng cng nh cc mn chuyn ngnh, gip em
co c c s ly thuyt vng vng v to iu kin gip em trong sut qu trinh
hoc tp.
Sau cng, em xin kinh chc quy Thy C trong B mn Cng ngh cc hp
cht v c tht di do sc khe, nim tin tip tuc thc hin s mnh cao p cua
minh l truyn t kin thc cho th h mai sau.
H Ni, ngy 9 thng 6 nm 2015
Sinh vin thc hin
Quang Huy
SVTH : Quang Huy

LI NI U
Phn hoa hoc hay phn v c l nhng hoa cht cha cc cht dinh dng thit
yu cho cy c bon vo cy nhm tng nng sut, co cc loi phn bon hoa hoc
chinh: phn m, phn ln, phn kali, phn phc hp, phn hn hp v phn vi lng
Phn bon i vi ngnh nng nghip nc ta l rt quan trong. Cc cng ty phn bon
nc ta cha p ng c nhu cu phn bon cho cy trng, hm lng cc cht dinh
dng trong t ngy cng ngho nn, nn cn phai cung cp mt lng ln phn bon
cho t gip cy trng pht trin v cho nng sut cao.
Trong cc loi phn bon thi Supe pht pht co mt v tri quan trong. No thuc
loi phn ln, b xung P2O5 cho t v cy trng nng cao nng xut v cht lng
nng san. Supe co hai loi supe n v supe kp, trong o supe n co thnh phn
chinh l mn canxiphtpht Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O v canxisunpht. Vic san xut supe
n ph hp vi iu kin cng nghip v trinh san xut nc ta. Trong supe
n co thnh phn canxisunphat va lm giam cht lng cua phn bon va gy cn
cho t vi vy no l thnh phn khng co ich trong supe n. nc ta hin nay co
hai cng ty ln san xut supe n Lm Thao v Long Thnh vn khng p ng u
nhu cu tiu dng trong nc.
Trong ban n ny em c giao nhim vu thit k dy chuyn san xut
supe pht pht n nng sut 300000 tn/ nm l mt ti rt hay v hu ich. Sau
mt thi gian n lc tim hiu v nghin cu, cng vi s gip cua cc thy c v
cc bn gip em hon thnh ban n ny. Em xin by t long bit n chn
thnh ti cc thy c gio trong b mn. c bit l thy gio hng dn cua Th.S
Quch Th Phng dnh nhiu thi gian gip em hon thnh ban n ny.
Do thi gian co hn, nn n khng trnh khi thiu sot. Em mong mun
nhn c nhng y kin gip cua thy c, v nhng y kin ong gop cua cc bn.
Em xin chn thnh cam n
H Ni, thng 6 nm 2015
Sinh vin
Quang Huy
SVTH : Quang Huy Page 1

PHN A - TNG QUAN

1. GII THIU NGUYN LIU BAN U V SN PHM THU C.
1.1 Thnh phn nguyn liu san xut supe n.
Nguyn liu san xut supe n gm co qung cha phtpho v axit
sunfuric.
Qung cha pht pho bao gm cc loi: apatit, pht pht thin nhin; nc
ta san xut supe n qung c dng chu yu l apatit.
1.1.1 Apatit.
Ngi ta goi apatit l khong co thnh phn chu yu l floapatit, c biu th
bi cng thc chung Ca10R2(PO4)6 hoc rt gon Ca5R(PO4)3 .
R l F, Cl, OH hoc CO3. Ph bin nht l floapatit Ca10F2(PO4)6; it gp
Hyroxylapatit; rt him Cloapatit, i khi mt b phn canxi c thay th bi cc
kim loi nh: Ba, Sr, Mg, Mn, Fe.
T trong cua apatit 3,18 3,21 g/ cm3; nhit nong chay 1400 15700C;
khng tan trong nc.
nc ta m apatit Lo Cai co tr lng rt l ln, hng t tn, phm cht

quy, ngoi thnh phn chu yu con co cc tp cht khc. Qung c chia lm ba loi:
Qung loi I: Loi qung giu ny gm phn ln l floapatit, hm lng P 2O5

trung binh ln hn 30%.Vn l phtpht trm tich, b bin cht nh, cc tinh th flo
apatit kt tinh dng tinh th nh, i khi kho nhn ra (n tinh), vi kich thc 0,008
0,02 mm.
Qung loi II: Qung loi II co hm lng P 2O5 binh qun t 18 26%. Trong
qung I lu nay tr v Lm Thao, thng ln mt it qung loi II, dng cuc to, rn.
Hin nay qung loi II cp cho san xut phn ln nung chay.
Qung loi III: hm lng P2O5 binh qun l 12 18%, sau khi tuyn ni se
thu c qung loi 3 co c ht 0,06mm, hm m 18% - 22% .

Apatit loi I chim 9098% khong floapatit. Nh o ngnh cng nghip san
xut phn ln, supe pht pht v cc hp cht pht pho cua nc ta co ngun nguyn
liu di do.
1.1.2 Axit sunfuric.

Axit sunfuric l nguyn liu chinh san xut supe phtpht thng san xut
trc tip axit cung cp cho san xut supe phtpht. Trong ho hoc axit sunfuric c
xem l hp cht cua Anhyric sunfuric vi nc, cng thc ho hoc SO 3.H2O hoc
H2SO4 , khi lng phn t : 98,8 (g). Axit thu c co nhiu san phm gm: mono
hyrat, olum, axit long thi co tinh n mon mnh, axit c thi co tinh thu ng. L
cht lng khng mu, snh, co p = 1,8305 (g/ cm 3), kt tinh p sut thng( 760
mmHg) n 2920C axit H2SO4 bt u si.
Phn bon hoa hoc l ni tiu thu axit Sunfuric nhiu trn th gii, vi th s pht
trin phn bon ng ngha vi s gia tng lng axit Sunfuric. 14-18% axit H2SO4
dng cho san xut amonisunphat, phn con li san xut phn bon photphat. Vic s
dung axit Sunfuric nay sinh vn lm cn kit ngun d tr S trn th gii nn hin
ti ang pht trin san xut phn bon s dung axit khc : HCl, HNO3... Axit Sunfuric
60-70% c s dung trong san xut Superphotphat n, hm lng chinh xc phu
thuc cht lng photphat t nhin v cng ngh san xut
V hm lng tp cht : iu kin v hm lng tinh ch nghim ngt trc khi
1 lng ln kim loi Al, Fe to mui khng tan. Do vy co th s dung H2SO4 san xut
t qu trinh bung m khng cn tinh ch trc. Axit Sunfuric san xut theo qu trinh
tip xc c s dung rng ri hn, nhiu u im hn. Tuy nhin vic s dung axit
theo qu trinh thp, bung kinh t hn. trnh chi phi phu cho vn chuyn axit v co
th lm tng phi tn san xut Superphotphat, cn t nh my san xut axit cnh nh
my super.
Cn lu y: axit dng trong san xut super phai khng ch cht bay hi c hi.
cc nc co nghnh cng nghip hoa hoc pht trin, ngi ta s dung lng ln H2SO4
thai san xut do Superphotphat n , do axit thai gi thnh thp, s dung chng
kinh t hn. Mt lng ln axit thai to ra trong cng nghip hu c co t tng hp

cht ty git, phm nhum, thuc... t cng on nitrat hoa, cng ngh cao su tng hp
v t mt s ngun khc co th s dung trong san xut superphotphat n. Mun co
axit nng thich hp t axit nng thp hn, co th trn vi axit nng cao hn,
vic c c axit tn km, nay sinh nhiu vn khng kinh t.
Vn chuyn v bao quan axit Sunfuric : Cc binh cha bng thp co th c s
dung vn chuyn axit nng > 75%. Cc binh cha axit c np v thp ra qua
nt phia trn. vn chuyn v bao quan axit Sunfuric cn trnh nng co im
kt tinh cao. Khi s dung axit co nng < 78%, binh cha phai boc lot Pb v nguyn
liu l tng t . Khi vn chuyn axit bng tu thuy: binh cha hinh xilanh thng
ng. Binh cha t 1000-4000 tn, phu thuc mc bao quan, thng thng san xut
phn bon cn to ra axit vi lng bao quan p ng yu cu san xut t 7 ti 10 ngy
v cp cho bn ngoi chu ki 15 ngy.
Khi pha long axit H2SO4
H2SO4 l cht lng nng 100% co d = 1,8g/cm3, axit H2SO4 khan kt tinh 10,45
o
C, C = 0,338 kcal/g. C. pha long axit H2SO4 ta nhit, nhit pha long 22kcal/mol.
n.17860
Q
n 1,7983
Trong o Q :nhit pha long kcal/mol H2SO4
n : s mol nc vi 1 mol axit
nhit pha long vi phn l hiu s gia nhit pha long nng u v nng cui
n .17860 n .17860
Q Q 2 1
2 1 n 1,7983 n 1,7983
2 1
Nhit cng c giai phong khi trn 2 axit co nng khc nhau goi l nhit trn ln
Qx
Qx = Q3.( n1 + n2 ) Q1. n1 Q2. n2
Trong o Q3 nhit pha long axit sau trn
Q1, Q2 : nhit pha long axit em trn
n1, n2 : s mol H2SO4 axit sau trn
tinh ton lng H2O cn thit pha long axit hay thu c cng nng bng
cch trn 2 axit co nng khc nhau ngi ta s dung quy tc hinh ch nht

i vi axit pha long vi nc

a c
c
a c
0
a
i vi pha long axit vi axit

a cb
c
ac
b
a b
trong o c b l axit m c 1
a c l axit m c 2
a b l axit m c 3
a,b l % cc axit ban u em trn
c l % axit thu c
lng cn em trn vi axit 1 l a c
lng cn em trn vi axit 2 l c b
dn in cua H2SO4 co gi tr cc i khi nng 30%, 92%, cc tiu 84%, 99,7%.
dn in tng theo nhit
1.2 San phm thu c.

1.2.1 Supe pht pht n.
L phn bon photphat c ban cung cp > 60% th trng pht pht trn th gii
vo nhng nm cui 1945 ( nm 1975 : 25%, 1988 : 17% ). S giam ny l do co
nhiu cng ngh san xut khc pht trin.
Hai nh my cung cp ln nht l TVA, IFDC
Nm 1992 chim 16% san lng phn bon th gii

L phn bon photphat quan trong mc d vai tro ngy cng giam

Vit Nam ,co nh my ln Long Thnh, Lo Cai, Lm Thao, Cao Bng

u im cua supe n :
+ Qu trinh n gian oi hi it ky nng, chi phi u t nh
+ Nhng nh my quy m nh vn co hiu qua kinh t
+ D thu hivn u t % s dung vn cao
+ Hiu qua cua phn bon c khng nh t lu, c s dung lm phn
bon tiu chun so snh phn bon khc
+ Supe n cung cp 2 nguyn t quan trong l S vCa m trong 1 s t
thiu
Nhc im :
+ Hm lng P2O5 nm trong phn bon thp 16 22% tn chi phi cho
vic phn b s dung lm giam san lng san xut so vi s dung phn bon
co P2O5 cao hn nh TSP (super kp) .
Ngun nguyn liu :

Cht lng qung c quyt nh cht lng phn bon trong o qung co hm
lng P2O5 cng cao thi cng tt. Hot tinh hoa hoc co vai tro quan trong, trng hp
qung km hot ng thi phai nghin nh
Qung loi 1 co hot tinh tt hn, loi 2 mu xmsan xut ra co mu xanh l
cy m
Vic san xut supe n l cc k kho khn khi san xut apatit co ngun gc ni
la do hp cht Fe, v Al y ln. SiO2 ngoi vic giam tan cua P2O5 trong nc,
no con lm giam cht lng phn bon. Vic tng t l Ca / P 2O5 lm tng tiu tn
H2SO4 tinh cho 1 n v P2O5 v lm giam cht lng phn bon. Cc co hm lng
Cl- cao> 0,5 hoc cao hn co th s dung, khng km theo nhc im do n mon
khng phai nhc im quan trong trong san xut super n.

1.2.2 Cng thc ha hc ca cc thnh phn trong supe photphat n
Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O : Mono canxi photphat

H3PO4 : Axit photphoric t do
FePO4 : Photphat st
AlPO4 : Photphat Nhm
CaPO4 : Dicanxiphotphat
Ca5(PO4)3F : Qung apatit cha phn huy
CaSO4 : sunfat canxi
1.2.3 Tinh cht ho l c ban ca supe phtpht n.
Supe pht pht n l mt loi bt ti , xp , co mu xm sm hoc xm nht ,

trong lng t 1,1 1,5 T/m3.
Hm lng cc hp cht pht pht cha trong supe pht pht c tinh ra phn
trm anhyrit phtphoric tc l phn trm P2O5.
Phn P 2O5 trong supe pht pht dng ho tan trong nc (P 2O5 ho tan trong
nc) gm co mn phtpht canxi v axit phtphoric t do.
Cc pht pht st, pht pht nhm dicanxi pht pht khng ho tan trong nc
m ho tan mt phn hoc hon ton trong dung dch xitratamn , cy ci cng co th
hp thu c nhng chm goi l P2O5 ho tan trong xitrat.
Cht lng cua supe pht pht c nh gi theo hm lng P 2O5 hu hiu
(dng P2O5 m cy ci co th hp thu c ) l tng cc dng P 2O5 ho trong nc v
P2O5 ho tan trong xitrat, ngoi ra trong supe pht pht con cha mt phn P 2O5
khng ho tan trong xitrat nm trong lng apatit cha c phn hu.
Tng cc dng P 2O5 hu hiu v P2O5 khng ho tan trong xitrat hp thnh P 2O5
chung.

T l phn trm cua P 2O5 hu hiu v P2O5 chung biu th mc phn huy
apatit bi axit sunfuric goi l h s phn hu ( K ).
1.2.4 ng dung ca supe pht pht n.
Supe pht pht n c s dung chinh lm phn bon co cha pht pht,
phtpho cha trong supe pht pht th dinh dng lm tng lng bt cc loi cy
co cu, co ht, tng lng ng cc cy co qua, lm cho cy cng cp, chng c
su bnh. Noi chung l lm cho cy trng pht trin khe mnh, cho nng sut thu
hoch cao i vi cc cy cng nghip v nng nghip.
Ngoi ra supe pht pht n con dng san xut cc loi phn bon hn hp P-
K hoc NPK, dng san xut cht khong b xung thc n cho gia sc.
1.2.5 Tiu chun v supe photphat n

Supe photphat n san xut ti cng ty supe photphat Lm Thao bng apatit
Lo Cai theo tiu chun nh nc s TCVN14440-87 phai t tiu chun ky thuy sau
Hm lng P2O5 hu hiu khng nh hn 16,5%
Hm lng P2O5 t do khng ln hn 4%
Hm lng m khng ln hn 13%
Supe photphat phai ti xp mu xm khng b von cuc khng nho bt.
2. L THUYT CA QU TRNH SN XUT SUPE N.

Muc ich cua cng ngh san xut l chuyn P t dng khng tan trong nc
sang dng tan cv tan it trong axit, cy trng co th hp thu c. Supephotphat l
phn bon co cu t hot ng tan trong nc trong o Photphat di dng
monocanxiphotphat Ca(H 2PO4)2
Phan ng xay ra khi phn huy qung co dng :
Ca5X(PO4)3 + 7H2SO4 = 3Ca(H2PO4)2 + 7CaSO4 + 2HX
Qung v axit c tinh ton dung theo phng trinh. Qung c sy kh v
nghin ti c ht thich hp. Axit vi nng xc nh. Gi tr ti u cua 2 nguyn t

xc nh bi cht lng v tinh cht hoa ly cua qung. Nng ti u phn huy
qung bng H2SO4 xc nh bng thc nghim.
Hot tinh hoa hoc cua qung xc nh bng c ht
Tc phan ng tng khi tng din tich b mt ring, tuy nhin khng nn
nghin qu nh do tn chi phi, thng trong san xut supe n nghin qung ti c
0,075 0, 15 mm
Nng H2SO4 s dung trong san xut thay i trong khoang 60 70% phu
thuc vo cht lng cua qung photphat v qu trinh s dung
Nhit ti u trong san xut thay i t 40 80 oC, xc nh bng cht lng
qung, co hiu chnh b cho nhit
iu kin ti u 2 cu t nguyn liu phan ng con phu thuc vo dng thit
b chng hn c ht c xc nh bng cng v thi gian trn, nhit v nng
thich hp cua axit. Cc iu kin ny anh hng ti nhit t c khi
supephotphat ao trn, tc bay hi nc.
Cc giai on chinh cua san xut supephotphat
a, Chun b nguyn liu

Nghin v sy qung photphat
Hiu chnh nhit v nng axit H2SO4
b, San xut supe n

nh lng qung photphat v lng axit H2SO4
Trn cc cu t
ong rn va supephotphat
Hon thnh phan ng
Trung hoa axit t do v nghin qung supephotphat
c, Cc thao tc b xung lm tng cht lng supe

Amon hoa supephotphat
Nghin, to ht supe

2.1 Cc giai on chinh ca san xut superphotphat n

2.1.1 Chun b nguyn liu
Nghin v sy qung theo yu cu s dung.
Chun b axit: hu ht cc dng axit u co th s dung. Tip xc, bung chi,
thp. Axit thai co nhiu tp cht khc.Co nhiu axit H2SO4 nh my axit nh my
xt Vit Tri lm kh khi trc khi s dung . Tuy nhin khng nn dng H 2SO4 thai
t luyn kim do hm lng st cao. Nu axit san xut co nng cao hn thi trn
thm bng nc.Con khi axit co nng long thi c c hoc trn vi axit vi nng
cao hn. Nhit cn thit cho qu trinh.Trng hp ch s dung mt loi axit,
chun b rt n gian, vn hnh dng dong chay lin tuc.
Cc axit khi s dung co nng bin thin hay cc axit thai t cc ngun gc
khc cn iu chnh n nng khng i bng cch trn v tch cc tp cht cn
khng tan, tp cht d bay hi c hi cc xng trng hp. iu ny l cn thit
to ra axit co cht lng tt. Nng v nhit axit H2SO4 rt quan trong, phai
tun thu nghim ngt.
2.1.2 San xut superphotphat n

Vic cn ong nguyn liu phai am bao cp nhit cho nh my theo mt lng
khng i hoc t s thich hp nht gia axit H2SO4 v qung tng ng vi kiu vn
hnh lin tuc hay gin on.
Do vic san xut supe cht lng tt phu thuc ln vo tinh chinh xc cua vic
xc nh t l cc cu t nn dung cu o lng phai co chinh xc cao nht.
Giai on th nht cua qu trinh san xut l trn axit H2SO4 vi qung phtpht
thu c tip xc trc tip gia hai pha. Phan ng xay ra mnh lit v ta nhit
mnh .Nhit trn tng hn 100 oC cho dng huyn ph, giai phong mt th tich ln hi
nc cha hp cht bay hi c nh: HF,SiF4. Thng thng tng cng khuy se
lm tng tc phan ng, thi gian khuy trn c xc nh bng... Cc iu kin
ny anh hng ti giai on th 2 cua qu trinh khi huyn ph bt u ng cng do
kt qua vic to thnh v kt tinh cc mui t phan ng.
Phng trinh tng qut :

2Ca5(PO4)3X + 7H2SO4 = 3Ca(H2PO4)2 + 7CaSO4+ 2HX (1)

giai on 1 cua phan ng, axit H3PO4 v CaSO4 c to thnh theo phan ng
(2)
Ca5(PO4)3X + 5 H2SO4 = 3H3PO4 +5CaSO4 + HX (2)

Giaion 2, H3PO4 phan ng vi lng phtpht mi to Ca(H2PO4)2
Ca5(PO4)3F +7 H3PO4 = 5 Ca(H2PO4)2 + HX (3)
Giai on 2 xay ra chm hn nhiu theo chiu giam hm lng cc cu t ban

u trong hn hp phan ng xay ra theo phng trinh (3) km theo kt tinh cc mui
dng bn. Vic ong rn bn supephtpht xay ra thng hoa thnh hay thit b vn
hnh lin tuc hoc tng m xay ra iu kin nhit xc nh, co tch mt phn
m cua khi cht rn bn supe. Giai on ny phu thuc c bit vo ban cht qung
v c im cng ngh cua qu trinh. Cc phan ng ny hon thnh khi lu tr bn
thnh phm trong thng hoa thnh 7- 25 ngy goi l giai on lm chin.Khi u, phan
ng xay ra chm. S lm chin supe, do vic cn kt tinh cc mui nn cn ao trn
supephtpht co lp li giai on u qu trinh u chin tng tc phan ng.
t chuyn hoa cao, axit phai c ly d so vi ly thuyt. Hiu sut chuyn hoa
Axit t do sau lm chin t 4- 10%. S tng khi lng cua axit cua supe co th c
hi vi cy trng nn cn trung hoa hm lng axit t do <4% ( supe phtpht bt v
<2% vi supe phtpht vin). Lm chin kt thc hoc khi ch to thnh cc dng phn
bon khc.
Co th trung hoa supe bng cc phtpht t nhin ,mn, hm lng cacbonat

cao vi du: Moroco phtphorit, canxi cacbonat hoc lmit. Vic s dung ny co u
im l tng hm lng P2O5 hu hiu. Cc qung apatit nh tinh qung apatit cua
Kola, tinh qung apatitVit Nam khng thich hp cho vic trung hoa do Mt s u
im cua vic s dung qung lmit l a thm cht dinh dng Mg. Tuy nhin cn
thit lp iu kin ti u khi s dung lmit vi kha nng kt khi tng, ht m tng.
Da vo phan ng (2) v (3), ly thuyt co bao nhiu % qung tc dung vi axit
H2SO4, H3PO4.

Trng hp X l flo thi cc giai on phan ng l:

- Giai on 1 v phan ng to ra axit superphotphat H3PO4
Phan ng huy photphat t nhin xay ra theo 2 giai on

Ca5(PO4)3F + 5 H2SO4 + 2,5 H2O = 3H3PO4 +5CaSO4.0,5H2O + HF
Trong qu trinh phan ng nng H2SO4 giam v H3PO4 tng qu trinh ny c xc
nh nh mt hm bin thin nng cua axit H2SO4 v H3PO4
S to thnh H3PO4 c xc nh bi vic c nh ion Ca2+ v san phm km tan,
phan ng tip tuc cho n khi ton b ion sunfat chuyn thnh dng ny khng to
ra cc mui cha photpho. S tn ti ng thi H2SO4 v Ca(H2PO4)2 l khng th do
chng phan ng vi nhau. Phan ng ny xay ra nhanh thuc ban cht photphat v cc
gc khc. Huyn ph to thnh khi trn chuyn vo thng hoa thnh, o chng hoa
c ng vi lng axit phan ng 60-80% sau o to thnh khi rn d v
superphotphat. Vic kt tinh CaSO4 xay ra thi gian ny. Lu lng pha lng trong
huyn ph superphotphat kt tua trong qu trinh phan ng thng hoa thnh do xay ra
giai on 2 cua qu trinh.
- Giai on 2 ny xay ra vi tc thp hn nhiu

Ca5(PO4)3F +7 H3PO4+ 5 H2O = 5 Ca(H2PO4)2). H2O +HF
Tc phn giai giai on II chm v ko di do nhng nguyn nhn sau:
Nhng ht qung cha phn giai l cc ht co kich thc ln m axit H 3PO4 li l axit
chu yu. Lng canxisunpht kt tinh ra qu nhiu lm cho axit H 3PO4 kho tip xc
vi ht qung. Mno canxisunpht tan trong dung dch H 3PO4 se dn dn to thnh
dung dch bo ho, dn n lm gim hot cua ion H+ trong pha lng, v tng
nht cua dung dch. Mno canxisunphtto thnh v mn bao boc ht qung lm giam
s tip xc pha.
Phan ng xay ra sau khi co s ong rn cua super v tip tuc trong giai on u
vi ngy n hng tun.
PT tng cng cua 2 giai on trn l :
2Ca5(PO4)3F + 7 H2SO4 + 7,5 H2O = 3 Ca(H2PO4)2). H2O +7CaSO4.0,5H2O + 2HF

- Giai on kho u
y l thi k ti phn giai apatit.
Qu trinh bin i rt chm, kha nng tng nhanh qu trinh v mc phn
hu t c cua nguyn liu gn lin vi s bin i thnh phn pha cua tp hp
pht pht trong supe phtpht, ngha l thnh phn hn hp gia pha lng v pha rn.
Vi nhit cua khi supe trong phong ho thnh l 1101200C, dung dch H3PO4 b
bo ho bi Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O v qu trinh phn giai apatit xem nh ngng li trong
khi o mc phn hu apatit mi t t 85 87%. co thtip tuc phn hu apatit
t ti 9496% thi cn phai lm lnh supe n 40 500C.
2.1.3 Cc thao tc b sung lm tng cht lng superphotphat

Axit t do co th trung hoa bng NH3...Cng vi vic giam axit t do, vic
ammoniac hoa con lm tng cht lng supe do a thm Nit vo. Vic cai thin tinh
cht vt ly cua supephtpht l do vic trung hoa axit t do. iu ny do co s bay
hi nc khi trung hoa. Vic c nh phn nc m co trong icanxiphotphat dng
nc kt tinh v canxiphotphat.
Vic to vin supe cng lm tng tinh cht vt ly cua supe. Supe dng bt vin
kich thc 2-4 mm chu c cp lc c hoc. bn ny t c bng sy mt phn
hoc kt hp v vin vi ammoniac hoa. To ht lm giam din tich b mt ring,
giam ht m v khuynh hng ong tang cua chng. Kt qua co th phn phi, bao
quan bi ngi tiu dng, d s dung, tng hiu qua kinh t nng nghip.
Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2NH3 CaHPO4 + (NH4 )2HPO4 ( DAP)
Ca(H2PO4)2 + NH3 CaHPO4 + NH4H2PO4 ( MAP)
2.2. Cc yu t anh hng

2.2.1. Lng axit sunfuric l thuyt v c th phan ng phn hy
Gi tr cua qung photphat phu thuc vo hm lng cua P2O5 cua chng v
lng tp cht.T s (Fe2O3 +Al2O3)/P2O5 .100 khng c ln gi tr 10- 12 .Trong

o c bit quan trong l gi tr cc i cua hm lng st oxit.Gi tr gii hn cc i

i vi t s Fe2O3:P2O5 l 8%.
Mt s khong photphat cha Mg v mt s tp cht khng mong mun.Trong trng
hp ny t s (MgO : P2O5).100 khng c ln hn 6 7%.Cc t s ny c s
dung xem xt qung co th s dung trong san xut superphotphat hay khng?
Lng axit H2SO4 tiu tn cn phai tinh trc vi y l yu t quyt nh chi
phi.Tng tc axit ln qung nhm ph huy mng tinh th photphat to cc mui tan
c:Ca(H2PO4)2 v Ca2HPO4 tan c trong amoni xitrat.
Cc tp cht trong qung tc dung vi axit.Tnh ton s b thi lng axit H2SO4
c xc nh theo h s t lng:L lng axit H2SO4 cn thit ph huy mng
li apatit.
Phng trinh phan ng:
2Ca5(PO4)3F + 7H2SO4 + 6,5 H2O = 3Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + 7CaSO4.0,5H2O + 2HF (1)
Phng trinh ion: PO43- + 2H2+ = H2PO4- tinh ton n gian hn
Theo phng trinh 1 co 7 mol H2SO4 (686 g) 3mol P2O5 (426g)
686
T s =1,610
426
l lng t lng axit H2SO4 100% cn thit cho mt n v khi lng P2O5
Chng hn tinh qung apatit co hm lng P2O5 39% thi lng H2SO4 tiu
chun bng 1,610 + 39 H2SO4 cho 100g qung.HF o thnh phan ng 1 phan ng vi
nephelite l tp cht chinh trong apatit giai phong SiF4:
NaAlSiO4 + 10 HF Na+ +2H+ +AlF63- +SiF4 +4H2O
khng lm tiu tn H2SO4.

1,4 phn khi lng HF to ra 1 phn NaAlSiO4. Lng HF to thnh l u phn
huy nephelite it hn 2% cha trong tinh qung apatit.Thng khi tinh ton lng
H2SO4 ly thuyt vi tinh qung apatit,cc tp cht.
Kt qua thu c :Lng axit H2SO4. Thc t l thay i theo qu trinh s dung
tuy nhin 68-74 phn khi lng H2SO4. Cho 100 phn apatit.Trong trng hp
khong photphorit,photpho tn ti trong khong ny di dng phi tinh th cu trc

apatit. Vic tinh ton lng H2SO4 l tng t nh trn.Tuy nhin vi apatit lng ly
thuyt H2SO4. y con bao gm lng tiu tn b tp cht theo phng trinh sau:
CaCO3 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
MgCO3 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O
Lng H2SO4 100% tiu tn cho mt n v khi lng CO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3 v
P2O5 t cc phan ng trn l:
S 1 kg cua cc cht Cn tiu tn mt
cht sau: lng H2SO4 100%
1 CO2 2,23
2 Fe2O3 0,61
3 Al2O3 0,96
4 P2O5 1,610
Tng khi lng cua chng bng khi lng axit H2SO4 theo ly thuyt.
Lng H2SO4 thc t s dung ln hn tinh ton t 3-5% nh trong trng hp apatit.
Khi xem xt tp cht cua Flo phan ng phn huy tn ti cc phan ng cn bng sau:
2H2SiF6 + 12H2O = H4SiF8.12H2O + SiF4 (2)
H2SiF6 = H2F2 + SiF4 (3)
SiF4 giai phong xem nh san phm phn ly cua axit H2SiF6 .p sut ring phn cua
SiF4 tng khi tng nhit .Trong dung dch H2SO4 long,vic giai phong SiF4 b hn
ch.Vic to thnh CaSO4 khan hay 0,5H2O lm hn ch vic giai phong Flo,t c
1/3 so vi hm lng tng.Trong dung dch H2SO4 m c lun to thnh cc mui
khan,qu trinh phn ly xay ra theo phan ng (3).Vic to thnh SiF4 khng tiu tn
H2SO4.
Cc qu trinh hin ti co muc ich lm giam lng H2SO4 bng cch tun hon
H2SiF6 t SiF4 .Flo cha trong phn bon superphotphat di dng F- hay silicflorua.
thit lp iu kin phn huy cn khao st yu t hiu sut v iu kin phn huy.Ngoi
thnh phn cua qung,cc yu t quyt nh l lng H2SO4 t lng.Cc yu t khc
c bit quan trong trong vic la chon cng ngh cng cn c khao st su hn.
Cng thc xc nh h s phn hu giai on I:

n
K1 = 70. n
0
K1 : mc phn hu giai on I.
n, n0 : lng axit tiu chun thc t v ly thuyt.
2.2.2 nh hng ca nng axit sunfuric:
nh hng n hot tinh cua axit v tc xm nhp cua no qua mng mng
canxi sunfat ( mng c to thnh b mt ht qung )
2.2.3 nh hng ca nhit axit:

Nhit axit i vo phn hu qung apatit c xc nh tu thuc nng
cua no. Nhit thich hp vi axit 64 68% l 50 600C. Nhit cua axit trong san
xut v ma h thp hn ma ng 5 0C. Khi nng cao nhit axit t 52 700C thi
hm n trong supe phtpht giam 0,8%.
Nng thich hp, nhit , v lng axit H2SO4 tiu chun c xc nh i
vi mi loi qung apatit bng thc nghim.
2.2.4 nh hng ca mn bt qung apatit:
Thi gian cho php lu li cua bn trong thit b hn hp tu thuc vo thnh
phn pha lng ngay lc bt u tc dung cua cc cht phan ng.
Thng thi gian lu li cua bn khng ln trnh c st lm mt linh
ng.
2.2.5 Phan ng ca cc tp cht trong qung:
Ngoi cc phan ng trn con xay ra cc phan ng phu do tp cht trong
khong
CaSiO3 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 +H2SiO3
H2SiO3 + 2H2SiF6 = 3SiF4 + 3H2O
6HF + H2SiO3 = H2SiF6 + 3H2O
thp hp thu flo, SiF4 hoa tan vo H2O to thnh axit flosilicic.
SiF4 + 3H2O = H2SiF6 + SiO2. H2O

Phan ng ny xay ra nhit < 80 C. silacagen to thnh kt tua thng hoa

thnh v ng ng dn khi.Hu ht qung photphat cha tp cht ion Fe2+, Fe3+,...(R),
ion ny phan ng vi axit, st sunfat.
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Fe2O3 + 2H3PO4 = 2FePO4 + 3H2O
Pha rn tch ra chu yu dng FePO4 v tng t nhm cng c tch ra
di dng pht pht.
S co mt cua nhm v st trong nguyn liu lm xu phm cht supe pht
pht st v nhm trong san phm ch mt phn tan trong amno xitrt. Do vy hm
lng P2O5 tan trong nc cua supe b giam.
Theo 1 s nghin cu, superphotphat chin, R2O3 to thnh hp cht co dng

[CaH2R(PO4)2] khi phan ng vi axit H2SO4
H2SO4 + R2O3 + 2Ca(H2PO4)2 = [CaH2R(PO4)2] + 3H2O + CaSO4
2.2.6 Cng khuy trn:

Vic trn se lm mt kha nng gy ra bo ho ti ch canxi sunphat, ni cho
qung v axit vo. No gip cho qu trinh khuych tn axit ti b mt cc ht qung.
Do o, tng cng trn se tng c phn hu qung. Nhng nu cng trn
mnh qu, s co st gia pha lng v pha rn se km i, lm giam hiu sut phn hu.
Hin tng ny say ra i vi cc ht qung nh trc. Vi vy, gia cng trn v
mn cua qung co quan h cht che. Cng thich hp vi tng mn cua
qung c xc nh bng thc nghim.
2.2.7 Thi gian lu ca bn trong thit b hn hp:
Thi gian cho php lu li cua bn st trong thit b hn hp tu thuc vo

thnh phn pha lng ngay lc bt u tc dung cua cc cht phan ng.

Vic cung cp qung v axit lin tuc , ng thi bn to thnh khng ngng
chay ra qua tm chn se gi cho bn st co mt th tich khng i trong thit b trn.
Thng thi gian lu li cua bn khng ln trnh c st lm mt linh ng.
3- CHN V BIN LUN DY CHUYN, THIT B
3.1- Chn thit b

Co th tom tt qu trinh san xut supe pht pht n nh sau: Ta dng qung
nguyn khai cha nghin sy, nn phai thm cng on nghin sy qung. Sau o trn
qung vi axit sunfuric trong thng trn nhn c khi phan ng dng bn, gi
bn ny trong thit b ho thnh cho ti khi kt li, sau o nh ti v a vo kho
trong mt s ngy cc phan ng gn nh hon ton.
Nh vy, lu trinh san xut gm cc cng on: Sy nghin qung, trn cc
nguyn liu, u kt li trong thit b v u chin trong kho.
3.1.1- My nghin bi:
nghin mn qung pht pht ta dng my nghin bi. My nghin bi d ch

to, v co th nghin cc vt liu co cng kh cao. Nhng no co nhc im l
cng knh, co ting n ln, khi khng u tai vn tiu thu mt cng sut ng k.
Cu to:
- Bung nghin l thng rng trong co cha bi v qung cn nghin.
- V thng bng thp, trong co lot chng m mon v chng n.
- My quay c nh ng c in v h thng bnh rng truyn ng.
- Bi co nhiu kich thc khc nhau t 30 n 60 mm, khi lng bi v
loi bi cn phi hp theo t l thich hp cho tng loi my nghin.
- Bi bng kim loi co bn c cao ( gang c bit).

V d khi lng bi dng cho mt my nghin bi:

ng kinh % Tn
(mm)
60 15 1,8
50 20 2,4
40 30 3,6
30 20 2,4
Nguyn ly hot ng:

- Qung c nh lng vo my nghin bi.
- Khi thng quay, di tc dung cua lc ly tm bi v qung b p st vo mt
trong cua v thng nng ln mt cao nht nh ri qung v bi ri thnh
thng ri t do xung se va p v ch st vt liu; nghin qung thnh ht
nh.
- Co 1 ng dn nc b xung lng m vo cho qung qu trinh
nghin sy ra d dng
- Phia trn my nghin bi t mt sng phn ly tnh.
- Thit bi phn ly tnh lm vic theo nguyn ly: nc v qung vo thit b
theo phng thng ng p vo phn cn bn trong thit bi; khi o cc
ht qung ln b ri xung quay li nghin bi. Qung mn c bm vo
thit b nh lng qung sau nghin.
- 3.1.2- Thit b trn

- Thng hn hp thc hin phan ng qung vi axit sunfuric.
Hin nay ph bin nht co 3 kiu thit b trn sau:
- Thng nm ngang, co cnh khuy
- Hinh phu, khng co cnh khuy
- Loi dung tich nh, co cnh trn cao tc
Ta chon thit b thng nm ngang, co cnh khuy:

Thng gm 3 ( hoc 4) hinh tru tng ng vi mi hinh tru l mt cnh khuy.

V ngoi bng thp trong co lp lot bng vt liu chu n mon v mi mon. Cnh
khuy kiu mi cho, vt liu l hp kim c bit bn mi mon v bn trong axit, co
th boc cao su chng n mon. Cnh khuy hot ng nh m t truyn ng, cnh
khuy co th b tri lch nhau, tc cnh khuy khc nhau.
Truc cnh khuy co th t nm ngang hay thng ng. y thng hinh long
mng. Thnh thng ln cao hi thu hp li. Vic trn chu yu say ra phn rng v
su cua thng, phn th tich con li co tc dung trn thm. Thi gian lu cua bn
trong thng trn t 25 pht. Bn co linh ng c y t ch np liu v ra khi
thng trn nh h thng cnh khuy. iu chnh lng bn cui thng co t tm
ngn chay trn sang phong ho thnh phn hu tip tuc.
Khi thay i cc yu t nh: Loi qung phtpht, loi axit sunfuric, thi
phai thay i thi gian lu li cua bn trong thit b trn, v i khi ca s vong quay
cua cch khuy. Trong mt thng trn, s vong quay cua tng cnh khuy co th khc
nhau, chiu quay cng co th ngc nhau.
3.1.3- Phng ho thnh
Khi dy chuyn san xut khng co phong ho thnh thi se co nhc im sau:
Khi flo t bay ra gy nhim khng khi, vn tc phn hu tip tuc chm do nhit cua
phan ng b tht thot.
Phong ho thnh nhm muc ich lu supe li trong mt thi gian thc hin
qu trinh phn hu qung trit . Tu theo nng xut yu cu m thit k hoc chon
phong ho thnh. Thng s ky thut cua phong ho thnh cn phai xc nh l: Nng
xut, ng kinh, chiu cao, ng kinh ng trung tm, ng kinh dao ct, dy
cua thnh, np phong v vt liu ch to phong ho thnh. Tc quay cua phong ho
thnh anh hng n thi gian lu cua san phm v mc phn huy supe.
Co nhiu loi thit b ho thnh hot ng lin tuc nh:
- Kiu bng tai
- Kiu thng quay
- Kiu khi phan ng chuyn ng thng ng

- Kiu khi phan ng chuyn ng vong tron

Dng ph bin nht l thit b ho thnh kiu khi phan ng chuyn ng
vong tron:
Cu to:
- Phong co cu to hinh tru t theo chiu ng trn mt h thng gi v b
vng chc.
- V phong ho thnh lm bng thp dy 10 mm ( lp ngoi cng). Mt
lp b tng ct tho dy 10 mm, tip n l gch chu axit dy 100 mm v
c xy bng va bn trong axit. Trong cng l lp nha Epoxy dy 5
mm.
- Np thng l khi b tng c dnh co gn ng trung tm.
- ng ng gia thng, bn ngoi p g v co phu nha Epoxy. ng bng
gang dy 20 mm, din tich bng 5/8 din tich thc ( ng trung tm b ct
doc b i 3/8). dy cua ng trung tm giam dn t thnh n ca.
- Mt h thng dao ct ct supe v gt y supe vo ng trung tm. Dao
ct c lm bng thp c bit, co phu nha Epoxy.
Nguyn ly hot ng:
- Thng c quay xung quanh ng trung tm nh h thng truyn ng t
phia di y thng.
- ng trung tm v np thng c nh, thng ho thnh quay vi vn tc
khoang 90 135 pht/ vong, tc quay co th thay i nh b phn
truyn ng giam tc.
- H thng dao ct quay ngc chiu vi chiu quay cua phong ho thnh.
- Bn supe c chay t thng trn vo phong ho thnh qua ca cp liu
trn np phong ho thnh. Qa trinh phan ng tip tuc, bn b ong rn.
- Bn lu li trong o khoang 1,5 2,5 gi.
- Chiu cao supe trong phong ho thnh khoang bng 2/3 chiu cao lm vic
cua phong.
- Nhit supe phong ho thnh khoang 105- 115 C. Ti y qung tip
tuc b phn hu. Mt lng nhit phan ng toa ra kh ln lm tng nhit
ln cao.

- Khi thot ra c gom li ht sang b phn san xut san phm phu.
- Khi phong ho thnh quay thi khi supe ong rn cng quay v nh dao ct
quay ngc chiu se ct nh supe v gt vo ng trung tm. Supe c ri
xung vo bng tai v chuyn qua my nh ti ra ngoi kho u.
3.1.4 - H thng thit b hp thu khi flo

B hp thu:
- T lng khi thot ra c tinh ton co th chon thit b hp thu. B hp
thu co nhiu loi khc nhau.
- Cc thng s cn tinh n l: Chiu cao, chiu di, chiu rng, ng kinh,
khoang ngn, gung nc v ng c.
- Vt liu ch to b l thp dy khoang 10 12 mm, phia trong co lot va
chu axit day 20 mm, trong cng l lp caosu.
Thp hp thu:
- Sau khi ra khi b hp thu trong khi vn con mt lng nh SiF 4 nn phai
hp thu trit ri mi thai ra ngoi. Dung dch ra khi thp hp thu l axit
rt long.
- V thp cu to bng thp, phia trong lot gch, va chu axit, trong cng l
vt liu chu axit.

3.2- Thuyt minh dy chuyn

3.2.1 D qung trn toa xe la xung v chuyn vo kho.
Qung t Lo Cai c vn chuyn bng nhng toa xe la v cng ty c d
xung v vn chuyn vo kho.
Qung trn toa tu c cu truc 15T mc thnh tng ng trong kho cha
hai bn ng tu.
Co 2 loi qung, qung nguyn khai c cu truc mc dn theo bng tai i
vo my nghin bi ( 21 ), qung sau tuyn thi c theo bng tai vo thit b nh
lng (18 ) ri a vo trn 2 loi qung.
3.2.2 - Nghin qung t bng my nghin bi

Qung t bun ke cha c nh lng xung my nghin bi nh mt bng gt
chim. y chng ta b xung 1 lng nc nht nh qu trinh nghin t xay ra
d dng hn.Sau khi qua nghin bi qung c nghin nh v c chuyn v bunke
cha qung sau nghin (18)
3.2.3 - Trn hn hp 2 loi qung
Qung nguyn khai sau khi c nghin t ti kich thc xc nh c
chuyn n thng trn hn hp 2 qung (19) , y 2 qung c trn u vi t l
1 : 1 . Hn hp qung c chuyn n bunke cha bt apatit nh bng tai bt mn ri
c a vo thit b inh lng qung ( 12 )
3.2.4 - iu ch supe pht pht

Nguyn liu:
Axit H2SO4 : Co nng 98% c bm t kho cha axit v xi nghip supe v
c cha 3 thng cha ln T thng cha axit ( 6 ) c bm ln thng cao v
cha axit (11) y co b tri mt ng ng chay trn duy tri mc axit khng i,
axit t thng cao v c tho xung ct ch T pha long axit vi nc.

Nc: c bm thng t phn xng nc sang thng cha cao v v cng

c tho xung ct ch T pha long vi axit.
Axit sau khi c pha long se co nng khoang 74- 76% v nhit
70800C se c a qua thng lm lnh bng nc giam bt nhit xung
50600C (v ma h) sau o i qua thng nh lng axit vo thng hn hp v
ma ng thi axit khng cn qua h thng lm lnh.
T bun ke apatit ( 12 ) c nh lng xung thng hn hp nh h thng
nh lng bng bng tai a vo thng trn.
Apatit v axit c trn vi nhau nh b khuy trn to iu kin cho qu trinh
phan ng phn hu qung v to thnh bn trong thng trn khi xay ra phan ng giai
on I :
Ca5F(PO4)3 + 5H2SO4 + 2,5H2O = 3H3PO4 + 5CaSO4 . 0,5 H2O + HF
Bt st t thng hn hp (10) c lu li trong khoang t 34 pht, sau o

c tho xung phong ho thnh (7) qua tm chn theo kiu chay trn trong thng
trn. Ti y phan ng I tip tuc xay ra khoang 20 pht cho ti khi ht H 2SO4 thi tip
tuc giai on II cua qu trinh phan ng:
Ca5F(PO4)3 + 7H3PO4 + 5H2O = 5Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + HF
Bt st u phong ho thnh t 1,52 gi ti y khi supe pht pht nhanh chong b

ong rn v c r ra khi phong ho thnh nh h thng dao ct caluxen quay
ngc chiu quay cua phong ho thnh, supe pht pht trong phong ho thnh se
c ct nh ra v c gt vo ng trung tm tut xung bng tai supe ti (14 )
ri qua thit b nh tung ( 15) vo kho u (16)
3.2.5 - v trn supe trong kho v trung ho
Supe ti v apatit do my nh ti tung ra kho c cu truc mc gom thnh
tng ng trong kho u. Thi gian u cn thit trong kho t 621 ngy. Trong thi gian
u supe se kt hp ao trn v trung ho, Qung trung ho l tuyn sau khi sy n
m 1%, s ln ao trn ti thiu l 3 ln. Nu supe von cuc v cha t tiu chun
(P2O5 hh, P2O5 td) ta se nh tung t II. Trnh t do cao (P2O5 td < 4%)
khi lm h hng cc phng tin vn chuyn supe v ni tiu thu.

3.2.6 - Xut supe ln phng tin vn chuyn.

Supe phtpht sau khi ao trn, trung ho v u trong kho t tiu chun hm
lng ( P2O5 hh 16,5%, hm lng P2O5 td 4% hm m 13% gc SO42- cho
php 32 n 34 %) thi ta co th ong bao xut kho. Supe c cu truc mc ln bun
ke cha xut cho t, hoc c mc ln bun ke khc xut xung toa tu hoa
bng bng tai (cho toa trn) hoc bng va gng co nh ti cho toa kin. Hoc ong
bao cho vo kho v xut vo ma vu.
3.2.7 - Hp thu khi Flo.

Khi HF sinh ra t phan ng trong phong ho thnh v thng trn phan ng vi
SiO2 trong apatit to SiF4.
4HF + SiO2 = SiF4 + 2H2O
Nh qut ht hn hp khi t thng trn v phong ho thnh cha khoang 40%
tng trong apatit dng hp cht Flo c ht qua h thng hp thu, u tin hn hp
khi qua b hp thu bng axit H2SiF6 long i ngc chiu vi khi, trong b co b tri
cc cnh vay, v tng chiu di ng i cua khi trong b hp thu ta b tri cc vch
ngn.
Phan ng hp thu:
3SiF4 + 2H2O = H2SiF6 + SiO2.H2O
Khi ra khi b hp thu c a sang thp hp thu bng nc hp thu trit
lng khi Flo con li v qua thit b tch giot trong thp hp thu trc khi phong
khng qua qut axit chay ra t bung hp thu co nng (812%) ri c a vo
thng cha axit H2SiF6

Ban ve dy chuyn(A3)

PHN B - TNH TON

I- CN BNG CHT V CN BNG NHIT.-*
1- Tinh ton cn bng cht san xut Supe.
1.1- Quy i thnh phn qung t dng oxit sang dng thnh phn khong:
Thnh phn % qung apatit ra nh sau:
Xt vi 100 (kg) qung trn ta co s kmol tng ng cua thnh phn qung
apatit:
Bng 1:Thnh phn qung u vo
Q1 : Qung nguyn khai
phn
Khi 33,4 48,5 2,6 1,2 1,5 3,5 2,1 3,7 3,5 100
lng
Q2 : Qung loi 3 sau tuyn
phn
Khi 32,2 40,3 3,1 1,3 0,9 1,1 1,6 2,5 16,8 100
lng
T thnh phn qung nh trn ta s dung phng php em nghin t qung

nguyn khai ri em qung sau khi nghin em trn vi qung 3 sau tuyn
thu c hn hp qung co tinh cht ging qung 3 sau tuyn.
- Qu trinh nghin t chng ta b xung nc vo my nghin cho qu trinh

xay ra d dng hn.
- Khi nghin t thnh phn qung nguyn khai thay i do m thay i

ta co bang sau nghin t qung nguyn khai sau :
phn
Khi 33,40 48,5 2,6 1,2 1,5 3,5 2,1 3,7 9,20 105,7
lng
Quy v 100 kg qung :
Thnh P2O5 CaO F Al2O3 Fe2O3 CO2 MgO SiO2 H2 O Tng

phn
Khi 31,60 45,88 2,46 1,14 1,42 3,31 1,99 3,5 8,7 100
lng
Trn 2 qung : qung nguyn khai sau nghin v qung loi 3 sau tuyn vi t
l 1 : 1 . Vy ta thu c hn hp qung co thnh phn nh sau :
phn
Khi 32,00 43,09 2,78 1,22 1,16 2,21 1,80 3,0 12,74 100
lng
1.1.1 Hm lng Floapatit
- Ton b lng F nm trong Ca5F(PO4)3
- S kmol F tng ng co 2,78/19 = 0.15 (kmol)
S kmol Ca5F(PO4)3 l: 0,15 (kmol)
Khi lng Ca5F(PO4)3 l: 0,15.504 = 75,6 (kg)
- S mol Ca nm trong qung l : 0,15.5 = 0,75 (kmol)

- S kmol P trong Ca5(PO4)3F l : 3.0,15 = 0,45 (kmol)
Theo thnh phn qung cho co:
- S mol Ca co trong qung : 43,09/56 = 0,77 (kmol)
32.2
- S mol Pht pho co trong qung : 0, 45 (kmol)
142
- S mol Ca con li : 0,77 0,75 = 0.02 (kmol)
- S mol P con lai: 0,45 0,45 = 0 (kmol)
Vy P v F nm ton b trong Ca5(PO4)3F .
1.1.2. - Lng MgCO3, CaCO3, MgSiO3

- Ca con li nm di dng CaCO3
S mol CaCO3 = 0,02 (kmol)
Khi lng CaCO3 : 0,02.100 = 2.00 (kg)
- CO2 nm trong 2 dng l CaCO3 v MgCO3

S mol CO2 d : 2,21/44 0,02 = 0,03 (kmol)
S mol MgCO3 = s mol CO2 d = 0,03 (kmol)
Khi lng MgCO3 : 0,03.84 = 2.52 (kg)
- S mol MgO con li l 1,80/40 0,03 = 0,02 (kmol)
MgO nm trong MgCO3 v MgSiO3
S mol MgSiO3 l : 0,02
Khi lng MgSiO3 l : 0,02 .100 = 2,00 (kg)
- Khi lng SiO2 d l 3,00 0,02.60 = 1,8 (kg)
Vy thnh phn % cc khong co trong qung apatit tng ng vi 100kg qung :

Bng 2: Thnh phn % cc khong co trong qung apatit ng vi 100 (kg) qung:
Cc Ca5F(PO4)3 MgCO3 MgSiO3 CaCO3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 SiO2 H2 O Tng

cht
Khi 75,60 2,52 2,0 2,00 1,21 1,25 1,8 12,74 99,11
lng
(kg)
Khi chuyn t thnh phn oxit sang thnh phn khong co mt i mt lng oxi nn tng
khi lng cc khong co giam i.
`
Quy v thnh phn khong ng vi 100% ta c bang:
Bng 3: Thnh phn khong qung apatit ng vi 100 %:
Cc Ca5F(PO4)3 MgCO3 MgSiO3 CaCO3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 SiO2 H2 O Tng

cht
Khi 76,29 2,54 2,02 2,02 1,21 1,26 1,8 12,86 100,00
lng
(kg)
1.2- Tinh ch tiu, tiu hao axit:

Xt axit H2SO4 tiu chun 100% phn huy 100(kg) apatit co thnh phn nh
trong bang 3.

1.2.1- Lng axit phn hy Floapatit theo phn ng:

Tng qut:
2Ca5F(PO4)3 + 7H2SO4 = 3Ca(H2PO4) 2 + 7CaSO4+ 2HF (5)
2.504 7.98
76,29 X1
X1= 76,55 7 98 51,92 (Kg)

2 504
1.2.2- Phn ng gia H2SO4 va MgCO3.

MgCO3 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O (8)
84 98
2,52 X2
X2= 2,55 98 2,94 (Kg)

84
1.2.3 - Phn ng gia H2SO4 va CaCO3.

CaCO3 + H2SO4 = CaSO4.0,5H2O + CO2 + 0.5H2O
100 98
2,02 X3
X3= 2, 02 98 1,98 (Kg)

100
1.2.4- Phn ng gia H2SO4 va MgSiO3.

MgSiO3 + H2SO4 =MgSO4 +SiO2 + H2O
100 98
2,02 X5
X4= 2, 02 98 1,98 (Kg)

100

1.2.5- Axit H2SO4 phn ng vi Fe2O3.

Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 + = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
160 3.98
1,21 X5
X5= 1, 21 3 98 2, 22 (Kg)
160
1.2.6- Phn ng gia a xit H2SO4 va Al2O3.

Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
102 3.98
1,26 X6
X6 = 1, 26 3 98 3, 63 (Kg)
102
1.2.7- Phn ng gia SiO2 vi kh HF.

4HF + SiO2 = SiF4 + 2 H2O
Phan ng ny khng co s tham gia cua axit H 2SO4 nn phan ng trn khng
anh hng n lng axit tiu chun.
Lng axit tiu chun 100% H2SO4 phn huy 100 kg qung theo ly thuyt
l:
N0 = X 1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6
= 51,92 + 2,94 + 1,98 + 1,98 + 2,22 + 3,66
= 64,67 (kg)
Ngoi vic tha mn nhu cu phn huy con cn am bao cho s tip xc gia 2
pha R - L ng thi lm tng nhanh tc phn huy nn lng H 2SO4 tiu chun thc
t thng ly cao hn t 3 5 % so vi lng ly thuyt, y ta ly d 4% so vi
lng ly thuyt v bng:
N1 = N0 (1 + 0,04) = 67,88 (1 + 0,04) = 67,26 (kg) H2SO4 100%

1.3- Tinh cn bng vt liu pha long axit:

Axit H2SO4 t kho i san xut supe co nng 98%
- Lng a xit 98% vo pha long.
67, 26.100
68, 63( kg )
98
- Lng axit 75% thu c sau khi pha long axit 98 %

68, 63.98
89, 68(kg )
75
- Lng nc cn pha long axit H2SO4 t 98% xung 75%

89,68 68,63 = 21,05 (kg)
- Lng nc cn pha long axit H2SO4 t 100% xung 75% bng
89,68 67,26= 22,42(Kg)
- Tng lng nc vo thng trn
22,42 + 12,86 = 35,28 (Kg)
Bng 5: Cn bng vt liu pha long axit.
Lng vo (kg) Lng ra (kg)

Axit 98% H2SO4 67,26 Axit 75% 89,68
Nc 22,42
Tng cng 89,68 89,68
1.4- Tinh thnh phn supe ti ra khi phng ha thnh khi phn giai 100 (kg)
qung .
1.4.1- Lng cc cht tham gia va cc cht to thanh giai on 1 la:
T lng axit tiu hao thc t:
N1 = 67,26 (Kg).
p dung cng thc:

N1 67, 26
K1 = 70 . 70. 72,80% [4-85]
N0 64, 67
Co ngha l lng Flo Apatit c phn giai giai on ny l 72,80%
Vy lng Flo apatit b phn giai l:

72,80 72,80
m1 = .mCa5 F ( PO 4 )3 .76, 29 55,54( kg )
100 100
Lng Flo apatit con li: 76,53 55,29= 21,24 (kg)
a. Theo phn ng axit H2SO4 vi Ca5F(PO4)3:

Ca5F(PO4)3 + 5H2SO4 + 2.5H2O = 3H3PO4 + 5CaSO4.0.5H2O + HF
504 5.98 2,5.18 3.98 5.145 20
55,29 X7
* Lng cc cht tham gia phan ng:
- Lng H2SO4 bng:
5.98
X7 = 55,54 54, 00( kg )
504
* Lng cc cht to thnh sau phan ng:

- Lng H3PO4 to thnh:
3.98
55,54. 32, 40(kg )
504
- Lng CaSO4.0,5H2O to thnh:

5.145
55,54. 79,89(kg )
504
- Lng HF to thnh :
20
55,54 2, 20(kg )
504

Phan ng trn xay ra ngay khi trn qung vi axit H 2SO4 trong 2 - 4 pht u. Lc
ny canxi sunfat dng CaSO 4.05H2O, ri nhanh chuyn v dng n nh hn ( 100
-120 oC) .
Lng CaSO4 to thnh l :
136
79,89. 74,93(kg )
145
b. Theo phn ng axit H2SO4 vi MgCO3
MgCO3 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O (8)

84 98 120 44 18
2,52

- Lng H2SO4 bng:
98
X8 = 2,52. 2,94(kg )
100
- Lng MgSO4 to thnh:
120
2,52. 3, 21(kg )
100
-Lng CO2 to thnh :
44
2,52. 1,19(kg )
100
-Lng H2O to thnh :
18
2,52. 0, 48(kg )
100

c. Phn ng gia axit H2SO4 va MgSiO3.

MgSiO3 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + SiO2 + H2O
100 98 120 60 18
2,02
- Lng H2SO4 bng:

98
X9 = 2, 02. 1,98( kg )
100

120
2, 02. 2, 42(kg )
100
- Lng SiO2 to thnh:
60
2, 02. 1, 21(kg )
100
- Lng H2O to thnh:
18
2, 02. 0,36(kg )
100
d. Phn ng gia axit H2SO4 va CaCO3.

CaCO3 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
100 98 136 44 18
2,02

- Lng H2SO4 bng:
98
X10 = 2, 02. 1,98( kg )
100


- LngCaSO4 to thnh:
136
2, 02. 2, 75(kg )
100
- Lng CO2 to thnh:
44
2, 02. 0,89(kg )
100
- Lng H2O to thnh:
18
2, 02. 0,36(kg )
100
f. Axit H2SO4 phn ng vi Fe2O3.

Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
160 3.98 400 3.18
1,21

- Lng H2SO4 bng
3.98
X11 = 1, 21. 2, 22(kg )
160

- Lng Fe2(SO4)3
400
1, 21. 3, 03(kg )
160
- Lng H2O
3.18
1, 21. 0, 41(kg )
160
g. Phn ng gia axit H2SO4 va Al2O3.

Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
102 3.98 342 3.18
1,27


- Lng H2SO4 bng:
3.98
X12 = 1, 26. 3, 63(kg )
102

- Lng Al2(SO4)3
342
1, 26. 4, 22(kg )
102
- Lng H2O
3.18
1, 26. 0, 67( kg )
102
h. Lng H2O bay hi :

Lng nc bay hi ti b phn hn hp v ho thnh chim khoang 25%
35% so vi lng nc a vo thng trn. y ta chon lng nc bay hi l 35%
so vi lng nc a vo thng trn. Vy lng nc bay hi l:
0,35 x 35,28=12,34 (kg)
Lng nc con li trong thng trn :
35,28 12,34 = 22,94 (kg)
Vy sau giai on 1 ta c :
- Lng H2SO4 tham gia phan ng :
X7 + X8 + X9 + X10 + X11 + X12
= 54,00+ 2,94 + 1,98 + 1,98 + 2,22 + 3,63= 66,75(kg)
- Lng H2SO4 100% con li l :

67,26 66,75 = 0,51 (kg)
- Lng CaSO4 to thnh:
74,93 + 2,75 = 77,68(kg)
- Lng H3PO4 to thnh :

32,40
- Lng H2O to thnh:
0,48 + 0,36 + 0,36 + 0,67 + 0,41 = 2,28 (kg)
2,42 + 3,21 = 5,63 (kg)
- Lng Al2(SO4)3
4,22 (kg)
- Lng Fe2(SO4)3
3,03 (kg)
- Lng HF to thnh :
2,20 (kg)
- Lng SiO2 :
1,80 + 1,21 = 3,01 (kg)
Lng nc con li sau giai on 1 l :
22,94 + 2,28 = 25,29 (kg)
1.5.2- Lng cc cht tham gia va cc cht to thanh giai on t u giai on

2 n sau ha thanh.
Trong giai on ny H3PO4 sinh ra se phn huy Floapatit v Ca 3(PO4)2 con li
sau giai on 1.
Sau qa trinh u v trn trong phong ho thnh, qu trinh phn giai Apatit coi
nh dng li, mc phn giai t khoang 85%. t mc phn giai t 85% thi
giai on 2 ta chon mc phn giai K2 % (lng Floapatit con li sau giai on 1 ).
0,85 0, 728
K2 = 44,85%
(1 0, 728)
Lng Floapatit c phn giai giai on ny l:

44,85
20, 75. 9,31( kg )
100
Lng Flo apatit con li: 20,75 9,31= 11,44 (kg)

a. Theo phn ng axit H3PO4 vi Ca5F(PO4)3:

504 7.98 5.18 5.252 20
9,31

- Lng H3PO4 bng:
7.98
9,31. 12, 67(kg )
504
- Lng H2O tham gia

5.18
9,31. 1, 66(kg )
504

- Lng Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O to thnh:
5.252
9,31. 23, 28(kg )
504
- Lng HF to thnh:
20
9,31. 0,37( kg )
504
b. Phan ng gia Fe2(SO4)2 v Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O

Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O = 3CaSO4 + 2FePO4 + 4H3PO4 + 3H2O
400 3.252 3.104 151 4.98 3.18
* Lng cht tham gia phan ng :

- Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O :
2.252
3, 03. 5, 73(kg )
400

* Lng cht to thnh sau phan ng

- CaSO4 :
3.104
3, 03. 2,36(kg )
400
-FePO4 :
2.151
3, 03. 2, 29(kg )
400
-H3PO4 :
4.98
3, 03. 2,97( kg )
400
-H2O :
3.18
3, 03. 0.41( kg )
400
c. Phan ng gia Al2(SO4)2 v Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O

Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O = 3CaSO4 + 2AlPO4 + 4H3PO4 + 3H2O
246 3.252 3.104 151 4.98 3.18

- Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O :
3.252
4, 22. 12,97(kg )
246

- CaSO4 :
3.104
4, 22. 5,35(kg )
246
-AlPO4 :

2.122
4, 22 4,19(kg )
246
-H3PO4 :
4.98
4, 22. 6, 72(kg )
246
-H2O :
3.18
4, 22. 0,93(kg )
246
d. Lng SiF4 bay ra :

Tng HF hinh thnh ca giai on 1 v 2 l :
2,20 +0,37 = 2.57 (kg)
Trong san xut supe phtphat co khoang 10 40% lng flo thng trn v
phong ho thnh bay ra di dng SiF4 [4 90]. Ta chon 40% :
4HF + SiO2 = SiF4 + 2 H2 O
4x20 60 104 2x18
- Lng HF tham gia phan ng
40
2,57. 1, 03 (Kg)
100
- Lng HF con li
2,57 1,03 = 1,54 (Kg)
- Lng SiO2 tham gia
60
1, 03. 0, 77 (Kg)
4.20
- Lng SiF4 bay ra

104
1, 03. 1,34 (Kg)
4.20
- Lng H2O to thnh

2.18
1, 03. 0, 46 (Kg)
4.20
e. Phn ng gia HF va SiO2:

Lng HF con li trong thng trn v phong ho thnh phan ng vi SiO 2 to
thanh axit H2SiF6:
6 HF + SiO2 = H2SiF6 + 2H2O
6.20 60 144 2.18
1,54
- Lng SiO2 tham gia :
60
1,54. 0, 77( kg )
6.20
- Lng H2O to thnh:

2.18
1,54. 0, 46( kg )
6.20
- Lng H2SiF6 to thnh:

144
1,54. 1,85( kg )
6.20
H2SiF6 sinh ra tip tuc phan ng vi Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O co trong supe ti to thnh

CaSiF6 nm li trong supe ti
H2SiF6 + Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O = CaSiF6 + H3PO4 + H2O
144 252 182 2.98 18
1,85

- Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O :

252
1,85. 3, 24(kg )
144

- CaSiF6
182
1,85. 2,34( kg )
144
-H3PO4 :
2.98
1,85. 2,52(kg )
144
-H2O :
18
1,85. 0,30(kg )
144
Tm li sau giai on 2 ta c :
- Lng Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O to thnh l:
23,28 5,73 12,97 3,24 = 1,54(Kg)
- Lng H3PO4 con li:
33,40 + 2,97 + 6,72 + 2,54 12,67 = 32,93(Kg)
- Lng SiO2 con li:
3,01 0,76 0,8 = 1,45 (Kg)
- Lng CaSO4 to thnh:

77,68 + 2,36 + 5,35= 85,39 (kg)
5,63 (kg)
- Lng AlPO4
4,19 (kg)
- Lng FePO4
2,29 (kg)

- Lng H2O tng

25,29 - 1,66+0,41 +0,93 +0,48 +0,46 + 0,30 = 26,19 (Kg)
- Lng CaSiF6 to thnh:

2,34 (kg)
- Ca5(PO4)3F con li l :
11,44 (kg)
- H2SO4 100% con li l:
0,51 (kg)
Ta co bang cn bng cht sau :

Bang 6: Cn bng vt liu thng trn v ha thnh

Lng vo (kg) Lng ra (kg)
Apatit 100 *Supe ti
H2SO4 75% 89,68 Ca(H2PO4)2 .H2O 1,54
CaSO4 85,39
MgSO4 5,63
FePO4 2,29
H2SO4 100% 0,51
AlPO4 4,19
Flo apatit con li 11,44
SiO2 con li 1,45
H2O con li 26,19
CaSiF6 2,34
H3PO4 t do 32,93
*Cc cht bay hi
SiF4 1,34
CO2 2,08
H2 O 12,34
vo 189,68 ra 188,93
189, 68 188,93
Sai s 0, 4% %
189, 68
Tng khi lng supe ti ra khi phong ho thnh l

188,93 12,34 1,34 -2,08 = 173,17 (Kg)
Hm m trong supe hoa thnh l:
26,19
.100 15,12%
173,17
Vy hm m co trong supe ti l t yu cu ly thuyt co ngha l lng nc

bay hi 35% so vi lng nc a vo thng trn l hp ly.
1.5.3- Tnh thanh phn Supe trong giai on kho :

a- Giai on kho :
Trong kho u supe ti c ao trn v lm lnh bng khng khi Flo apatit tip
tuc c phn huy t hiu sut cua qu trinh san xut bng 94 96% ty
theo lng axit tiu chun, mn cua qung v mc ao trn, ta chon K = 96% .
Vy h s phn huy thm sau khi u kho l:
0,96 0,85
K3 = .100 69, 23% lng Floapatit con li sau ho thnh.
1 0,85
Lng Flo apatit c phn huy kho u l:

67
11, 44. 7,92(kg )
100
Lng Flo apatit con li:

11,44 7,82= 3,52(Kg)
Do c lm lnh vng kt tinh cua Ca(H 2PO4)2.H2O cng rng, m im tp

hp pht pht sau giai on ho thnh trong vng kt tinh cua Ca(H 2PO4)2.H2O cho
nn san phm cua phan ng phn hu Flo apatit y l Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O
Theo phn ng axit H3PO4 vi Ca5F(PO4)3:

504 7.98 5.18 5.252 20
7,92

- Lng H3PO4 bng
7.98
7,92. 10, 78( kg )
504
- Lng H2O tham gia

5.18
7,92. 1, 41( kg )
504


- Lng Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O to thnh:
5.252
7,92. 19,80(kg )
504
- Lng HF to thnh:
20
7,92. 0,31(kg )
504
Vy ta c:
- Tng lng Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O co trong supe l:
19,8 + 1,54 = 21,34 (Kg)
- Lng H3PO4 con li:
32,93 10,78 = 22,15 (Kg)
- Lng H2O bay hi khi nh tung t phong ho thnh ra kho u chon 3%

lng supe ti t phong ho thnh ra.
0,03. 177,17 = 5,20 (Kg)

- Lng H2O con li trong supe:
26,19 5,20 1,41 = 19,58 (Kg)
Lng 21,34 kg Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O tng ng vi:
21,34
142. 12, 02 kg P2O5
252
22,15 (kg) H3PO4 tng ng vi:
22,15
142. 16, 05 kg P2O5
2.98
Mc trung ho sau giai on ny :
12, 02
Z .100 42,82%
12, 02 16, 05

Vy khi lng supe trong giai on ny l:

173,17 -5,420 0,31 = 167,66(Kg)
- Hm lng m trong supe l:
19,58
.100 11, 68%
167, 66
- Hm lng P2O5 t do trong supe l:
22,15
.100 13, 21%
167, 66
Vy ta c :
- H2O con li trong supe sau trung hoa :
19,58 2,88 = 16,70 (kg)
- Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O trong supe sau trung hoa :
21,34 + 36,29 = 57,63 (kg)
Vy khi lng supe sau khi trung hoa l:
173,17+ 15,76 - 0,58 = 188,35 (kg)
- Ta co hm m trong supe l:
16, 70
.100 8,87 %
188,35
Vy vic chon s bay hi cua nc khi nh tung 3% khi lng supe ti ra

khi phong hoa thnh l hp ly.
- Lng P2O5 trong supe l: 32%
- Hm lng P2O5 tng trong supe:

32
% P2O5 tng = .100 16,99%
188,35
- Hm lng P2O5 t do l: 1%
- Lng P2O5 tan trong xitrat amon l :

mFePO 4 m
m1P 2O5 M P2O5 . M P2O5 . AlPO 4
2.M FePO 4 2.M AlPO 4
2, 29 4,19
m1P2O5 = 142. + 142. = 3,52 (kg)
2.151 2.122
- Lng P2O5 tan trong nc l:

mCa ( H 2 PO4 )2 . H 2O 57, 63
m2P2O5 = M P O . 142. 32, 47 (kg)
2 5
M Ca ( H 2 PO4 )2 .H 2O 252
- Tng lng P2O5 hu hiu :

m1P2O5 + m2P2O5 = 32,47 + 3,52 = 35,99 (kg)
Hm lng P2O5 h hiu trong supe l :
mP2O5 35,99
% P2O5 hh = .100% .100 19,11%
msup e 188,35
1.6- Tinh nng sut phn xng:

Thi gian lm vic trong nm: Gm sa cha ln, thay th nh k, sa cha
t xut tng cng l 50 ngy.
Vy s ngy hot ng trong nm l: 365 - 50 = 315 ngy/nm, mi ngy lm
vic 24 gi.
300.000
Nh = 952,38 (tn supe/ngy)
315
- Nng sut trong mt gi.
952,38.103
N0 = 39682,50(kg / h)
24
Vi 100 kg qung v 89,68 kg H2SO4 75% ta thu c 188,35 (kg) supe thi:
* Lng qung tiu hao.

- Lng qung tiu hao trong mt gi.

100
N1 = .39682,50 21068, 49 (kg/h)
188,35
- Lng qung m 1% i vo b phn hn hp v hoa thnh trong mt gi.

89, 68
N2 = 39682,50. 18894, 22(kg / h)
188,35
1.7- Cn bng vt cht b phn ha thnh.

a- Lng vao (xt vi mt gi).
- Lng qung apatit vo thng trn l : 21068,49 (kg/h)
- Lng axit H2SO4 75% vo thng trn : 18894,22(kg/h)
Tng vo: 21068,49 + 18894,22 = 39962,71(kg/h)
b- Lng ra:
- muc 5 ta tinh vi vic phn giai 100 (kg) qung, tinh ton cho b phn
hn hp v hoa thnh ta phai nhn cc i lng tinh muc 5 vi h s.
Lng qung trong 1 gi 21068,49

H= = = 210,68
100 100
Lng Ca(H2PO4)2 .H2O X1 = 210,68.1,54 = 3259,67 (kg/h)

Lng CaSO4 X2 = 210,68.85,39=20891,79 (kg/h)
Lng MgSO4 X3 = 210,68.5,63= 511,63 (kg/h)
Lng FePO4 X4 = 210,68.2,29 = 842,59 (kg/h)
Lng Al2PO4 X5 = 210,68.4,19 = 1022,63 (kg/h)
Lng Flo apatit con li X6 = 210,68.11,44 = 2458,49 (kg/h)
Lng SiO2 con li X8 = 210,68.1,45 = 1630,39 (kg/h)
Lng H2O con li X10 = 210,68.26,19 = 5901,09 (kg/h)
Lng Ca2SiF6 X11 = 210,68.2,34 = 514,98 (kg/h)
Lng H3PO4 t do X12= 210,68.32,93 = 5583,52 (kg/h)

Lng H2O do cc phan ng X14= 210,68.3,924 = 821,45 (kg/h)

Lng SiF4 bay hi X15= 210,68.1,34= 82,9 (kg/h)
Lng H2O bay hi X17= 210,68.12,34 = 3177,57 (kg/h)
Bng 7: Cn bng vt cht b phn hn hp v ha thnh.

Lng vo (kg/h) Lng ra (kg/h)
Apatit 19899,59 *Supe ti
H2SO4 68% 24097,97 Ca(H2PO4)2 .H2O 324,45
CaSO4 17989,79
MgSO4 1186,13
FePO4 482,46

AlPO4 882,75
Flo apatit con li 2410,18
Lng Ca2SiF6 493,00
SiO2 con li 305,49
H2O con li 5517,71
H3PO4 t do 6937,69
H2SO4 100% 107,45
*Cc cht bay hi
SiF4 282,31
CO2 438,21
H2O 2599,79
vo 39962,71 ra 39803,77
- Khi lng supe ti tinh theo nng sut 1h l :

210,68.167,66 = 35322,61 (kg)
1.8- Xc nh thnh phn khi ra khi b phn hn hp v ha thnh.
a - Chon qut ht:
Khi ra khi b phn hn hp v ho thnh i vo h thng hp thu co cha SiF 4,

khng khi, hn nc v CO2. Khi ny co cha Flo vi nng 15 35 g Flo/m3, khi
tinh theo iu kin tiu chun, ta chon l 16g Flo/m3 khi.
Vy th tich hn hp khi ra khi b phn hn hp v ho thnh vo khoang:
4.19.284, 05
3
12893,97 (m3/h)
104.16.10
Vi 19 l khi lng cua Flo nguyn t, 104 l phn t lng cua SiF 4, 239,37
l khi SiF4 bay ra trong 1 gi hn hp v ho thnh.

Tron qut ht vi nng sut l Qqut =20.000 (m3/h)
b - Th tch khng kh kh trong kh vao.
a
V KK = 0,775.a (m3/h)
1,29
a : L lng khng khi kh (kg/h)
1,29 : Khi lng ring cua khng khi kh
c - iu kin mi trng 25 0C, m ca khng kh bo hoa hi nc la

=23,03 (g/m3 K2 m)
Ly m tng i cua khng khi trung binh W = 0,85
- Khi lng hi nc trong 1m3 khng khi m l:
m1H 2O .w 23,03.0,85 19,6 (g H2O/1m3 khng khi)
Coi th tich hi nc trong khng khi l khng ng k thi lng hi nc theo

khng khi l khng ng k thi lng hi nc theo khng khi vo hn hp v ho
thnh l:
N1H 2O m1H 2O .V 19,6.10 3.0,775.a 0,0152.a (kg/h)
d - Tng lng hi nc c trong khng kh ra khi b phn hn hp va ho

thanh.
Hi nc trong khng khi bng tng hi nc do khng khi mang vo v hi

nc thot ra khi hn hp supe b phn hn hp ho thnh.
N 2 H 2O N1H 2O 2599, 79 0, 0152.a 2599, 79 (kg/h)
i ra th tich tiu chun:
N 2 H 2O
VH 2 O .22,4
M H 2O
22, 4
hay: VH 2O .(0, 0152.a 2599, 79) 0, 019a 3235, 29 (m3/h).
18
Coi hn nc khng b hp thu b phn hp thu.

e - Lng SiF4 i ra vao b phn hp th :
282,37 (kg/h) SiF4 i ra th tich tiu chun:
m1SiF 282,37
( V1SiF4 .22, 4 .22, 4 60,82 m3/h)
4
M 1SiF 104
4
f- Lng CO2 i vao b phn hp th.
mCO 2 438, 21
V2 SiF4 .22, 4 .22, 4 223, 09 (m3/h)
M CO 2 44
g - Xc nh lng khng kh:
Tng th tich cc khi thnh phn cua hn hp khi vo b phn hp thu bng
nng sut qut ht ta co:
VKK VH 2O VSiF4 VCo 2

Qqut
20000 = 0,775a + 0,019a + 3235,289 + 60,82 + 223,09
a = 20760,45 (kg/h)
Tng lng nc trong khi:
N 2 H 2O 0,0152a 2599, 79 0, 0152 20760, 45 2599,79 2915,35

(kg/h)
Bng 8: Thnh phn kh vo b phn hp th kh Flo.
Cu t (kg/h) (m3/h)
1. Khng khi kh 20760,45 16089,35
2. Hi nc 2915,35 3629,74
3. SiF4 282,37 60,82
4. CO2 438,21 223,09
Tng 24114,01 20000

2. Tinh ton cn bng nhit san xut supe.
2.1. Tinh cn bng nhit b phn pha long axit H2SO4 t 98% xung
75%
Muc ich: Axit c b pha long toa nhit, axit 75% vo b phn hn hp co
nhit hp ly l 55 0C thi rt bt nhit toa ra cua qu trinh pha long. Vy ta phai
chon cht lm lnh v ch lm lnh.
2.1.1- Nhit do cc cht mang vao:
Axit H2SO4 98 % nhit 250C co:
Cp = 0,395 kcal/kg [3-148 ]
Q1 = C . G98% . t = 0,395 . 14170,66. 25 = 139935,27(kcal/h)
Nhit do nc mang vo: Nc t0 250C co Cp =1 (kcal/kg)
Q2 GH 2O .C.t 4723, 45 .1.25 118086, 25 (kcal/h)
- Nhit axit H2SO475% mang ra:
Axit H2SO4 75% 550C co Cp = 0,51 (kcal/kg) [3-148]

Q3 G75% .C.t 18894, 22.0,51.55 529982,87 (kcal/h)
Nhit pha long axit 98% -> 75%
GH 2 SO4 .q G3.q
Q4
98 M H 2 SO4
q: Nhit toa ra theo 1 mol axit trong H2SO4 66%
n1 n2
q 17860 (kcal/kmol)
1,789 n1 1,789 n2
n1: L t s mol H2O trn 1 mol axit trong H2SO4 66%
100 75 75
n1 : 1,81
18 98

n2 : L t s mol H2O trn 1 mol axit H2SO4 98%
100 98 98
n1 : 0,11
18 98
1.81 0,11
Vy: q 17860. 7947,56 (kcal/kmol)
1, 789 1,81 1, 789 0,11
G4: Lng H2SO4 98 G4 = 14170,66 (kg/h)
14170, 66.7947,56
Vy: Q4 1149205,82 (kcal/h)
98
Tng nhit mang vo:
QV = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 4
=139935,27+ 118086, 25 + 1149205,82 = 1407227,34 (kcal/h)
- Nhit mang ra gm nhit axit75% mang ra v nhit rt:
QR = Q3 + Qrt = 529982,87 + Qrt
QV = QR hay: 1407227,34 = 529982,87 + Qrt
=> Qrt = 877244,47 (kcal/h)
2.1.2- Tnh lng H2O cn lam lnh G gim t0 ca axit 75% (H2O c nhit
vao 250C va nhit ra 550C).
Ta co: Qrt = G . C . t = G . (55-25) = 30 . G . C
877244,47 = 30 . G .1 G = 29241,48 (kg/h)
Bng 12: Cn bng nhit pha long axit
Lng vo (kg/h) Lng ra (kg/h)

1. Do H2SO4 98% 139935,27 1. Axit 75% mang ra 529982,87
2. H2O 118086, 25 2. Nhit mt do lm lnh 877244,47
3. Toa do pha long 1149205,82
Tng 1407227,34 1407227,34

2.2- Cn bng nhit phn hu apatit b phn hn hp v ho thnh:
2.2.1 - Nhit vao:
- Nhit do qung em vo: Qv1 = G1 . C1 .t1 (kcal/h)
C 100 kg qung apatit thi co 12,74 kg nc theo vo
Khi lng qung kh co trong lng qung m mang vo trong 1 gi l :
100 12, 74
mqung kh =21068,49. = 18384,36 (kg)
100
Khi lng nc theo qung m vo l :
21068,49 18384,36 = 2684,13 (kg)
C1 : Nhit dung cua apatit nhit t1 = 250C
Ta co:
Vy: Qv1 = 18384,36. 0,1789 . 25 + 2684,13. 1.25 = 149327,30 (kcal/h)
- Nhit do axit em vo:
L nhit do axit 75% nhit 550C mang vo:
Qv2 = 529982,87 (kcal/h)
- Nhit do khng khi em vo: Qv3 = G3 . C3 . t + G'3 . C'3 . t
Vi :
G3 : L lng khng khi kh (kg/h) G3 = 20760,45 (kg/h)
C3 : Nhit dung cua khng khi kh nhit t0 = 250C (kcal/kg)
G'3: Khi lng hi nc trong khng khi vo
G'3 =20760,45. 0,0152 = 315,56 (kg/h)
C'3 : Nhit dung cua hi nc t0 = 250C
C3' 0,446 (kcal/kg) [1- 166]

Tinh nhit dung cua khng khi kh:
250C thi CN2 = 0,25 (kcal/kg) [1- 166]
CO2 = 0,225 (kcal/kg)
0,21.32 0,79.28 1
Vy: C3 22,4
.0,225
22,4
.0,25 . 0,244 (kcal/kg)
1,29
Trong o:
32; 28: ln lt l khi lng kmol cua O2 v N2 (kg)
0,21; 0,79: Ln lt l thnh phn th tich cua O2 v N2 trong khng khi kh.
22,4: L khi lng ring cua khng khi kh (kg/m3)
Thay cc s liu ta co:
Qv3 = 20760,45. 0,244 . 25+ 315,56. 0,446.25 = 130157,24 (kcal/h)
Nhit do phn hu apatit:
Bng 15: Nhit sinh ca mt s cht ly t [8- 76]
Cht Nhitsinh Cht Nhit sinh

(kcal/mol) (kcal/mol)
Ca5F(PO4)3 -1632,7 H2SO4 -193,69
CaSO4 -338,730
CaCO3 -289,5 MgSO4 -325,4
MgCO3 -261,7 SiF4 -370,0
H2O -68,317 SiO2 -203,35
H3PO4 -309,32 HF -64,2
Ca(H2SO4)2.H2O -816,82 CO2 -94,052
H2SiF6 -542,3 Fe2O3 -197,5
Al2O3 -399,09 Fe2(SO4)3 -653,3
MgSiO3 -342,63 Al2(SO4)3 -893,9

* Nhit to thnh cua phan ng giai on 1:

+ Nhit cua phan ng :
Ca5F(PO4)3 + 5H2SO4 = 3H3PO4 + 5CaSO4+ HF
H1 = (3. H H3PO4 + 5H CaSO4 + H HF ) - (H Ca5F(PO4)3+ 5H H2SO4)
= (3. -309,32+ 5. -338,730+ -64,2) - (-1632,7 +5. -193,69
= -84,66 (kcal/mol Flo apatit)
Vy nhit ta ra cua phan ng ny l:
Q1 = H1. n Ca5F(PO4)3
55,54
Vi n Ca5F(PO4)3 = .210, 68 23, 22 (Kmol/h)
504
n Ca5F(PO4)3 = 23220 (mol/h)
Q1= 84,66. 23220 =1965805,2 (Kcal/h)
MgSiO3 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + SiO2 + H2O
H2 = (H H2O + H SiO2 + H MgSO4 ) - (H MgSiO3+ H H2SO4)
= (-68,317+-203,35+-325,4)- (-342,63+ -193,69) = -60,75 (kcal/mol)
Q2 = H2. n MgSiO3
2, 02
Vi n MgSiO3 = .210, 68 4, 26 (Kmol/h)
100.
n MgSiO3 = 4260(mol/h)
Q2 = 60,75. 4260 = 258795 (Kcal/h)
+ Nhit cua phan ng :Axit H2SO4 phan ng vi Fe2O3.
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

H3 = (3H H2O + H Fe2(SO4)3 ) - (H Fe2O3+ 3H H2SO4)
=(3. -68,317 + -653,3) (-197,5 + 3. -193,69)
= -79,681 (kcal/mol )
Q3 = H2. n Fe2O3
1, 21
n Fe2O3= .210,68 1,593 (Kmol/h) = 1593 (mol/h)
160
Q3 = 79,681.1593 =126931,83(Kcal/h)
+ Nhit cua phan ng :Axit H2SO4 phan ng vi Al2O3.

AL2O3 + 3H2SO4 = AL2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
H4 = (3H H2O + H Al2(SO4)3 ) - (H Al2O3+ 3H H2SO4)
=(3. -68,317 + -893,9) (-399,09+ 3. -193,69)
= -118,69 (kcal/mol )
Q4 = H2. n Al2O3
1, 26
n Fe2O3= .210, 68 2, 603 (Kmol/h) = 2603(mol/h)
102
Q4 = 118,69.2603=308950,07(Kcal/h)
Cc phan ng con li lng nhit to thnh khng ng k.
* Nhit to thnh cua cc phan ng giai on 2:

tinh nhit phan ng giai on 2 ta tinh cho cc phan ng chinh nh phan
ng phn giai Flo apatit v phan ng ta nhiu nhit, cc phan ng khc ta khng tinh
n.

H5 = (5 H Ca(H2PO4)2H2O + H HF ) - (H Ca5F(PO4)3+7 H H3PO4 +5H H2O)
= (5.-816,82+-64,2)- (-1632,7+ 7.-309,32+ 5.-68,317)
= -8,78 (kcal/mol)
Q5 = H5. n Ca5F(PO4)3
9,31
Vi n Ca5F(PO4)3 = .210, 68 3,892 (Kmol/h)
504
n Ca5F(PO4)3 = 3892mol/h)
Q5 = 8,78. 3892 =34171,76 (Kcal/h)
4HF + SiO2 = SiF4 + 2 H2 O
H6 = (H SiF4+ 2H H2O) - (4H HF + H SiO2)
= (-370,0+ 2. -68,317) - (4. -64,2)- + -203,35)
= - 46,48 (kcal/mol)
1
Q6 = H7. .n HF
4
1,52
Vi n HF = .210, 68 16, 01 (Kmol/h)
20
n HF = 16010(mol/h)
1
Q6= 46,48. . 16010 =186036,2 (Kcal/h)
4
Tng nhit toa ra cua cc phan ng l:

Qp = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + Q 4 + Q 5 + Q 6
=1965805,2 + 258795 +126931,83+308950,07+34171,76 +186036,2

= 3160660,06 (kcal/h)
- Vy tng nhit vo:
QV = Qv1 + Qv2 + Qv3 + Qp

= 149327,30 + 529982,87 + 130157,24 + 3160660,06

= 3970127,47 (kcal/h)
2.2.2. Nhit ra:
Gm nhit tn tht, nhit lm bc hi, nhit do khng khi mang ra, nhit do
supe tng mang ra.
+ Nhit tn tht: ly bng 0,03 nhit vo.
QTT = 0,03. QV = 0,03. 3970127,47 = 119103,82 Kcal/h)
+ Nhit lm bc hi nc:
Qhh = r .GH2Oh
r: l n nhit hoa hi cua nc 1000C: r = 539 Kcal/kg
GH2Oh: l lng nc bc hi trong phong hoa thnh (kg/h), ta tinh ton
GH2Oh = 2599, 79 (kg/h)
Qhh = 539. 2599, 79 = 1401286,81 (Kcal/h)
+ Nhit do hn hp khi mang ra
QK = Gi. Ci.t
Vi: Gi, Ci ln lt l khi lng v nhit dung cua cc khi thnh phn.
t: nhit khi mang ra 850C
t = 850C ta tra bang c. [1 - 164]
CKKK = 0,241 (Kcal/kg )
CH2O = 0,446 (Kcal/kg )
CSiF4 = 0,1445 (Kcal/kg )
CCo2 = 0,209 (Kcal/kg )
Khi lng cc khi trong hn hp c tinh muc (8)

Vy:
QK =(20760,45.0,241+2915,35.0,446 +282,37.0,1445+438,21.0,209).85
=547063,75 (Kcal/h)

- Tng nhit ra
QR = QTT + Qhh + QK + Qsupe
= 119103,82 +1401286,81 +547063,75 + Qsupe

= 2067454,38 + Qsupe
- Goi QSupe l nhit lng do supe ti mang ra.
- Cn bng nhit lng vo v ra ta c:
QV = QR
3970127,47 = 2067454,38 + Qsupe
Qsupe = 1902673,09 (Kcal/h)
Nhit cua supe ti mang ra l:

1902673, 09
t 112,930 C
35322, 61.0, 477
Trong o: 35322, 61 l lng supe ti ra khi phong hoa thnh
C = 0,477 (Kcal/kg ) l nhit dung cua supe ti
% vo Nhit % ra
Nhit lng
Cht vo Cht ra lng
(Kcal/h)
(Kcal/h)
1. Apatit m 149327,30 2,34 1. Nc bc 1401286,81 35,30
hi
2. Khng khi 130157,24 2,927 2. Khi 547063,75 13,78
3. Axit 75% 529982,87 16,96 3. Nhit tn 119103,82 3,00
tht
4. Nhit phn 3160660,06 77,773 4. Nhit supe 1902673,09 47,92
hu mang ra
vo 3970127,47 100 ra 3970127,47 100
Bng 16: Cn bng nhit b phn hn hp v ha thnh:

II : TNH TON V CHN THIT B

1- Tinh v chn thit b chinh:
1.1 Chn thng hn hp:
Ti y phan ng phn giai qung xay ra di tc dung cua H 2SO4 66% v bt
qung apatit.
Mi gi axit H2SO4 75% vo thng hn hp l:
G1 = 18894,22 (kg/h) = 18,894 (Tn/h)
Khi lng ring cua axit H2SO4 66% l 1,6692 (Tn/m3 ); Y1 = 1,53
Tng ng vi th tich:
G1 18,894
V1 11,32 (m3 / h)
Y 1 1, 6692
Mi gi bt apatit chuyn vo thng hn hp l:

G2 = 21068,49 (kg/h) = 21,068 (Tn/gi) ng vi th tich:
G2 21, 068
V2 14, 05 (m 3 /h)
Y2 1,5
Tng th tich nguyn liu vo:

V = V1 + V2 = 11,32 + 14,05 = 25,37 (m3/h)
Lng bn lu li trong thng hn hp t 24 pht sau o vo phong ho

thnh, ly thi gian lu li T = 3 pht sau o vo phong ho thnh.
Th tich bn trong thng l:

25,37.3
V ' 1, 27 ( m3)
60
Th tich thit b:
V ' 1, 27
VTb 1,95 ( m3)
0, 65
Trong o: = 0,65 l h s y da vo kinh nghim san xut thit k thng l

4 hinh tru tng ng vi 4 cnh khuy, th tich mi phn tru l:
1,95
V 0, 49(m3 )
4
Chon chiu cao thng 1 (m)

ng kinh mi phn tru l:
0, 49.4
0, 62(m)
3,14.1
Chiu dy v thit b:
= 2 gch + va i baz + v thp
= 2.40 + 20 + 10 = 110 (mm)

ng kinh ngoi:
ngoi = trong + 2 = 0,62 + 2.0,11 = 0,84(m)
Chiu cao ton phn:

H = 1 + 2.0,11 = 1,22(m)
Chiu di thit b:
L = 4. trong + 2 = (4.0,62) + (2.0,11) = 2,7(m)
Thit k cnh khuy kiu mi cho gm 2 mi lm bng hp kim c bit chu

n mon v mi mon, phn truc c boc lot bng cao su lu ho.
1.2. Tinh ton phng ho thnh:

Nng sut supe ti ra khi phong ho thnh:
GSP = 173,17.210,68= 36483,46 (kg/h)

Lu lng khi thot ra phong ho thnh 20000 m3 khi tiu chun /h

Lu lng th tich supe ti ra khi phong ho thnh l:
36483, 46
Vspe = 24,32 m3/h
1500
Vi Sspe =1500 kg/ m3 l khi lng ring cua supe

- Thi gian lu cua supe trong phong ho thnh l T= 90 pht
- Th tich supe chim ch trong phong ho thnh
24,32
VSP .90 36, 48 m3
60
- Chon ng kinh cua ng trung tm d1 = 1 m 0,025
- Khoang cch khe h t thn Karusen vi thnh phong ho thnh l 0,25 m

- Chiu sau dao ct n vo ng trung tm 0,25 m
- ng kinh trong cua dao ct l dn thi ng kinh trong cua phong ho thnh l:
D = 2(dn + 0,5 d ng + 0,25) = 2 dn + (1 + 0,025).0,5 + 0,25

1
Hay D = 2 dn + 0,76 dn = D - 0,3
2
dn
1 m
- Din tich khi supe chim ch:

5
S S S S 0,5
ht n 8 ong
Vi Sht : din tich mt ct ngang trong phong ho thnh din tich

Sht = 0,785D
IId 2n
Sn : din tich dao ct Sn = = 0,785 dn2:
4
5 5
Sng .0,783d ng 0,541
m2 l din tich thc t m ng trung tm
8 8
chim ch.
0,5m2 l din tich phn g p 1 phn ng trung tm thich hp vi s n ra
cua khi supe ( Lp g dy 0,25 m )
Vy:
D
S = 0,785.D2 - 0,785 ( - 0,38)2 - 0,541 - 0,5
2
= 0,589 D2 + 0,3D - 1,10

Chon chiu cao phong ho thnh h = 2,5 thi:
2 2
VSP = .S .h= . (0,589D2 + 0,3D - 1,10 ) .2,5 = 36,48
3 3
0,589D2 + 0,3D 23,038 = 0

D = 6m
Vy phong ho thnh co ng kinh trong l 6m co chiu cao trong l 2,5 m
1 1
ng kinh dao ct l dn = D - 0,38 = .6- 0,38 = 2,62m
2 2
* Kim tra s ng n khi trn h = 2,5 m
Vi D = 6 thi S = 0,589 . 62 + 0,3.6 - 1,10 = 21,92
Chiu cao thc cua khi supe:

VSP 36, 48 2
H SP 1, 665 < . 2,5 (1,665 < 1,667)
S 21,91 3
Vy chiu cao thc cua khi supe nh hn chiu cao thc cua 2/3 chiu cao
trong phong ho thnh, ta chon chiu cao phong ho thnh 2,5 m l hp ly.

- Ly chiu cao t y phong ho thnh ti np l 2,0m chiu cao np cua

phong ho thnh l 0,5m.
+ Kim tra s ng n khi chon ng kinh trong ng trung tm phai co kich
thc hp ly supe khi b can tr. Mun vy supe ri trong ng phai l ri t do.
Thi gian ri tng ng vi supe cao nht l:
2.H SP 2.1, 665

T 0,58 (s)
g 9,81
Th tich ti a supe chim ch trong ng trung tm l:

36, 48
V = VSP .T = .0,58 0, 0059 m 3
3600
Th tich trong cua ng trung tm l:

Vng = 0,785.d2 = 0,785.12 = 0,785 m3 > 0,0059 m3
Vy Dng = 1m l kich thc t iu kin cho php.
* Xc nh b dy ca thng ha thnh.
Thng hoa thnh phai co b dy u cha supe v hn ch nhit lng cua
khi supe. y ta ch tinh b dy t yu cu gi nhit cho supe, bao am gi
nhit thi b dy cua phong hoa thnh phai u nhit truyn ra t phong hoa thnh
bng 0,8 nhit tn nht b phn hn hp v hoa thnh.
- Thng hoa thnh v co cc lp sau. Trong cng l lp nha boxi dy 5mm,
tip n l lp gch chu axit trt bng va ibaz dy 25 mm, tip n l lp b tng
ct thp chu axit (co dy phai tinh ton) ngoi cng l lp thp dy 10mm.
- Nhit lng truyn t khi supe ra mi trng qua lp v phong hoa thnh
nh sau:
F (tT1 tT2 )
Q = 1 2 3 4 = 0,8.Qtt
1 2 3 4
Trong o:
tT1 : l nhit cua supe trong phong hoa thnh tT1 = 1150C

tT2 : Nhit v ngoi phong hoa thnh ly = 250C

1 : dn nhit cua thp 1 = 54,4 w/m
1 =0,01m l dy cua v thp ngoai cng
2 , 3 , 4 dn nhit cua eboxi, gch chu axit v b tng.
2 , 3 , 4 dy cua nha eboxi, gch chu axit v b tng.
F: l b mt truyn nhit: ly bng b mt trong thng hoa thnh.
D2 62
F = .D.H 2 3,14.6.2,5 2.3,14 103, 62( m)
4 4
Vi D,H l ng kinh v chiu cao thng hoa thnh.

103, 62.(115 25) 4,1868.1000
0,8. .119103,82
Vy : Q = 0, 01 0, 005 0,1 4 3600
54, 4 2,91 2,176 1, 61
- Giai phng trinh trn c 4 = 0,056(m) ly tron 4 = 0,06 (m)

Vy v phong hoa thnh gm lp nha boxi dy 5 mm lp gch chu axit dy
100mm, lp b tng dy 6mm v ngoi cng l lp v thp dy 10mm. Tng b dy
v phong hoa thnh l:
1 2 3 4 = 0,01 + 0,005 + 0,1 + 0,06 = 0,175 m
- Tng ng kinh ngoi:
Dn = D + 2 = 6+ 2 . 0,175 = 6,35 (m)
- Tng chiu cao ngoi:
Hn = h + 2 = 2,5 + 2 . 0,175 = 2,85 (m)
* Tinh tc quay ca phng ha thnh.

phn ly thuyt coi khi supe c u trong phong hoa thnh l 80 pht u
supe ong rn v lng Floapatit phn giai u giai on 2 n kt thc giai on
hoa thnh bng 44% lng Floapatit con li khi kt thc giai on 1.
- Khi phong hoa thnh quay 1 vong tc l 1 goc nh hn do s co mt cua b
phn vch ngn v dao ct. Xt mt phn t supe trung binh trong khi supe phong
hoa thnh khi phong hoa thnh quay no quay theo mt cung tron i qua tm cua dao
ct cung tron ny co tm phong hoa thnh v bn kinh

R = 0,5(D - dn) - 0,25 = 0,5 (6 2,62) - 0,25 hay R' = 1,44(m)

Chiu di cua cung tron ny bng hiu cua chu vi vong tron trn vi ng
kinh cua cung tron tc l:
L = 2 R' - 2R' = 2 (3,14 - 1 )R' = 4,28 R'
Vy khi phong hoa thnh quay 1 goc 360 oC thi phn t ny quay mt goc
bng.
L 4,28 R '
. 360 0
.360 0 245,4 0
2R '
2.3,14.R '
Ly = 245,4o l goc quay trung binh cua khi supe khi phong hoa thnh
quay 3600.
Vy chu k quay cua phong hoa thnh l: T.
3600 3600
T= .90 .90 132 (pht/vong)
245, 40
Vi 90 pht l thi gian lu cua Supe trong phong hoa thnh.
* Tc ca dao ct:
Trn b phn dao ct ta thit k 12 dao ct ngoai 12 dao ct trong.
- Kich thc cua dao ct ngoai l 150 x 200mm.
- Mi con dao ct ct c mt khi supe co kich thc khoang 120 x 200 x
150 mm. Th tich mt khi ny l:
V1 = 0,12 . 0,2 . 0,15 = 0,0036 (m3)
- Mt vong quay cua dao ct, ct c: V2 = 12 . 0,0036 = 0,044 (m3)
- Vy tt quay cua dao ct l:
V 24,32
n= 9, 21 (vong/pht )
V2 0, 044.60
Vi V = 34,32 m3/h l lu lng cua supe ti.

* Kich thc ca ng nguyn liu vo:

Supe chay t b phn hn hp xung hoa thnh vi lu lng V = 24,32 m 3/h

vn tc trung binh cua supe l 0,2 m/s
Vy din tich cua ng nguyn liu l:
V 24,32
S= 0, 034 (m2)
W 3600.0, 2
- Chon ng nguyn liu vo hinh vung co cnh l:
a= S 0, 034 0,184(m)
* Kich thc ng thot khi.

Khi thot ra khi phong hoa thnh vi lu lng l 20.000m 3 tiu chun trong
1h vi vn tc cua ng thot khi l 15m/s khi ra iu kin l 850C
Lu lng khi ra l:
Vtch(273 t ) 20000.(273 85)

V= 26227,10 m3/h
273 273
Chon ng thot khi hinh tron ng kinh cua no l:
V 26227,10
d= 0, 787 m
0, 785w 3600.0, 785.15
Vy ng kinh ng thot khi ly tron 0,8 (m)

* Kich thc vch ngn:
Vch ngn v ng trung tm c ni lin nhau v c lp vo np phong
hoa thnh. Vch ngn co tc dung ngn khng cho supe chuyn ng qu mt vong
theo hoa thnh nhm h tr cho b phn dao ct, ct trit supe vo ng trung tm.
Do vy vch ngn phai t st dao ct v vch ngn trong phong hoa thnh v
cch np ngoi dao ct l 0,25 m. Vy vch ngn co hinh dng khuyn m gon phn
g p ng trung tm chiu di thng cua vch ngn l:
L = 0,5 (D + d(ng)) = 0,5 (6 + 1) = 3,5 (m)
Ly h s cong cua vch ngn l 1,1 thi chiu di thc cua vch ngn l:
L = 1,1 . 3,5 = 3,85 (m),
Chiu cao cua vch ngn bng chiu cao trong cua phong hoa thnh h = 2,5 m

Vch ngn lm thp 2 bn lt gch chu axit trt bng va ibaz dy 20mm
ngoi cng phu lp nha bxi chng axit dy 5mm.
2- Tinh v chn thit b phu:

My nghin bi:
My nghin bi dng nghin mn v cc mn cc vt liu. B phn lm vic
cua my l thng rng bn trong co cha bi v vt liu nghin.
Thng quay di tc dung cua lc li tm, cc vt liu nghin v bi p st vo
mt trong cua v v c nng ln ch cao nht nh, ti o di tc dung cua
trong lc bi v vt liu nghin ri thnh thng ri t do thc hin s va p v ch st
vt liu.
My nghin bi co th phn loi theo:
+ Theo hinh dng thng
+ Theo phng thc lm vic
+ Khi chon con da vo: mt bng phn xng, in nng tiu thu, gi thnh
san phm, mn yu cu sau nghin.
Vi yu cu cua c ht apatit sau nghin khng cao, ch t c khng lot qua
sng 0,15 mm l 5% l c. Vi vy co th chon my nghin bi loi ngn.
Nng sut yu cu l 10,51(tn/h), mn 0,15 mm.
Chon s b kich thc my nghin bi:

- ng kinh trong D = 2(m)
- ng kinh ngoi D1 = 2,2(m)
- Chiu di s dung L = 2(m)
a- S vng quay ca my nghin bi:
n = 32: D = 32 : 2 =22,63 (vong/pht)
Trong o:
n l s vong quay cua my nghin, vong/pht
D l ng kinh trong cua my nghin.

b- Tnh nng sut ca my nghin bi:

Q = K.V.D0,6 (T/h)
Trong o:
K l h s iu chnh = 1,2
V l th tich s dung cua thng
.D 2 .L 3,14.2 2.2
V 6,28 m 3
4 4
D l ng kinh trong cua thng 20,6 = 1,52

Vy Q = 1,2.6,28.1,52 = 11,455 (T/h)
Vy vi nng sut 10,51 (T/h) ta chon 1 my nghin bi.
c - Tnh cng sut ng c chy my nghin:
NDC = C.G. D (kw-)
Trong o:
C l h s phu thuc vo h s y cua cc loi bi. Tra bang C = 9,4
D l ng kinh trong cua my nghin bi = 2 (m)
G l khi lng cua bi ly = 9 (tn)
NDC = 9,4.9. 2 = 120 (kw)
am bao an ton lao ng c khi s dung bao gi cng phai ln hn 10 n
15% cng sut thc t thng c lc i khi m my v phong qu tai. y ly
mc ln nht l 15%.
NTT = 120.1,15 = 138 (kw)
Chon ng c: Ao - 82 - 6 co:
P = 140 kw ; n = 900 v/p ; = 0,85 ; cos = 0,85 ; G = 1200 kg
d - Tnh t l phi hp bi trong my nghin:

Phn bi cn np: khi lng bi np vo
mb = .R2.L... (Tn)
R: bn kinh trong cua thng nghin = 1 m
: h s y bi = 0,25 0,33

: mc ti cua bi n vi bi thp = 0,575
: khi lng ring cua bi = 7,85 (T/M3)
Vy:
mb = 3,14.12.2.0,3.0,575.7,85 = 9 (tn)
Da vo thc t Nh my Supe Lm Thao ang lm vic, t l phi hp bi nh
sau:
ng kinh % Khi lng Tn

60 15 0,15.9 1,35
50 20 0,2.9 1,80
40 30 0,3.9 2,70
30 20 0,2.9 1,80
Bi n (30x30) 15 0,15.9 1,35
Tng 100 Tng 9

KT LUN
Qua thi gian lm vic c gng v khn trng, c s gip tn tinh cua
c gio hng dn cng nh cc thy c gio trong b mn, cng vic thit k phn
xng san xut Supe Pht Pht n nng sut 300.000 T/nm c hon thnh.
Qu trinh thit k tt nghip ny l dp thc tp b ich gip em bit c trinh
t, cch thc tin hnh cc phng php thit k phn xng sau ny trong qu
trinh lm vic co th am nhn c cng tc cua mt ky s v co th hon thnh
c cc ban thit k cng l dp em cung c li kin thc hoc v m rng thm
nhng kin thc mi.
Trong khi thit k em c gng vn dung kt hp gia ly thuyt vi thc
hnh, ly thuyt vi thc tin, kinh t v ky thut song thi gian co hn, phn tinh v
chon thit b mi ch tinh c mt s thit b chu yu.
Do kha nng co hn, t liu it nn ban n ny khng th trnh khi thiu
sot. Rt mong c cc thy c gio v cc bn gip hon thnh tt hn cc ban
thit k thc t sau ny.
Em xin chn thnh cam n s gip tn tinh cua Th.s Quch Th Phng
cng cc thy c trong b mn.
Ha Ni, thng 6 nm 2015

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Pts. Trn Xoa Pgs, Pts.Nguyn Trong Khung. S tay qu trinh v thit b cng
ngh ho cht tp 1. NXB Khoa hoc v ky thut H Ni - nm 1992.
[2] Pts. Trn Xoa Pgs,Pts. Nguyn Trong Khung. S tay qu trinh v thit b
cng ngh ho cht tp 2. NXB Khoa hoc v ky thut H Ni - nm 1999.
[3] Binh. Cng ngh san xut axit sunfuric. i hoc Bch Khoa - nm 2001.
[4] TS.Trn Th Hin. Bi giang ky thut san xut phn bon v c.
[5] Bi Song Chu. Ky thut san xut mui khong. i hoc Bch Khoa - nm
2002.
[6] Nguyn An. Gio trinh ky thut phn khong. i hoc Bch Khoa - nm 1978.
[7] V Xun Nng. 20 nm san xut supe pht pht n. Tng cuc ho cht - nm
1983.
[8] Hong Nhm. S tay ho hoc. NXB KHKT - nm 1973.
[9] Nhom ky s phong ky thut than Hon Gai. Tiu chun than Vit Nam. Tng
cng ty than Hon Gai - nm 1979.
[10] Pgs.Ng Binh, Phng Ngoc Thch, Nguyn Mnh Hu, Phan inh Tinh. C s
xy dng nh cng nghip.
[11] S tay ho hoc perry - nm 2008.
[12] Puzin. Hng dn tinh ton cng ngh cc hp cht v c nm 1966 (ting
nga).

Đ Quang Huy - Supe Đơn

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Đ Quang Huy - Supe Đơn

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

n tt nghip

ti : Thit k phn xng san xut supe n vi

Cn b hng dn Sinh vin: Quang Huy

H Ni, thng 3/2008

SVTH : Quang Huy

TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA HA NI

Thnh phn cua qu ng apatit (qu ng tuyn m)

3. N i dung tinh ton v thuyt minh

SVTH : Quang Huy

+ Tinh kich thc chu yu cua thit b chinh

Trng b mn Gio vin hng dn

PGS.TS La Th Vinh Quch Th Phng

SVTH : Quang Huy

SVTH : Quang Huy

3.2- Thuyt minh dy chuyn..................................................................................22

SVTH : Quang Huy

Trong thi gian lm n tt nghip, em nhn c nhiu s gip , ong

SVTH : Quang Huy

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 1

PHN A - TNG QUAN

nc ta m apatit Lo Cai co tr lng rt l ln, hng t tn, phm cht

Qung loi I: Loi qung giu ny gm phn ln l floapatit, hm lng P 2O5

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 2

1.1.2 Axit sunfuric.

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 3

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 4

i vi axit pha long vi nc

i vi pha long axit vi axit

1.2 San phm thu c.

Nm 1992 chim 16% san lng phn bon th gii

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 5

Vit Nam ,co nh my ln Long Thnh, Lo Cai, Lm Thao, Cao Bng

Ngun nguyn liu :

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 6

1.2.2 Cng thc ha hc ca cc thnh phn trong supe photphat n

Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O : Mono canxi photphat

1.2.3 Tinh cht ho l c ban ca supe phtpht n.

Supe pht pht n l mt loi bt ti , xp , co mu xm sm hoc xm nht ,

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 7

1.2.4 ng dung ca supe pht pht n.

1.2.5 Tiu chun v supe photphat n

2. L THUYT CA QU TRNH SN XUT SUPE N.

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 8

a, Chun b nguyn liu

b, San xut supe n

c, Cc thao tc b xung lm tng cht lng supe

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 9

2.1 Cc giai on chinh ca san xut superphotphat n

2.1.2 San xut superphotphat n

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 10

2Ca5(PO4)3X + 7H2SO4 = 3Ca(H2PO4)2 + 7CaSO4+ 2HX (1)

Ca5(PO4)3X + 5 H2SO4 = 3H3PO4 +5CaSO4 + HX (2)

Ca5(PO4)3F +7 H3PO4 = 5 Ca(H2PO4)2 + HX (3)

Giai on 2 xay ra chm hn nhiu theo chiu giam hm lng cc cu t ban

Co th trung hoa supe bng cc phtpht t nhin ,mn, hm lng cacbonat

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 11

Trng hp X l flo thi cc giai on phan ng l:

Phan ng huy photphat t nhin xay ra theo 2 giai on

- Giai on 2 ny xay ra vi tc thp hn nhiu

SVTH : Quang Huy Page 12

2.1.3 Cc thao tc b sung lm tng cht lng superphotphat

2.2. Cc yu t anh hng

lng tp cht.T s (Fe2O3 +Al2O3)/P2O5 .100 khng c ln gi tr 10- 12 .Trong