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Grammatical Rule 1
Grammatical Rule 1
Grammatical Rule 1
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
1
POINT :
Review of Grammatical
Rule
Grammar is one of the important languages elements that becomes the branch
of a linguistics study. The English man says : Grammar is a science that will help
and teach us how to writeand speak properly.
Grammar explains us the forms of word and their position in the sentence. For
the learners who wants to deepen and master the English language used or
applied in communication both spoken and written is of course, learning or
knowing grammar is a must. And to know much about grammar widely and
specifically, there would be 3 (three) main parts of grammar, theyre
called :parts of speech, types of sentence meaning and sentence
structure, as well as tenses.
When you express your ideas to others, you group words into sentences to
make statetements, give orders, or ask questions. Each of the words you
choose has a definite function in your sentences, for each one is used as a
part of speech.
Have you ever stopped to think of how furtunate we are to have names for the
parts of speech ? By using such simple terms as ; noun, pronoun, verb,
adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection, we can not only
talk intelligently about our language, but can also classify a half million
different words.
As you study this subjects title, learn to recognize the eigth ways that words
work for you in the communication of your ideas.
NOUN
(Kata Benda) A word is used to name a person, a place, thing, or an
idea.
(Websters dictionary & English Grammar and Composition by Warriners, New York,
USA-1978)
Notice !
NOUN
According to
the 5 approach to : Sentences and words to study
Lectures Assignment
NOUN
Learn by heart these Types of Noun :
words Countable Uncounta Meaning
ble
box of tissues ........................... ......................... ...........................
vaginal speculum ........................... .. ....
stethoscope ........................... ......................... ...........................
ophthalmoscope ........................... .. ....
scissors ........................... ......................... ...........................
sterile gloves ........................... .. ....
thermometer ........................... ......................... ...........................
small bowl ........................... .. ....
tape measure ........................... ......................... ...........................
percussion hammer ........................... .. ....
cotton balls ........................... ......................... ...........................
scalpel handle ........................... .. ....
tube of lubricant ........................... ......................... ...........................
scalpel blade ........................... .. ....
torch/flashlight ........................... ......................... ...........................
skin marking ........................... .. ....
paper towl ........................... ......................... ...........................
urinometer ........................... .. ....
kidneydishs ........................... ......................... ...........................
phygmomanometer ........................... .. ....
plain dissecting forcept ........................... ......................... ...........................
tongue depressor ........................... .. ....
otoscope ........................... ......................... ...........................
blood ........................... .. ....
flesh ........................... ......................... ...........................
skin ........................... .. ....
tears ........................... ......................... ...........................
sweat ........................... .. ....
phlegm ........................... ......................... ...........................
mucous ........................... .. ....
sperm ........................... ......................... ...........................
urine ........................... .. ....
saliva ........................... ......................... ...........................
feces ........................... .. ....
snot ........................... ......................... ...........................
germ ........................... .. ....
microbe ........................... ......................... ...........................
bacteria ........................... .. ....
virus ........................... ......................... ...........................
pus ........................... .. ....
syringe ......................... ...........................
measurer of blood .. ....
pressure ......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
......................... ...........................
.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
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.. ....
One of the parts of speech that makes up a small class of a very high frequency.
And the traditional definition of a pronoun as : A word that takes place of a
noun.
PRONOUN
(KataGanti A word is used to name a person, a place, thing, or an
Benda) idea.
(Websters dictionary & English Grammar and Composition by Warriners, New York,
USA-1978)
To gain a clear illustration from the above definition, notice the following
sentences carefully :
Dani gave his ring to Dini, but she returned it to him on their wedding
day.
( The words like, HIS, SHE, IT, HIM and THEIR are Pronoun.)
KINDS OF PRONOUN
- Personal Pronoun : e.g. I, me, my, mine, myself, he, his, him,
their, etc.
- Demonstrative Pronoun : e.g. this, that, etc.
- Interrogative Pronoun : e.g. who, whom, what, which, whose, etc.
- Relative Pronoun : e.g. who, whom, what, which, whose, that, etc.
- Indefinite Pronoun : e.g. some, any, all, each, every, both, etc.
- Reciprocal Pronoun : e.g. each other, another, one another, etc.
1. PERSONAL PRONOUN
The main use of personal pronoun is to replace nouns. This happens when it is
alreadyclear who or that we are talking about.
e.g.
POPP IS A FRUIT SELLER.
Y
In a sentence, verb is a very important part of speech, without verb we can not
make sentence,
The grammarian says : ENGLISH IS A LANGUAGE ACTION.
VERB
(Kata Kerja) A part of speech that expresses action, being or states
of being
(Websters dictionary & English Grammar and Composition by Warriners, New York,
USA-1978)
To gain a clear illustration from the above definition, notice the following
sentences carefully :
Bento runs.(1)
Bento is run to a hospital. (2)
Bento is sick. (3)
Bento can run very fast. (4)
A. Review :
In learning any languages will not be probably able to ovoid a negative
sentence or statement, whether in spoken or written. The negative is a
kind of sentences typethat must be easily done.
Notes :
The negative of :
1. MUST is NEED NOT (NEEDNT) means : tidak perlu.
2. MUST NOTmeans : jangan/dilarang
e.g. You must notplay fire. (Kamu jangan/dilarang bermain api)
2. Sentences doesnt contain verb of be (to be), verb of have (to have)
and modal auxiliary, just add : do not/ dont does not/ doesnt
did not/ didnt.
Study the following sentences carefully !
- They dont participate in this program.
- Education doesnt recognize age.
- That boy didnt think his sickness
3.Place DONT at the beginning of a sentence for all prohibition, but
for more politeone, use WONT or WOULDNT
Study the following sentences carefully !
- Dont give patients drugs without being recomended by doctor.
- Dont let patients complain !
- Wont you lie down,please !
4.Exception :
1. In all Preference :
B. Contraction
Learn by heart !
C. Reinforcement :
Verb ending s/es is one of the verb forms that will be always found in
some English sentences in general. It appears or occurs as a predicat
used in present tense with the singular subject of the positive sentence.
For examples :
- A nurse always works energetically, honestly, resposibly, politely
and professionally.
- Nurse is a health care profession who handlesneed of health cares
patient and works together in a medical team.
- Sister Nurita goes to work on early shift.
- Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
B. Spelling rule :
Learn by heart !
Verb ending in : Words like : Verb -forms
become :
a. consonants, just rob-spend-kill-talk- robs-spends-kills-
add : s dream talks
remember-put- dreams-
know,etc. remembers-puts
knows, etc
b. e, just add s come-make-write- comes-makes-
smile,etc writes-smiles,etc
c. o, just add es go-do,etc. goes,does, etc
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
4
POINT :
Verb of be (to be)
Look at this summary chart below !
VERB OF BE/ TO BE
1. What
b. Function
c. Sentence Pattern
d. Forms
e. Concord/ Agreement
f. Equivalent
2.Grammar Implementation
Introduction :
1. WHAT IS VERB OF BE (TO BE) ?
Be or To Beis one of the verb forms that often exists in most English
sentences, in
general.
2. FUNCTION
According to its function, verb of be is distinguished in two different
functions, namely :
a. As a main verb or linking verb
(sebagai predikat/ kata kerja utama atau penghubung )
Example :
Mr. Mamun is a senior pharmacist
He is very intelligent.
His office is the RSUD of Cianjur.
b. As an auxiliary verb or helping verb
( sebagai kata kerja bantu)
Example :
Mr. Mamunispreparing some drug.
He isaccompaniedby his 2 assistants.
His work isto guarantee the safety of peoples health.
3. SENTENCE PATTERNS
Study these patterns !
a. As a main verb/ linking verb :
FORMS
5. CONCORD/ AGREEMENT
Concord means that any certain grammatical items agree with each
others both in number and person.
SUBJECTS FOR :
Singular Plural
Verb of To Be
SUBJECTS
Singular + To Be Plular + To Be
- much/many : banyak
- some/any : sedikit,suatu,satu (if used with uncountable noun)
- some/any : beberapa (if used with countable noun)
- all : semua
- someone/anyone : seseorang
- every .... : setiap
- each .... : masing-masing
- either .... or ......... : baik ..... ataupun......
- none : tak seorangpun,tak satupun
- both : kedua,berdua,keduanya
6. STRUCTURE IN CONTEX
The following sentences that employ the verb of be/ to be by using a word
of :
researcher /n/
TENSES
Simple Simple Past Simple Future Present
Present Perfect
I I I will I have
am .................. was ................... be ................. been .............
... .. You will You have
You You be ............ been ........
are ................ were ............... He will He has
He He be .............. been ............
is .................... was .................. WILL =AKAN HAVE/HAS
=TELAH
Adverb of Time
all day just now tomorrow ....... since .......
everyday yesterday ..... next week for ..........
every .................... last Sunday two weeks later
... a week ago later
formerly the day after
long time ago tomorrow
the following day
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
5
POINT :
How to pronounce the
words ?
There are three different pronunciation ofthe final s/es and d/ed
forms :
a.( s )
b.( z )
c.( iz )
( t )( d ) ( id )
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
6
POINT :
Concord/Agreement
Explanation :
1. Kebanyakan kalimat tanya dalam bahasa Inggris akan menggunakan
verb forms seperti yang ada dalam tabel diatas.
2. Jenis kalimat tanya dinamakan :
a. Positive Interrogative/ Yes or No - Question
b. Negative Interrogative
c. Alternative Interrogative
( letak verb forms selalu ditulis pada awal kalimat )
3. Intonation (the music of language) akan terdengar naik pada ujung
kalimatnya, YANG kita kenal dengan : Raising Intonation
4. Bagi kita khususnya orang Indonesia perlu pemahaman makna dari
kalimat kalimat tanya yang terbentuk dengan menggunakan verb
forms (to be/ to do/ to have) tersebut dan tentunya bisa diartikan :
KAH atau APAKAH
5. To Be selalu diikuti dengan :
a. Kelompok Noun (nama orang, nama tempat/kota, jabatan,
barang/ benda )
b. Adjective
c. Adverb of place/ location
d. Verb Ing Form
Study the following sentences below :
1. Is that woman Ms. Heti ?
2. Is that her music studio ?
3. Is Ms. Heti an Art Director ?
4. Are there many musical instruments in the studio ?
5. Is Ms. Heti intimate ?
6. Is she now in her desk ?
7. Is she directing her staffs ?
6. To Do sebagai kata kerja bantu harus selalu menggunakan :
INFINITIVE ( Kata Kerja/ Verb 1/ Invinitive Verb without to )
Study the following sentences below :
1. Do you know that woman ?
2. Does the woman come from California ?
3. Does she often visit Indonesia ?
4. Does she stay in Jakarta
5. Does she need your help ?
6. Do many people like her very much ?
Interrogative Sentence
1. a. I happy ..................................................
b. I laugh at you ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
2. a. You Mr. Mamahit ..................................................
b. You come from Thailand ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
3. a. We ready ..................................................
b. We go to the park ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
4. a. She a secretary ..................................................
b. She write a annual report ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
5. a. She a secretary ..................................................
b. She write a annual report ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
6. a. He in Bandung ..................................................
b. He work there ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
7. a. Mrs. Green an American ..................................................
b. Mrs. Green visit Indonesia ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
8. a. The girls dancers ..................................................
b. The girls dance beautifully ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
9. a. Her mother a house wife ..................................................
b. Her mother always stay at ........................ ?
home ..................................................
........................ ?
10 a. They busy all day ..................................................
. b. They take a rest out of ........................ ?
town ..................................................
........................ ?
11 a. That boy sad ..................................................
. b. That boy cry ........................ ?
..................................................
........................ ?
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICALPOINT
7
POINT :
Verb of have (to have)
+ : He has a radio.
Does he have a radio ? Yes, he does.
Does he have a radio ? No , he doesnt.
What does he have ? He has a televison set.
Addition : In British English
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL RULE
8
POINT :
Continuous Forms
A. Review :
Continuous is one of the English tenses forms used to express a
progress of activity. There are the 8 forms of continuous that is to be
learned or known, they are called :
1 The Present Continuous Tense
. Structure :
SUBJECT + TO BE (IS/AM/ARE) + VERB-ING Form.
2 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + TO HAVE (HAVE/HAS) + BEEN + VERB-ING
Form.
3 The Past Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + TO BE (WAS/WERE) + VERB-ING Form.
4 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + TO HAVE (HAD) + BEEN + VERB-ING Form.
5 The Future Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + BE + VERB-ING Form.
6 The Futuret Perfect Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB-ING
Form.
7 The Past Future Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + BE + VERB-ING Form.
8 The Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
. SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + VERB-
ING Form.
Examples :
The nurse is consulting with her medical team now.
Q : What is the nurse doing ?
Is she talking about the jobs now ?
Examples :
The nurse has beenconsulting with her medical team for a few
minutes
Q : What has the nurse been doing for a few minutes ?
Has she been talking about the jobs ?
Examples :
The nurse was consulting with her medical team when I entered the
ward
Q : What was the nurse doing when I entered the ward ?
Was she talking about the jobs ?
Examples :
The nurse had been consulting with her medical team for an
hourwhen I entered the ward
Q : What had the nurse been doingfor an hour when I entered the ward?
Had she been talking about the jobs ?
Examples :
The nurse will be consulting with her medical team at 10 a.m if you
enter the ward
Q : What will the nurse be doingat 10 a.m if you enter the ward?
Will she be talking about the jobs ?
Examples :
The nurse will have been consulting with her medical team for an
hour by the time you enter the ward.
Q : What will the nurse have been doingfor an hour by the time you enter
the ward.?
Will she have beentalking about the jobs ?
Examples :
Someone said that the nurse would be consulting with her medical
team at the usual time.
Q : What would the nurse be doingat the usual time?
Would she be talking about the jobs ?
Examples :
Someone said that the nurse would have been consulting with her
medical team for an hour by the end of that time.
Q : What would the nurse have been doing?
Would she have been talking about the jobs ?
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
9
POINT :
Gerund
A. Review :
A gerund is a word formed from a verb and used as a noun. Like a
nouns, gerunds are used as subjects, predicate compliment, or objects
1 Gerund As Subject
. Examples:
Serving a health needs patients is my main job.
Studying will certainly keep low grade away.
2 Gerund As Predicate Compliment
. Examples:
My favorite pastime isswimming.
The nurses habbit isadvising.
3 Gerund As Object
. Examples:
Ms. Nita enjoys communicating.(direct object)
The stethoscope is used for examining the sound of the
heartbeats patient.(object of the preposition)
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICALPOINT
10
POINT :
Present Participle
A. Review :
A present participle, which is also called active participle, is a form that
does the work of an adjective. The present participle can be used :
1 As Noun Modifier.
.
2 As Clause Modifier.
.
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL RULE
11
POINT :
Infinitive
A. Review :
Infinitive adalah salah satu bentuk dasar kata kerja (verb) dalam bahasa
Inggris yang sangat penting dan harus dipahami terutama apabila kita
ingin menyusun suatu kalimat.
1. Infinitive With To
c. Setelah kata-kata ; The first, The second, The last, The only
Vocabulary :
Several verbs which is derectly followed by Infinitive with to :
to agree= setuju to happen = kebetulan
to choose = memilih to hesitate = ragu-ragu
to decide = memutuskan to hope =
to demand = menuntut mengharap,berharap
to fail= gagal to manage =
to forget = lupa mengatur,mengelola
to promise = berjanji
to refuse = menolak
2. Infinitive Without To
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL POINT
12
POINT :
Verb of do (to do)
A. Review :
One of the important forms of the verb is DO/TO DO, this verb will have
a few different usage both in structure and equivalent meaning as well.
The use of :
TO DO
1. The forms :
DO DOES (Present) As Auxiliary Verb
DID (Past) (Helping Verb) = Kata Kerja Bantu
Verb of To Do As
Subjects Auxiliary
Present Past Tense
Tense
I, We, You,
They do did
(Plural of Noun)
eg. Tedi and
Tanti
My brothers did
She, He, It
(Singular of does
Noun)
eg. Tedi
My brother
2. The forms :
DO DOES (Present)
DOING (Present Participle) As an Ordinary Verb
DID (Past) Kata kerja biasa
DONE (Past Participle) (yangmempunyai
arti/makna)
( MENGERJAKAN MELAKUKAN )
For examples :
3. The forms :
DO - DOESAs an Emphatic Word
(Kata penegas)
yang digunakan untuk menegaskan kalimat
For examples :
I do believe him.
He does agree with you.
Do come in !
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL RULE
13
POINT :
Making Questions
A. Review :
One of the process of learning a language is to learn
communication, in which we can do it both speakingandwriting. In
doing communication, we are going to ask anything needed, it
means that we must be able to make questions.
Question is a form of sentence. In English language, how to
make up and arrange questioncan be easily classified into 2 main
types, and they are called :Information Questionsand Yes or No
Questions.
1. INFORMATION QUESTION
Information Question is a type of question that always needs its
answer with information. This type is always preceded by
question words. Be sure that almost all of these questions are
sounded or pronounced with falling intonation.
Study the following models :
Q : Who is that ? : He is Mr. Suryadin.
Q : What is his profession ? : He is a lecturer.
Q : Where does he give the : He gives his lecture in Cianjur
lecture ? Nursing Academy.
Q : What subject does he : He teaches pathology.
teach ? : He has been teaching for almost 7
Q : How long has he been years.
teaching ?
2. YES or NO QUESTION
Yes or No Question is a type of question that always needs its
answer with Yes or No whether short or long answer. This type is
always preceded by auxiliary or modal auxiliary verb.Be sure
that almost all of these questions are sounded or pronounced
with rising intonation.
Q : Is that Mr. Suryadin ? : Yes, he/it is. or No, he/it isnt.
Q : Is his profession a lecturer ? : Yes, it is. or No, it isnt.
Q : Does he teach Pathalogy ? : Yes, he does. or No, he doesnt.
Q : Did he attend the meeting : Yes, he did. or No, he didnt.
yesterday ? : Yes, he has. or No, he hasnt.
Q : Has he been guiding his
students ?
1. INFORMATION QUESTION
Follow the following steps and recognize these :
a. QUESTION WORDS
WHAT WHO WHEN
WHOSE WHOM WHY
WHICH WHERE HOW
b. AUXILIARY VERBS
TO BE TO DO TO HAVE
PRESE PAST PRESEN PAST PRESEN PAST
NT T T
AM WAS DO DID HAVE HAD
IS WAS DOES DID HAS HAD
ARE WERE
PRESENT PAST
CAN COULD
MAY MIGHT
MUST HAD TO
WILL WOULD
SHALL SHOULD
NEED -
DARE -
SUBJECT
GRAMMATICAL RULE
14
POINT :
Preposition
toas a Preposition
It is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some
other words in the sentence :
For examples :
- HINGGA/SAMPAI .....e.g. Mr. Brown and his wife stay in Bali from 7
to 11 a.m
foras a Preposition
Study the meaning approach :
In some sentences the word of for has many different equivalence of
meaning :
Special meaning :
Special meaning :
It will be used :
It will be used :
1. As an interrogative adverb
(means :KAPAN)
2. As a conjunction
a. (means : KETIKA)
b. (means : JIKA/BILA)
- How can I help them to understand when they wont listen to me.
- English is not so difficult when you always learn hard.
- The whole family feel so comfort when their parents are always at
home.