GAS SUPPLY

&
DISTRIBUTION
 INTRODUCTION
Gas gives almost pollution free products of combustion and is
converted from its primary fuel, into useful energy at the point
of use.

For domestic- Natural Gas

For Industrial use-LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas)

Natural gas-mainly methane and is virtually from carbon

monoxide. Natural gas has lower burning velocity and higher
calorific value

LPG-has a high proportion of hydrogen and a significant

proportion of carbon monoxide (poisonous)
 GAS INSTALLATION IN A
BUILDING
The design information that are required :
The position of ducts, chases and channel when the
pipes are to be concealed
The position of control cocks or valves
The routes and diameter of all installation pipeworks
Inside the building or main control cock precedes the
gas meter which must be sited conveniently for
access.
Most gas appliances are connected directly to the
pipework.
INSTALLATION PIPEWORKS
Service pipe will be vary in diameter
depending on demand from commercial and
individual commercial.

For e.g : typical domestic consumption a

25mm bore pipe is quite adequate
GAS CONTROLS
COMPONENTS/SAFETY DEVICES
Gas Cocks
Pressure Governor
Thermostats
 GAS COCKS
Consists of a tapered
plug which fits into
tapered body , the two
connecting surfaces
being machined to
provide a gas tight seal

The cock is restricted to

a 90 movement
between being fully
closed or fully opened
 PRESSURE GOVERNOR
Use of a constant
pressure governor fitted
on the inlet pipe to the
meter and to each
appliances
 THERMOSTATS
A device which
opens or closes a
gas valves in
accordance with the
temperature it
senses.
NATURAL GAS
 NATURAL GAS
Natural Gas is part of our
future of clean energy. It Component %

is by far the cleanest of

fossil fuels
Rapidly gaining ground Methane (CH4) 80-95

over oil as an energy

source for homes and
industrial activities. Ethane (C2H6) 5-15

Propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10) <5

HOW NATURAL GAS WAS
FORMED
GAS PROCESSING PLANT
 GAS PROCESSING
Processed to remove impurities, to extract valuable components like
propane, butane and ethane, and to ensure that only good quality gas is
produced.

The processing of gas involves the following steps:

Removal of Liquids
Natural gas from the ground may contain "slugs" of condensates and
heavier gas in liquid form. These "slugs" are trapped in a device called a
"slug-catcher" and sent to a refinery for processing into petroleum products.

Cooling and Separation

From the slug-catchers, the gas is piped to a Gas Processing Plant. When
propane, butane and ethane have been removed from the gas stream, what
remains is lean gas comprising mainly methane. After treatment, this lean
gas is ready to be transported via pipeline to PETRONAS' industrial, power
and residential customers.

Purification
During the various processes, natural gas is purified by removing the acid
gases (mainly sulphur compounds and carbon dioxide) and water.
 HOW NATURAL GAS IS
STORED & DELIVERED
The gas companies collect it in huge storage
tanks, or underground, in old gas wells.

The gas remains there until it is added back into

the pipeline when people begin to use more
gas, such as in the winter to heat homes.
HOW NATURAL GAS IS
STORED & DELIVERED
THE SUPPLY CONCEPT
 STORAGE & TRANSPORT
The major difficulty in the use of natural gas is transportation and
storage. Natural gas pipelines are economical, but are impractical across
oceans.

Natural gas is often stored in underground caverns formed inside

depleted gas reservoirs from previous gas wells, salt domes, or in tanks
as liquefied natural gas. The gas is injected during periods of low
demand and extracted during periods of higher demand.

LNG carriers can be used to transport liquefied natural gas (LNG) across
oceans, while tank trucks can carry liquefied or compressed natural gas
(CNG) over shorter distances.

They may transport natural gas directly to end-users, or to distribution

points such as pipelines for further transport. These may have a higher
cost, requiring additional facilities for liquefaction or compression at the
production point, and then gasification or decompression at end-use
facilities or into a pipeline.
 TYPICAL NATURAL GAS
INSTALLATION
Pressure test
Pressure point
governor and
filter
Semi-flexible
stainless steel Gas Gas
pipe Appliance Appliance

Emergency Meter Isolating

control valve Steel installation pipe Valve Isolating
Valve

Dirt and condensate pocket

Steel service
pipe

Polyethylene
underground gas pipe
USES OF NATURAL GAS
 USES OF NATURAL GAS
Power generation
Natural gas is a major source for electricity generation through
the use of gas turbines and steam turbines.

Hydrogen
Natural gas can be used to produce hydrogen
that can be used in hydrogen vehicles.

Natural gas vehicles

Compressed natural gas (methane) is used as a clean
alternative to other automobile fuels such as gasoline (petrol)
and diesel. The energy efficiency is generally equal to that of
gasoline engines, but lower compared with modern diesel
engines.
 USES OF NATURAL GAS
Residential domestic use
- Cooking (ovens), stoves and household appliances
- Natural gas-heated clothes dryers.
- Home or other building heating: boilers, furnaces, and water
heaters.

Fertilizer
Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia.

Production (Industrial)
In Malaysia, Natural Gas is also widely used for industrial
activities such as in the production of steel, glass and ceramics.
fabrics, plastics, paint, and other products.
ADVANTAGES FOR NATURAL
GAS
Saving energy cost
Fuel Efficiency
Higher Product Quality
Safer
Natural Gas is lighter than air and easily
disperses in the event of a gas leak. Hence, the
probability of sparking off is remote, compared
to heavier gases.
Cleaner
Lower Maintenance Cost
No Storage: Using pipeline
 LPG
(LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS)
 INTRODUCTION

Most homes in Malaysia are already using LPG for

cooking, which is commonly supplied in gas cylinders.

LPG is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel

in heating appliances and vehicles, and increasingly
replacing chlorofluorocarbons(CFC) as an aerosol
propellant and a refrigerant to reduce damage to the
ozone layer.

LPG is manufactured during the refining of crude oil, or

extracted from oil or gas streams as they emerge from
the ground.
 INTRODUCTION
LPG is synthesised by refining petroleum or natural gas; it was
first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Snelling, and the first
commercial products appeared in 1912.

In Malaysia supply of LPG to homes and businesses is using a

piped gas system (Kerteh, Miri). Hence, there is no need for actual
storage of gas cylinders within your kitchen or business premises.

LPG is stored using one of two methods

- the bulk tank system
- the manifold system.

These systems are connected to your home and appliances via

secure and isolated underground distribution pipes.
 USES OF LPG
Usage in cars
Used as a "green" fuel for internal combustion engines as it decreases
exhaust emissions. Currently, a number of automobile
manufacturersCitron, Daewoo, Fiat, Ford, Hyundai, Opel/Vauxhall,
Peugeot, Renault, Saab, Toyota and Volvohave OEM bi-fuel models
that will run equally well on both LPG and gasoline.

LPG as cooking fuel

Once a popular cooking fuel in Hong Kong; however, the continued
expansion of town gas to buildings has reduced LPG usage to less
than 24% of residential units.

LPG as refrigerant
Highly refined LPG nearly pure propane with an odorant added
can be effectively used as a replacement refrigerant in systems
designed for CFC-12, R-22 and R-134a refrigerants
 Gas Appliances

I.V. I.V.

Low pressure gas supply

to appliances 0.037 bar (14 WG)
Alternative Solenoid
Tapping for test safety shut-off valve Alternative meter
gauges
Vent

I.V. I.V. I.V. I.V. I.V.

Meter

I.V.
By-pass
Pressure reducing valve
on external wall.
Pipework inside building in Doomed lid containing multi-valve fitting
Medium pressure gas supply 0.70 copper incorporating the following: pressure relief
bar (10 PSI) valve, pressure gauge, gas outlet valve and
Above ground pipework in
first stage pressure regulator.
galvanised steel
I.V.

Below ground pipework in

LPG Storage Tank
polyethylene
Liquid at 6.9 bar

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF L.P.G. SERVICE PIPEWORK