Notebook2 SammyPuccini

Problems FOCUSED FOCUSED PARALLEL PARALLEL DrawProblem

How is What How is image What
image influences affected? influences
affected? the effect? the effect?
DrawGrid DrawGrid

Undesirable Tubeif Undesirable Thisisthe

Off-level absorptionof angledacross absorptionof onlyerror
primary thelongaxis primary possiblewith
radiation, ofthegrid radiation, aparallelgrid
radiographhas strips; radiographhasa
adecreasein improper decreasein
exposure tubeorgrid exposureacross
acrossthe positioning theentireimage
entireimage

Severe Focusedhas
Upside peripheralgrid anidentified
Down cutoffwill tubeside
occur, basedonthe
radiationwill waythegrid
beincreasingly stripsare
absorbedaway angled
fromthecenter

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Off-center Offcenter Xraytube

causesa mustbe
decreasein centered
exposure alongthe
acrossthe centralaxis
entireimage. ofafocused
gridto
preventanoff
centergrid
error,the
centergrid
stripsare
perpendicular
andbecome
moreand
moreinclined
awayfrom
thecenter

Off-Focus Atadistance Focusedgrid

otherthanthe mustbeused
onespecified atspecific
severegrid distance
cutoffwill identifiedas
occuralong focalrange
peripheral
edges.Higher
gridratios
require
positioning
accuracyto
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preventthis

The Moire Effect: A grid error that occurs when grid lines are running in the same direction as the
movement of the laser beam thats scanning the imaging plate.
-This error happens with grids that arent moving, or are stationary.

Air gap: Alternative to grid

-Magnification
-Patient is at greater OID, moving patient away from IR reduces scatter
-Same amount of scatter is created, less reaches the IR

Grid ratio
- Influences the ability of the grid to improve contrast
- Is the ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance between the strips =h/D
Grid frequency
-The number of grid lines per inch or centimeter
-Range from 60 200 lines/inch
- Most common are 85-103 lines/inch.
-Higher grid frequencies = thinner lead strips

Grid Conversion Factor (GCF) = mAs with grid/ mAs without grid
- Calculates amount of mAs needed
- Increases with higher grid ratios and increasing kVp
When converting from one grid ratio to another; mAs1 / mAs2 = GCF1 / GCF2
mAs1 = original mAs GCF1 = original grid conversion factor
mAs2 = new mAs GCF2 = new grid conversion factor

Selectivity= % primary radiation transmitted/ % scatter radiation transmitted

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- Grids that absorb a greater percentage of scatter than primary radiation have a greater degree of
selectivity
- A grid with higher lead content would have a greater selectivity

Contrast Improvement Factor (K): dependent on amount of scatter produced, which is controlled by
kVp and volume of irradiated tissue
-As the amount of scatter radiation increases, the lower the contrast, and the lower the contrast
improvement factor
K= radiographic contrast with the grid / radiographic contrast without the grid

If K= 1, no improvement in contrast. Contrast is usually 1.5 3.5 better using the grid. The higher the K
factor, the greater the contrast improvement