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Artigo
Artigo
ABSTRACT
Soybeans are legumes of global interest owing to their high protein content (40%)
and high productivity. Bioactive peptides present in soybeans have been recognized
to prevent some diseases; therefore, the goal of the present study was to produce a
Keywords soy protein isolate and to isolate 2 proteins, glycinin and -conglycinin, hydrolyze
these proteins, and test the resulting peptides for their in vitro antimicrobial and
Soy protein
antioxidant activity. Results showed that glycinin peptides had better activity
isolate,
against most microbial strains; however; -conglycinin peptides and glycinin
glycinin,
peptides had equivalent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. Assays
-conglycinin,
showed that antioxidant activity was dependent on the concentrations of glycinin
antimicrobial,
and -conglycinin peptides. In both groups of peptides, the highest concentrations
antioxidant,
produced the strongest antioxidant effects, but glycinin peptides were more
biological
effective than -conglycinin peptides. Therefore, glycinin peptides exhibited
activity
stronger antioxidant effects than -conglycinin peptides, as well as stronger
antimicrobial activity against all tested microbes, with the exception of E. coli.
These peptides represent an excellent natural source for antimicrobial and
antioxidant compounds with potential for use as therapeutic agents.
Introduction
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Nagano et al. (1992) and Giora (2009). The proteins were centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for
SPI was dispersed in distilled water (1:10, 10 min to remove unhydrolyzed residues.
w/v), dry NaHSO3 was added (0.98 g/L), All hydrolysates were dialyzed with a
and the pH was adjusted to 6.4. The mixture dialysis membrane (Spectra/Por 6- 3,500
was kept overnight at 4 C, after which the kDa cut-off) in distilled water for 48 h, after
suspension was centrifuged at 9,500 rpm for which the suspensions were freeze-dried and
30 min at 4 C. The glycinin precipitate was stored at 4 C.
suspended in distilled water and the pH was
adjusted to 7.0. NaCl (0.25 mol/L) was Gel electrophoresis of SPI, glycinin, and
added to the supernatant and the pH was -conglycinin hydrolysates
adjusted to 5.5. The insoluble fraction was
removed by centrifugation at 9,500 rpm for Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was
30 min at 4 C. The pH of the supernatant performed following the method of Laemmli
was adjusted to 4.8 and it was centrifuged at (1970). The samples were prepared in
9,500 g for 30 min at 4 C. The - reduced conditions with -mercaptoethanol
conglycinin precipitate was suspended in using 12% separating gel and 5% stacking
distilled water and the pH was adjusted to gel, and known commercial molecular
7.0. Glycinin and -conglycinin were weight markers (Amersham full-range
dialyzed with a dialysis membrane rainbow) were used to determine molecular
(Spectra/Por 6- 3,500 kDa cut-off) in mass. Electrophoresis was performed at 200
distilled water for 48 h. V for 5 h. The gels were stained with
Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 overnight
The moisture and ash content were and destained with a solution of methanol
determined by previously described methods and glacial acetic acid. Images were taken
(AOAC, 1995). The protein concentrations using a Transilluminator Loccus L.PIX
were determined by the Lowry method Molecular Imager (Loccus Biotecnologia,
(Lowry et al., 1951). The suspensions were Cotia, So Paulo, Brazil).
freeze-dried and stored at 4 C.
Pathogenic bacterial strains and growth
Hydrolysis of SPI, glycinin, and - conditions
conglycinin
Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
The hydrolysis protocol was performed as used in this study were provided by the
described by Pen-Ramos and Xiong (2002), American Type Culture Collection (ATCC,
as well as by Roblet et al. (2012), with Manassas, VA, USA). All bacterial strains
optimization for our samples. SPI, glycinin, were maintained in 20% glycerol stock at -
and -conglycinin were hydrated with 20 C. Escherichia coli ATCC 26922,
distilled water (2% w/v) and pre-heated for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and
30 min at 37 C. The pH was then adjusted Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853
to 1.3 with 2N HCl and a pepsin solution were reactivated in Mueller Hilton broth and
that was diluted in 0.01N HCl and added to incubated at 37 C for 48 h. Salmonella
a final enzyme-substrate ratio of 1:100, and enterica ATCC 13312 and Klebsiella
the mixture was hydrolyzed for 2 h. The pneumonie ATCC 13883 were reactivated
reaction was stopped by increasing the pH to in nutrient broth and incubated at 37 C for
7.0 with 2N NaOH. After SPI, glycinin and 48 h. Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175
-conglycinin protein hydrolysis, the was reactivated in tryptic soy broth and
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Biotek, Winooski, VT, USA). Results were and methanol (20 L) were added to each
determined every 10 min for 80 min. well of a 96-well plate, followed by the
The percentage inhibition of the DPPH control or sample dilutions, and the plate
radical was calculated as follows (equation was kept at 37 C for 5 min, after which the
1): absorbance at 470 nm was measured with a
(1) DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) = microplate reader (Power Wave XS; Biotek,
(Ac - A / Ac) x 100 Winooski, VT, USA). An ascorbic acid
Where Ac is the absorbance of the control standard was used and results were
solution and A is the absorbance of the determined every 15 min for 100 min.
samples. Results were plotted and analyzed Antioxidant activity was calculated using
by exponential regression to obtain the oxidation inhibition percentages as follows
concentration of antioxidant necessary to (equations 2 4):
decrease the initial DPPH concentration by (2) Ac = Absinitial - Absfinal
50% (IC50). (3) Aam = Absinitial - Absfinal
(4) AA (%) = (Ac - Aam / Ac) x 100
ABTS assay Where Ac and Aam are the measured
absorbance of the control and experimental
The ABTS assay was performed according samples, respectively.
to previously described methods (Rufino et
al., 2007b; Zhu et al. 2011). The Isoflavones of glycinin and -conglycinin
concentrations of glycinin and -conglycinin peptides
peptides were identical to those used in the
DPPH assay. ABTS solution (200 L) and The extraction of isoflavone compounds was
Trolox (50 L) were added to each well of a carried out according to previously
96-well plate, followed by the control or described methods (Mantovani et al., 2013).
sample dilutions, and the plate was The glycinin and -conglycinin peptides
incubated in the dark for 6 min at room were diluted in 15 mL of 80% methanol, and
temperature, after which the absorbance at the resulting mixture was centrifuged for 15
734 nm was measured with a microplate min at 5,000 rpm. The supernatant was
reader (Power Wave XS; Biotek, Winooski, filtered with Whatman filter paper (grade 1)
VT, USA). The antioxidant activity was and through a filter with a 0.45- m
calculated throughout the range of the dose- membrane pore size (Millipore, Billerica,
response curve of Trolox ( M Trolox/g of MA, USA).
sample) and expressed as Trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Isoflavone identification and quantification
were carried out via HPLC, which was
-carotene bleaching assay conducted in a Shimadzu chromatograph
through a Hypersil ODS C 18 (250 mm x
The -carotene bleaching assay was 4.6 mm i.d. x 5 m) column (Shimadzu,
performed according to previously described Kyoto, Japan) with a quaternary pump
methods (Duarte-Almeida et al., 2006; (Shimadzu LC-10ADVP) and the Shimadzu
Rufino et al., 2010; Tyug, Prasad, and CLASS-VP Release (version 6.14 SP1)
Ismail, 2010) with slight modifications. The software system, with a UV wavelength of
concentrations of glycinin and -conglycinin 254 nm and a mobile phase flow rate of 1
peptides were identical to those used in the mL min-1. Isoflavones content was
DPPH assay. The reaction mixture (250 L) expressed as g/mg of sample.
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Amino acid analysis from SPI by the same methods that were
used in this study. In contrast, Samoto et al.
The samples were hydrolyzed with 6N (2007) reported protein levels of 87.0% for
hydrochloric acid containing 0.2% phenol the -conglycinin fraction and 93.1% for the
and 0.2% sodium azide (w/v). The glycinin fraction, which were obtained using
hydrolysis was conducted at approximately a different method of extraction, in which
105 C for 24 h (Fountoulakis and Lahm, sulfuric acid was used for protein isolation
1998). The solution was then filtered with a from defatted soybean flour.
membrane with a 0.22-m pore size
(Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) to remove Gel electrophoresis of SPI, -conglycinin
all particles in suspension and evaporated to and glycinin hydrolysates
eliminate the acid. The supernatant was then
dissolved with solution buffer and analyzed The electrophoretic profiles of SPI and the
with a Sykam amino acid analyzer (model proteins after hydrolysis are shown in Figure
S433; Sykam GmbH, Eresing, Germany). 1. The molecular weight of -conglycinin
constituents ranged from 48 to 75 kDa. The
Statistical analysis glycinin constituents with molecular weights
measured at approximately 30 kDa and 20
The results obtained in the study were kDa were the acidic and basic subunits,
expressed as mean standard deviation respectively. According to Sitohy et al.
from 3 replicate determinations. Differences (2012), the isolation of these 2 subunits
were analyzed using one-way analysis of indicated good separation. This
variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey s electrophoretic procedure shows only the
post-hoc test. P-values < 0.05 were constituent subunits, because it was
considered to be statistically significant. conducted in the presence of -
mercaptoethanol. The SDS-PAGE profiles
Results and Discussion were in accordance with the available
literature, including Medrano and Del
Protein content of SPI and the - Castillo (2011) for SPI and glycinin, Souza
conglycinin and glycinin (2000) for all analyses, Fassini (2010) and
Bittencourt et al., (2007) for glycinin and -
Table 1 shows the characteristics of SPI and conglycinin.
the -conglycinin and glycinin protein. The
SPI protein content was 94.6% as Agar well diffusion technique
determined by the Kjedahl method, and was
thus considered to be a protein isolate, Results from the agar well diffusion
because it was greater than 90% protein on a technique are shown in Table 2. Glycinin
dry basis (Deak and Johnson, 2007). The peptides showed stronger antibiotic activity
isolated -conglycinin and glycinin samples than -conglycinin peptides. Papagianni
were 83.8% and 88.4% protein, respectively, (2003) and Teixeira et al., (2012) have
which were similar to the levels described shown that a diverse group of peptides kills
by Puppo et al. (2011), who reported protein bacteria by permeabilization through the
content of 85.9% for -conglycinin and formation of stable pores through which the
88.2% for glycinin, and Tarone et al. (2013), cellular contents leak, as well as by
who reported protein content of 84.3% for membrane thinning or micellization in a
-conglycinin and 83.0% for glycinin; these detergent-like manner. For peptides that
groups extracted -conglycinin and glycinin have high disulfide bond content, such as
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(8) 144-157
Table.2 Antibiosis activity of glycinin (1) and -conglycinin (2) peptides against gram-
positive and gram-negative bacteria as indicated by halo inhibition (mm)
* Upper-case letters show significant differences between concentrations of the same peptide in the
same strain, and lower-case letters across the rows show significant differences between peptide
treatments in the same strain, as determined by Tukey s test (p < 0.05).
** Mean standard deviation of 3 replicates.
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Table.4 Amino acid profiles (% w/v) of glycinin (1) and -conglycinin (2) peptides
Amino acids 1 2
Aspartic acid 9.1 9.6
Threonine 3.9 4.2
Serine 6.3 5.7
Glutamic acid 8.5 8.2
Proline 0.4 0.2
Glycine 6.7 6.0
Alanine 4.8 4.5
Cysteine 5.7 5.4
Valine 1.1 -
Methionine 2.9 2.6
Isoleucine 6.1 6.3
Leucine 2.4 2.1
Tyrosine 2.6 2.5
Phenylalanine 4.6 4.4
Histidine 7.4 7.2
Lysine 11.3 10.1
Arginine 6.2 6.0
Ammonia 10.0 15.0
Figure.1 SDS-PAGE of soybean protein isolate, glycinin (1), and -conglycinin (2). The
number on the left indicate the molecular weight markers (k)
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Sarmadi and Ismail (2010) described the protein modification - a review. Acta
mechanisms of action of amino acids: Periodica Technol., v. 35, 3-16.
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