Kriptologija 1

05.

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(ASCII,...) !
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2




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3
 :
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:

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- ()
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4
 :

ID

K (K )
. (P ) (E ) (C )
C = EK (P )

K (K )

(C ) (D ) . (P )
P = DK (C )

P = DK ( EK (P ) )

6
 :
( )*
:
(stream)
,
()

(64 , 128 ...)
()
.

7
 :

one-time pad
!
( )
(keystream).
-



()

8
 :

ID

9

K n
( )
( K ) = S
S , S = s0 s1 s2...
S (. )

(XOR)
c0 = p0 s0; c1 = p1 s1; c2 = p2 s2 ,...
., = 0 1 2...
, = 0 1 2...
10

:
p0 = c0 s0; p1= c1 s1; p2 = c2 s2 ,...
:
(
).
K

(, ...).
-

!
?... 11


P
P C
EK DK

4/8/2013

Absolutely safe chiper systems

P
C
XOR

4/8/2013

Computationally safe (practical) chiper systems

C
XOR

generator
K pseudosluajna sekvenca
4/8/2013

Stream Cipher

XOR

4/8/2013

Stream Cipher

4/8/2013


S3
S1 S4 S3
S1
S5
S2

S4 S2

4/8/2013

-:
-
.


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18

one-time pad?
= .

..
: -
-
(PRNG).
PRNG (
) - .
. 64- 1019 - .
PRNG

( 19 -

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20


n, 2n-1
( )

2n-1
-
(!)
, :
n
.
2n
(, 21
)


:
.
1:
n=3 (. k0k1k2:: 101)
(): t=k0 k2 , ki=ki-1, k0=t
k0 k1 k2
k0 k1 k2 0 1 0 1 S
1 0 1 0
1 0 1
2n-1

2 0 0 1
3 1 0 0
-
t 4 1 1 0
:
5 1 1 1 n-1
6 0 1 1
2
7 1 0 1

22


2:
n=3 (. k0k1k2:: 101)
(): t=k0 k1 , ki = ki-1, k0 =
t
k0 k1 k2
k0 k1 k2 0 1 0 1 S

< 2n-1
1 1 1 0
1 0 1
2 0 1 1
3 1 0 1
4 1 1 0
5 0 1 1
6 1 0 1
7 . . .

23


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() ,
2n
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24


:
A5/1
(shift) .
: GSM (- .).
,
.
!
RC4
.
25
 A5/1
A5/1 3 (X,Y Z):
X: 19 (x0,x1,x2, ,x18),
Y: 22 (y0,y1,y2, ,y21),
Z: 23 (z0,z1,z2, ,z22).
64 (19+22+23)

3

26
 A5/1
X x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 x12 x13 x14 x15 x16 x17 x18

Y y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8 y9 y10 y11 y12 y13 y14 y15 y16 y17 y18 y19 y20 y21

Z z0 z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8 z9 z10 z11 z12 z13 z14 z15 z16 z17 z18 z19 z20 z21 z22

?
!

27
 A5/1
: m = maj(x8, y10, z10)
: maj(0,1,0) = 0 maj(1,1,0) = 1
x8 = m t X
t = x13 x16 x17 x18
xi = xi1 i = 18,17,,1 x0 = t
y10 = m t Y
t = y20 y21
yi = yi1 i = 21,20,,1 y0 = t
z10 = m t Z
t = z7 z20 z21 z22
zi = zi1 i = 22,21,,1 z0 = t
() : x18 y21 z22
28
 A5/1
X x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 x12 x13 x14 x15 x16 x17 x18

Y y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8 y9 y10 y11 y12 y13 y14 y15 y16 y17 y18 y19 y20 y21

Z z0 z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8 z9 z10 z11 z12 z13 z14 z15 z16 z17 z18 z19 z20 z21 z22

(xi, yi, zi) je .
() .
(x8, y10, z10).
XOR-
(x18, y21, z22).
29
 A5/1
X 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Y 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

Z 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

, m = maj(x8, y10, z10) = maj(1,0,1) = 1
x8, y10, z10 m
X , Y , Z
: s = 0 1 0 = 1
/
./. 30

()
64-








31
 RC4
.
.
() 1

5/1 1 ( )
,
(lookup table)

32
 RC4

: 0,1,,255.

.
, RC4:


RC4 2
,
.

33
 RC4
S[ ]
(0,1,...,255).
key[ ] N .

34
 RC4

.

-.
: 256
.

() 35
 :
:
:
: ...
-






?
Shamir:

36


37