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Binary Operations
Binary Operations
x2 y 2
A binary operation is defined on real numbers by x y= , x , y R and x , y 0.
y x
1. XY =X + Y xy , evaluate i. ( 34 ) ii ( 43 ) x , y real n.
2.
2 2
xy=x + y 4 on real numbs. x , y R . Find
i. 3 3 ii . ( 1+ 2 )( 1 2 ) iii . 4(35)
2 2
3. a b=a b +2, a , b R , find i. 31 ii 5 2 iii.3 2 iv . ( 2 2 ) 1
4. mn=|n|m2 +2 ,|n| means the magnitude of the number n. evaluate each of the ff.
the values of b for which a=42 5 , leaving your answer in the form p+q r , where
p, q and r are rational numbers.
x+ y
6. x y= x , y R ,x , y 0 . Show that the operation is commutative,
xy , where
associative
PROPERTIES OF BINARY OPERATIONS
Closure Property
A binary operation is said to be closed under a given set, if all the output (images) produced
under the operation belong to the set under which the operation is defined.
Mathematically, an operation defined on the Set S if for any elements x,y S, there is
another element z S such that x y = z then, we say that the operation is closed under S.
If a binary operation produces an element which belongs to the set under which the operation is
defined on, then the operation is said to be closed on the set.
Example 1
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4
2 2 4 1 3
3 3 1 4 2
4 4 3 2 1
From the table, each element produced by the operation belongs to S, therefore the operation
is closed under S.
Example 2
* 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 0
2 3 4 0 1
3 4 0 1 2
4 0 1 2 3
From the table not each element produced by the operation * belongs to set A,
1 * 4 = 0, 2 * 3 = 0, 3 * 2 = 0 and 4 * 1 = 0, but 0 A.
Since 0 A, the operation * is not closed under A.
Example 3
A binary operation is defined on the set B = { x, y, z } by the table below.
x y z
x y z x
y x y z
z z x y
Binary operation is said to be commutative if the order we perform the operation do not affect
the output (image).
Mathematically, a binary operation defined on the set T is commutative if for all x, y T,
xy= yx
In arithmetic, addition and multiplication are commutative, but subtraction and division are not.
For example, 6 + 1 = 7 and 1 + 6 = 7 therefore 6 + 1 = 1 + 6. So addition is commutative.
5 8 = 40 and 8 5 = 40, hence 5 8 = 8 5. Multiplication is commutative.
7 3 = 4 and 3 7 = - 4. We see that 7 3 3 7. Subtraction is not commutative
Again, 6 12 = and 12 6 = 2. We conclude that 6 12 12 6. Division is not
commutative.
Example 4
A binary operation is defined on the set of real numbers by a b = a + b ab, a, b Real.
a. Evaluate
i. 51
ii. (2 3) (4 2)
ii. (q 2) 3=(q 4)
b. i. 5 q = - 11
5+q 5(q)=11
5 4 q=11
4 q=11 5
4 q=16
q=164
q=4
ii. (q 2) 3 = q 4
(q+ 2 2q ) 3=q+ 4 4 q
(2 q) 3=4 3 q
(2 q)+3 (2 q)(3)=4 3 q
5 q 6+3 q=4 3 q
2 q 1=4 3 q
2 q+3 q=4 +1
5 q=5
q=5 5
q=1
taking RHS
b a = b + a ba
a + b = b + a, addition is commutative
and ab = ba, multiplication is commutative
b a = b + a ba
= a + b ba = LHS
a b = b a, the operation is commutative.
Example
10 = + 10 10
= 10.5 5
= 5.5
Similarly, 10 = 10 + - 10
= 10.5 5
= 5.5
10 = 10
Example 5
2
A binary operation defined on the set of N (natural numbers) by a b=a+b +ab ,
where a , b N .
a. Evaluate 2 6
b. Find the value of k for which:
i. 2 k=1 3 k
ii. 5 k =1
Solution
a b=a+ b2+ ab
a. 2 6=2+ 62 + (2 )( 6 )
2+ 3612
36 14
22
b. i. 2 k=1 3 k
2+k 2 +2 k =1+ ( 3 k )2+ (1 ) (3 k )
2+k 2 +2 k =1+9 k 23 k
2 2
2+1+2 k +3 k +k 9 k =0
3+5 k 8 k 2=0
2
33 k +8 k 8 k =0
3 ( 1k )+ 8 k (1k ) =0
( 3+8 k )( 1k )=0
3+8 k =0 or 1 k = 0
8 k =3k =1
3
k= k =1
8
3
Since the operation is defined on natural numbers, k , k=1
8
b. ii. 5 k =1
2
5+k +5 k =1
51+5 k + k 2=0
2
4 +5 k +k =0
4 +4 k +k + k 2=0
4 (1+k ) +k ( 1+k ) =0
( 4 +k ) ( 1+k ) =0
4 +k =01+ k=0
k =4k =1
2 2 2 2
Comparing a bb a (a+ b )(b+ a ) , even though ab = ba, the operation is not
commutative.
Associative Property
Arithmetically, addition and multiplication are associative, whereas subtraction and division are
not.
Example 6
a. Evaluate ( 3 4 ) 53 (4 5)
b. Find the values of k for which 1 { k ( k +1 ) }=23
c. Is associative?
Solution
a. ( 3 4 ) 5=( 3+4 +3 4 ) 5
( 7+12 ) 5
19 5
19+5+19 5
24+ 95
119
3 ( 4 5 )=3 ( 4+ 5+4 5 )
3 ( 9+20 )
3 29
3+29+3 29
32+ 87
119
b. 1 { k ( k +1 ) }=23
1 { k +k +1+ k ( k +1 ) }=23
1 ( 2k + 1+ k 2 +k ) =23
+2
1+3 k
1
2
3+6 k + 2k =23
20+ 6 k +2 k 2=0
2 ( 10+3 k +k 2 ) =0
10+ 3 k +k 2=0
10+ 5 k2 k + k 2=0
k =5, 2
LHS ( x+ y+ xy ) z=( x + y + xy ) + z+ ( x+ y + xy ) z
x+ y+ z + xy + xz + yz + xyz
RHS x ( y + z + yz )=x + ( y + z + yz )+ x ( y + z + yz )
x+ y+ z + yz + xy + xz + xyz
Example 7
Solution
a. ( 1 2 ) 3=( 1+1 2 ) 3
( 1+ 2 ) 3
33
3+3 ( 3 )
3+9
12
1 ( 2 3 )=1 (2+ 2 3)
1 ( 2+ 6 )
18
1+ 1 ( 8 )
1+ 8
b. {2 k } ( k 1 )=8 k
{2+ (2 ) k } ( k1 ) =8 k
(22 k ) ( k 1 )=8 k
(22 k ) + (22 k ) ( k 1 )=8 k
22 k2 ( k 1 )2 k ( k 1 )= 8k
22 k2 k +22 k 2 +2 k=8 k
(2+ 2 )+ (2 k 2 k +2 k )2 k 2=8 k
2 k 2 k 2=8 k
2 k + 8 k2 k 2=0
6 k 2 k 2=0
2 k ( 3k )=0
2 k=0 k=0 OR
3k=0 k =3
k =0,3
LHS ( a b ) c=( a+ ab ) c
[ ( a+ab )+ c ] + ( a+ab ) c
( a+c +ab)+ac +abc
a+c +ab +ac +abc
Distributive property
Two binary operations and are defined on the set , is said to be distributive over , for
all a , b , c R , if and only if
a ( b c )= ( a b ) (a c) Right distributive
( b c ) a= ( b a ) (c a) Left distributive
In our everyday arithmetic, multiplication distribute over addition and over subtraction.
Example 8
Two binary operations and are defined on the set of real numbers by:
xy=3 xy and x y=x + y
Determine whether:
i. is distributive over
ii. is distributive over
Solution
i. x( y z )=( x y ) (xz )
LHS x( y z )=x( y + z )
3 x( y+z)
3 xy+ 3 xz
RHS ( xy ) ( xz )=3 xy 3 xz
3 xy+ 3 xz
xz
Comparing LHS and RHS, x( y z)=( xy ) ), so distribute over
ii. x ( yz )=( x y )( x z )
LHS x ( yz )=x ( 3 yz )
x+3 yz
RHS ( x y )( x z )=( x + y )( x + z )
3 ( x + y ) ( x+ z )
3 ( x2 +xz + xy + yz )
2
3 x +3 xz +3 xy+ 3 yz
Example 9
Two binary operations and defined on the set of real numbers by:
a+b
a b= a b=2+ xy where a , b R , determine whether:
ab
i. is distributive over
ii. is distributive over