8echapter02 SM

Chapter 2 Pressure Distribution in a Fluid
P2.1Forthetwodimensionalstressfield
inFig.P2.1,let Fig.P2.1
xx 3000psf yy 2000psf
xy 500psf
Findtheshearandnormalstressesonplane
AAcuttingthroughat30.
Solution:MakecutAAsothatitjust
hitsthebottomrightcorneroftheelement.
This gives the freebody shown at right.
Nowsumforcesnormalandtangentialto
sideAA.DenotesidelengthAAasL.
Fn,AA 0 AA L
(3000 sin 30 500 cos30)L sin 30
(2000
Solvefor AA cos30 500 sin
2683lbf/ft 2 30)L cos 30
Ans.(a)
Ft,AA 0 AA L (3000 cos30 500 sin 30)L sin 30 (500 cos30 2000 sin 30)L cos30
Solvefor AA 683lbf/ft 2 Ans.(b)
P2.2ForthestressfieldofFig.P2.1,changetheknowndatatoxx2000psf,yy3000
psf,andn(AA)2500psf.ComputexyandtheshearstressonplaneAA.
Solution:SumforcesnormaltoandtangentialtoAAintheelementfreebodyabove,
withn(AA)knownandxyunknown:
Fn,AA 2500L ( xy cos30 2000 sin 30)L sin 30
( xy sin 30 3000 cos30)L cos30 0
Solvefor xy (2500 500 2250)/0.866 289lbf/ft 2 Ans.(a)
Inlikemanner,solvefortheshearstressonplaneAA,usingourresultforxy:
2 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Ft,AA AA L (2000 cos30 289sin 30)L sin 30

(289 cos30 3000 sin 30)L cos30 0
Solvefor AA 938 1515 577lbf/ft 2 Ans.(b)
ThisproblemandProb.P2.1canalsobesolvedusingMohrscircle.
P2.3Averticalcleanglasspiezometertubehasaninsidediameterof1mm.Whena
pressure is applied, water at 20C rises into the tube to a height of 25 cm. After
correctingforsurfacetension,estimatetheappliedpressureinPa.
3
Solution:Forwater,letY0.073N/m,contactangle0,and9790N/m .The
capillaryriseinthetube,fromExample1.9ofthetext,is
2Y cos 2(0.073N /m)cos(0)
hcap 0.030m
R (9790N /m3 )(0.0005m)
Thentheriseduetoappliedpressureislessbythatamount:hpress0.25m0.03m0.22m.
3
Theappliedpressureisestimatedtobephpress(9790N/m )(0.22m)2160PaAns.
? Bourdon
P2.4 Pressuregages,suchastheBourdongage W gage
in Fig. P2.4, are calibrated with a deadweight piston.
IftheBourdongageisdesignedtorotatethepointer 2cm
diameter
10 degrees for every 2 psig of internal pressure, how
manydegreesdoesthepointerrotateifthepistonand
Fig. P2.4
weighttogethertotal44newtons?
Solution: The deadweight, divided by the piston area, should equal the pressure applied
to the Bourdon gage. Stay in SI units for the moment:
F 44 N lbf
pBourdon 2
140, 060 Pa 6894.8 20.3 2
A piston ( / 4)(0.02m) in
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 3
At 10 degrees for every 2 psig, the pointer should move approximately 100 degrees. Ans.
________________________________________________________________________
P2.5 Quito, Ecuador has an average altitude of 9,350 ft. On a standard day, pressure
gage A in a laboratory experiment reads 63 kPa and gage B reads 105 kPa. Express these
readings in gage pressure or vacuum pressure, whichever is appropriate.
Solution: Convert 9,350 ft x 0.3048 = 2,850 m. We can interpolate in the Standard

Altitude Table A.6 to a pressure of about 71.5 kPa. Or we could use Eq. (2.20):
B z g / RB (0.0065)(2850) 5.26
p pa (1 ) (101350)[1 ] (101350)(0.70503) 71,500 Pa
To 288.16
Good interpolating! Then pA = 71500-63000 = 8500 Pa (vacuum pressure) Ans.(A),
and pB = 105000 - 71500 = 33500 Pa (gage pressure) Ans.(B)
P2.6Expressstandardatmosphericpressureasahead,hp/ g,in(a)feetofglycerin;
(b)inchesofmercury;(c)metersofwater;and(d)mmofethanol.
Solution:Takethespecificweights, g,fromTableA.3,dividepatmby :
2 3
(a)Glycerin:h(2116lbf/ft )/(78.7lbf/ft )26.9ftAns.(a)
2 3
(b)Mercury:h(2116lbf/ft )/(846lbf/ft )2.50ft30.0inchesAns.(b)
2 3
(c)Water:h(101350N/m )/(9790N/m )10.35mAns.(c)
2 3
(d)Ethanol:h(101350N/m )/(7740N/m )13.1m13100mmAns.(d)
P2.7 LaPaz,Boliviaisatanaltitudeofapproximately12,000ft.Assumea
standardatmosphere.Howhighwouldtheliquidriseinamethanolbarometer,assumed
at20C?[HINT:Dontforgetthevaporpressure.]
Solution:Convert12,000ftto3658meters,andTableA.6,orEq.(2.20),give
B z g /( RB ) (0.0065)(3658) 5.26
pLaPaz po (1 ) 101350[1 ] 64, 400 Pa
To 288.16
FromTableA.3,methanolhas=791kg/m3andalargevaporpressureof13,400Pa.
Thenthemanometerrisehisgivenby
pLaPaz pvap 64400 13400 methanol g h (791)(9.81) h
Solve for hmethanol 6.57 m Ans.

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P2.8 Suppose, which is possible, that there is a half-mile deep lake of pure ethanol on
the surface of Mars. Estimate the absolute pressure, in Pa, at the bottom of this
speculative lake.
Solution: We need some data from the Internet: Mars gravity is 3.71 m/s 2, surface
pressure is 700 Pa, and surface temperature is -10F (above the freezing temperature of
ethanol). Then the bottom pressure is given by the hydrostatic formula, with ethanol
density equal to 789 kg/m3 from Table A.3. Convert mile = (5280) ft = 2640 ft *
0.3048 m/ft = 804.7 m. Then
pbottom psurface g h 700 (789)(3.71)(804.7 m) 700 2,356, 000 2.36E6 Pa Ans.
P2.9 Astoragetank,26ftindiameterand36fthigh,isfilledwithSAE30Woilat
20C.(a)Whatisthegagepressure,inlbf/in 2,atthebottomofthetank?(b)Howdoes
yourresultin(a)changeifthetankdiameterisreducedto15ft? (c)Repeat(a)if
leakagehascausedalayerof5ftofwatertorestatthebottomofthe(full)tank.
Solution:Thisisastraightforwardprobleminhydrostaticpressure.FromTableA.3,the
densityofSAE30Woilis891kg/m3 515.38 =1.73slug/ft3. (a)Thusthebottom
pressureis
slug ft lbf lbf

pbottom oil g h (1.73 )(32.2 )(36 ft) 2005 13.9 gage Ans.(a)
3 2 2
ft s ft in2
(b)Thetankdiameterhasnothingtodowithit,justthedepth:pbottom=13.9psig.Ans.(b)
(c) If we have 31 ft of oil and 5 ft of water ( = 1.94 slug/ft3), the bottom pressure is
pb oil ghoil water ghwater (1.73)(32.2)(31) (1.94)(32.2)(5)

lbf lbf
1727 312 2039 Ans.(c)2
14.2
ft in 2
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_
P2.10 A large open tank is open to sea level atmosphere and filled with liquid, at 20C,
to a depth of 50 ft. The absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is approximately
221.5 kPa. From Table A.3, what might this liquid be?
Solution: Convert 50 ft to 15.24 m. Use the hydrostatic formula to calculate the bottom
pressure:
pbottom pa gH [101,350Pa (9.81)(15.24)] 221,500 Pa
Solve for 804 kg / m3 . Table A.3: It might be kerosene. Ans.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
P2.11InFig.P2.11,sensorA reads 1.5

kPa (gage). All fluids are at 20C. Fig.P2.11
DeterminetheelevationsZinmetersofthe
liquid levels in the open piezometer
tubesBandC.
Solution:(B)LetpiezometertubeBbe
anarbitrarydistanceHabovethegasoline
glycerin interface. Thespecificweightsare
air12.0N/m3,gasoline6670N/m3,and
glycerin 12360 N/m3. Then apply the
hydrostaticformulafrompointAtopoint
B:
1500N/m 2 (12.0N/m 3 )(2.0m) 6670(1.5 H) 6670(Z B H 1.0) p B 0(gage)

SolveforZB2.73m(23cmabovethegasolineairinterface)Ans.(b)
Solution(C):LetpiezometertubeCbeanarbitrarydistanceYabovethebottom.Then
150012.0(2.0)6670(1.5)12360(1.0Y)12360(ZCY)pC0(gage)
SolveforZC1.93m(93cmabovethegasolineglycerininterface)Ans.(c)
P2.12In Fig. P2.12 the tank contains

waterandimmiscibleoilat20C.Whatis Fig.P2.12
hincentimetersifthedensityoftheoilis
3
898kg/m ?
Solution:For water take the density

3
998kg/m .Applythehydrostaticrelation
fromtheoilsurfacetothewatersurface,
skippingthe8cmpart:
patm (898)(g)(h 0.12)

(998)
Solvefor 0.08m0.12)
h (g)(0.06 patmAns.
8.0cm ,
P2.13InFig.P2.13the20Cwaterandgasolineareopentotheatmosphereandareat
thesameelevation.Whatistheheighthinthethirdliquid?
3 3
Solution:Takewater 9790N/m andgasoline 6670N/m .Thebottompressure
mustbethesamewhetherwemovedownthroughthewaterorthroughthegasolineinto
thethirdfluid:
Fig.P2.13
p bottom (9790N/m 3 )(1.5m) 1.60(9790)(1.0) 1.60(9790)h 6670(2.5 h)

Solvefor h 1.52m Ans.
P2.14 For the three-liquid system
shown,computeh1andh2. water
mercury
h2
Neglecttheairdensity.
27cm
Fig.P2.14
8cm
h1 5cm
Solution:Thepressuresat
the three top surfaces must all be
atmospheric,orzerogagepressure.Computeoil=(0.78)(9790)=7636N/m3.Also,
fromTable2.1, water =9790N/m3 and mercury = 133100N/m3 . Thesurfacepressure
equalityis
N N N N N
(9790 3 )(0.27 m) (133100 3 ) h1 (133100 3 )(0.08m) (7636 3 ) h2 (133100 3 )(0.05m)
m m m m m
or : 2643 133100 h1 10648 Pa 7836 h2 6655
Solve for h1 0.060m 6.0 cm , h2 0.523m 52.3 cm Ans.
2
P2.15InFig.P2.15allfluidsareat20C.GageAreads15lbf/in absoluteandgageB
2
reads1.25lbf/in lessthangageC.Compute(a)thespecificweightoftheoil;and(b)
2
theactualreadingofgageCinlbf/in absolute.
Fig.P2.15
3
Solution:Firstevaluateair(pA/RT)g[15144/(1717528)](32.2)0.0767lbf/ft .
3
Takewater62.4lbf/ft .ThenapplythehydrostaticformulafrompointBtopointC:
p B oil (1.0ft) (62.4)(2.0ft) pC p B (1.25)(144)psf
Solvefor oil 55.2lbf/ft 3 Ans.(a)

Withtheoilweightknown,wecannowapplyhydrostaticsfrompointAtopointC:
pC p A gh (15)(144) (0.0767)(2.0) (55.2)(2.0) (62.4)(2.0)
or: p C 2395lbf/ft 2 16.6psi Ans.(b)
P2.16 Iftheabsolutepressureattheinterface
betweenwaterandmercuryinFig.P2.16is93kPa,
what,inlbf/ft2,is(a)thepressureatthe Water 28cm
surface,and(b)thepressureatthebottom 75 75
ofthecontainer? Mercury 8cm

Fig.P2.16
32cm
Solution: Do the whole problem in SI units and then convert to BG at the end. The bottom
width and the slanted 75-degree walls are irrelevant red herrings. Just go up and down:
psurface pinterface water h 93000Pa (9790 N / m3 )(0.28m)
90260 Pa 47.88 1885 lbf / ft 2 Ans.(a)

pbottom pinterface mercury h 93000Pa (133100 N / m3 )(0.08m)
103650 Pa 47.88 2165 lbf / ft 2 Ans.(b)

P2.17 The system in Fig. P2.17 is at 20C.
0Pa(gage) Air,200Pa(gage)
Determine the height h of the water in the left side.

25cm
h? Oil,SG=0.8
20cm
water
Solution: The bottom pressure must be the same from both left and right viewpoints:
pb ,left 9790 h pb ,right 200 [0.8(9790)(0.25)] (9790)(0.2) 200 1958 1958 4116 Pa
Solve for h 4116 / 9790 0.42 m 42cm Ans.
P2.18All fluids in Fig. P2.18 are at Fig.P2.18

20C. If atmospheric pressure 101.33
kPa and the bottom pressure is 242 kPa
absolute, what is the specific gravity of
fluidX?
Solution:Simply apply the hydrostatic

formulafromtoptobottom:
p bottom p top h,
or: 242000 101330 (8720)(1.0) (9790)(2.0) X (3.0) (133100)(0.5)
Solve for X 15273 N/m 3 , or: SG X 15273 / 9790 1.56 Ans.

2-10 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Eighth Edition
3
P2.19TheUtubeatrighthasa1cmIDandcontainsmercuryasshown.If20cm of
waterispouredintotherighthandleg,whatwillbethefreesurfaceheightineachleg
afterthesloshinghasdieddown?
Solution:Firstfiguretheheightofwateradded:

20cm 3 (1cm)2 h, or h 25.46cm
4
Then,atequilibrium,thenewsystemmusthave25.46cmofwaterontheright,anda
30cmlengthofmercuryissomewhatdisplacedsothatLisontheright,0.1monthe
bottom,and0.2Lontheleftside,asshownatright.Thebottompressureisconstant:
patm 133100(0.2 L) patm 9790(0.2546) 133100(L), or: L 0.0906m
Thusrightlegheight9.0625.4634.52cmAns.
leftlegheight20.09.0610.94cmAns.
P2.20ThehydraulicjackinFig.P2.20
3
isfilledwithoilat56lbf/ft .Neglecting Fig.P2.20
piston weights, what force F on the
handleisrequiredtosupportthe2000lbf
weightshown?
Solution:FirstsummomentsclockwiseaboutthehingeAofthehandle:
M A 0 F(15 1) P(1),
or:FP/16,wherePistheforceinthesmall(1in)piston.
Meanwhilefigurethepressureintheoilfromtheweightonthelargepiston:
W 2000 lbf
poil 40744psf,
A3in ( /4)(3/12ft)2
2
1
Hence P p oil A small (40744) 222 lbf
4 12
ThereforethehandleforcerequiredisFP/16222/1614lbfAns.
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 2-11
P2.21InFig.P2.21allfluidsareat20C.
GageAreads350kPaabsolute.Determine Fig.P2.21
(a)theheighthincm;and(b)thereading
ofgageBinkPaabsolute.
Solution:Applythehydrostaticformula
fromtheairtogageA:
p A pair h
180000 (9790)h 133100(0.8) 350000Pa,
Solvefor h 6.49m Ans.(a)
Then,withhknown,wecanevaluatethepressureatgageB:
p B 180000+9790(6.49 0.80)=251000Pa 251kPa Ans.(b)
P2.22Thefuelgageforanautogastank
reads proportional to the bottom gage Fig. P2.22
pressure as in Fig. P2.22. If the tank
accidentally contains 2 cm of water plus
gasoline,howmanycentimetershofair
remainwhenthegagereadsfullinerror?
3
Solution:Givengasoline0.68(9790)6657N/m ,computethegagepressurewhenfull:
pfull gasoline (fullheight) (6657N/m 3 )(0.30m) 1997Pa
Setthispressureequalto2cmofwaterplusYcentimetersofgasoline:
pfull 1997 9790(0.02m) 6657Y, or Y 0.2706m 27.06cm
Thereforetheairgaph30cm2cm(water)27.06cm(gasoline)0.94cmAns.
P2.23In Fig. P2.23 both fluids are at Solution:MovearoundtheUtubefrom

20C. If surface tension effects are leftatmospheretorightatmosphere:
negligible,whatisthedensityoftheoil,in pa (9790N/m 3 )(0.06m)
3
kg/m ?
oil (0.08m) pa ,
solvefor oil 7343N/m 3 ,
Fig.P2.23
or: oil 7343/9.81 748kgm 3 Ans.
P2.24InProb.1.2wemadeacrudeintegrationofatmosphericdensityfromTableA.6
andfoundthattheatmosphericmassisapproximately m 6E18kg.Canthisresultbe
usedtoestimatesealevelpressure?Cansealevelpressurebeusedtoestimatem?
Solution:Yes, atmospheric pressure is essentially a result of the weight of the air

above.Thereforetheairweightdividedbythesurfaceareaoftheearthequalssealevel
pressure:
Wair m air g (6.0E18 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )
psea-level 115000Pa Ans.
A earth 4 R earth
2
4 (6.377E6 m)2
Thisisalittleoff,thusourmassestimatemusthavebeenalittleoff.Ifglobalaverage
sealevelpressureisactually101350Pa,thenthemassofatmosphericairmustbemore
nearly
A earth psealevel 4 (6.377E6m)2 (101350Pa)

m air 5.28E18kg Ans.
g 9.81m/s2
*P2.25 AsmeasuredbyNASAsVikinglanders,theatmosphereofMars,where g=
3.71m/s2,isalmostentirelycarbondioxide,andthesurfacepressureaverages700Pa.The

temperatureiscoldanddropsoffexponentially:TToe Cz,whereC1.3E5m1andTo
250K.Forexample,at20,000maltitude,T193K.(a)Findananalyticformulafor
thevariationofpressurewithaltitude.(b)FindthealtitudewherepressureonMarshas
droppedto1pascal.
Solution:(a)TheanalyticformulaisfoundbyintegratingEq.(2.17)ofthetext:
p g z dz g z dz g
ln( ) Cz
(eCz 1)
po R T
0 R To e
0 RTo C
g
or, finally, p po exp[ (eCz 1)] Ans.(a )
RTo C
(b)FromTableA.4forCO2,R=189m2/(s2K).Substitutep=1Patofindthealtitude:
g 3.71 m / s 2
p 1 Pa po exp[ (eCz 1)] (700 Pa) exp[ {e(1.3E 5) z 1}]
RTo C (189)(250)(1.3E 5)
1
or : ln( ) 6.55 6.04{e(1.3E 5) z 1} , Solve for z 56, 500 m Ans.(b)
700
________________________________________________________________________________________
P2.26 Forgasesoverlargechangesinheight,thelinearapproximation,Eq.(2.14),is
inaccurate.Expandthetropospherepowerlaw,Eq.(2.20),intoapowerseriesandshow
thatthelinearapproximationppaagzisadequatewhen
2 To g
z , where n
(n 1) B RB
Solution:ThepowerlawterminEq.(2.20)canbeexpandedintoaseries:
Bz n Bz n(n 1) Bz 2 g
(1 ) 1 n ( ) ...... where n
To To 2! To RB
Multiplybypa,asinEq.(2.20),andnotethatpanB/To=(pa/RTo)gz=agz.Thentheseries
mayberewrittenasfollows:
n 1 Bz
p pa a gz (1 ..... )
2 To
Forthelinearlawtobeaccurate,the2nd terminparenthesesmustbemuchlessthan
unity.Ifthestartingpointisnotatz=0,thenreplacezbyz:
n 1 B z 2 To
1 , or : z Ans.
2 To (n 1) B
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P2.27Thisisanexperimentalproblem:Putacardorthicksheetoveraglassofwater,
holdittight,andturnitoverwithoutleaking(aglossypostcardworksbest).Letgoofthe
card.Willthecardstayattachedwhentheglassisupsidedown?Yes:Thisisessentiallya
waterbarometerand,inprinciple,couldholdacolumnofwaterupto10fthigh!
P2.28 A correlation of computational fluid dynamics results indicates that, all other
things being equal, the distance traveled by a well-hit baseball varies inversely as the
0.36 power of the air density. If a home-run ball hit in NY Mets Citi Field Stadium
travels 400 ft, estimate the distance it would travel in (a) Quito, Ecuador, and (b)
Colorado Springs, CO.
Solution: Citi Field is in the Borough of Queens, NY, essentially at sea level. Hence the
standard pressure is po 101,350 Pa. Look up the altitude of the other two cities and
calculate the pressure:
(0.0065)(2850) 5.26
(a)Quito : z 2850 m, pQ po [1 ] (101350)(0.705) 71,500 Pa
288.16
(0.0065)(1835) 5.26
(b)Colorado Springs : z 1835m, pCC po [1 ] (101350)(0.801) 81,100 Pa
288.16
Then the estimated home-run distances are:
101350 0.36
(a) Quito : X 400( ) 400(1.134) 454 ft Ans.(a)
71500
101350 0.36
(b) Colorado Springs : X 400( ) 400(1.084) 433 ft Ans.(b)
81100
The Colorado result is often confirmed by people who attend Rockies baseball games.
P2.29 Follow up on Prob. P2.8 by estimating the altitude on Mars where the pressure
has dropped to 20% of its surface value. Assume an isothermal atmosphere, not the
exponential variation of P2.25.
Solution: Problem P2.8 we used a surface temperature To = -10F = -23C = 250 K.

Recall that gMars 3.71 m/s2. Mars atmosphere is primarily CO2, hence RMars 189
m2/s2K from Table A.4. Equation (2.18), for an isothermal atmosphere, thus predicts
p g ( z2 z1 ) (3.71)( z 0)
0.2 exp[ ] exp[ ] ; solve for z 20, 500 m Ans.
pa RTo (189)(250)
_____________________________________________________________________
P2.30 ForthetraditionalequallevelmanometermeasurementinFig.E2.3,waterat
20Cflowsthroughtheplugdevicefromatob.Themanometerfluidismercury.IfL=
12cmandh=24cm,(a)whatisthepressuredropthroughthedevice?(b)Ifthewater
flowsthroughthepipeatavelocityV=18ft/s,whatisthedimensionlesslosscoefficient
ofthedevice,definedbyK=p/(V2)?WewillstudylosscoefficientsinChap.6.
Solution: Gather density data: mercury = 13550 kg/m3, water = 998 kg/m3. Example 2.3,
by going down from (a) to the mercury level, jumping across, and going up to (b), found
the very important formula for this type of equal-leg manometer:
p pa pb ( merc water ) g h (13550 998 kg / m3 )(9.81 m / s 2 )(0.24 m)

or : p 29, 600 Pa Ans.(a )
(b) The loss coefficient calculation is straightforward, but we check the units to make sure.
Convert the velocity from 18 ft/s to 5.49 m/s. Then
p 29600 N / m2 29600 N / m 2
K 0.98 Ans.(b)
V 2 (998 kg / m 2 )(5.49 m / s ) 2 30080 N / m 2
________________________________________________________________________
P2.31InFig.P2.31determinepbetweenpointsAandB.Allfluidsareat20C.
Fig.P2.31
Solution:Takethespecificweightstobe
3 3
Benzene:8640N/m Mercury:133100N/m
3 3
Kerosene:7885N/m Water:9790N/m
3
andairwillbesmall,probablyaround12N/m .WorkyourwayaroundfromAtoB:
p A (8640)(0.20m) (133100)(0.08) (7885)(0.32) (9790)(0.26) (12)(0.09)
p B , or,aftercleaningup, p A p B 8900Pa Ans.
P2.32ForthemanometerofFig.P2.32,allfluidsareat20 C.IfpB pA 97kPa,

determinetheheightHincentimeters.
3 3
Solution:Gamma 9790N/m forwaterand133100N/m formercuryand(0.827)
3
(9790)8096N/m forMeriamredoil.WorkyourwayaroundfrompointAtopointB:
p A (9790 N/m3 )(H meters) 8096(0.18)
133100(0.18 H 0.35) p B p A 97000.
Solvefor H 0.226m 22.6 cm Ans.
Fig.P2.32
P2.33InFig.P2.33thepressureatpointAis25psi.Allfluidsareat20 C.Whatisthe
airpressureintheclosedchamberB?
3 3
Solution:Take9790N/m forwater,8720N/m forSAE30oil,and(1.45)(9790)
3 2
14196N/m forthethirdfluid.ConvertthepressureatAfrom25lbf/in to172400Pa.
ComputehydrostaticallyfrompointAtopointB:
Fig.P2.33
p A h 172400 (9790N/m 3)(0.04m) (8720)(0.06) (14196)(0.10)

p B 171100Pa 47.88 144 24.8 psi Ans.
*P2.34Toshowtheeffectofmanometer
dimensions, consider Fig. P2.34. The Fig.P2.34
containers (a) and(b)arecylindrical and
aresuchthatpapbasshown.Supposethe
oilwaterinterfaceontherightmovesupa
distance h h.Deriveaformulaforthe
difference pa pb when(a) d << D; and
(b)d0.15D.Whatisthe%difference?
3 3
Solution:Take9790N/m forwaterand8720N/m forSAE30oil.LetHbethe
heightoftheoilinreservoir(b).Fortheconditionshown,papb,therefore
water (L h) oil (H h), or: H ( water / oil )(L h) h (1)
Case(a), d << D: Whenthemeniscusrises h,therewillbenosignificantchangein
reservoirlevels.Thereforewecanwriteasimplehydrostaticrelationfrom(a)to(b):
pa water (L h h) oil (H h h) p b ,
or: pa pb h water oil Ans.(a)
wherewehaveusedEq.(1)abovetoeliminateHandL.Puttinginnumberstocompare
laterwithpart(b),wehaveph(97908720)1070h,withhinmeters.
Case(b),d0.15D.Herewemustaccountforreservoirvolumechanges.Forarise
2
h h, a volume ( /4)d h of water leaves reservoir (a), decreasing L by
2
h(d/D) ,andanidenticalvolumeofoilentersreservoir(b),increasingHbythe
2
sameamount h(d/D) . Thehydrostaticrelationbetween(a)and(b)becomes,for
thiscase,
pa water [L h(d/D)2 h h] oil [H h(d/D)2 h h] p b ,

or: pa p b h water 1 d 2 D 2 oil 1 d 2 D 2 Ans.(b)
whereagainwehaveusedEq.(1)toeliminate HandL.Ifdisnotsmall,thisisa
considerabledifference,withsurprisinglylargeerror.Forthecased0.15D,withwater
andoil,weobtain p h[1.0225(9790) 0.9775(8720)] 1486 hor 39%more
than(a).
P2.35Water flows upward in a pipe

slanted at 30, as in Fig. P2.35. The Fig.P2.35
mercurymanometerreadsh12cm.What
is the pressure difference between points
(1)and(2)inthepipe?
Solution:The vertical distance between

points 1 and 2 equals (2.0 m)tan 30 or
1.155 m. Go around the Utube hydro
staticallyfrompoint1topoint2:
p1 9790h 133100h
9790(1.155m) p2 , 9790)(0.12) 11300 26100Pa
or: p p (133100 Ans.
1 2
P2.36InFig.P2.36boththetankandtheslantedtubeareopentotheatmosphere.IfL
2.13m,whatistheangleoftiltofthetube?
Fig.P2.36
Solution:Proceedhydrostaticallyfromtheoilsurfacetotheslantedtubesurface:
p a 0.8(9790)(0.5) 9790(0.5) 9790(2.13sin ) p a ,

or: sin 0.4225, solve 25 Ans.

P2.37The inclined manometer in Fig.

P2.37containsMeriamredoil,SG0.827. Fig.P2.37
Assumethereservoirisverylarge.Ifthe
inclinedarmhasgraduations1inchapart,
whatshouldbeifeachgraduationrepre
sents1psfofthepressurepA?
3
Solution:Thespecificweightoftheoilis(0.827)(62.4)51.6lbf/ft .Ifthereservoir
leveldoesnotchangeandL1inchisthescalemarking,then
lbf lbf 1
p A (gage) 1 2 oil z oil L sin 51.6 3 sin ,
ft
ft ft 12
or: sin 0.2325 or: 13.45 Ans.
P2.38 IfthepressureincontainerA
Fig.P2.38 B
is200kPa,computethepressurein
Water 18cm
containerB. A
Oil,
Solution:Thespecificweightsare SG=0.8
16cm
oil=(0.8)(9790)=7832N/m3,
22cm
Mercury
mercury=133,100N/m3,and
8cm
water=9790N/m3.
Solution: Begin at B and proceed around to A.
200,000(9790)(0.18m)(133100)(0.22 0.08m)(0.8x9790)(0.16m) p A
Solve for p A 219,000 Pa 219kPa Ans.
P2.39InFig.P2.39therightlegofthemanometerisopentotheatmosphere.Findthe
gagepressure,inPa,intheairgapinthetank.Neglectsurfacetension.
Solution:The two 8cm legs of air are negligible (only 2 Pa). Begin at the right
mercuryinterfaceandgototheairgap:
0Pagage (133100N/m 3 )(0.12 0.09m)
(0.8 9790N/m 3 )(0.09 0.12 0.08m)
pairgap
or: pairgap 27951Pa 2271Pa 25700Pagage Ans.
Fig.P2.39
P2.40 In Fig. P2.40, if pressure gage A reads 20 lbf/in 2 absolute, find the pressure in the
closed air space B. The manometer fluid is Meriam red oil, SG = 0.827
B 1ft
3ft Air
2ft
Fig.P2.40
4ft Water
Oil
A
Solution: For water take = 62.4 lbf/ft2. Neglect hydrostatic changes in the air. Proceed from A
to B:
20(144)62.4(4 ft)(0.827)(62.4)(2 ft) pB
or : 2880 249.6103.2 pB 2527 lbf / ft 2 17.6 lbf / in 2 Ans.

________________________________________________________________________________
P2.41The system in Fig. P2.41 is at Fig.P2.41

20C.DeterminethepressureatpointAin
poundspersquarefoot.
Solution:Take the specific weights of

waterandmercuryfromTable2.1.Write
thehydrostaticformulafrompointAtothe
watersurface:
6 10 5 lbf
p A (0.85)(62.4lbf/ft 3 ) ft (846) (62.4) patm (14.7)(144) 2
12 12 12 ft
Solvefor p A 2770 lbf/ft 2 Ans.
P2.42SmallpressuredifferencescanbemeasuredbythetwofluidmanometerinFig.
P2.42,where 2 isonlyslightlylargerthan 1.DeriveaformulaforpA pB ifthe
reservoirsareverylarge.
Solution:ApplythehydrostaticformulafromAtoB:
Fig.P2.42
p A 1gh1 2 gh 1g(h1 h) p B
Solvefor p A pB 2 1 gh Ans.
If(21)isverysmall,hwillbeverylargeforagivenp(asensitivemanometer).
P2.43Thetraditionalmethodofmeasuringbloodpressureusesasphygmomanometer,
firstrecordingthehighest(systolic)andthenthelowest(diastolic)pressurefromwhich
flowing Korotkoff sounds can be heard. Patients with dangerous hypertension can
2 2
exhibitsystolicpressuresashighas5lbf/in .Normallevels,however,are2.7and1.7lbf/in ,
respectively,forsystolicanddiastolicpressures.Themanometerusesmercuryandairas
fluids.(a)Howhighshouldthemanometertubebe?(b)Expressnormalsystolicand
diastolicbloodpressureinmillimetersofmercury.
Solution:(a)Themanometerheightmustbeatleastlargeenoughtoaccommodatethe
2
largestsystolicpressureexpected.Thusapplythehydrostaticrelationusing5lbf/in as
thepressure,
h p B /g (5lbf/in 2 )(6895Pa/lbf/in 2 )/(133100N/m3 ) 0.26m
Somaketheheightabout 30cm Ansa
(b)Convertthesystolicanddiastolicpressuresbydividingthembymercurysspecific
weight.
hsystolic (2.7lbf/in 2 )(144in 2 /ft 2 )/(846lbf/ft 3 ) 0.46ftHg 140mmHg
h diastolic (1.7lbf/in 2 )(144in 2 /ft 2 )/(846lbf/ft 3 ) 0.289ftHg 88mmHg
Thesystolic/diastolicpressuresarethus140/88mmHg.Ans.(b)
P2.44Waterflowsdownwardinapipeat45,asshowninFig.P2.44.Themercury
manometerreadsa6inheight.Thepressuredropp2p1ispartlyduetofrictionandpartly
duetogravity.Determinethetotalpressuredropandalsothepartduetofrictiononly.
Whichpartdoesthemanometerread?Why?
Fig.P2.44
Solution:Lethbethedistancedownfrompoint2tothemercurywaterinterfacein
therightleg.Writethehydrostaticformulafrom1to2:
6 6
p1 62.4 5sin 45 h 846 62.4h p 2 ,
12 12
p1 p 2 (846 62.4)(6/12) 62.4(5sin 45) 392 221
.... friction loss... ..gravity head..
lbf
171 Ans.
ft 2
2
Themanometerreadsonlythe frictionloss of392lbfft ,notthegravityheadof
221psf.
P2.45DeterminethegagepressureatpointAinFig.P2.45,inpascals.Isithigherorlower
thanPatmosphere?
3 3
Solution:Take 9790Nm forwaterand133100Nm for mercury. Write the
hydrostaticformulabetweentheatmosphereandpointA:
patm (0.85)(9790)(0.4m)
(133100)(0.15m) (12)(0.30m)
(9790)(0.45m) p A ,
Fig.P2.45
or: p A patm 12200Pa 12200 Pa (vacuum) Ans.

P2.46In Fig. P2.46 both ends of the

manometer are open to the atmosphere. Fig.P2.46
EstimatethespecificgravityoffluidX.
Solution:Thepressureatthebottomofthe
manometermustbethesameregardlessof
whichlegweapproachthrough,leftorright:
patm (8720)(0.1) (9790)(0.07)

X (0.04) (leftleg)
patm (8720)(0.09) (9790)(0.05) X (0.06) (rightleg)
14150
or: X 14150N/m 3 , SG X 1.45 Ans.
9790
P2.47The cylindrical tank in Fig.

P2.47isbeingfilledwith20Cwaterby Fig.P2.47
a pump developing an exit pressure of
175 kPa. At the instant shown, the air
pressureis110kPaandH 35cm.The
pump stops when it can no longer raise
thewaterpressure.Estimate Hatthat
time.
Solution:Attheendofpumping,thebottomwaterpressuremustbe175kPa:
pair 9790H 175000
Meanwhile,assumingisothermalaircompression,thefinalairpressureissuchthat
pair Vol old R 2(0.75m) 0.75

110000 Vol new R (1.1m H) 1.1 H
2
whereRisthetankradius.CombiningthesetwogivesaquadraticequationforH:
0.75(110000)
9790H 175000, or H 2 18.98H 11.24 0
1.1 H
ThetworootsareH18.37m(ridiculous)or,properly,H0.612mAns.
Air
P2.48ThesysteminFig.P2.48 A
C
is open to 1 atm on the right side.

D
L
(a)IfL=120cm,whatistheair 32cm
35
B Fig.P2.48
pressureincontainerA? 18cm
15cm
(b)Conversely,ifpA=135kPa, z=0
Mercury Water
whatisthelengthL?
Solution: (a)Theverticalelevationofthewatersurfaceintheslantedtubeis(1.2m)
(sin55)=0.983m.Thenthepressureatthe18cmlevelofthewater,pointD,is
N
p D p atm water z 101350 Pa (9790 )(0.983 0.18m) 109200 Pa
m3
GoingupfromDtoCinairisnegligible,lessthan2Pa.Thus pC pD=109200Pa.
GoingdownfrompointCtothelevelofpointBincreasesthepressureinmercury:
N
p B pC mercury z C B 109200 (133100 )(0.32 0.15m) 131800 Pa Ans.(a )
m3
This is the answer, since again it is negligible to go up to point A in low-density air.

(b) Given pA = 135 kPa, go down from point A to point B with negligible air-pressure
change, then jump across the mercury U-tube and go up to point C with a decrease:
pC p B mercury z B C 135000 (133100)(0.32 0.15) 112400 Pa
Onceagain,pCpD112400Pa,jumpacrossthewaterandthengouptothesurface:
p atm p D water z 112400 9790( z surface 0.18m) 101350 Pa

Solve for z surface 1.306 m
Then the slanted distance L 1.306 m / sin 55 1.594 m Ans.(b)
P2.49Conduct an experiment: Place a thin wooden ruler on a table with a 40%

overhang,asshown.Coveritwith2fullsizesheetsofnewspaper.
(a)Estimatethetotalforceontopofthenewspaperduetoairpressure.
(b)Witheveryoneoutoftheway,performakaratechopontheouterendoftheruler.
(c)Explaintheresultsinb.
Results:(a)Newsprintisabout27in(0.686m)by22.5in(0.572m).Thustheforceis:
F pA (101325Pa)(0.686m)(0.572m)
39700N! Ans.
Fig.P2.48
(b)Thenewspaperwillholdtheruler,whichwillprobablybreakduetothechop.Ans.
(c)Chopisfast,airdoesnothavetimetorushin,partialvacuumundernewspaper.Ans.
P2.50 Asmallsubmarine,withahatchdoor30inchesindiameter,issubmergedin
seawater.(a)Ifthewaterhydrostaticforceonthehatchis69,000lbf,howdeepisthe
sub?(b)Ifthesubis350ftdeep,whatisthehydrostaticforceonthehatch?
Solution:Ineithercase,theforceispCGAhatch.StaywithBGunits.Convert30inches=
2.5ft.Forseawater,=1025kg/m3 515.38=1.99slug/ft3,hence=(1.99)(32.2)=
64.0lbf/ft3.
lbf
(a) F pcg A ( h) A 69,000lbf (64 )h (2.5 ft)2 ; h 220 ft Ans.(a)
ft 3 4
lbf
(b) F pcg A ( h) A (64 )(350 ft) (2.5 ft)2 110, 000 lbf Ans.(b)
ft 3 4
P2.51Gate AB in Fig. P2.51 is 1.2 m

longand0.8mintothepaper.Neglecting Fig.P2.51
atmosphericpressureeffects,compute the
force F on the gate and its center of
pressurepositionX.
Solution:The centroidal depth of the

gateis
h CG 4.0 (1.0 0.6)sin 40 5.028m,
hence FAB oil h CG A gate (0.82 9790)(5.028)(1.2 0.8) 38750 N Ans.
ThelineofactionofFisslightlybelowthecentroidbytheamount
I xx sin (1/12)(0.8)(1.2)3sin 40
y CP 0.0153m
h CG A (5.028)(1.2 0.8)
ThusthepositionofthecenterofpressureisatX0.60.01530.615mAns.
P2.52 Example2.5calculatedtheforceon

A
plateABanditslineofaction,usingthe
p()
momentofinertiaapproach.Someteachers
sayitismoreinstructivetocalculatethese 6ft
bydirectintegrationofthepressureforces. 8ft
B
UsingFigs.2.52andE2.5a,(a)findanexpression
Fig.P2.52
forthepressurevariationp()alongtheplate;
(b)integratethispressuretofindthetotalforceF;
(c)integratethemomentsaboutpointAtofindthepositionofthecenterofpressure.
Solution:(a)PointAis9ftdeep,andpointBis15ftdeep,and =64lbf/ft3.ThuspA
=(64lbf/ft3)(9ft)=576lbf/ft2 and pB =(64lbf/ft3)(15ft)=960lbf/ft2. Alongthe10ft
length,pressureincreasesby(960576)/10ft=38.4lbf/ft2/ft.Thusthepressureis
p( ) 576 38.4 (lbf / ft 2 ) Ans.(a)

(b) Giventhattheplatewidthb=5ft.Integrateforthetotalforceontheplate:
10
F p dA p b d (576 38.4 )(5 ft )d
plate 0
(5)(576 38.4 2
/ 2) |10
0 28800 9600 38,400 lbf Ans.(b)
(c)FindthemomentofthepressureforcesaboutpointAanddividebytheforce:
Thecenterofpressureis5.417ftdowntheplatefromPointA.
10
MA p b dA (576 38.4 )(5 ft )d
plate 0
(5)(576 2 / 2 38.4 3 / 3) |10

0 144000 64000 208,000 ft lbf
MA 208000 ft lbf
Then CP 5.42 ft Ans.(c)
F 38400 lbf
P2.53 The Hoover Dam, in Arizona, encloses Lake Mead, which contains 10 trillion
gallons of water. The dam is 1200 ft wide and the lake is 500 ft deep. (a) Estimate the
hydrostatic force on the dam, in MN. (b) Explain how you might analyze the stress in the
dam due to this hydrostatic force.
Solution: Convert to SI. The depth down to the centroid is 250 ft = 76.2 m. A crude
estimate of the dams wetted area is (1200ft)(500ft) = 600,000 ft 2 = 55740 m2. (a) Then
the estimated force is
F hcg A (9790 N / m3 )(76.2 m)(55740 m 2 ) 4.16 E10 N 42, 000 MN Ans.(b)
(b) The dam is not a beam or a plate, so it exceeds the writers stress-analysis ability.
The dams cross-section is roughly trapezoidal, with a variable bottom thickness. The
writer suggests modeling this problem using commercial stress-analysis software, such as
ANSYS or Nastran.
______________________________________________________________________
P2.54InFig.P2.54,thehydrostaticforce F isthesameonthebottomofallthree
containers,eventhoughtheweightsofliquidabovearequitedifferent.Thethreebottom
shapesandthefluidsarethesame.Thisiscalledthehydrostaticparadox.Explainwhyit
istrueandsketchafreebodyofeachoftheliquidcolumns.
Fig.P2.54
Solution:Thethreefreebodiesareshownbelow.Pressureonthesidewallsbalances
theforces.In(a),downwardsidepressurecomponentshelpaddtoalightW.In(b)side
pressuresarehorizontal.In(c)upwardsidepressurehelpsreduceaheavyW.
P2.55GateABinFig.P2.55is5ftwide
intothepaper,hingedatA,andrestrained Fig.P2.55
byastopatB.Compute(a)theforceon
stopB;and(b)thereactionsatAifh9.5
ft.
Solution:The centroid of AB is 2.0 ft
below A, hence the centroidal depth is
h247.5ft.Thenthetotalhydrostatic
forceonthegateis
F h CG A gate (62.4lbf/ft 3 )(7.5ft)(20ft 2 ) 9360lbf
TheC.P.isbelowthecentroidbytheamount
I xx sin (1/12)(5)(4)3 sin 90
y CP
h CG A (7.5)(20)
0.178ft
Thisisshownonthefreebodyofthegate
atright.WefindforceBx withmoments
aboutA:
M A Bx (4.0) (9360)(2.178) 0,
or: Bx 5100 lbf (toleft) Ans.(a)
ThereactionforcesatAthenfollowfromequilibriumofforces(withzerogateweight):
Fx 0 9360 5100 A x , or: A x 4260lbf (toleft)
Fz 0 A z Wgate A z , or: A z 0lbf Ans.(b)
P2.56ForthegateofProb.P2.55above,stopBbreaksiftheforceonitequals9200
lbf.Forwhatwaterdepthhisthisconditionreached?
Solution:TheformulasmustbewrittenintermsoftheunknowncentroidaldepthhCG:
h CG h 2 F h CG A (62.4)h CG (20) 1248h CG
I XX sin (1/12)(5)(4)3sin 90 1.333
y CP
h CG A h CG (20) h CG
ThenmomentsaboutAforthefreebodyinProb.2.55abovewillyieldtheanswer:
1.333
M A 0 9200(4) (1248h CG ) 2 , or h CG 14.08 ft, h 16.08 ft Ans.
h CG
A B
P2.57 The square vertical panel ABCD in Fig. P2.57
is submerged in water at 20C. Side AB is at least 60cm
1.7 m below the surface. Determine the difference
between the hydrostatic forces on subpanels D C
ABD and BCD. Fig. P2.57
Solution: Let H be the distance down from the surface to line AB. Take water = 9790
N/m3. The subpanel areas are each 0.18 m2. Then the difference between these two
subpanel forces is
FBCD FABD [ pa ( H 0.4m)] ABCD [ pa ( H 0.2m)] AABD
(0.2m) ABCD (9790 N / m3 )(0.2m)(0.18 m 2 ) 362 N Ans
Note that atmospheric pressure and the depth H to line AB cancel in this calculation.
_______________________________________________________________________
P2.58InFig.P2.58,weightlesscovergateABclosesacircularopening80cmindiameter
whenweigheddownbythe200kgmassshown.Whatwaterlevelhwilldislodgethegate?
Solution:Thecentroidaldepthisexactly
Fig.P2.58
equaltohandforceFwillbeupwardonthegate.DislodgingoccurswhenFequalsthe
weight:

F h CG A gate (9790N/m 3 )h (0.8m)2 W (200)(9.81)N
4
Solvefor h 0.40 m Ans.
*P2.59Gate AB has length L, width b

into the paper, is hinged at B, and has
negligible weight. The liquid level h
remainsatthetopofthegateforanyangle
.Findananalyticexpressionfortheforce
P,perpendiculartoAB,requiredtokeep
thegateinequilibrium.
Solution:Thecentroidofthegateremains
atdistanceL2fromAanddepthh2below
thesurface.Forany,then,thehydrostaticforceisF (h2)Lb.Themomentofinertia
3 3
of the gate is (112)bL , hence yCP (112)bL sin[(h2)Lb], and the center of
pressureis(L2yCP)frompointB.SummingmomentsabouthingeByields
PL F(L/2 yCP ), or: P = ( hb / 4)[L - L2sin / (3h)] Ans.
_______________________________________________________________________
P2.60 In Fig. P2.60, vertical, unsymmetrical trapezoidal panel ABCD is submerged in

fresh water with side AB 12 ft below the surface. Since trapezoid formulas are
complicated, (a) estimate, reasonably, the water force on the panel, in lbf, neglecting
atmospheric pressure. For extra credit, (b) look up the formula and compute the exact
force on the panel.
6 ft
AB
Fig.P2.608ft
CD
9ft
Solution: For water, take = 62.4 lbf/ft3. The area of the panel is (6+9)(8) = 60 ft2.
(a) The panel centroid should be slightly below the mid-panel, say, about 4.5 ft below
AB. Then we estimate
F H cg A (62.4lbf / ft 3 )(12 4.5 ft)(60 ft 2 ) 61, 800 lbf Ans.(a)

(b) Look up the centroid of a trapezoid, which is independent of symmetry. If b1 and b2
are the top and bottom sides, the centroid lies at a distance Z above the bottom side,
given by
(b 2b1 ) 9 2(6)
Z 2 h (8) (0.467)(8) 3.73 ft above CD
3(b1 b2 ) 3(6 9)
The centroid is thus (8-3.73) = 4.27 ft below AB. Our guess wasnt bad. Then our exact
estimate is
F H cg A (62.4lbf / ft 3 )(12 4.27 ft)(60 ft 2 ) 60, 900 lbf Ans.(b)
*P2.61GateABinFig.P2.61isahomogeneousmassof180kg,1.2mwideintothe
paper,restingonsmoothbottomB.Allfluidsareat20C.Forwhatwaterdepthhwill
theforceatpointBbezero?
Fig.P2.61
3 3
Solution:Let12360Nm forglycerinand9790Nm forwater.Thecentroidof
ABis0.433mverticallybelowA,sohCGP2.00.4331.567m,andwemaycompute
theglycerinforceanditslineofaction:
Fg hA (12360)(1.567)(1.2) 23242N
(1/12)(1.2)(1)3sin 60
y CP,g 0.0461m
(1.567)(1.2)
Theseareshownonthefreebodybelow.Thewaterforceanditslineofactionareshown
withoutnumbers,becausetheydependuponthecentroidaldepthonthewaterside:
Fw (9790)h CG (1.2)
(1/12)(1.2)(1)3 sin 60 0.0722

y CP
h CG (1.2) h CG
Theweightofthegate,W180(9.81)1766N,actsatthecentroid,asshownabove.
SincethexforceatBequalszero,wemaysummomentscounterclockwiseaboutAto
findthewaterdepth:
M A 0 (23242)(0.5461) (1766)(0.5cos60)
(9790)h CG (1.2)(0.5 0.0722/h CG )
Solvefor h CG,water 2.09m, or: h h CG 0.433 2.52m Ans.

P2.62GateABinFig.P2.62is15ftlongand8ftwideintothepaper,hingedatB
withastopatA.Thegateis1inthicksteel,SG 7.85.Computethe20Cwater
levelhforwhichthegatewillstarttofall.
Fig.P2.62
Solution:Onlythelength(hcsc60)ofthegateliesbelowthewater.Onlythispart
contributestothehydrostaticforceshowninthefreebodybelow.
h
F hCG A (62.4) (8h csc 60)
2
288.2h 2 (lbf)
(1/12)(8)(h csc 60)3sin 60
y CP
(h/2)(8h csc 60)
h 3
csc 60
Theweightofthegateis(7.85)(6P2.4lbf/ft )(15ft)(1/12ft)(8ft)4898lbf.Thisweight
6
acts downward at the CG of the full gate as shown (not the CG of the submerged
portion).Thus,Wis7.5ftabovepointBandhasmomentarm(7.5cos60ft)aboutB.
WearenowinapositiontofindhbysummingmomentsaboutthehingelineB:
M B (10000)(15) (288.2h 2 )[(h/2) csc 60 (h/6)csc 60] 4898(7.5cos 60) 0,

or: 110.9h 3 150000 18369, h (131631/110.9)1/3 10.6ft Ans.
P2.63The tank in Fig. P2.63 has a 4cmdiameter plug which will pop out if the
hydrostaticforceonitreaches25N.For20Cfluids,whatwillbethereadinghonthe
manometerwhenthishappens?
Solution:Thewaterdepthwhentheplugpopsoutis
(0.04)2
F 25N h CG A (9790)h CG
4
or h CG 2.032m
Fig.P2.63
Itmakeslittlenumericaldifference,butthemercurywaterinterfaceisalittledeeperthan
this,bytheamount(0.02sin50)ofplugdepth,plus2cmoftubelength.Thus
patm (9790)(2.032 0.02 sin 50 0.02) (133100)h patm ,
or: h 0.152 m Ans.
*P2.64Gate ABC in Fig. P2.64 has a

fixedhingeatBandis2mwideintothe Fig.P2.64
paper.Ifthewaterlevelishighenough,the
gate will open. Compute the depth h for
whichthishappens.
Solution:Let H (h 1meter)bethe
depthdowntothelevelAB.Theforceson
ABandBCareshowninthefreebodyat
right.ThemomentsoftheseforcesaboutB
areequalwhenthegateopens:
M B 0 H(0.2)b(0.1)
H H
(Hb)
2 3
or: H 0.346m,
h H 1 1.346 m Ans.
Thissolutionisindependentofboththewater
densityandthegatewidthbintothepaper.
*P2.65Gate AB in Fig. P2.65 is semi

circular, hinged at B, and held by a Fig.P2.65
horizontal force P at point A. Determine
therequiredforcePforequilibrium.
Solution:Thecentroid ofasemicircle
is at4R/3 1.273moffthebottom,as
shownin the sketch at right. Thus it is
3.01.2731.727mdownfromtheforce
P.ThewaterforceFis

F h CG A (9790)(5.0 1.727) (3)2
2
931000N
ThelineofactionofFliesbelowtheCG:
I sin (0.10976)(3)4 sin 90
y CP xx 0.0935m
h CG A (5 1.727)( /2)(3)2
ThensummingmomentsaboutByieldsthepropersupportforceP:
M B 0 (931000)(1.273 0.0935) 3P, or: P 366000N Ans.
P2.66Dam ABCinFig.P2.66is 30m

wideintothepaperandisconcrete(SG
P2.40).Findthehydrostaticforceonsurface
AB and its moment about C. Could this
forcetipthedamover?Wouldfluidseepage
underthedamchangeyourargument?
Solution:ThecentroidofsurfaceABis Fig.P2.66
40mdeep,andthetotalforceonABis
F h CG A (9790)(40)(100 30)
1.175E9N
Thelineofactionofthisforceistwothirdsof
thewaydownalongAB,or66.67mfromA.
Thisisseeneitherbyinspection(Aisatthe
surface)orbytheusualformula:
I xx sin (1/12)(30)(100)3sin(53.13)
y CP 16.67m
h CG A (40)(30 100)
tobeaddedtothe50mdistancefromAtothecentroid,or5016.6766.67m.As
showninthefigure,thelineofactionofFisP2.67mtotheleftofalineupfromC
normaltoAB.ThemomentofFaboutCisthus
MC FL (1.175E9)(66.67 64.0) 3.13E9N m Ans.
Thismomentiscounterclockwise,henceitcannottipoverthedam.Iftherewereseepage
underthedam,themainsupportforceatthebottomofthedamwouldshifttotheleftof
pointCandmightindeedcausethedamtotipover.
*P2.67Generalize Prob. P2.66 with

lengthABasH,lengthBCasL,and Fig.P2.67
angleABCas ,withwidthbintothe
paper. If the dam material has specific
gravity SG, with no seepage, find the
criticalanglecforwhichthedamwilljust
tip over to the right. Evaluate this
expressionforSGP2.40.
Solution:Bygeometry,L Hcos andtheverticalheightofthedamisHsin.The
forceFonsurfaceABis (H/2)(sin)Hb,anditspositionisat2H/3downfrompointA,
asshowninthefigure.ItsmomentarmaboutCisthus(H/3 Lcos).Meanwhilethe
weightofthedamisW(SG) (L/2)H(sin)b,withamomentarmL/3asshown.Then
summationofclockwisemomentsaboutCgives,forcriticaltipoverconditions,
H H L L
MC 0 sin Hb L cos SG( ) H sin b with L H cos .
2 3 2 3

Solvefor cos2 c Ans.
SG
Anyanglegreaterthan c willcausetipovertotheright.Fortheparticular caseof
concrete,SG P2.40,cosc 0.430,or c 64.5,whichisgreaterthanthegiven
angle53.13inProb.P2.66,hencetherewasnotippinginthatproblem.
P2.68Isosceles triangle gate AB in

Fig.P2.68ishingedatAandweighs1500 Fig.P2.68
N. WhathorizontalforcePisrequiredat
pointBforequilibrium?
Solution:Thegateis2.0/sin502.611m
2.
longfromAtoBanditsareais1.3054m
Itscentroidis1/3ofthewaydownfromA,
sothecentroidaldepthis3.00.667m.The
forceonthegateis
F h CG A (0.83)(9790)(3.667)(1.3054)
38894N
The position of this force is below the
centroid:
I xx sin
y CP
h A
(1/CG36)(1.0)(2.611)3sin 50
0.0791m
(3.667)(1.3054)
Theforceanditspositionareshowninthefreebodyatupperright.Thegateweightof
1500Nisassumedatthecentroidoftheplate,withmomentarm0.559metersaboutpointA.
SummingmomentsaboutpointAgivestherequiredforceP:
M A 0 P(2.0) 1500(0.559) 38894(0.870 0.0791),
Solvefor P 18040N Ans.
P2.69 ConsidertheslantedplateABof

lengthLinFig.P2.69.(a)Isthehydrostatic
F B
forceFontheplateequaltotheweight
Water,specificweight
ofthemissingwaterabovetheplate?Ifnot,
Fig.P2.69
correctthishypothesis.Neglecttheatmosphere.
(b)Canamissingwaterapproachbegeneralizedtocurvedplatesofthistype?
Solution: (a) The actual force F equals the pressure at the centroid times the plate area:
But the weight of the missing water is
L sin 2
F pCG A plate hCG L b Lb L b sin
2 2
1 2
Wmissing missing [ ( L sin ) ( L cos ) b] L b sin cos
2 2
Whythediscrepancy?Becausetheactualplateforceisnotvertical.Itsverticalcomponent
is F cos = Wmissing. Themissingwaterweightequalsthe vertical componentofthe
force.Ans.(a)Thissameapproachappliestocurvedplateswithmissingwater.Ans.(b)
P2.70 Theswingcheckvalvein
Air
Fig.P2.70coversa22.86cmdiameter
openingintheslantedwall.Thehinge 15cm h
hinge
is15cmfromthecenterline,asshown.
60 Waterat20C
Thevalvewillopenwhenthehinge
Fig.P2.70
momentis50Nm.Findthevalueof
hforthewatertocausethiscondition.
Solution:Forwater,take=9790N/m3.Thehydrostaticforceonthevalveis
N
F pCG A h ( ) R 2 (9790 3
) h ( )(0.1143m) 2 401.8 h
m
Thecenterofpressureisslightlybelowthecenterlinebyanamount
sin I xx (9790) sin(30 )( / 4)(0.1143) 4 0.00653

y CP
F 100.45 h h
The60angleinthefigureisaredherringweneedthe30anglewiththehorizontal.
Thenthemomentaboutthehingeis
0.00653
M hinge F l (401.8 h)(0.15 ) 50 N m
h
Solve for h 0.79 m Ans.
SinceyCPissosmall(2mm),youdontreallyneedExcel.Justiterateonceortwice.
*P2.71In Fig. P2.71 gate AB is 3 m
wideintothepaperandisconnectedbya Fig.P2.71
rodandpulleytoaconcretesphere(SG
2.40).Whatspherediameterisjustrightto
closethegate?
Solution:The centroid of AB is 10 m
downfromthesurface,hencethehydrostatic
forceis
F h CG A (9790)(10)(4 3)
1.175E6N
The line of action is slightly below the

centroid:
(1/12)(3)(4)3sin 90
y CP 0.133m
(10)(12)
SummomentsaboutBinthefreebodyat
righttofindthepulleyforceorweightW:
M B 0 W(6 8 4m) (1.175E6)(2.0 0.133m), or W 121800N
Setthisvalueequaltotheweightofasolidconcretesphere:
3
W 121800N concrete D (2.4)(9790) D3 , or: D sphere 2.15m Ans.
6 6
P2.72 In Fig. P2.72 gate AB is circular.

water 3m
Find the moment of the hydrostatic force on this A
Fig.P2.72 2m
gate about axis A. Neglect atmospheric pressure.
B
Solution: The gate centroid is 3+1 = 4 m down from the surface. The hydrostatic force
is thus
F hcg Agate (9790 N / m 3 )(4 m)[ (0.5m) 2 ] 30,800 N
From Fig. 2.13 and Eq. 2.29, for a circle, the center of pressure CP is below the centroid
by the amount
I xx sin [ (1m) 4 / 4]sin(90)
yCP 0.0625 m
hCG A (4m)[ (1m) 2 ]
Then the hydrostatic force acts (1m+0.0625m) below point A. The moment about A is
M A (30,900 N )(1.0625 m) 32, 700 N m Ans.
P2.73WeightlessgateABis5ftwideintothepaperandopenstoletfreshwaterout
whentheoceantideisfalling.ThehingeatAis2ftabovethefreshwaterlevel.Findh
whenthegateopens.
Solution:Therearetwodifferenthydrostaticforcesandtwodifferentlinesofaction.
Onthewaterside,
Fw h CG A (62.4)(5)(10 5) 15600lbf
positionedat3.33ftabovepointB.Intheseawater,
h
Fs (1.025 62.4) (5h)
2
2
159.9h (lbf)
Fig.P2.73
positioned at h/3 above point B. Summing moments about hinge point A gives the
desiredseawaterdepthh:
M A 0 (159.9h 2 )(12 h/3) (15600)(12 3.33),

or 53.3h 3 1918.8h 2 135200 0, solvefor h 9.85 ft Ans.
P2.74FindtheheightHinFig.P2.74for
which the hydrostatic force on the rect Fig.P2.74
angularpanelisthesameastheforceon
thesemicircularpanelbelow.
Solution:Findtheforceoneachpaneland
setthemequal:
Frect h CG A rect (H/2)[(2R)(H)] RH 2
Fsemi h CG Asemi (H 4R/3 )[( /2)R 2 ]
2 2 3 2 2
Setthemequal,cancel RH ( /2)R H2R /3,or:H ( /2)RH2R /30
Finally, H R[/4 + {(/4)2 + 2/3}1/2 ] 1.92R Ans.
P2.75 ThecapatpointBonthe Oil,

SG=0.8
5cmdiametertubeinFig.P2.75
willbedislodgedwhenthehydrostatic water h
1m
forceonitsbasereaches22lbf.
Forwhatwaterdepthhdoesthisoccur? 2m
Fig.P2.75
Solution:ConvertthecapforcetoSIunits:22lbfx4.4482=97.9N.
Thenthedislodging:pressurejustundercapBwillbe
F 97.9 N
pB 49,800 Pa ( gage)
Atube ( / 4)(0.05 m) 2
BeginatpointB,godownandaroundthetwofluidstothesurfaceofthetank:
N N N
49800 Pa (0.8)(9790 3
)(1 m) (9790 3
)(2 m) (9790 )( h) psurface 0 ( gage)
m m m3
77250 Pa
Solve for h 7.89 m Ans.
9790 N / m3
P2.76PanelBCinFig.P2.76iscircular.Compute(a)thehydrostaticforceofthe
wateronthepanel;(b)itscenterofpressure;and(c)themomentofthisforceabout
pointB.
Solution:(a)Thehydrostaticforceonthe Fig.P2.76
gateis:
F h CG A
(9790N/m 3 )(4.5m)sin 50( )(1.5m)2
239kN Ans.(a)
(b)Thecenterofpressureoftheforceis:
4
r sin
I xx sin 4
yCP
hCG A 4 hCG A
(1.5) sin 50
4 0.125 m Ans.(b)
(4.5 sin 50)( )(1.52 )
Thusyis1.625mdownalongthepanelfromB(or0.125mdownfromthecenterof
thecircle).
(c)ThemomentaboutBduetothehydrostaticforceis,
M B (238550N)(1.625m) 387,600N m 388kN m Ans.(c)
P2.77CirculargateABCishingedatB.
Compute theforcejustsufficient tokeep Fig.P2.77
the gate from opening when h 8 m.
Neglectatmosphericpressure.
Solution:The hydrostatic force on the

gateis
F h CG A (9790)(8 m)( m 2 )
246050N
ThisforceactsbelowpointBbythedistance
I xx sin ( /4)(1)4sin 90
y CP 0.03125m
h CG A (8)( )
SummingmomentsaboutBgivesP(1m)(246050)(0.03125m),orP7690NAns.
P2.78PanelsABandCDareeach
30cm
120cmwideintothepaper.(a)Can
40cm water
D
youdeduce,byinspection,which A
panelhasthelargerwaterforce? 50cm
40cm
(b)Evenifyourdeductionisbrilliant, 40 B C 50
calculatethepanelforcesanyway.
Fig.P2.78
Solution: (a) The writer is unable to deduce by inspection which panel force is larger.
CD is longer than AB, but its centroid is not as deep. If you have a great insight, let me
know.
(b) The length of AB is (40cm)/sin40 = 62.23 cm. The centroid of AB is 40+20 = 60

cm below the surface. The length of CD is (50cm)/sin50 = 65.27 cm. The centroid of
AB is 30+25 = 55 cm below the surface. Calculate the two forces:
N
FAB hAB AAB (9790 )(0.6m)(0.6223m)(1.2m) 4390 N
m3
N
FCD hCD ACD (9790 )(0.55m)(0.6527 m)(1.2m) 4220 N Ans.(b)
m3
It turns out that panel AB has the larger force, but it is only 4 percent larger.
P2.79Gate ABC in Fig. P2.79 is 1m

square and hinged at B. It opens auto Fig.P2.79
matically when the water level is high
enough. Neglecting atmospheric pressure,
determinethelowestlevelhforwhichthe
gatewillopen.Isyourresultindependent
oftheliquiddensity?
Solution:The gate will open when the

hydrostaticforceFonthegateisaboveB,
thatis,when
I xx sin
y CP
h CG A
(1/12)(1m)(1m)3sin 90
0.1m,
or: h 2 )0.5 0.833m, or: h 0.333m
(h 0.5m)(1m Ans.
Indeed,thisresultisindependentoftheliquiddensity.
*P2.80Aconcretedam(SG=2.5)ismade
intheshapeofanisoscelestriangle,asin
h
Fig.P2.80.Analyzethisgeometrytofind L
F
therangeofanglesforwhichthe W
hydrostaticforcewilltendtotipthedam B
overatpointB.Thewidthintothepaperisb. l
Solution: Thecriticalangleiswhenthehydrostaticforce F causesaclockwisemoment

equaltothecounterclockwisemomentofthedamweightW.Thelength Loftheslanted
sideofthedamisL=h/sin.TheforceFistwothirdsofthewaydownthisface.The
momentarmoftheweightaboutpointBis l=h/tanThemomentarmofFaboutpoint
Bisquitedifficult,andyoushouldcheckthis:
L 1 h 2h
Moment arm of F about B is 2l cos cos
3 3 sin tan
Evaluatethetwoforcesandthentheirmoments:
h h h
F b ; W SG dam SG h b
2 sin tan
h2 b h 2h cos SG h 2 b h
M B ( ) ( ) clockwise
2 sin 3 sin tan tan tan
Whenthemomentisnegative(small,thedamisstable,itwillnottipover.Themoment
iszero,forSG=2.5,at=77.4.Thustippingispossibleintherange >77.4.Ans.
NOTE:Thisanswerisindependentofthenumericalvaluesofh,g,orbbutrequiresSG=2.5.
P2.81 ForthesemicircularcylinderCDEinEx.2.9,findtheverticalhydrostaticforceby
integratingtheverticalcomponentofpressurearoundthesurfacefrom=0to=.
Solution:Asketchisrepeatedhere.Atanyposition,
A
asinFig.P2.81,theverticalcomponentofpressureis
h
pcos. Thedepthdowntothispointish+R(1cos),
C p
andthelocalpressureistimesthisdepth. Thus

R
F p cos dA [h R(1 cos )] (cos ) [b R d ] D
0

bR (h R ) cos d bR 2 cos
2
d 0 bR 2
0 0
2 Fig.P2.81
E
2
Rewrite : Fdown R b Ans.
2
ThenegativesignoccursbecausethesignconventionfordFwasadownwardforce.
_________________________________________________________________________
*P2.82ThedaminFig.P2.82isaquartercircle50mwideintothepaper.Determine
thehorizontalandverticalcomponentsofhydrostaticforceagainstthedamandthepoint
CPwheretheresultantstrikesthedam.
Solution:Thehorizontalforceactsasifthedamwereverticaland20mhigh:
FH h CG A vert
(9790N/m 3 )(10m)(20 50m 2 )
97.9 MN Ans.
Fig.P2.82
Thisforceacts2/3ofthewaydownor13.33mfromthesurface,asinthefigure.The
verticalforceistheweightofthefluidabovethedam:

FV (Vol)dam (9790N/m 3 ) (20m)2 (50m) 153.8MN Ans.
4
Thisverticalcomponentactsthroughthecentroidofthewaterabovethedam,or4R/3
4(20 m)/3 8.49 m tothe right ofpoint A, as shown in the figure. The resultant
2 2
hydrostaticforceisF [(97.9MN) (153.8MN) ]1/2182.3MNactingdownatan
angleof32.5fromthevertical.ThelineofactionofFstrikesthecirculararcdamABat
thecenterofpressureCP,whichis10.74mtotherightand3.13mupfrompointA,as
showninthefigure.Ans.
*P2.83GateABisaquartercircle10ft
wideandhingedatB.FindtheforceFjust Fig.P2.83
sufficient to keep the gate from opening.
Thegateisuniformandweighs3000lbf.
Solution:The horizontal force is

computedasifABwerevertical:
FH h CG A vert (62.4)(4ft)(8 10ft 2 )
19968lbf acting5.33ftbelowA
Theverticalforceequalstheweightofthe
missingpieceofwaterabovethegate,as
shownbelow.
FV (62.4)(8)(8 10) (62.4)( /4)(8)2 (10)

39936 31366 8570lbf
Thelineofactionxforthis8570lbfforceisfoundbysummingmomentsfromabove:
M B (ofFV ) 8570x 39936(4.0) 31366(4.605), or x 1.787ft
Finally,thereisthe3000lbfgateweightW,whosecentroidis2R/ 5.093ftfrom
forceF,or8.05.0932.907ftfrompointB.ThenwemaysummomentsabouthingeB
to find the force F, using the freebody of the gate as sketched at the topright of
thispage:
M B (clockwise) 0 F(8.0) (3000)(2.907) (8570)(1.787) (19968)(2.667),

59840
or F 7480lbf Ans.
8.0
P2.84 PanelABisaparabolawithitsmaximum
water
25cm
atpointA.Itis150cmwideintothepaper. A
C
Neglectatmosphericpressure.Find(a)thevertical
and(b)horizontalwaterforcesonthepanel. 75cm parabola
Fig. P2.84 40cm B
Solution:(b)Thehorizontalforceiscalculatedfromtheverticalprojectionofthepanel
(frompointAdowntothebottom). Thisisarectangle,75cmby150cm,andits
centroidis37.5cmbelowA,or(25+37.5)=62.5cmbelowthesurface.Thus
N
FH pCG , H A projected [9790 (0.625m)][0.75m(1.50m)] 6880 N Ans.(b)
m3
(a)Theverticalforceistheweightofwaterabovethepanel.Thisisintwoparts(1)the
weightoftherectangularportionabovethelineAC;and(2)thelittlecurvypieceabove
theparabolaandbelowlineAC.RecallfromEx.2.8thattheareaunderaparabolais
twothirds of the enclosed rectangle, so that little curvy piece is onethird of the
rectangle.Thus,finally,
1
F V (9790)(0.25)(0.4)(1.5) (9790)( )(0.75)(0.4)(1.5)
3
1469 N 1469 N 2940 N Ans.(a )
P2.85Computethehorizontalandverticalcomponentsofthehydrostaticforceonthe
quartercirclepanelatthebottomofthewatertankinFig.P2.85.
Solution:Thehorizontalcomponentis
FH h CG A vert (9790)(6)(2 6)
705000N Ans.(a)
Fig.P2.85
Theverticalcomponentistheweightofthefluidabovethequartercirclepanel:
FV W(2by7rectangle) W(quartercircle)
(9790)(2 7 6) (9790)( /4)(2)2 (6)
822360 184537 638000N Ans.(b)
P2.86The quarter circle gate BC in

Fig. P2.86 is hinged at C. Find the Fig.P2.86
horizontalforcePrequiredtoholdthegate
stationary. The width b into the paper
is3m.Neglecttheweightofthegate.
Solution:The horizontal component of

waterforceis
FH h CG A (9790N/m 3 )(1m)[(2m)(3m)] 58,740N
Thisforceacts2/3ofthewaydownor1.333mdownfromthesurface(0.667m
upfrom C).Thevertical forceis the weight ofthequartercircle ofwater above
gateBC:
FV (Vol)water (9790N/m 3 )[( /4)(2m)2 (3m)] 92,270N
FVactsdownat(4R/3 )0.849mtotheleftofC.Summomentsclockwiseabout
pointC:
MC 0 (2m)P (58740N)(0.667m) (92270N)(0.849m) 2P 117480
Solvefor P 58,700N 587kN Ans.
P2.87The bottle of champagne (SG

0.96) in Fig. P2.87 is under pressure as Fig.P2.87
shownbythemercurymanometerreading.
Compute the netforce onthe2inradius
hemisphericalendcapatthebottomofthe
bottle.
Solution:First,fromthemanometer,com
putethegagepressureatsectionAAinthe
champagne6inchesabovethebottom:
2 4
p AA (0.96 62.4) ft (13.56 62.4) ft patmosphere 0 (gage),
12 12
or: PAA 272lbf/ft 2 (gage)
Thentheforceonthebottomendcapisverticalonly(duetosymmetry)andequalsthe
forceatsectionAAplustheweightofthechampagnebelowAA:
F FV p AA (Area)AA W6incylinder W2inhemisphere

(272) (4/12)2 (0.96 62.4) (2/12)2 (6/12) (0.96 62.4)(2 /3)(2/12)3
4
23.74 2.61 0.58 25.8lbf Ans.
*P2.88Circulararc Tainter gate ABC shown,determine(a)thehydrostaticforce

pivots about point O. For the position on the gate (per meter of width into the
paper);and(b)itslineofaction.Doesthe
forcepassthroughpointO? Fig.P2.88
Solution:The horizontal hydrostatic

forceisbasedonverticalprojection:
FH h CG A vert (9790)(3)(6 1) 176220N at4mbelowC
Theverticalforceisupwardandequaltothe
weightofthemissingwaterinthesegment
ABCshownshadedbelow.Referencetoa
goodhandbookwillgiveyouthegeometric
properties of a circular segment, and you
may compute that the segment area is
2
3.261m anditscentroidis5.5196mfrom
pointO,or0.3235mfromverticallineAC,
asshowninthefigure.Thevertical(upward)
hydrostaticforceongateABCisthus
FV A ABC(unitwidth) (9790)(3.2611)
31926N at0.4804mfromB
Thenetforceisthus F [FH2 FV2 ]1/ 2 179100N permeterofwidth,actingupwardto
therightatanangleof10.27andpassingthroughapoint1.0mbelowand0.4804m
totherightofpointB.Thisforcepasses,asexpected,rightthroughpointO.
P2.89The tank in the figure contains Solution:Assume unit depth into the
benzene and is pressurized to 200 kPa paper.Theverticalforceistheweightof
(gage) in the air gap. Determine the benzene plus the force due to the air
vertical hydrostatic force on circulararc pressure:
sectionABanditslineofaction.
Fig.P2.89
N
FV (0.6)2 (1.0)(881)(9.81) (200,000)(0.6)(1.0) 122400 Ans.
4 m
Mostofthis(120,000N/m)isduetotheairpressure,whoselineofactionisinthe
middleofthehorizontallinethroughB.Theverticalbenzeneforceis2400N/mandhas
alineofaction(seeFig.2.13ofthetext)at4R/(3)25.5cmtotherightorA.
ThemomentofthesetwoforcesaboutAmustequaltomomentofthecombined
(122,400N/m)forcetimesadistanceXtotherightofA:
(120000)(30cm) (2400)(25.5cm) 122400( X ), solve for X = 29.9 cm Ans.
Theverticalforceis122400N/m(down),actingat29.9cmtotherightofA.
P2.90 ThetankinFig.P2.90is120cm
longintothepaper.Determinethe
Missing
horizontalandverticalhydrostatic 150cm water
forcesonthequartercirclepanelAB. A
Thefluidiswaterat20C. 75cm
B
Neglectatmosphericpressure.
40cm
Fig. P2.90
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take=9790N/m3.
TheverticalforceonABistheweightofthemissingwateraboveABseethedashed
linesinFig.P2.90.Calculatethisasarectangleplusasquareminusaquartercircle:
Missing water (1.5m)(0.75m)(1.2m) (1 / 4)(0.75m) 2 2.16 0.145 2.305 m 3

FV (9790 N / m 3 )(2.305 m 3 ) 22,600 N (vertical force )
ThehorizontalforceiscalculatedfromtheverticalprojectionofpanelAB:
N 0.75
FH pCG h A projection (9790 3
)(1.5 m)(0.75m)(1.2m) 16,500 N (horizontal force )
m 2
P2.91ThehemisphericaldomeinFig.P2.91weighs30kNandisfilledwithwaterand
attached to the floor by six equallyspaced bolts. What is the force in each bolt
requiredtoholdthedomedown?
Solution:Assuming no leakage, the hydrostatic forcerequired equals the weight of

missing water, that is, the water in a 4mdiameter cylinder, 6 m high, minus the
hemisphereandthesmallpipe:
Fig.P2.91
Ftotal W2mcylinder W2mhemisphere W3cmpipe

(9790) (2)2 (6) (9790)(2 /3)(2)3 (9790)( /4)(0.03)2 (4)
738149 164033 28 574088N
The dome material helps with 30 kN of weight, thus the bolts must supply
57408830000or544088N.Theforceineachof6boltsis544088/6orF bolt90700
NAns.
P2.92A 4mdiameter water tank p1 h (9790)(4) 39160Pa

consists of two halfcylinders, each
weighing
4.5kN/m,boltedtogetherasinFig.P2.92.
Iftheendcapsareneglected,computethe
forceineachbolt.
Solution:Consider a 25cm width of

uppercylinder,asseenbelow.Thewater
pressureintheboltplaneis
Fig.P2.92
Thensummationofverticalforcesonthis
25cmwidefreebodygives
Fz 0 p1A1 Wwater Wtank 2Fbolt
(39160)(4 0.25) (9790)( /2)(2)2 (0.25)

(4500)/4 2Fbolt ,
Solvefor Fonebolt 11300 N Ans.
*P2.93In Fig. P2.93 a onequadrant

sphericalshellofradiusRissubmergedin Fig.P2.93
liquidofspecificweightanddepthhR.
Derive an analytic expression for the
hydrodynamicforceFontheshellandits
lineofaction.
Solution:Thetwohorizontalcomponents
areidenticalinmagnitudeandequaltothe
forceonthequartercirclesidepanels,whose
centroidsare(4R/3)abovethebottom:
4R
Horizontalcomponents: Fx Fy h CG A vert h R 2
3 4
Similarly,theverticalcomponentistheweightofthefluidabovethesphericalsurface:
2 14 3 2R
Fz Wcylinder Wsphere R h R R 2 h
4 83 4 3
Thereisnoneedtofindthe(complicated)centersofpressureforthesethreecomponents,
forweknowthattheresultantonasphericalsurfacemustpassthroughthecenter.Thus
1/2 2 1/2
F Fx2 Fy2 Fz2 R (h 2R/3)2 2(h 4R/3 )2 Ans.
4
P2.94 Findananalyticformulafortheverticalandhorizontalforcesoneachofthe
semicircularpanelsABinFig.P2.94.Thewidthintothepaperisb.Whichforceis
larger?Why?
h h
d/2
A A

d + d +
B B
Fig.P2.94
Solution: It looks deceiving, since the bulging panel on the right has more water
nearby,butthesetwoforcesarethesame,exceptfortheirdirection.Theleftsidefigure
isthesameasExample2.9,anditsverticalforceis up.Therightsidefigurehasthe
sameverticalforce,butitisdown.Bothverticalforcesequaltheweightofwaterinside,
ordisplacedby,thehalfcylinderAB. Theirhorizontalforcesequaltheforceonthe
projectedplaneAB.
d
FH pCG , AB Aprojected [ g (h )] (b d ) Ans.
2
d
FV g half cylinder g [ ( )2 b] Ans.
2 2
P2.95TheuniformbodyAinthefigurehaswidth b intothepaperandisinstatic
equilibriumwhenpivotedabouthingeO.Whatisthespecificgravityofthisbodywhen
(a)h0;and(b)hR?
Solution:Thewatercausesahorizontalandaverticalforceonthebody,asshown:
R R
FH Rb at above O,
2 3
2 4R
FV R b at to the left of O
4 3
ThesemustbalancethemomentofthebodyweightWaboutO:
R 2 b R R 2 b 4 R s R 2 b 4 R R
MO s Rhb
0
2 3 4 3 4 3 2
1
s 2 h
Solve for: SGbody Ans.
3 R
Forh0,SG3/2Ans.(a).ForhR,SG3/5Ans.(b).
P2.96 In Fig. P2.96 the curved section AB is 5 m wide
into the paper and is a 60 circular arc of radius 2 m. 4m

B
Neglecting atmospheric pressure, calculate the vertical
AC Fig.P2.96
60
and horizontal hydrostatic forces on arc AB. O
Solution: For water take = 9790 N/m3. Find the distances AC and BC:
AC R sin 2sin(60o ) 1.732 m ; BC R R cos 2 2 cos(60o ) 1 m

The horizontal force equals the force on panel BC:
FH hcg ABC (9790 N / m 3 )(4m 0.5 m)(0.5 m 5 m) 110, 000 N Ans.

For the vertical force, we need the area of segment ABC:
AABC AABO AAOC ( / 6)(2m) 2 (0.5)(0.5m)(1.732m) 2.094 0.866 1.228 m 2

Then the vertical force is the weight of water above ABC:
FV (area above ABC )(b) (9790)[4(1.732) 1.228](5) 9790(5.70)(5) 279, 000 N Ans.
P2.97 Thecontractorranoutofgunite
mixtureandfinishedthedeepcorner,ofa
5mwideswimmingpool,withaquartercircle 2m water
pieceofPVCpipe,labeledABin Fig. P2.97
A
Fig.P2.97.Computethe(a)horizontaland 1m
B
(b)verticalwaterforcesonthecurvedpanelAB.
Solution:Forwatertake=9790N/m3.(a)Thehorizontalforcerelatestothevertical
projectionofthecurvedpanelAB:
N
FH , AB hCG Aprojected (9790 )(2.5 m)[(1m)(5m)] 122, 000 N Ans.( a)
m3
(b) TheverticalforceistheweightofwaterabovepanelAB:
N
FV (9790 3
)[(2m)(1m) (1 m) 2 ](5 m) 136, 000 N Ans.(b)
m 4
P2.98 The curved surface in Fig. P2.98

1.5m water
consists of two quarter-spheres and a half cylinder.
1m
A side view and front view are shown. 2m
SIDE FRONT
Calculate the horizontal and vertical forces on the surface. 1m
Fig.P2.98
Solution: For water take = 9790 N/m3. The horizontal force involves the projected
area, in the front view two half-circles and a square:
Aprojected 2( / 2)(1 m) 2 (2m)(2m) 7.14 m 2
The centroid depth is hCG = 1.5m+1m+1m = 3.5 m. Then the horizontal force is
FH hCG Aprojected (9790 N / m3 )(3.5m)(7.14m 2 ) 245, 000 N Ans.
By analogy with Example 2.9, the vertical force is the weight of water displaced by the
projection:
1 4 1
Voldisplaced 2[ ( ) (1m)3 ] [ (1m) 2 (2m)] 2.09 3.14 5.24 m3
4 3 2
Then FV (Vol ) (9790 N / m3 )(5.24m 3 ) 51, 000 N Ans.
P2.99 Themegamagnumcylinderin
Air
Fig. P2.99 has a hemispherical bottom and
ispressurizedwithairto75kPa(gage). Water
20ft
Determine(a)thehorizontaland(b)thevertical
hydrostaticforcesonthehemisphere,inlbf.
12ft
Solution:SincetheproblemasksforBGunits,
Fig.P2.99
converttheairpressuretoBG:75,000Pa47.88=1566lbf/ft2.
(a)Bysymmetry,thenethorizontalforceonthehemisphereiszero.Ans.(a)
(b)Theverticalforceisthesumoftheairpressuretermplustheweightofthewater
above:
F V pair Asurface water water

lbf lbf 1 4
(1566 ) (6 ft)2 (62.4 )[ (6 ft)2 (20 ft) ( )(6 ft)3 ]
2 3 2 3
ft ft
177,000 lbf 113,000lbf 290, 000 lbf Ans.(b)
P2.100Pressurizedwaterfillsthetankin Solution:The gage pressure is

Fig.P2.100.Computethehydrostaticforce equivalenttoafictitiouswaterlevelhp/
ontheconicalsurfaceABC. 150000/9790 15.32mabovethegage
or 8.32 m above AC. Then the vertical
force on the cone equals the weight of

fictitiouswateraboveABC: Fig.P2.100
FV Volabove
2 1 2
(9790) (2) (8.32) (2) (4)
4 34
297, 000N Ans.
P2.101 TheclosedlayeredboxinFig.P2.101
Air
60cm 30cm
hassquarehorizontalcrosssectionseverywhere.
SAE30Woil
80cm
Allfluidsareat20C.Estimatethe
A
gagepressureoftheairif(a)the 90cm Water
hydrostaticforceonpanelABis48kN; C B
160cm
orif(b)thehydrostaticforceonthe Fig.P2.101
bottom panel BC is 97 kN.
Solution: At20C,take oil =891kg/m3 and water =998kg/m3. Theweddingcake

shapeoftheboxhasnothingtodowiththeproblem.(a)theforceonpanelABequals
thepressureatthepanelcentroid(45cmdownfromA)timesthepanelarea:
(b) Theforceonthebottomishandledsimilarly,exceptwegoallthewaytothe
FAB pCG A AB ( p air oil ghoil water ghwater CG ) , or :
48000 N [ p air (891)(9.81)(0.8m) (998)(9.81)(0.45m)][(0.9m)(1.6m)]
( p air 6993 4406 Pa )(1.44 m 2 ) ; Solve p air 22000 Pa Ans.(a )
bottom:
FBC p BC AAB ( p air oil ghoil water ghwater ) , or :

97000 N [ p air (891)(9.81)(0.8m) (998)(9.81)(0.9m)][(1.6m)(1.6m)]
( p air 6993 8812 Pa)(2.56 m 2 ) ; Solve p air 22000 Pa Ans.(b)
_______________________________________________________________________
P2.102Acubicaltankis333mandislayeredwith1meteroffluidofspecific
gravity1.0,1meteroffluidwithSG0.9,and1meteroffluidwithSG0.8.Neglect
atmosphericpressure.Find(a)thehydrostaticforceonthebottom;and(b)theforceona
sidepanel.
Solution:(a)Theforceonthebottomisthebottompressuretimesthebottomarea:
Fbot p bot A bot (9790N/m 3 )[(08 1m) (09 1m) (10 1m)](3m)2
238, 000 N Ans.(a)
(b)Thehydrostaticforceonthesidepanelisthesumoftheforcesduetoeachlayer:
Fside h CG Aside (0.8 9790N/m 3 )(0.5m)(3m 2 ) (0.9 9790N/m 3 )(1.5m)(3m 2 )

(9790N/m 3 )(2.5m)(3 m 2 ) 125, 000 kN Ans.(b)
P2.103Asolidblock,ofspecificgravity0.9,floatssuchthat75%ofitsvolumeisin
waterand25%ofitsvolumeisinfluidX,whichislayeredabovethewater.Whatisthe
specificgravityoffluidX?
Solution:Theblockissketchedbelow.AforcebalanceisW=B,or
0.9 (HbL) (0.75HbL) SG X (0.25HbL)

0.9 0.75 0.25SG X , SGX 0.6 Ans.
P2.104ThecaninFig.P2.104floats inthe positionshown.Whatisitsweightin

newtons?
Solution:Thecanweightsimplyequalstheweightofthedisplacedwater(neglecting
theairabove):
Fig.P2.104

W displaced (9790) (0.09m)2 (0.08m) 5.0N Ans.
4
P2.105 Archimedes,whenaskedbyKingHieroifthenewcrownwaspuregold
(SG19.3),foundthecrownweightinairtobe11.8Nandinwatertobe10.9N.Was
itgold?
Solution:Thebuoyancyisthedifferencebetweenairweightandunderwaterweight:
B Wair Wwater 11.8 10.9 0.9N watercrown
Butalso Wair (SG) watercrown , so Winwater B(SG 1)

Solvefor SG crown 1 Winwater /B 1 10.9/0.9 13.1(notpuregold) Ans.
P2.106 A spherical helium balloon has a total mass of 3 kg. It settles in a calm standard
atmosphere at an altitude of 5500 m. Estimate the diameter of the balloon.
Solution: From Table A.6, standard air density at 5500 m is 0.697 kg/m 3. The balloon
needs that same overall density to hover. Then the volume of the balloon is
mass 3.0 kg
Vol 3
4.30 m3 ( / 6) D 3 , solve Dballoon 2.0 m Ans.
density 0.697 kg / m
P2.107RepeatProb.P2.62assumingthat
the10,000lbfweightisaluminum(SG
2.71)andishangingsubmergedinthewater.
Solution:ReferbacktoProb.P2.62for
details.Theonlydifferenceisthattheforce
applied togateABbytheweightisless
duetobuoyancy:
(SG 1) 2.71 1
Fnet body (10000) 6310lbf
SG 2.71
Thisforcereplaces10000inthegatemomentrelation(seeProb.P2.62):
h h
M B 0 6310(15) (288.2h 2 ) csc 60 csc 60 4898(7.5cos 60)
2 6
or: h 3 76280/110.9 688, or: h 8.83ft Ans.
P2.108A7cmdiametersolidaluminum
2pulleys
ball(SG=2.7)andasolidbrassball(SG=8.5) + +
balancenicelywhensubmergedinaliquid,as
inFig.P2.108.(a)Ifthefluidiswaterat20C,
brass
aluminum
whatisthediameterofthebrassball?(b)Ifthe D=7cm
brassballhasadiameterof3.8cm,whatisthe Fig.P2.108
density of the fluid?
Solution: For water, take = 9790 N/m3. If they balance, net weights are equal:
3 3
( SGalum SG fluid ) water Dalum ( SGbrass SG fluid ) water Dbrass
6 6
We can cancel water and (/6). (a) For water, SGfluid = 1, and we obtain
( 2.7 1)(0.07 m) 3 (8.5 1) Dbrass

3
; Solve Dbrass 0.0427 m Ans.( a )
(b) For this part, the fluid density (or specific gravity) is unknown:
( 2.7 SG fluid )(0.07 m) 3 (8.5 SG fluid )(0.038m) 3 ; Solve SG fluid 1.595
Thus fluid 1.595(998) 1592 kg/m 3 Ans.(b)
According to Table A3, this fluid is probably carbon tetrachloride.

2.109Thefloatlevelhofahydrometeris
a measure of the specific gravity of the
liquid. For stem diameter D and total
weightW,if h 0represents SG 1.0,
deriveaformulaforhasafunctionofW,
D,SG,andoforwater.
Solution:Let submerged volume be o

2
whenSG1.LetAD /4betheareaof
Fig.P2.109
thestem.Then
W(SG 1)
W oo (SG) o (o Ah), or: h = Ans.
SG o ( D 2 /4)
P2.110 Asolidsphere,ofdiameter18cm,floatsin20Cwaterwith1,527cubic
centimetersexposedabovethesurface.(a)Whataretheweightandspecificgravityof
thissphere?(b)Willitfloatin20Cgasoline?Ifso,howmanycubiccentimeterswill
beexposed?
Solution:Thetotalvolumeofthesphereis(/6)(18cm)3=3054cm3.Subtracttheexposed
portiontofindthesubmergedvolume=30541527=1527cm3.Thereforethesphereis
floatingexactlyhalfinandhalfoutofthewater.(a)Itsweightandspecificgravityare
kg m
Wsphere water g submerged (998 3
)(9.81 2
)(1527 E 6 m3 ) 14.95 N Ans.(a )
m s
Wsphere 14.95 kg 499
sphere 499 3 , SGsphere 0.50 Ans.(a )
g sphere (9.81)(3054 E 6) m 1000
(b)FromTableA.3,gasoline=680kg/m3>sphere.Thereforeitfloatsingasoline.Ans.(b)
(c)Neglectingairbuoyancyontheexposedpart,wecomputethefractionofsphere
volumethatisexposedtobe(680499kg/m3)/(680kg/m3)=0.266or26.6%.The
volumeexposedis
Checkbuoyancy:thesubmergedvolume,2241cm3,timesgasolinespecificweight=14.95N.
exp osed 0.266 sphere 0.266 (3054 cm3 ) 813 cm3 Ans.(c)
P2.111 A solid wooden cone (SG = 0.729) floats in water. The cone is 30 cm high, its
vertex angle is 90, and it floats with vertex down. How much of the cone protrudes
above the water?

R
Solution: The cone must displace water equal
r
to its weight. Let the total height be H and the
H=30cm
h
submerged height be h, as in the figure. The displaced 90
water weight must equal the cone weight:
2 r R
water
r h [( SG ) water ] R 2 H ; but
3 3 h H
3 3
r h
Combine : 3 3 SG , or : h H ( SG)1/3 (30cm)(0.729)1/3 27 cm
R H
Thus this cone protrudes above the water level by H-h = 30cm 27cm = 3 cm Ans.
We will find in Prob. P2.133 that this 90 cone is very stable and difficult to overturn.
_______________________________________________________________________
P2.112Theuniform5mlongwoodenrodinthefigureis tiedtothebottombya
string.Determine(a)thestringtension;and(b)thespecificgravityofthewood.Isitalso
possibletodeterminetheinclinationangle?
Fig.P2.112
Solution:Therodweightactsatthemiddle,2.5mfrompointC,whilethebuoyancyis
2mfromC.SummingmomentsaboutCgives
MC 0 W(2.5sin ) B(2.0 sin ), or W 0.8B
But B (9790)( /4)(0.08m)2 (4m) 196.8N.
Thus W 0.8B 157.5N SG(9790)( /4)(0.08)2 (5m), or: SG 0.64 Ans.(b)
Summationofverticalforcesyields
Stringtension T B W 196.8 157.5 39 N Ans.(a)
,whichcancelsoutofthemomentbalance.
Theseresultsareindependentoftheangle

P2.113Asparbuoyisarodweightedto
floatvertically,asinFig.P2.113.Letthe Fig.P2.113
buoybemaplewood(SG0.6),2inby
2 inby10ft,floatinginseawater(SG
1.025).Howmanypoundsofsteel(SG
7.85)shouldbeaddedatthebottomsothat
h18in?
Solution:Therelevantvolumesneededare
2 2 Wsteel
Sparvolume (10) 0.278 ft 3 ; Steelvolume
12 12 7.85(62.4)
2 2
Immersedsparvolume (8.5) 0.236ft 3
12 12
Theverticalforcebalanceis:buoyancyBWwoodWsteel,
Wsteel
or: 1.025(62.4) 0.236 0.6(62.4)(0.278) Wsteel
7.85(62.4)
or: 15.09 0.1306Wsteel 10.40 Wsteel , solvefor Wsteel 5.4 lbf Ans.
P2.114Theuniformrodinthefigureis
hingedatBandinstaticequilibriumwhen
2kgoflead(SG11.4)areattachedatits
end.Whatisthespecificgravityoftherod
material? What is peculiar about the rest
angle30?
2
Solution:Firstcomputebuoyancies:Brod9790(/4)(0.04) (8)98.42N,andWlead
2(9.81)19.62N,Blead19.62/11.41.72N.SummomentsaboutB:
M B 0 (SG 1)(98.42)(4 cos30) (19.62 1.72)(8 cos30) 0

Solvefor SG rod 0.636 Ans.(a)
Theangledropsout!Therodisneutrallystableforanytiltangle!Ans.(b)
P2.115The2inchby2inchby12ftspar
buoyfromFig.P2.113has5lbmofsteel
attachedandhasgoneagroundonarock.If
the rock exerts no moments on the spar,
computetheangleofinclination.
Solution:Letbethesubmergedlength
ofspar.Therelevantforcesare:
2 2
Wwood (0.6)(64.0) (12) 12.8lbf at distance 6 sin to the right of A
12 12

2 2
Buoyancy (64.0) 1.778 at distance sin to the right of A
12 12
2
ThesteelforceactsrightthroughA.TakemomentsaboutA:

M A 0 12.8(6 sin ) 1.778 sin
2
Solve for 2 86.4, or 9.295ft ( submerged length )
Thustheangleofinclination cos1 (8.0/9.295)30.6Ans.
P2.116 A deep-ocean bathysphere is steel, SG 7.85, with inside diameter 54 inches

and wall thickness 1.5 inches. Will the empty sphere float in seawater?
Solution: Take the density of steel as 7.85(1000) = 7850 kg/m3. The outside diameter is
54+2(1.5) = 57 inches. Convert Do = 57in = 1.448 m and Di = 54in = 1.372 m. The
displaced weight is
Wdisplaced seawater Voldisplaced (1.025)(9790)( / 6)(1.448)3 15,950 N

The weight of the steel sphere is
Wsphere steel Volsteel (7850)(9.81)( / 6)[(1.448)3 (1.372)3 ] 18, 280 N

We see that the empty sphere is 2,300 N heavier and will not float in seawater. Ans.
_____________________________________________________________________
P2.117 The solid sphere in Fig. P2.117 is iron
(SG 7.9). The tension in the cable is 600 lbf.

water
Estimate the diameter of the sphere, in cm.
Fig.P2.117
Solution: For water take = 9790 N/m3. Then the buoyant force and sphere weight are
B water ( / 6) D 3 and Wsphere 7.9 B
The SI tension in the cable = W B = (7.9-1)(9790)(/6) D3 = 35,370 D3 = 600 lbf =

2670 N, with D in meters.
Solve for D = (2670/35370)1/3 = 0.42 m = 42 cm Ans.
P2.118 Anintrepidtreasuresalvagegrouphasdiscoveredasteelbox,containinggold
doubloonsandothervaluables,restingin80ftofseawater.Theyestimatetheweightofthe
boxandtreasure(inair)at7000lbf. Theirplanistoattachtheboxtoasturdyballoon,
inflatedwithairto3atmpressure.Theemptyballoonweighs250lbf.Theboxis2ftwide,
5ftlong,and18inhigh.Whatistheproperdiameteroftheballoontoensureanupward
liftforceontheboxthatis20%morethanrequired?
Solution:Thespecificweightofseawaterisapproximately64lbf/ft 3.Theboxvolumeis
(2ft)(5ft)(1.5ft)=12ft3,hencethebuoyantforceontheboxis(64)(12)=768lbf.Thusthe
balloonmustdevelopanetupwardforceof1.2(7000768lbf)=7478lbf.Theairweightin
theballoonisnegligible,butwecancomputeitanyway.Theairdensityis:
p 3(2116lbf / ft 2 ) slug
At p 3atm, air 0.0071
2 2 o o
RT (1716 ft / s R)(520 R) ft 3
Hencetheairspecificweightis(0.0071)(32.2)=0.23lbf/ft3,muchlessthanthewater.
Accountingforballoonweight,thedesirednetbuoyantforceontheballoonis
Fnet (640.23lbf / ft 3 )( / 6)Dballoon

3
250lbf 7478lbf
Solve for D 3 231.4lbf 3 , Dballoon 6.14ft Ans.
P2.119Witha5lbfweightplacedatone
end, the uniform wooden beam in the Fig.P2.119
figurefloats atanangle withitsupper
rightcorneratthesurface.Determine(a);
(b)wood.
2 3
Solution:Thetotalwoodvolumeis(4/12) (9)1ft .Theexposeddistanceh9tan.
Theverticalforcesare
Fz 0 (62.4)(1.0) (62.4)(h/2)(9)(4/12) (SG)(62.4)(1.0) 5lbf
ThemomentsoftheseforcesaboutpointCattherightcornerare:
MC 0 (1)(4.5) (1.5h)(6ft) (SG)( )(1)(4.5ft) (5lbf)(0ft)

3
where62.4lbf/ft isthespecificweightofwater.Cleanthesetwoequationsup:
1.5h 1 SG 5/ (forces) 2.0h 1 SG (moments)
SolvesimultaneouslyforSG0.68Ans.(b);h0.16ft;1.02Ans.(a)
P2.120Auniformwoodenbeam(SG0.65)is10cmby10cmby3mandhingedat
A.Atwhatanglewillthebeamfloatin20Cwater?
2 3
Solution:Thetotalbeamvolumeis3(.1) 0.03m ,andthereforeitsweightisW
(0.65)(9790)(0.03) 190.9 N, acting at the centroid, 1.5 m down from point A.
2
Meanwhile,ifthesubmergedlengthisH,thebuoyancyisB (9790)(0.1) H 97.9H
newtons,actingatH/2fromthelowerend.SummomentsaboutpointA:
Fig.P2.120
M A 0 (97.9H)(3.0 H/2)cos 190.9(1.5cos ),

or: H(3 H/2) 2.925, solvefor H 1.225m
Geometry:3H1.775misoutofthewater,or:sin1.0/1.775,or34.3Ans.
P2.121Theuniformbeaminthefigureis Lhb/2andactsatL/3fromtheleftcorner.
of size L by h by b, with b,h << L. A Summoments abouttheleftcorner,point
uniformheavyspheretiedtotheleftcorner C:
causes the beam to float exactly on its
diagonal.Showthatthisconditionrequires
(a) b /3; and (b)D [Lhb/{(SG
1/3
1)}] .
Solution:ThebeamweightW bLhb
andactsinthecenter,atL/2fromtheleft
corner,whilethebuoyancy,beingaperfect
triangle of displaced water, equals B
Fig.P2.121
M C 0 ( b Lhb)(L/2) ( Lhb/2)(L/3), or: b /3 Ans. (a)
ThensummingverticalforcesgivestherequiredstringtensionTontheleftcorner:
Fz 0 Lbh/2 b Lbh T, or T Lbh/6 since b /3

1/3
3 Lhb
Butalso T (W B)sphere (SG 1) D , sothat D Ans.(b)
6 (SG 1)
P2.122Auniformblockofsteel(SG weight.Thentheverticalforcebalanceon
7.85) will float at a mercurywater theblockis
interfaceasinthefigure.Whatistheratio
ofthedistancesaandbforthiscondition?
Solution:Let w betheblockwidthinto
the paper and let be the water specific
Fig.P2.122
7.85 (a b)Lw 1.0 aLw 13.56 bLw,

a 13.56 7.85
or: 7.85a 7.85b a 13.56b, solvefor 0.834 Ans.
b 7.85 1
P2.123Abargehasthetrapezoidal
shapeshowninFig.P2.123andis
22mlongintothepaper. H? 2.5m
60 60
Ifthetotalweightofbargeand
8m
cargois350tons,whatisthedraft
Hofthebargewhenfloatinginseawater?
Fig.P2.123
Solution: For seawater, let = 1025 kg/m3. The top of the barge has length
[8m+2(2.5)/tan60]=8+2.89=10.89m.Thusthetotalvolumeofthebargeis
[(8+10.89m)/2](2.5m)(22m)=519.4m3.Intermsofseawater,thistotalvolumewouldbe
equivalentto(519.4m3)(1025kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)=5.22E6N4.4482lbf/N2000lbf/ton=
587tons. Thusacargoof350tons=700,000lbfwouldfillthebargeabitmorethan
halfway.ThuswesolvethefollowingequationforthedrafttogiveW=350tons:
H kg m 1
( 22m)( H )(8
m)(1025 3
)(9.81 2
)( ) 700,000 lbf
tan 60 m s 4.4482lbf / N
Solve by iteration or EES : H 1.58 m Ans.
P2.124Aballoonweighing3.5lbfis6ft
indiameter.Iffilledwithhydrogenat18psia
and 60F and released, at what U.S.
standardaltitudewillitbeneutral?
Solution:Assumethatitremainsat18psiaand60 F.Forhydrogen,fromTableA4,
2 2
R24650ft /(s R).Thedensityofthehydrogenintheballoonisthus
p 18(144)
H 2 0.000202slug/ft 3
RT (24650)(460 60)
Intheverticalforcebalanceforneutralbuoyancy,onlytheoutsideairdensityisunknown:

Fz Bair WH2 Wballoon air (32.2) (6)3 (0.000202)(32.2) (6)3 3.5lbf
6 6
Solvefor air 0.00116slug/ft 3 0.599kg/m 3
FromTableA6,thisdensityoccursatastandardaltitudeof6850m22500ft.Ans.
P2.125 A uniform cylindrical white oak log, = 710 kg/m3, floats lengthwise in fresh
water at 20C. Its diameter is 24 inches. What height of the log is visible above the
surface?
h?
28.9%ofthearea
Solution: The ratio of densities is 710/998 = 0.711.
Thus 1 0.711 = 0.289, or 28.9% of the logs cross-section
area protrudes above the surface. The relevant formulas R
can be found online, or you can find them from the figure:
Asegment ( R 2 / 2)[ /180 sin( )] , with in degrees

h / R = 1 - cos( / 2)
We find such that Asegment/Acircle= 0.289, where, of course, Acircle= R2. You can find by
iteration, knowing that it is of the order of 100, or Excel will rapidly iterate to the
answer, which is:
Asegment / ( R 2 ) 0.289 when 140.5, and h / R 0.662, h 0.662(12in) 7.94 inches Ans.
P2.126A block of wood (SG 0.6) buoyancyoftheairontheupperpartofthe

floatsinfluidXinFig.P2.126suchthat block.Then
75%ofitsvolumeissubmergedinfluidX.
Estimatethegagepressureoftheairinthe
tank.
Solution:In order to apply the hydro

staticrelationfortheairpressurecalcula
tion,thedensityofFluidXmustbefound.
Thebuoyancyprincipleisthusfirstapplied.
LettheblockhavevolumeV.Neglectthe
Fig.P2.126
0.6 water V X (0.75V) air (0.25V) ; X 0.8 water 7832N /m 3
TheairgagepressuremaythenbecalculatedbyjumpingfromtheleftinterfaceintofluidX:
0Pagage (7832N/m 3 )(0.4m) pair 3130Pagage 3130Pavacuum Ans.
*P2.127ConsideracylinderofspecificgravityS1floatingverticallyinwater(S
1),asinFig.P2.127.DeriveaformulaforthestablevaluesofD/LasafunctionofSand
applyittothecaseD/L1.2.
Solution:AverticalforcebalanceprovidesarelationforhasafunctionofSandL,
D2 h/4 S D2 L/4, thus h SL

Fig.P2.127
Tocomputestability,weturnEq.(2.52),centroidG,metacenterM,centerofbuoyancyB:

( D/2) 4
D2
MB Io /vsub MG GB and substituting h SL, MG GB
2 16 SL
D h

whereGBL/2h/2L/2SL/2L(1S)/2.Forneutralstability,MG0.Substituting,
D2 L D
0 (1 S ) solving for D/L, 8 S(1 S ) Ans.
16 SL 2 L
2
IfD/L1.2,S S0.180,or0S0.235and0.765S1forstabilityAns.
P2.128TheicebergofFig.P2.20canbeidealizedasacubeofsidelengthLasshown.
IfseawaterisdenotedasS1,theiceberghasS0.88.Isitstable?
Solution:Thedistancehisdeterminedby
w hL2 S w L3 , or: h SL
Fig.P2.128
ThecenterofgravityisatL/2abovethebottom,andBisath/2abovethebottom.The
metacenterpositionisdeterminedbyEq.(2.52):
L4 /12 L2 L
MB Io /sub 2
MG GB
L h 12h 12S
NotingthatGBL/2h/2L(1S)/2,wemaysolveforthemetacentricheight:
L L 1
MG (1 S) 0 if S2 S 0, or: S 0.211 or 0.789
12S 2 6
Instability:0.211S0.789.SincetheiceberghasS0.880.789,itisstable.Ans.
P2.129TheicebergofProb.P2.128may
become unstable if its width decreases.
SupposethattheheightisLandthedepth
intothepaperisLbutthewidthdecreases
to H L. Again with S 0.88 for the
iceberg,determinetheratioH/Lforwhich
theicebergbecomesunstable.
Solution:AsinProb.P2.128,thesubmergeddistanceh SL0.88L,withGatL/2
abovethebottomandBath/2abovethebottom.FromEq.(2.52),thedistanceMBis
Io LH3 /12 H2 L SL
MB MG GB MG
sub HL(SL) 12SL 2 2
ThenneutralstabilityoccurswhenMG0,or
H2 L H
(1 S), or [6S(1 S)]1/2 [6(0.88)(1 0.88)]1/2 0.796 Ans.
12SL 2 L
P2.130Considerawoodencylinder(SG
0.6) 1 m in diameter and 0.8 m long.
Wouldthiscylinderbestableifplacedto
floatwithitsaxisverticalinoil(SG0.85)?
Solution:Averticalforcebalancegives
0.85 R 2 h 0.6 R 2 (0.8m),
or: h 0.565m
ThepointBisath/20.282mabovethebottom.UseEq.(2.52)topredictthemeta
centerlocation:
MB I o /sub [ (0.5)4 /4] /[ (0.5)2 (0.565)] 0.111m MG GB
NowGB0.4m0.282m0.118m,henceMG0.1110.1180.007m.
Thisfloatpositionisthusslightlyunstable.Thecylinderwouldturnover.Ans.
P2.131Abargeis15ftwideandfloats
withadraftof4ft.Itispiledsohighwith
gravelthatitscenterofgravityis3ftabove
thewaterline,asshown.Isitstable?
Solution:Example 2.10 applies to this

case,withL7.5ftandH4ft:
L2 H (7.5ft)2 4ft
MA 2.69ft, whereAisthewaterline
3H 2 3(4ft) 2
SinceGis3ftabovethewaterline,MG2.693.00.31ft,unstable.Ans.
P2.132AsolidrightcircularconehasSG0.99andfloatsverticallyasshown.Isthisa
stableposition?
Solution:Letrbetheradiusatthesurfaceandletzbetheexposedheight.Then
Fig.P2.132
2 z r
Fz 0 w (R h r 2 z) 0.99 w R 2 h, with .
3 3 h R
z
Thus (0.01)1/3 0.2154
h
Theconefloatsatadraft h z 0.7846h.ThecentroidGisat0.25habovethe
bottom.ThecenterofbuoyancyBisatthecentroidofafrustrumofa(submerged)cone:
0.7846h R 2 2Rr 3r 2
R 2 Rr r 2 0.2441h abovethebottom
4
ThenEq.(2.52)predictsthepositionofthemetacenter:
Io (0.2154R)4 /4 R2
MB 0.000544 MG GB
sub 0.99 R 2 h h
MG (0.25h 0.2441h) MG 0.0594h
2
ThusMG0(stability)if(R/h) 10.93orR/h3.31Ans.
P2.133Considerauniformrightcircular parameterMGofthiscone,indimensionless
coneofspecificgravityS1,floatingwith form, versus H/R for a range of cone
itsvertexdowninwater,S1.0.Thebase specificgravitiesS1.
radius is R and the cone height is H, as
shown. Calculate and plot the stability
Solution:TheconefloatsatheighthandradiusrsuchthatBW,or:
2 2 h3 r3
r h(1.0) R H (S ), or: S 1
3 3 H 3 R3
1/3
Thusr/Rh/HS forshort.Nowusethestabilityrelation:
3H 3h I r 4 /4 3 R 2
MG GB MG o 2
4 4 sub r h/3 4H
MG 3 R 2
Non-dimensionalize in the final form: = 2 1 + , S1/3 Ans.
H 4 H
Thisisplottedbelow.Floatingconespointingdownarestableunlessslender, R << H.
2-89 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
P2.134Whenfloatinginwater(SG1),
anequilateral triangular body(SG 0.9) Fig.P2.134
mighttaketwopositions,asshownatright.
Which position is more stable? Assume
largebodywidthintothepaper.
Solution:Thecalculations aresimilartothefloatingconeofProb.P2.132.Letthe
trianglebeLbyLbyL.Listthebasicresults.
(a)Floatingwithpointup:CentroidGis0.289Labovethebottomline,centerofbuoyancyB
is0.245Labovethebottom,henceGB(0.2890.245)L0.044L.Equation(2.52)gives
MB I o /sub 0.0068L MG GB MG 0.044L
Hence MG 0.037L Unstable Ans.(a)
(b)Floatingwithpoint down:CentroidGis0.577Labovethebottompoint,centerof
buoyancyBis0.548Labovethebottompoint,henceGB(0.5770.548)L0.0296L.
Equation(2.52)gives
MB I o /sub 0.1826L MG GB MG 0.0296L
Hence MG 0.153L Stable Ans.(b)
P2.135Consider a homogeneous right

circularcylinderoflengthL,radiusR,and
specificgravitySG,floatinginwater(SG1)
withitsaxisvertical.Showthatthebodyis
stableif
R/L [2SG(1 SG)]1/2
Solution:ForagivenSG,thebodyfloats
withadraftequalto(SG)L,asshown.Its
center of gravity G is at L/2 above the
bottom. Its center of buoyancy B is at
(SG)L/2abovethebottom.ThenEq.(2.52)
predictsthemetacenterlocation:
R 4 /4 R2 L L
MB I o /sub 2
MG GB MG SG
R (SG)L 4(SG)L 2 2
Thus MG 0(stability) if R 2 /L2 > 2SG(1 SG) Ans.
Forexample,ifSG0.8,stabilityrequiresthatR/L0.566.
P2.136Consider a homogeneous right
circularcylinderoflengthL,radiusR,and
specificgravitySG0.5,floatinginwater
(SG1)withitsaxishorizontal.Showthat
thebodyisstableifL/R2.0.
Solution:For the given SG 0.5, the

bodyfloatscentrallywithadraftequalto
R,asshown.ItscenterofgravityGisexactlyatthesurface.ItscenterofbuoyancyBis
atthecentroidoftheimmersedsemicircle:4R/(3)belowthesurface.Equation(2.52)
predictsthemetacenterlocation:
(1/12)(2R)L3 L2 4R
MB I o /sub MG GB MG
(R 2 /2)L 3 R 3
L2 4R
or: MG 0(stability) if L/R > 2 Ans.
3 R 3
P2.137A tank of water 4 m deep

receivesaconstantupwardaccelerationaz.
Determine(a)thegagepressureatthetank
2
bottomifaz5m /s;and(b)thevalueof
az which causes the gage pressure at the
tankbottomtobe1atm.
Solution:Equation(2.53)statesthatp (ga) (kgkaz)forthiscase.Then,

forpart(a),
p (g a z )S (998kg/m 3 )(9.81 5m 2 /s)(4m) 59100Pa(gage) Ans.(a)

Forpart(b),weknowp1atmbutwedontknowtheacceleration:
m
p (g a z )S (998)(9.81 a z )(4.0) 101350Pa if a z = 15.6 Ans.(b)
s2
P2.138A12fluidounceglass,3inchesindiameter,sitsontheedgeofamerrygo
round8ftindiameter,rotatingat12r/min.Howfullcantheglassbebeforeitspills?
3
Solution:First,howhighisthecontainer?Well,1fluidoz.1.805in ,hence12fl.oz.
3 2
21.66in (1.5in) h,orh3.06inItisafat,nearlysquarelittleglass.Second,
determine the acceleration toward the center of the merrygoround, noting that the
angularvelocityis(12rev/min)(1min/60s)(2rad/rev)1.26rad/s.Then,forr4
ft,
a x 2 r (1.26rad/s)2 (4ft) 6.32ft/s2
Then,forsteadyrotation,thewatersurfaceintheglasswillslopeattheangle
ax 6.32
tan 0.196, or: h lefttocenter (0.196)(1.5in) 0.294in
g a z 32.2 0
Thustheglassshouldbefilledtonomorethan3.060.2942.77inches
2 3
Thisamountofliquidis(1.5in) (2.77in)19.6in 10.8fluidoz.Ans.
P2.139The tank of liquid in the figure

P2.139 accelerates to the right with the Fig.P2.139
fluidinrigidbodymotion.(a)Computeax
2
in m/s . (b) Why doesnt the solution to
part (a) depend upon fluid density? (c)
Compute gage pressure at point A if the
fluidisglycerinat20C.
Solution:(a)Theslopeoftheliquidgivesustheacceleration:
a x 28 15cm
tan 0.13, or: 7.4
g 100cm
thus a x 0.13g 0.13(9.81) 1.28m/s 2 Ans.(a)
(b)Clearly,thesolutionto(a)ispurelygeometricanddoesnotinvolvefluiddensity.Ans.(b)
3
(c)FromTableA3forglycerin,1260kg/m .TherearemanywaystocomputepA.
Forexample,wecangostraightdownontheleftside,usingonlygravity:
p A gz (1260kg/m 3 )(9.81m/s2 )(0.28m) 3460Pa(gage) Ans.(c)
Orwecanstartontherightside,godown15cmwithgandacross100cmwithax:
p A gz a x x (1260)(9.81)(0.15) (1260)(1.28)(1.00)
1854 1607 3460Pa Ans.(c)
P2.140 The U-tube in Fig. P2.140 is moving to Fig.P2.140
the right with variable velocity. The water level in
the left tube is 6 cm, and the level in the right tube
is 16 cm. Determine the acceleration and its direction.

20cm
Solution: Since the motion is horizontal, az = 0. The free surface slope is up to the
right, which from Fig. 2.21 is negative:
6 cm 16 cm a
tan 0.5 x ; ax 0.5 g 0.5(9.81) - 4.9 m 2 / s Ans.
20 cm g
The tube is decelerating as it moves to the right.
P2.141ThesametankfromProb.P2.139
isnowacceleratingwhilerolling up a30 Fig.P2.141
inclinedplane,asshown.Assumingrigid
bodymotion,compute(a)theaccelerationa,
(b)whethertheaccelerationisupordown,
and(c)thepressureatpointAifthefluid
ismercuryat20C.
Solution:Thefreesurfaceistiltedattheangle 307.4122.59.Thisangle
mustsatisfyEq.(2.55):
tan tan(22.59) 0.416 a x /(g a z )
Butthe30inclineconstrainstheaccelerationsuchthatax0.866a,az0.5a.Thus
0.866a m
tan 0.416 , solvefor a 3.80 2 (down) Ans.(a,b)
9.81 0.5a s
2 2
Thecartesiancomponentsareax3.29m/s andaz1.90m/s .
(c)ThedistanceSnormalfromthesurfacedowntopointAis(28cos)cm.Thus
p A [a 2x (g a z )2 ]1/2 (13550)[( 3.29)2 (9.81 1.90)2 ]1/2 (0.28 cos 7.41)
32200Pa(gage) Ans.(c)
P2.142ThetankofwaterinFig.P2.142is12cmwideintothepaper.Ifthetankis
2
acceleratedtotherightinrigidbodymotionat6m/s ,compute(a)thewaterdepthat
AB,and(b)thewaterforceonpanelAB.
Fig.P2.142
Solution:FromEq.(2.55),
6.0
tan a x /g 0.612, or 31.45
9.81
ThensurfacepointBontheleftrisesanadditionalz=12tan7.34cm,
or: waterdepthAB 9 7.34 16.3cm Ans.(a)
ThewaterpressureonABvarieslinearlyduetogravityonly,thusthewaterforceis
0.163
FAB p CG A AB (9790) m (0.163 m)(0.12 m) 15.7 N Ans. (b)
2
P2.143ThetankofwaterinFig.P2.143
isfullandopentotheatmosphere(p atm Fig.P2.143
15psi 2160psf)atpointA,asshown.
2
Forwhataccelerationax,inft/s ,willthe
pressure at point B in the figure be
(a) atmospheric; and (b) zero absolute
(neglectingcavitation)?
Solution:(a)ForpApB,theimaginary
free surface isobar shouldjoin points A
andB:
tan AB tan45 1.0 a x /g, hence a x g 32.2ft/s 2 Ans.(a)
(b)ForpB0,thefreesurfaceisobarmusttiltevenmorethan45,sothat
pB 0 p A gz a x x 2160 1.94(32.2)(2) 1.94 a x (2),
solve a x 589ft/s 2 Ans.(b)

1
Thisisaveryhighacceleration(18gs)andaverysteepangle,tan (589/32.2)87.
P2.144Consider a hollow cube of side

length 22cm,fullofwaterat20C,and
opentopatm 1atmattopcornerA.The
topsurfaceishorizontal.Determinetherigid
bodyaccelerationsforwhichthewaterat
oppositetopcornerBwillcavitate,for(a)
horizontal,and(b)verticalmotion.
Solution:From Table A5 the vapor pressure of the water is 2337 Pa. (a) Thus
cavitationoccursfirstwhenacceleratinghorizontallyalongthediagonalAB:
p A pB 101325 2337 a x , AB L AB (998)a x ,AB (0.22 2 ),
solve a x, AB 319m/s 2 Ans.(a)
2
Ifwemovedalongtheyaxisshowninthefigure,wewouldneeday3192451m/s .
(b) For vertical acceleration, nothing would happen, both points A and B would
continuetobeatmospheric,althoughthepressureatdeeperpointswouldchange.Ans.
P2.145A fish tank 16in by 27in by
14inch deep is carried in a car which
may experience accelerations as high as
2
6 m/s . Assuming rigidbody motion,
estimate the maximum water depth to
avoidspilling.Whichisthebestwayto
alignthetank?
Solution:Thebestwayistoalignthe16inchwidthwiththecarsdirectionofmotion,
tominimizetheverticalsurfacechangez.FromEq.(2.55)thefreesurfaceanglewillbe
6.0 16
tan max a x /g 0.612, thus z tan 4.9inches( 31.5)
9.81 2
Thusthetankshouldcontainnomorethan144.99.1inchesofwater.Ans.
P2.146ThetankinFig.P2.146isfilled
withwaterandhasaventholeatpointA. Fig.P2.146
Itis1mwideintothepaper.Insideisa
10cm balloon filled with helium at
130 kPa. If the tank accelerates to the
right at 5 m/s/s, at what angle will the
balloonlean?Willitleantotheleftorto
theright?
Solution:The acceleration sets up

pressureisobarswhichslantdownandto
the right, in both the water and in the
helium. This means there will be a
buoyancyforceontheballoonupandto
the right, as shown at right. It must be
balancedbyastringtensiondownandto
the left. If we neglect balloon material
weight, the balloon leans up and to the
rightatangle
ax 1 5.0
tan 1 tan 27 Ans.
g 9.81
measuredfromthevertical.Thisaccelerationbuoyancyeffectmayseemcounterintuitive.
P2.147ThetankofwaterinFig.P2.147
accelerates uniformly by rolling without Fig.P2.147
frictiondownthe30inclinedplane.What
istheangleofthefreesurface?Canyou
explainthisinterestingresult?
Solution:Iffrictionless, F Wsin
maalongtheinclineandthusagsin30
0.5g.
ax 0.5g cos30
Thus tan ; solvefor 30 ! Ans.
g a z g 0.5g sin 30
Thefreesurfacealignsitselfexactlyparallelwiththe30incline.
P2.148 Achildisholdingastringontowhichisattachedaheliumfilledballoon.(a)
Thechildisstandingstillandsuddenlyacceleratesforward. Inaframeofreference
movingwiththechild,whichwaywilltheballoontilt,forwardorbackward?Explain.
(b)Thechildisnowsittinginacarthatisstoppedataredlight. Theheliumfilled
balloonisnotincontactwithanypartofthecar(seats,ceiling,etc.)butisheldinplace
bythestring,whichisheldbythechild.Allthewindowsinthecarareclosed.When
thetrafficlightturnsgreen,thecaracceleratesforward.Inaframeofreferencemoving
withthecarandchild,whichwaywilltheballoontilt,forwardorbackward?Explain.
(c)Purchaseorborrowaheliumfilledballoon.Conductascientificexperimenttoseeif
yourpredictionsinparts(a)and(b)arecorrect.Ifnot,explain.
Solution:(a)Onlythechildandballoonaccelerate,notthesurroundingair.Thisisnot
rigidbodyfluidmotion.Theballoonwilltiltbackwardduetoairdrag.Ans.(a)
(b)Insidethecar,thetrappedairwillacceleratewiththecarandthechild,etc.
Thisisrigidbodymotion.Theballoonwilltiltforward,asinProb.P2.146.Ans.(b)
(c) A student in the writers class actually tried this experimentally. Our
predictionswerecorrect.
P2.149The waterwheel in Fig. P2.149
liftswaterwith1ftdiameterhalfcylinder Fig.P2.149
blades.Thewheelrotatesat10r/min.What
isthewatersurfaceangleatpt.A?
Solution:Convert 10r/min 1.05

rad/s. Use an average radius R 6.5 ft.
Then
a x 2 R (1.05)2 (6.5) 7.13ft/s2 towardthecenter
Thus tan a x /g 7.13 / 32.2, or: 12.5 Ans.
P2.150A cheap accelerometer can be

made from the Utube at right. If L Fig.P2.150
18cm andD 5mm,whatwill h beif
2
ax6m/s ?
Solution:Weassumethatthediameteris
sosmall, D = L, thatthefreesurfaceisa
point.ThenEq.(2.55)applies,and
6.0
tan a x /g 0.612, or 31.5
9.81
Then h (L/2) tan (9 cm)(0.612) 5.5 cm Ans.
Sinceh(9cm)ax/g,thescalereadingsareindeedlinearina x,butIdontrecommendit
asanactualaccelerometer,therearetoomanyinaccuraciesanddisadvantages.
P2.151TheUtubeinFig.P2.151isopen
atAandclosedatD.Whatuniformaccel Fig.P2.151
erationaxwillcausethepressureatpointC
tobeatmospheric?Thefluidiswater.
Solution:If pressures at A and C are
the same, the free surface must join
thesepoints:
45, a x g tan g 32.2ft/s 2 Ans.
P2.152A16cmdiameteropencylinder
27cmhighisfullofwater.Findthecentral
rigidbodyrotationrateforwhich(a)one
thirdofthewaterwillspillout;and(b)the
bottomcenterofthecanwillbeexposed.
Solution:(a)Onethirdwillspilloutifthe
resultingparaboloidsurfaceis18cmdeep:
2 R 2 2 (0.08m)2
h 0.18m , solvefor 2 552,
2g 2(9.81)
23.5rad/s 224r/min Ans.(a)
(b)Thebottomisbarelyexposediftheparaboloidsurfaceis27cmdeep:
2 (0.08m)2
h 0.27m , solvefor 28.8rad/s 275r/min Ans.(b)
2(9.81)
P2.153 Acylindricalcontainer,14inchesindiameter,isusedtomakeamoldfor
formingsaladbowls.Thebowlsaretobe8inchesdeep.Thecylinderishalffilledwith
moltenplastic,=1.6kg/(ms),rotatedsteadilyaboutthecentralaxis,thencooledwhile
rotating.Whatistheappropriaterotationrate,inr/min?
Solution: The molten plastic viscosity is a red herring, ignore. The appropriate final
rotating surface shape is a paraboloid of radius 7 inches and depth 8 inches. Thus, from
Fig. 2.23,
8 2 R 2 2 (7 / 12 ft)2
h 8 in ft
12 2g 2(32.2 ft / s2 )
rad 60 r
Solve for 11.2 107 Ans.
s 2 min
P2.154Averytall10cmdiametervasecontains1178cm3ofwater.Whenspunsteadily
toachieverigidbodyrotation,a4cmdiameterdryspotappearsatthebottomofthevase.
Whatistherotationrate,r/min,forthiscondition?
Solution:Itisinterestingthattheanswer
R
hasnothingtodowiththewaterdensity.

Thevalueof1178cubiccentimeterswas
chosentomaketherestdepthanicenumber:
rest
position
H
1178 cm 3 (5cm) 2 H , solve H 15.0cm
ro
Onewaywouldbetointegrateandfindthevolume Fig.P2.154
oftheshadedliquidinFig.P2.154intermsofvase
radiusRanddryspotradiusro.Thatwouldyieldthefollowingformula:
d ( R 2 ro2 ) dz , but z 2 r 2 / 2g , hence dz ( 2r / g) dr

2 2 R 2r 2 r 4 R

R R
Thus ( R 2 ro2 )( 2r / g) dr ( R 2r r 3 )dr ( ) |r
ro g ro g 2 4 o
2 R 4 R 2ro2 ro4
Finally : ( ) 0.001178m3
g 4 2 4
rad r
Solve for R 0.05m, ro 0.02m : 2 3336, 57.8 552 Ans.
s min
Theformulasinthetext,concerningtheparaboloidsofair,would,inthewritersopinion,
bedifficulttoapplybecauseofthefreesurfaceextendingbelowthebottomofthevase.
P2.155Forwhatuniformrotationratein
r/minaboutaxisCwilltheUtubefluidin Fig.P2.155
Fig.P2.155takethepositionshown?The
fluidismercuryat20C.
Solution:Let ho be the height of the

freesurfaceatthecenterline.Then,from
Eq.(2.64),
2 R 2B 2 R 2A
zB ho ; zA ho ; R B 0.05m and R A 0.1m
2g 2g
2
Subtract: z A z B 0.08m [(0.1)2 (0.05)2 ],
2(9.81)
rad r
solve 14.5 138 Ans.
s min
Thefactthatthefluidismercurydoesnotenterintothiskinematiccalculation.
P2.156Suppose the Utube of Prob.

P2.151 is rotated about axis DC. If the
fluid is water at 122F and atmospheric
pressureis2116psfa,atwhatrotationrate
willthefluidbegintovaporize?Atwhat
pointinthetubewillthishappen?
3
Solution:At122F 50C,fromTablesA1andA5,forwater, 988kg/m (or
3
1.917slug/ft )andpv12.34kPa(or258psf).WhenspinningaroundDC,thefreesurface
comesdownfrom pointAtoaposition below pointD,asshown.Thereforethefluid
pressureislowestatpointD(Ans.).Withhasshowninthefigure,
p D p vap 258 patm gh 2116 1.917(32.2)h, h 2 R 2 /(2g)
Solveforh30.1ft(!)Thusthedrawingiswildlydistortedandthedashedlinefallsfar
belowpointC!(Thesolutioniscorrect,however.)
Solvefor 2 2(32.2)(30.1)/(1ft)2 or: 44rad/s 420rev/min. Ans.

P2.157The 45 Vtube in Fig. P2.157

contains water and is open at A and Fig.P2.157
closed at C. (a) For what rigidbody
rotationratewillthepressurebeequalat
pointsBandC?(b)Fortheconditionof
part(a),atwhatpointinlegBCwillthe
pressurebeaminimum?
Solution:(a)IfpressuresareequalatBandC,theymustlieonaconstantpressure
paraboloidsurfaceassketchedinthefigure.TakingzB0,wemayuseEq.(2.64):
2 R 2 2 (0.3)2 rad rev

z C 0.3m , solvefor 8.09 77 Ans.(a)
2g 2(9.81) s min
(b) The minimum pressure in leg BC occurs where the highest paraboloid pressure
contouristangenttolegBC,assketchedinthefigure.Thisfamilyofparaboloidshasthe
formula
2 r 2
z zo r tan 45, or: z o 3.333r 2 r 0 forapressurecontour
2g
Theminimumoccurswhen dz/dr 0, or r 0.15m Ans.(b)
TheminimumpressureoccurshalfwaybetweenpointsBandC.
P2.158*It is desired to make a 3m
diameter parabolic telescope mirror by
rotatingmoltenglassinrigidbodymotion
untilthedesiredshapeisachievedandthen
coolingtheglasstoasolid.Thefocusof
the mirror is tobe4mfrom themirror,
measuredalongthecenterline.Whatisthe
propermirrorrotationrate,inrev/min?
Solution:Wehavetoreviewourmathbook,orahandbook,torecallthatthe focusFof
aparabolaisthepointforwhichallpointsontheparabolaareequidistantfromboththe
focusandasocalleddirectrixline(whichisonefocallengthbelowthemirror).
Forthefocallengthhandthezraxesshowninthefigure,theequationoftheparabolais
2
givenbyr 4hz,withh4mforourexample.
2 2
Meanwhiletheequationofthefreesurfaceoftheliquidisgivenbyzr /(2g).
Setthesetwoequaltofindtheproperrotationrate:
r 2 2 r 2 g 9.81
z , or: 1.226
2g 4h 2h 2(4)
rad 60
Thus 1.107 10.6rev/min Ans.
s 2
ThefocalpointFisfarabovethemirroritself.Ifweputinr1.5mandcalculatethe
mirrordepthLshowninthefigure,wegetL14centimeters.
P2.159The threelegged manometer in

Fig.P2.159isfilledwithwatertoadepth Fig. P2.159
of20cm.Alltubesarelongandhaveequal
small diameters. If the system spins at
angularvelocity aboutthecentraltube,
(a)deriveaformulatofindthechangeof
heightinthetubes;(b)findtheheightin
cm in each tube if 120 rev/min.
[HINT:Thecentraltubemustsupplywater
toboththeouterlegs.]
Solution:(a)The freesurface during rotation is visualized as the dashed line in

Fig.P2.159.Theouterrightandleftlegsexperienceanincreasewhichisonehalf
that ofthecentral leg,or hO hC/2.Thetotaldisplacement betweenouterand
2 2
center menisci is, from Eq. (2.64) and Fig. 2.23, equal to R /(2g). The center
meniscusfallstwothirdsofthisamountandfeedstheoutertubes,whicheachrise
onethirdofthisamountabovetherestposition:
1 2 R2 2 2 R2
houter htotal hcenter htotal Ans.(a)
3 6g 3 3g
FortheparticularcaseR10cmand120r/min(120)(2/60)12.57rad/s,weobtain
2 R 2 (12.57rad/s)2 (0.1m)2
0.0805m;
2g 2(9.81m/s2 )
hO 0.027m (up) hC 0.054m (down) Ans.(b)
P2.160 Figure P2.160 shows a low-pressure gage invented in 1874 by Herbert

McLeod. (a) Can you deduce, from the figure, how it works? (b) If not, read about it and
explain it to the class.
Fig.P2.160
Solution: The McLeod gage takes a sample of low-pressure gas and compresses it, with
a liquid, usually mercury for its low vapor pressure, into a closed capillary tube with a
reservoir of known volume. A manometer measures the compressed gas pressure and the
sample pressure is found by Boyles Law, p = constant. It can measure pressures as
low as 10-5 torr.
__________________________________________________________________
P2.161 Figure P2.161 shows a sketch of a commercial pressure gage.

(a) Can you deduce, from the figure, how it works?
Fig.P2.161
Solution: This is a bellows-type diaphragm gage, with optical output. The pressure
difference moves the bellows, which tilts the lens and thus changes the output.
__________________________________________________________________
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING EXAM PROBLEMS: Answers
FEP2.1Agageattachedtoapressurizednitrogentankreadsagagepressureof28
inchesofmercury.Ifatmosphericpressureis14.4psia,whatistheabsolutepressurein
thetank?
(a)95kPa(b)99kPa(c)101kPa(d)194kPa(e)203kPa
FEP2.2Onasealevelstandardday,apressuregage,mooredbelowthesurfaceofthe
ocean(SG1.025),readsanabsolutepressureof1.4MPa.Howdeepistheinstrument?
(a)4m(b)129m(c)133m(d)140m(e)2080m
FEP2.3In Fig. FEP2.3, if the oil in Fig.FE-P2.3

region B has SG 0.8 and the absolute
pressure
at point A is 1 atmosphere, what is the
absolutepressureatpointB?
(a)5.6kPa(b)10.9kPa(c)106.9
kPa(d)112.2kPa(e)157.0kPa
FEP2.4InFig.FEP2.3,iftheoilinregionBhasSG0.8andtheabsolutepressureat
pointBis14psia,whatistheabsolutepressureatpointB?
(a)11kPa(b)41kPa(c)86kPa(d)91kPa(e)101kPa
FEP2.5Atankofwater(SG1.0)hasagateinitsverticalwall5mhighand3m
wide.Thetopedgeofthegateis2mbelowthesurface.Whatisthehydrostaticforceonthe
gate?
(a)147kN(b)367kN(c)490kN(d)661kN(e)1028kN
FEP2.6InProb.FEP2.5above,howfarbelowthesurfaceisthecenterofpressureof
thehydrostaticforce?
(a)4.50m(b)5.46m(c)6.35m(d)5.33m(e)4.96m
FEP2.7Asolid1mdiameterspherefloatsattheinterfacebetweenwater(SG 1.0)and
mercury(SG13.56)suchthat40%isinthewater.Whatisthespecificgravityofthesphere?
(a)6.02(b)7.28(c)7.78(d)8.54(e)12.56
FEP2.8A 5mdiameter balloon contains helium at 125 kPa absolute and 15 C,
2 2
mooredinsealevelstandardair.Ifthegasconstantofheliumis2077m /(s K)and
balloonmaterialweightisneglected,whatisthenetliftingforceoftheballoon?
(a)67N(b)134N(c)522N(d)653N(e)787N
FEP2.9Asquarewooden(SG0.6)rod,5cmby5cmby10mlong,floatsvertically
inwaterat20Cwhen6kgofsteel(SG7.84)areattachedtothelowerend.Howhigh
abovethewatersurfacedoesthewoodenendoftherodprotrude?
(a)0.6m(b)1.6m(c)1.9m(d)2.4m(e)4.0m
FEP2.10Afloatingbodywillalwaysbestablewhenits
(a)CGisabovethecenterofbuoyancy(b)centerofbuoyancyisbelowthewaterline
(c)centerofbuoyancyisaboveitsmetacenter(d)metacenterisabovethecenterofbuoyancy
(e)metacenterisabovetheCG
COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
C2.1Some manometers are constructed as in the figure at

right,withonelargereservoirandonesmalltubeopentothe
atmosphere.Wecanthenneglectmovementofthereservoirlevel.
Ifthereservoirisnotlarge,itslevelwillmove,asinthefigure.
Tube height h is measured from the zeropressure level, as
shown.
(a)Letthereservoirpressurebehigh,asintheFigure,soitslevel
goesdown.WriteanexactExpressionforp1gageasafunctionof
h, d, D, and gravity g. (b) Write an approximate expression for p1gage, neglecting the
3
movementofthereservoir.(c)Supposeh 26cm,pa 101kPa,and m 820kg/m .
Estimatetheratio(D/d)requiredtokeeptheerrorin(b)lessthan1.0%andalso 0.1%.
Neglectsurfacetension.
Solution:LetHbethedownwardmovementofthereservoir.Ifweneglectairdensity,
thepressuredifferenceisp1pamg(hH).Butvolumesofliquidmustbalance:
2
D H d 2 h, or: H ( d/D )2 h
4 4
Thenthepressuredifference(exactexceptforairdensity)becomes
p1 pa p1 gage m gh(1 d 2 / D 2 ) Ans.(a)
IfweignorethedisplacementH,thenp1gage mghAns.(b)
3
(c)Forthegivennumericalvalues,h26cmandm820kg/m areirrelevant,allthat
mattersistheratiod/D.Thatis,
pexact papprox ( d /D ) 2
Error E , or : D/d (1 E )/E
pexact 1 (d/D )2
1/2
ForE1%or0.01,D/d[(10.01)/0.01] 9.95Ans.(c1%)
1/2
ForE0.1%or0.001,D/d[(10.001)/0.001] 31.6Ans.(c0.1%)
C2.2Apranksterhasaddedoil,ofspecificgravitySGo,to
theleftlegofthemanometeratright.Nevertheless,theU
tubeisstilltobeusedtomeasurethepressureintheairtank.
(a)Findanexpressionfor h asafunctionof H andother
parametersintheproblem.
(b)Findthespecialcaseofyourresultwhenptankpa.(c)
SupposeH5cm,pa101.2kPa,SGo0.85,andptankis
1.82kPahigherthanpa.Calculatehincm,ignoringsurface
tensionandairdensityeffects.
Solution:Equatepressuresatleveliinthetube(therighthandwaterlevel):
p i pa gH w g(h H) p tank ,
SG o w (ignorethecolumnofairintherightleg)
ptk pa
Solvefor: h H (1 SGo ) Ans.(a)
w g
Ifptankpa,then
h H (1 SGo ) Ans.(b)
(c)Fortheparticularnumericalvaluesgivenabove,theanswerto(a)becomes
1820Pa
h 0.05(1 0.85) 0.186 0.0075 0.193m 19.3 cm Ans.(c)
998(9.81)
Notethatthisresultisnotaffectedbytheactualvalueofatmosphericpressure.
C2.3ProfessorF.Dynamics,ridingthemerrygoroundwithhisson,hasbroughtalong
hisUtubemanometer.(Youneverknowwhenamanometermightcomeinhandy.)As
shown in Fig. C2.3, the merrygoround spins at constant angular velocity and the
manometerlegsare7cmapart.Themanometercenteris5.8mfromtheaxisofrotation.
Determinetheheightdifference h intwoways:(a)approximately,byassumingrigid
bodytranslationwith a equaltotheaveragemanometeracceleration;and(b)exactly,
usingrigidbodyrotationtheory.Howgoodistheapproximation?
Solution:(a)Approximate:Theaverageaccelerationofthe
2 2
manometerisRavg 5.8[6(2 /60)] 2.29rad/stowardthe
centerofrotation,asshown.Then
tan( ) a/g 2.29/9.81 h/(7cm) 0.233

Solvefor h 1.63cm Ans.(a)
2 2
(b)Exact:TheisobarinthefigureatrightwouldbeontheparabolazCr /(2g),
whereCisaconstant.Applythistotheleftleg(z 1)andrightleg(z2).Asabove,the
rotationrateis6.0*(2 /60)0.6283rad/s.Then
2 2 2 (0.6283)2
h z2 z1 (r2 r1 ) [(5.8 0.035)2 (5.8 0.035)2 ]
2g 2(9.81)
0.0163 m Ans.(b)
Thisisnearlyidenticaltotheapproximateanswer(a),becauseR>>r.
C2.4Astudentsneaksaglassofcolaontoarollercoasterride.Theglassiscylindrical,
twiceastallasitiswide,andfilledtothebrim.Hewantstoknowwhatpercentofthecola
heshoulddrinkbeforetheridebegins,sothatnoneofitspillsduringthebigdrop,inwhich
therollercoasterachieves0.55gaccelerationata45anglebelowthehorizontal.Makethe
calculationforhim,neglectingsloshingandassumingthattheglassisverticalatalltimes.
Solution:Wehavebothhorizontalandverticalacceleration.Thustheangleoftilt is
ax 0.55g cos 45
tan 0.6364
g az g 0.55g sin 45
Thus32.47ThetiltedsurfacestrikesthecenterlineatRtan 0.6364Rbelowthe
top.Sothestudentshoulddrinkthecolauntilitsrestpositionis0.6364Rbelowthetop.
Thepercentagedropinliquidlevel(andthereforeliquidvolume)is
0.6364 R
%removed 0.159 or: 15.9% Ans.
4R
C2.5Dry adiabatic lapse rate is defined as DALR dT/dz when T and p vary
a
isentropically.AssumingTCp ,wherea(1)/,cp/cv,(a)showthatDALR
g(1)/( R),Rgasconstant;and(b)calculateDALRforairinunitsofC/km.
a
Solution:WriteT(p)intheformT/To(p/po) anddifferentiate:
a 1
dT p 1 dp dp
To a , Butforthehydrostaticcondition: g
dz po po dz dz
Substitutep/RTforanidealgas,combineabove,andrewrite:
a1 a a
dT T p p ag T p T p
o a g o . But: o 1 (isentropic)
dz po po RT R T po T po
Therefore,finally,
dT ag ( 1)g
DALR Ans.(a)
dz R R
(b)Regardlessoftheactualairtemperatureandpressure,theDALRforairequals
m/s 2 )
DALR
dT
s (1.4 1)(9.81 0.00977
C
9.77
C
Ans.(b)
dz 1.4(287 m 2 /s2 /C ) m km
C2.6Usetheapproximatepressuredensityrelationforasoftliquid,
dp a 2 d, or p p o a 2 ( o )
whereaisthespeedofsoundand(o,po)aretheconditionsattheliquidsurfacez=0.
Usethisapproximationtoderiveaformulaforthedensitydistribution (z)andpressure
distributionp(z)inacolumnofsoftliquid.ThenfindtheforceFonaverticalwallof
widthb,extendingfromz 0downtoz h,andcomparewiththeincompressible
2
resultFogh b/2.
Solution:Introducethisp()relationintothehydrostaticrelation(2.18)andintegrate:
z
d g dz 2
dp a d dz g dz, or:
2
2 , or: o e gz/a Ans.
o
0 a
2
assumingconstanta .Substituteintothep()relationtoobtainthepressuredistribution:
2
p po a 2 o [e gz/a 1] (1)
Sincep(z)increaseswithzatagreaterthanlinearrate,thecenterofpressurewillalways
be alittle lowerthanpredicted bylinear theory (Eq.2.44).Integrate Eq.(1)above,
neglectingpo,intothepressureforceonaverticalplateextendingfromz0tozh:
h 0
2 a 2 gh/a 2
F pb dz a 2 o (e gz/a 1)b dz ba o e 1 h Ans.
0 h g
Inthelimitofsmalldepthchangerelativetothesoftnessoftheliquid, h = a 2 /g, this
2
reducestothelinearformulaF ogh b/2byexpandingtheexponentialintothefirst
three terms of its series. For hard liquids, the difference in the two formulas is
negligible.Forexample,forwater(a1490m/s)withh10mandb1m,thelinear
formulapredictsF489500NwhiletheexponentialformulapredictsF489507N.
C2.7Venice,Italyisslowlysinking,
Storm filled with
sonow,especiallyinwinter, airtofloat
1meter
plazas and walkways are flooded.
Theproposedsolutionisthefloating
leveeofFig.C2.7.Whenfilledwithair, Venice
Lagoon 25mdeepin
24 m deep astrongstorm
itrisestoblockoffthesea.Theleveeis
30mhighand5mwide.Assumeauniform
Hinge
densityof300kg/m when
3
Leveefilledwithwaternostorm
Fig.C2.7
floating.Forthe1meter
SeaLagoondifferenceshown,estimatetheangleatwhichtheleveefloats.
Solution:Thewriterthinksthisproblemis
ratherlaborious.Assumeseawater=1025kg/m3. B
W
Thereare4forces:thehydrostaticforceFASonthe FAS
Adriatic side, the hydrostatic force FVL on the lagoon

FVL
side,theweightWofthelevee,andthebuoyancyB
ofthesubmergedpartofthelevee.OntheAdriatic
side,25/cosmetersaresubmerged.Onthelagoonside,
24/cosmetersaresubmerged.Forbuoyancy,averagethetwodepths,(25+24)/2=24.5m.
Forweight,thewholelengthof30misused.Computethefourforcesperunitwidth
intothepaper(sincethiswidthbwillcanceloutofallmoments):
FAS gh AS Lsubmerged (1025)(9.81)( 25 / 2)(25 / cos ) 3.142 E 6 / cos

FVL ghVL Lsubmerged (1025)(9.81)(24 / 2)(24 / cos ) 2.896 E 6 / cos
W levee gL (levee width ) (300)(9.81)(30)(5) 441500 N / m
B gLsub average (levee width ) (1025)(9.81)( 24.5)(5) 1.232 E 6 N / m
ThehydrostaticforceshaveCPtwothirdsofthewaydowntheleveesurfaces. The
weightCGisinthecenterofthelevee(15mabovethehinge).Thebuoyancycenteris
halfwaydownfromthesurface,orabout(24.5)/2m.Themomentsaboutthehingeare
25 / cos 24 / cos 24.5

M hinge F AS ( m) W (15 m) sin FVL ( m) B ( m) sin 0
3 3 2
wheretheforcesarelistedaboveandarenotretypedhere.Everythingisknownexcept
thelistingangle (measuredfromthevertical). Someiterationisrequired,say,on
Excel,Withagoodinitialguess(about=1530),Excelconvergesto
Ans.
______________________________________________________________
C2.8 In the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, the lapse rate B may vary from day to day. It is
not a fundamental quantity like, say, Plancks constant. Suppose that, on a certain day in
Rhode Island, with To = 288 K, the following pressures are measured by weather
balloons:
Altitude z, km 0 2 5 8
Pressure p, kPa 100 78 53 34
Estimate the best-fit value of B for this data. Explain any difficulties.
[Hint: Excel is recommended.]
Solution: If you plot this distribution p(z), it is very smooth, as shown below. But the
data are extraordinarily sensitive to the value of B.
Equation (2.20) is very difficult to solve for B, thus Excel iteration is recommended.
Altitude z, km 2 5 8
Lapse rate B, C/m 0.01282 0.00742 0.00831
The average value is B 0.009520%, but the value with the least standard deviation
from the pressure is B = 0.0077. Such data does not yield an accurate value of B. For
example, if the measured pressures are off 1%, the values of B can vary as much as 40%.
The accepted value B = 0.00650 C/m is better found by a linear curve-fit to measured
temperatures.
_______________________________________________________________________
C2.9 ThedeepsubmersiblevehicleALVINinthechapteropenerphotohasahollow
titaniumsphereofinsidediameter78.08inchesandthickness1.93in.Ifthevehicleis
submergedtoadepthof3,850mintheocean,estimate(a)thewaterpressureoutsidethe
sphere;(b)themaximumelasticstressinthesphere,inlbf/in 2;and(c)thefactorofsafety
ofthetitaniumalloy(6%aluminum,4%vanadium).
Solution:Thisproblemrequiresyoutoknow(orreadabout)somesolidmechanics!
(a)Thehydrostatic(gage)pressureoutsidethesubmergedspherewouldbe
pwater water g h (1025 kg / m3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(3850 m) 3.87E7 Pa 5600 Psi

Ifwecorrectedforwatercompressibility,theresultwouldincreasebythesmallamount
of0.9%,givingasfinalestimateofpwater=3.90E7Pa5665lbf/in2.Ans.(a)
(b)Fromanytextbookonelasticityorstrengthofmaterials,themaximumelasticstress
in a hollow sphere under external pressure is compression and occurs at the inside
surface.Ifaistheinsideradius(39.04in)andbtheoutsideradius,39.04+1.93in=40.97
in,theformulaformaximumstressis
3 b3 3(40.97 in)3
max pwater (3.90 E 7) 4.34E8 Pa 63, 000psi Ans.(b)
2(b3 a 3 ) 2(40.973 39.043 )
Variousreferencesfoundbythewritergivetheultimatetensilestrengthoftitaniumalloysas
130,000to160,000psi.Thusthefactorofsafety,basedontensilestrength,isapproximately
2.1to2.5. Ans.(c)
NOTE: Fortitanium, theultimate compressivestrengthshouldbesimilartothetensile

strength.FURTHERNOTE:Itisbettertobasethefactorofsafetyonyieldstrength.

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Chapter 2 Pressure Distribution in a Fluid

Ft,AA AA L (2000 cos30 289sin 30)L sin 30

in Fig. P2.4, are calibrated with a deadweight piston.

Solution: Convert 9,350 ft x 0.3048 = 2,850 m. We can interpolate in the Standard

pLaPaz pvap 64400 13400 methanol g h (791)(9.81) h

Solve for hmethanol 6.57 m Ans.

pbottom psurface g h 700 (789)(3.71)(804.7 m) 700 2,356, 000 2.36E6 Pa Ans.

slug ft lbf lbf

pb oil ghoil water ghwater (1.73)(32.2)(31) (1.94)(32.2)(5)

P2.11InFig.P2.11,sensorA reads 1.5

1500N/m 2 (12.0N/m 3 )(2.0m) 6670(1.5 H) 6670(Z B H 1.0) p B 0(gage)

P2.12In Fig. P2.12 the tank contains

Solution:For water take the density

patm (898)(g)(h 0.12)

p bottom (9790N/m 3 )(1.5m) 1.60(9790)(1.0) 1.60(9790)h 6670(2.5 h)

P2.14 For the three-liquid system

the three top surfaces must all be

Solvefor oil 55.2lbf/ft 3 Ans.(a)

what,inlbf/ft2,is(a)thepressureatthe Water 28cm

ofthecontainer? Mercury 8cm

psurface pinterface water h 93000Pa (9790 N / m3 )(0.28m)

90260 Pa 47.88 1885 lbf / ft 2 Ans.(a)

103650 Pa 47.88 2165 lbf / ft 2 Ans.(b)

Determine the height h of the water in the left side.

P2.18All fluids in Fig. P2.18 are at Fig.P2.18

Solution:Simply apply the hydrostatic

Solve for X 15273 N/m 3 , or: SG X 15273 / 9790 1.56 Ans.

P2.23In Fig. P2.23 both fluids are at Solution:MovearoundtheUtubefrom

Solution:Yes, atmospheric pressure is essentially a result of the weight of the air

A earth psealevel 4 (6.377E6m)2 (101350Pa)

Solution: Problem P2.8 we used a surface temperature To = -10F = -23C = 250 K.

p pa pb ( merc water ) g h (13550 998 kg / m3 )(9.81 m / s 2 )(0.24 m)

P2.32ForthemanometerofFig.P2.32,allfluidsareat20 C.IfpB pA 97kPa,

p A h 172400 (9790N/m 3)(0.04m) (8720)(0.06) (14196)(0.10)

pa water [L h(d/D)2 h h] oil [H h(d/D)2 h h] p b ,

P2.35Water flows upward in a pipe

Solution:The vertical distance between

P2.37The inclined manometer in Fig.

Solution: Begin at B and proceed around to A.

or : 2880 249.6103.2 pB 2527 lbf / ft 2 17.6 lbf / in 2 Ans.

P2.41The system in Fig. P2.41 is at Fig.P2.41

Solution:Take the specific weights of

or: p A patm 12200Pa 12200 Pa (vacuum) Ans.

P2.46In Fig. P2.46 both ends of the

patm (8720)(0.1) (9790)(0.07)

P2.47The cylindrical tank in Fig.

is open to 1 atm on the right side.

This is the answer, since again it is negligible to go up to point A in low-density air.

p atm p D water z 112400 9790( z surface 0.18m) 101350 Pa

P2.49Conduct an experiment: Place a thin wooden ruler on a table with a 40%

P2.51Gate AB in Fig. P2.51 is 1.2 m

Solution:The centroidal depth of the

p( ) 576 38.4 (lbf / ft 2 ) Ans.(a)

(5)(576 2 / 2 38.4 3 / 3) |10

is submerged in water at 20C. Side AB is at least 60cm

1.7 m below the surface. Determine the difference

between the hydrostatic forces on subpanels D C

ABD and BCD. Fig. P2.57

*P2.59Gate AB has length L, width b

P2.60 In Fig. P2.60, vertical, unsymmetrical trapezoidal panel ABCD is submerged in

F H cg A (62.4lbf / ft 3 )(12 4.5 ft)(60 ft 2 ) 61, 800 lbf Ans.(a)

(1/12)(1.2)(1)3 sin 60 0.0722