SECTION A

1 (a) 1. The laws of physics must be the same in all inertial reference frames.
3.00 108 m s1
2. The speed of light in free space has the same value of in
all inertial frames, regardless of the velocity of the observer or the velocity
of the source emitting the light.
(b) S S
1. Consider 2 reference frames S and with moving at speed v relative
to S in x-direction.
ux u x S
2. A moving object moves with speed in S and is .
x x vt
3. In Galilean transformation,
u x u x v
Differentiating w.r.t. t, giving
S c v
4. But this means that light travelling at speed c in has speed in S,
which disagrees with the second postulate.
(c) According to the observer,
Lx 4.00 cos 30o
1
1.67
1 0.8002

The proper length are

Lx , proper Lx 1.67 4.00 cos 30o 5.77 m
Ly , proper Ly 4.00 sin30o 2.00m

Lproper L2x , proper L2y , proper 5.772 22 6.11 m

(d) Length contraction only takes place in the direction parallel to motion.
(e) In the O frame,
x L

This distance between the 2 light pulses can be measured in terms of time
taken for the first pulse to traverse to the position of the 2nd pulse. The time
taken for the light pulse to travel this distance in O frame is
L
t
c

O
In the frame,
L
x x v t L v
c

Therefore,
 2

1 L c v
x L v L 1
c c
v2 c 2 v 2
1 2
c
c c v c v
L L

c 2 v 2 c (c v ) (c v )
c v
L
c v

2 (a) An ideal black body absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation. The
quality of the cavity radiation depends only on its temperature and is
independent of the material and of the shape and size of the cavity.
(b) (i)

At each temperature T, the energy radiated is a maximum for certain

wavelength max. As T increases, max decreases.
Wiens Displacement Law relates T and max.
(ii) Using Wiens Displacement Law,
2.898 10 3 2.898 10 3
max 1.1 10 3 1.1 mm
T 2.7

This wavelength is in the microwave region. (Radiation was first

detected in a microwave survey of the sky in 1964.)
(iii) The law used classical theory/prediction which states that all modes of
electromagnetic standing waves had an equal chance of being
produced in a black body cavity as long as they satisfy the boundary
condition of a node at the wall.
The law fits the black body spectrum at long wavelengths but breaks
down at short wavelengths (ultraviolet catastrophe) as spectral
radiancy increases without limit.
 3

(c) At lower energy level,

Ei

ni n0e kT

At higher energy level,

Ej

n j n0 e kT

Ej
nj
E j Ei hf
e kT
Ei
e kT
e kT
ni
e kT

So
 4

(d) Using ideal gas equation,

pV 20.3 50.0 100

3

pV nRT n 4.47 10 7 mol

RT 8.31 273.15

Number of excited atoms

N j 0.01 4.47 107 6.02 1023 2.69 10 15

Rate of spontaneous emission

dN 1 2.69 1015
PN j N j 1.92 1023 s1
dt 1.4 10 8

where P is the probability of transition per second and is the lifetime of the
excited state.

3 (a) (i) For light traveling in medium 1 incident on the 1-2 interface at normal
incidence,
n n2
r12 1
n1 n2
.
For light traveling in medium 2 incident on the 2-3 interface at normal
incidence,
n n3
r23 2
n2 n3
.
r12 r23
Equating and , we obtain
n2 n1n3

(ii) For an efficient anti-reflection effect, waves reflected at 1-2 and waves
reflected at 2-3 in Fig. 4.1 should interfere with near total destruction.
That means the reflection coefficient between 1 and 2 should be the
same as that between 2 and 3:
r12 r23

Thus, the layer 2 can act as an antireflection coating if

n2 n1n3

1. The best antireflection coating has to have a refractive index

n2 n1n3 1.00 2.23 1.49

Given a choice of two possible antireflection coatings, SiO 2

with a refractive index of 1.50 is preferred.
2. Assumption: minimum thickness for coating.
Since there is a phase change upon reflection at 1-2 and 2-3
 5

n1 n2 n3
interface (because ), the phase change for waves
going through the coating of thickness d should be rad.
Thus, we need
2n2d
2

270 109
d 4.50 10 9 m
4n2 4 1.50

(b) (i) c n1
The ray has to first travel from O to B with a velocity , and then
B c n2 1
2
cos B
from B to with a velocity . The distance OB is and
B cos B
B to is .
1
cos B cos B
tOB 2

c n1 c n2

B B
Apply Snells law at B and , and use critical angle for at the
n2 -n3
boundary,
1/ 2

n3
2
n3 cos B 1

sin B
n2 n2

Also,
n2 sin B n2 sin B

n1 sin B n3

Thus
1/ 2
n3
2
n3 cos B 1
sin B
n1 n1

So
1
n1 n2
tOB 2

2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
n
n
c 1 3 c 1 3
n1 n 2
(Shown)
(ii) 1. Control of refractive index profile, core radius, and minimize
variations in the refractive index due to variations in doping.
2. Minimize impurities. Reduce scattering by reducing density
and hence refractive index n fluctuations (may not be
possible).
 6

(c) (i) An electromagnetic wave entering an anisotropic crystal splits into two
orthogonal linearly polarised waves which travel with different phase
velocities, ie they experience different refractive indices.
The o-wave has the same phase velocity in all direction of propagation
and behaves like an ordinary wave in which the electric field is
perpendicular to the phase propagation direction. The o-wave is
always perpendicularly polarised to the optic axis and obeys the
Snells law.
The e-wave has a phase velocity that depends on its direction of
propagation and its state of polarisation (moreover, its electric-field is
not necessarily perpendicular to the phase propagation direction.)
Difference:
O-waves E-field is to direction of propagation, while e-wave
may not be.
O-wave obeys Snells law, while e-wave needs not.
Similarity:
The o- and e-waves propagate with the same velocity only
when the incident wave is along the optic axis, i.e. both the o-
and e-waves are to the optic axis.
(ii) The waves in the calcite plate propagate as o-wave and e-wave with
fields E and E// respectively as shown in the figure below. E is
perpendicular to the optic axis (z-axis) and E// is parallel to the optic
ne n0
axis (z-axis). so that the wavefront traveling along y has the
highest phase velocity.

(iii) Quarter-wavelength retardation is a phase difference of rad so that

2
ne no L
2

giving,
1
1
(590 109 m )
L 4
4 16.2 m
ne no 1.5533 1.5442

4 (a) (i) Matter and light have both wave and particle characteristics.
(ii) The wave and particle nature are complementary; if a measurement
(experiment) proves the wave nature of a wave or particle, then it is
impossible to prove the particle nature of that wave or particle in the
same measurement (experiment).
 7

(b) (i) Energy of an electron

1 1 m 2v 2 p2
E mv 2 since p mv
2 2 m 2m

h

p
Since de Broglie wavelength ,
2
1 h
E
2m

(ii) Using relativistic mechanics,

p m0v

1

1 v 2 c2
where
v =c 1
Since speed of electron or . Hence classical mechanics
can be used.
On the other hand, de Broglie wavelength is derived from
E hf
(photoelectric effect)
E pc
(relativistic effect)
 8

(c) (i) d a0 sin 45

Since ,
d
a0 0.21 nm
sin 45

(ii) Deflected angle

28

Using Braggs equation

2d sin n
2d sin (n 1)
2 0.15 109 sin 28 0.14 nm

(d) (i) Energy of electron

2
1 h
E
2m

6.63 x10
2
34

1.21x1017 J 76 eV
2 9.11x10 0.141x10
2
31 9

(ii) Interaction of electrons with the atoms in a crystal is so strong that

electrons with kinetic energy of a few electron-volt would be absorbed
by the specimen.
(iii) Electrons can be focused into narrow beams by electrostatic or
magnetic lenses. This enables the diffracted beams to be used to form
a direct magnified image of the crystal structure.

5 (a) (i) x
is the wave function of a particle.
U x
is the potential energy of the particle.
E is the total energy of the particle.
(ii) Probability density function of a particle or the probability
per unit length/volume of finding the particle at a point.
(b) (i) b
The wave function is not continuous at the boundary of the
b 0 0
wall, that is, .

x L a A sin kL 0
(ii)
At , . So
kL n
n
k
L

where n 1, 2, 3, ...
 9

(iii) pn2 h2 k 2 h2 n 2 2 n 2h 2
En 2
2m 2m 8 m L 2
8mL2

where n 1, 2, 3, ...
 10

(iv) hc
E

The energy of the photon is calculated using and
1.989 10 17 J E 2.486 10 17 J
ranges from .
E1 6.031 1020 J
The ground state energy of the electron is .
For transition to take place,
1.989 10 17 J En E1 2.486 10 17 J
1.995 10 17 J En 2.492 10 17 J
18.19 n 20.33

E19 E20
So the electron can only be excited to and .
(c) (i) E0 h1
2

(ii) m 2

1
m 2
dx
2
0 exp x dx 1
0 h h


is normalised if
1

m 2
z x
h
Let ,
1 1

m 2 h 2
dz dx dx dz
h m
or
1 1

m 2
h

2


exp z 2 dz

02dx
h m

So
1
exp z 2 dz

1

(iii) m
a2
h
Let , then
1 1

m 4 m 2 a 2
0
h
exp x exp 2 a x
1 2 2

2h

and
 11

d 2 0 a d2

2

2
2
exp 21 a 2 x 2
dx dx
1

a d

2

a 2 x exp 21 a 2 x 2
dx
1

a

2

a exp 2 a x a x exp 2 a x
2 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 2

a

2

a a x exp 2 a x
2 4 2 1 2 2

m m 2 2 2
x 0
h h2

6 (a) (i) Found in compounds made up of both metallic and non-metallic

elements. Atoms of a metallic element give up their valence electrons
to the nonmetallic atoms, causing all atoms to achieve a stable
configuration and an electrical charge (become ions). The magnitude
of the bond is equal in all directions around an ion.
(ii) Energy is released when an electron is added to Cl.
Cl e Cl 3.6 eV Cl Cl e 3.6 eV
or
Considering the formation of ions from individual K and Cl,
K Cl 0.7 eV K Cl

K Cl 0.7 eV K Cl e 3.6 eV

K 4.3 eV K e

Therefore ionisation energy of K is 4.3 eV.

At equilibrium separation, energy is a minimum.
dU
12 Ar 13 6Br 7 0
dr

Solving,
1
r 7
12 A 2A 6
r
r 13
6B B
or

Therefore

A B A 2A B2
E0
2 A
2
2 A 2 A 2
2A
2
4A
B
B B
B
 12

(iv)

Number of closest neighbours is 6.

(b) (i) Charge carrier density
NA
ne
M
6.02 1023 0.862

39.1
1.33 10 22 cm 3 1.33 10 28 m 3

(ii) Fermi energy of potassium

2
h 2 3ne 3
EF
8m

6.63 10
2 2
34
3 1.33 1028 3

8 9.11 10 31
3.28 10 19 J

(c) (i) Hall voltage

IB
VH
nqt

nqt B

I VH
where
Magnetic flux density of this field

nqt
B VH
I
0.0800
6
0.330 10 6
0.700 10
3.77 10 2 T
 13

(ii) Thickness of the probe

IB
t
nqVH
0.120 0.0800

4.29 10 1.60 10 19 0.700 10 6
25

2.00 103 m

End of Paper