MC LC

LI NI U
PHN M U:
1. Vai tr, v tr v ngha ca bin php s dng thuc bo v thc vt trong sn xut
nng nghip ................................................................................................................ 3
2. u v nhc im ca bin php dng thuc bo v thc vt phng tr
dch hi ....................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. u im ............................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Nhc im ......................................................................................................... 4
3. Lch s pht trin ca ngnh thuc bo v thc vt ................................................. 4
3.1. Trn th gii ........................................................................................................ 4
3.2. Ti Vit Nam ....................................................................................................... 9
4. Th trng thuc bo v thc vt ............................................................................ 9
4.1. Th trng Thuc BVTV ti Vit Nam .............................................................. 10
4.2.2. Th trng thuc BVTV trn th gii .............................................................. 12
PHN TH NHT: NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V THUC BO V
THC VT
Chng 1: C s c cht hc nng nghip .......................................................... 16
1.1. Cc khi nim v cht c ................................................................................. 16
1.1.1. Cht c .......................................................................................................... 16
1.1.2. Tnh c.......................................................................................................... 16
1.1.3. c ............................................................................................................ 17
1.1.4. Liu lng v nng .................................................................................... 17
1.1.5. nh ngha thuc bo v thc vt .................................................................... 17
1.2. Nhng yu cu ca cht c dng lm thuc BVTV .......................................... 18
1.3. Phn loi thuc bo v thc vt .......................................................................... 18
1.3.1. Phn loi theo i tng phng tr ................................................................. 18
1.3.2. Phn loi theo con ng xm nhp ................................................................ 18
1.3.3. Phn loi theo ngun gc ha hc ................................................................... 18
1.4. Xm nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th sinh vt................................ 24
1.4.1. S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th nm bnh ................ 24
1.4.2. S xm nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th cn trng ...................... 24
1.4.3. S xm nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th loi gm nhm ............. 25
1
1.4.4. S xm nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th c di ........................... 25
1.5. Tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt ......................................................... 26
1.5.1. Cc iu kin cht c gy hi v gy cht i vi sinh vt ....................... 26
1.5.2. S bin i ca cht c trong c th sinh vt ................................................ 27
1.5.3 Tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt ....................................................... 27
1.5.4. Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c i vi sinh vt ...................................... 28
1.5.5. Hin tng tc ng c ca cht c n c th sinh vt .............................. 29
1.6. Nhng yu t nh hng n tnh c ca cht c ........................................... 30
1.6.1. S lin quan gia tnh cht ca cht c v tnh c ca cht c................... 31
1.6.2. S lin quan gia c im ca sinh vt vi tnh c ca cht c ................. 33
1.6.3. nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n tnh c ca cht c...................... 33
1.7. nh hng xu ca thuc BVTV n qun th sinh vt nng nghip ................ 35
1.7.1. Phn ng ca dch hi vi cht c liu lng thp ..................................... 35
1.7.2. Tnh chng thuc ca dch hi ........................................................................ 36
1.7.3. S suy gim v tnh a dng trong sinh qun .................................................. 37
1.7.4. S xut hin loi dch hi mi ........................................................................ 37
1.7.5. S ti pht ca dch hi................................................................................... 37
1.7.6. Tc ng ca thuc Bo v thc vt n cc sinh vt sng trong t .............. 38
1.8. Cch khc phc nhng hu qu xu do vic dng thuc BVTV gy ra .............. 39
1.9. Thuc bo v thc vt v t ai trng trt ........................................................ 40
1.9.1. Thuc Bo v thc vt trong t ai trng trt ................................................ 40
1.9.2. Con ng chuyn ho v mt i ca thuc Bo v thc vt trong t ........ 42
1.10. Thuc bo v thc vt v mi trng sinh sng ............................................... 44
1.10.1. D lng ca thuc Bo v thc vt ............................................................. 44
1.10.2. Thuc Bo v thc vt tc ng n ng vt sng trong nc v trn cn... 45
1.10.3. Thuc Bo v thc vt v con ngi ............................................................. 46
1.10.4. S di chuyn ca thuc Bo v thc vt trong mi trng ............................ 48
1.10.5. Phng php ngn nga tc hi ca thuc BVTV n mi trng v
i sng con ngi ................................................................................................... 48
Chng 2: Nguyn l v phng php nghin cu, s dng thuc bo v thc vt
................................................................................................................................. 50
2.1. Cc dng ch phm thuc BVTV ...................................................................... 50
2.1.1. Thnh phn ca ch phm thuc ..................................................................... 50
2
2.1.2. Cc dng ch phm thuc Bo v thc vt thng dng trong nng nghip .... 50
2.2. Nguyn tc 4 ng s dng thuc bo v thc vt.............................................. 57
2.2.1. ng thuc ..................................................................................................... 57
2.2.2. ng nng , liu lng ................................................................................ 58
2.2.3. ng lc ......................................................................................................... 59
2.2.4. ng phng php x l (ng cch) ............................................................. 60
2.3. Cc phng php s dng thuc bo v thc vt................................................ 61
2.3.1. Phun thuc bt ................................................................................................ 61
2.3.2. Rc thuc ht .................................................................................................. 61
2.3.3. Phun lng ........................................................................................................ 61
2.3.4. Sol kh ............................................................................................................ 62
2.3.5. X l ging ..................................................................................................... 64
2.3.6. Xng hi ......................................................................................................... 64
2.3.7. Ni liu php thc vt ..................................................................................... 66
2.3.8. Lm b c ..................................................................................................... 66
2.4. Hn hp thuc bo v thc vt ........................................................................... 66
2.5. Cc phng php xc nh tnh c v hiu qu ca thuc BVTV i
vi cc sinh vt gy hi ............................................................................................ 67
2.5.1. Trong phng th nghim .................................................................................. 68
2.5.2. Ngoi ng rung ........................................................................................... 69
2.5.3. Cch tnh lng thuc thng phm cn dng ................................................ 71
Chng 3: Nhng bin php m bo an ton khi s dng thuc bo v thc vt
................................................................................................................................. 73
3.1. Tiu chun ca nhng ngi lm vic vi cht ............................................. 73
3.2. Qui tc vn chuyn , bo qun v xut nhp khu thuc BVTV ......................... 73
3.2.1. Vn chuyn thuc ........................................................................................... 73
3.2.2. Bo qun, tn tr thuc BVTV ....................................................................... 73
3.2.3. Xut nhp khu thuc ..................................................................................... 74
3.3. Nhng bin php m bo s dng thuc c hiu qu tt v an ton cho
ngi dng thuc bo v thc vt ............................................................................. 75
3.3.1. Trc khi s dng thuc ................................................................................. 75
3.3.2. Trong khi s dng thuc ................................................................................. 75
3.3.3. Sau khi s dng thuc ..................................................................................... 75
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3.4. Nhng bin php m bo an ton cho ngi v gia sc, gia cm
vng c s dng thuc ............................................................................................. 76
3.5. X l cc cht thi ca thuc BVTV ................................................................. 76
3.5.1. Cc bao b cha ng thuc BVTV ................................................................ 76
3.5.2. Cc d tha ca thuc sau khi dng................................................................ 76
3.6. Ng c thuc BVTV v s cp cu ngi b ng c thuc............................. 77
3.6.1. X l khn cp cc trng hp ng c thuc BVTV..................................... 77
3.6.2. Ng c cc thuc ln hu c v carbamate ................................................... 78
3.6.3. Ng c thuc clo hu c (CHC) ................................................................... 79
3.6.4. Ng c thuc chut chng ng mu ............................................................ 79
3.7. Nhng vic nn lm v khng nn lm khi s dng thuc BVTV...................... 80
PHN TH HAI: THUC BO V THC VT CHUYN KHOA
Chng 4: Thuc tr su v cc loi ng vt gy hi khc ............................... 88
4.1. Thuc tr su .................................................................................................... 88
4.1.1. Thuc tr su tho mc .................................................................................. 89
4.1.2. Thuc tr su Clo hu c (CHC) .................................................................... 90
4.1.3. Thuc tr su Ln hu c (LHC) .................................................................... 92
4.1.4. Thuc tr su Carbamate ................................................................................ 96
4.1.5. Thuc tr su Pyrethroid ............................................................................... 98
4.1.6. Thuc Dimethyl amino propan dithiol (DAPD) ............................................ 102
4.1.7. Thuc c ch sinh trng v pht trin cn trng ......................................... 103
4.1.8. Thuc dn d cn trng ................................................................................ 104
4.1.9. Ch phm vi sinh vt tr su......................................................................... 107
4.1.10. Thuc tr su ho hc khc ........................................................................ 115
4.2. Thuc tr nhn hi .......................................................................................... 118
4.2.1. Abamectin .................................................................................................... 118
4.2.2. Acrinathrin ................................................................................................... 118
4.2.3. Amitraz ........................................................................................................ 118
4.2.4. Fenpyroximate.............................................................................................. 119
4.2.5. Propargite ..................................................................................................... 119
4.3. Thuc tr tuyn trng ...................................................................................... 119
4.3.1. Chitosan ....................................................................................................... 119
4.3.2. Cytokinin (Zeatin) ........................................................................................ 119
4
4.3.3. Ethoprophos (Ethoprop) ................................................................................ 120
4.4. Thuc tr chut................................................................................................ 120
4.4.1. Brodifacoum ................................................................................................. 120
4.4.2. Bromadiolone ............................................................................................... 121
4.4.3. Coumatetralyl (Coumarin) ............................................................................ 121
4.4.4. Diphacinone .................................................................................................. 121
4.4.5. Flocoumafen ................................................................................................. 121
4.4.6. Warfarin........................................................................................................ 121
4.4.7. Phot phua km .............................................................................................. 122
4.4.8. Samonella entriditis ...................................................................................... 122
4.5. Thuc tr c .................................................................................................... 123
4.5.1. Metaldehyde ................................................................................................. 123
4.5.2. Niclosamide .................................................................................................. 123
Chng 5: Thuc xng hi ................................................................................... 125
5.1. Khi nim v c im ca thuc xng hi ...................................................... 125
5.2. Mt s thuc xng hi thng dng................................................................. 126
5.2.1. Aluminium photphua .................................................................................... 126
5.2.2. Mage photphua ............................................................................................. 127
5.2.3. Metyl bromide .............................................................................................. 127
Chng 6: Thuc tr nm v vi khun ............................................................... 129
6.1. Nhm thuc cha ng (cu) ............................................................................. 130
6.1.1. Bordeaux ...................................................................................................... 130
6.1.2. Copper Hydrocide ......................................................................................... 130
6.1.3. Copper Oxychloride ...................................................................................... 131
6.2. Nhm thuc cha lu hunh ............................................................................ 131
6.2.1. Sulfur ........................................................................................................... 131
6.2.2. Zineb ............................................................................................................ 131
6.2.3. Thiram ......................................................................................................... 132
6.2.4. Thiophanate Methyl ..................................................................................... 133
6.2.5. Mancozeb ..................................................................................................... 133
6.2.6. Propineb........................................................................................................ 134
6.3. Nhng hp cht d vng ................................................................................... 134
6.3.1. Benomyl ....................................................................................................... 134
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6.3.2. Carbendazim ................................................................................................ 135
6.3.3. Cyprocozole (Cyproconazole) ...................................................................... 135
6.3.4. Difenoconazole ............................................................................................ 135
6.3.5. Diniconazole ................................................................................................ 135
6.3.6. Hexaconazole ............................................................................................... 136
6.3.7. Propiconazole ............................................................................................... 136
6.3.8. Tebuconazole (Terbuconazole) ..................................................................... 137
6.3.9. Triadimefon .................................................................................................. 137
6.3.10. Triadimenole .............................................................................................. 137
6.3.11. Tricyclazole ................................................................................................ 138
6.4. Nhng hp cht cha clo v nit ..................................................................... 138
6.4.1. Chlorothalonil .............................................................................................. 138
6.4.2. Metalaxyl ..................................................................................................... 138
6.5. Nhm thuc ln hu c tr nm ...................................................................... 139
6.5.1. Fosetyl aluminium .................................................................................... 139
6.5.2. Edifenphos ................................................................................................... 139
6.5.3. Iprobenfos .................................................................................................... 140
6.6. Nhm thuc khng sinh ................................................................................... 140
6.6.1. Kasugamycin ............................................................................................... 140
6.6.2. Ningnamycin ................................................................................................ 140
6.6.3. Validamycin A ............................................................................................. 141
6.7. Cc thuc hu c khc tr nm ....................................................................... 141
6.7.1. Acibenzolar .................................................................................................. 141
6.7.2. Acid Salicylic ............................................................................................... 141
6.7.3. Chitosan ....................................................................................................... 142
6.7.4. Iprodione ...................................................................................................... 142
6.7.5. Isoprothiolane ............................................................................................... 143
6.7.6. Oxolinic acid ................................................................................................ 143
6.7.7. Pencycuron ................................................................................................... 144
6.7.8. Phosphorous acid.......................................................................................... 144
6.7.9. Tridemorph................................................................................................... 144
Chng 7: Thuc tr c....................................................................................... 145
7.1. Thuc tr c thuc nhm phenoxy .................................................................. 145
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7.1.1. 2,4 D ............................................................................................................. 145
7.1.2. MCPA........................................................................................................... 146
7.2. Thuc tr c thuc nhm nhng dn xut ca axit alifatic ............................... 147
7.2.1. Dalapon ........................................................................................................ 147
7.3. Thuc tr c nhm carbamat............................................................................ 147
7.3.1. Benthiocarb................................................................................................... 147
7.3.2. Molinate........................................................................................................ 148
7.4. Thuc tr c d vng cha nit ........................................................................ 148
7.4.1. Ametryn ........................................................................................................ 148
7.4.2. Atrazine ........................................................................................................ 148
7.4.3. Paraquat ........................................................................................................ 149
7.4.4. Simazin ......................................................................................................... 149
7.5. Thuc tr c nhm amide ................................................................................ 149
7.5.1. Acetochlor .................................................................................................... 149
7.5.2. Alachlor ........................................................................................................ 150
7.5.3. Butachlor ...................................................................................................... 150
7.5.4. Metolachlor................................................................................................... 151
7.5.5. Pretilachlor ................................................................................................... 151
7.5.6. Propanil (DCPA)........................................................................................... 151
7.6. Nhng dn xut ca ure ................................................................................... 152
7.6.1. Diuron........................................................................................................... 152
7.6.2. Linuron ......................................................................................................... 152
7.7. Thuc tr c ln hu c ................................................................................... 153
7.7.1. Anilofos ........................................................................................................ 153
7.7.2. Glufosinate-ammonium................................................................................. 153
7.7.3. Glyphosate .................................................................................................... 154
7.8. Mt s thuc tr c khc .................................................................................. 155
7.8.1. Bispyribac-sodium ........................................................................................ 155
7.8.2. Chlomethoxyfen............................................................................................ 155
7.8.3. Cyhalofop-butyl ............................................................................................ 155
7.8.4. Ethoxysulfuron ............................................................................................. 155
7.8.5. Fenoxaprop p Ethyl ................................................................................. 156
7.8.6. Fluazifop-butyl ............................................................................................. 156
7
7.8.8. Metsulfuron Methyl ...................................................................................... 157
7.8.9. Oxadiazon .................................................................................................... 157
7.8.10. Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl .................................................................................. 158
7.8.11. Quinclorac .................................................................................................. 158
7.8.12. Triclopyr butoxyethyl ester ......................................................................... 158
Chng 8: Cc thuc iu ha sinh trng cy trng ....................................... 160
8.1. Alpha naphthyl acetic acid (NAA)................................................................... 160
8.2. Giberellic acid (GA3)....................................................................................... 160
8.3. Cytokinin (Zeatin) ........................................................................................... 160
8.4. Ethephon (Ethrel) ............................................................................................ 161
8.5. Mepiquate Chloride ......................................................................................... 161
8.6. Nucleotide ....................................................................................................... 161
8.7. Oligo SACARIT........................................................................................... 162
8.8. Paclobutrazole ................................................................................................. 162
PHN PH LC ................................................................................................. 163
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................... 175

8
 LI NI U
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc ngnh khoa
hc k thut, lnh vc ha BVTV cng c nhng thay i v pht trin mnh m,
nhiu cc ha cht BVTV mi ra i c nhiu u im hn nh hiu lc dit dch hi
cao, t gy nhim mi trng v phn hy nhanh trong mi trng, do cc thuc
th h mi dn thay th cc thuc th h c. Bn cnh , s pht trin v cng ngh
gia cng, ng gi, cng ngh sn xut cht ph gia cng gip cho thuc BVTV c
nhiu dng thnh phm mi, tin li trong bo qun v s dng dn n sn phm
thuc ng k mi ngy cng tng.
Trong khun kh thi lng ging dy hn ch, nn cc thng tin trong ti liu
ny c vit ch yu l nhng kin thc c bn v thuc BVTV v c sp xp c h
thng nhm gip sinh vin d dng hc tp v c th p dng mt cch hiu qu
nhng kin thc hc c trong ti liu ny vo thc t sn xut.
Ti liu ny gm cc phn chnh nh sau:
PHN M U: Tm quan trngca bin php ha hc bo v thc vt
Phn ny cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc lin quan n vai tr ngha
ca bin php s dng thuc trong cng tc BVTV, cc u im v nhc im ca
bin php dng thuc BVTV trong phng tr dch hi trong nng nghip. S lc v
lch s pht trin ngnh thuc BVTV v th trng thuc BVTV trong nc v trn th
gii.
PHN TH NHT: Nhng hiu bit chung v thuc bo v thc vt
Phn ny gip sinh vin bit c cc khi nim c bn v c cht hc, cc
yu cu i vi cht c c dng lm thuc BVTV, phn loi thuc BVTV, bit c
s xm nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th sinh vt, cc yu t nh hng
n c tnh ca thuc. Thy r tc ng ca thuc BVTV n mi trng sng v hu
qu ca chng gy ra cho mi trng. Nhng bin php ngn nga thuc BVTV gy
hi cho mi sinh, mi trng.
ng thi gip cho sinh vin phn bit c cc dng thuc v thnh phn ca
cc dng thuc BVTV c cch s dng v bo qun thch hp. Gip cho sinh vin
bit c u nhc im ca cc phng php s dng thuc BVTV c cch la
chn ng trong cng tc phng tr dch hi. Cc phng php xc nh tnh c v
hiu qu ca thuc BVTV i vi cc sinh vt gy hi. Cch tnh ton lng thuc cn
dng.
Ngoi ra phn ny cn cung cp cho sinh vin bit v k thut s dng thuc
BVTV t hiu qu v an ton, nm c cc kin thc v s cp cu ngi khi b
ng c thuc BVTV.
PHN TH HAI: Thuc bo v thc vt chuyn khoa
Phn ny cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc v c tnh v cch s dng cc
loi thuc BVTV phng tr cc loi sinh vt gy hi nh su, nhn, c, chut, tuyn
trng, cc thuc tr bnh hi do nm v vi khun gy ra, cc loi thuc tr c v cc

1
phng php s dng thuc tr c, cc loi thuc xng hi kh trng v cc thuc
iu ha sinh trng thc vt.
Trn y l cc ni dung chnh c trnh by trong ti liu ny, mc d c
gng thu thp nhiu ngun ti liu trong v ngoi nc nhng cc thng tin c th
cha y v cha p ng c nhu cu thng tin ca a s c gi. Do ti liu
ny chc chn cn nhiu thiu st, rt mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp qu bu
ca bn c ti liu ny ngy cng c hon thin hn.

2
 PHN M U
TM QUAN TRNG CA BIN PHP HA HC
BO V THC VT
Phn ny cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc lin quan n vai tr ngha
ca bin php s dng thuc trong cng tc BVTV, cc u im v nhc im ca
bin php dng thuc trong phng tr dch hi trong nng nghip. S lc v lch s
pht trin ngnh thuc BVTV v th trng thuc BVTV trong nc v trn th gii.
1. VAI TR, V TR V NGHA CA BIN PHP S DNG THUC BO
V THC VT TRONG SN XUT NNG NGHIP
p ng nhu cu lng thc ngy cng tng do vic bng n dn s, cng
vi cng nghip ha v th ha ngy cng mnh, din tch t canh tc ngy cng
thu hp th vic thm canh tng sn lng lng thc l con ng tt yu. Khi thm
canh cy trng, mt hu qu tt yu xy ra l s lm mt cn bng sinh thi, ko theo
s pht sinh cc loi dch hi v s ph hi ca chng ngy cng tng. lm gim
thit hi do dch hi gy ra, con ngi phi tin hnh cc bin php phng tr, trong
bin php ha hc c xem l quan trng.
T xa n nay trong sn xut nng nghip, thuc BVTV l mt vt t k thut
cn thit gp phn ngn chn dch hi, bo v cy trng, gi vng v nng cao sn
lng, cht lng nng sn. Hin nay, s dng thuc BVTV cng l mt bin php
quan trng trong h thng cc bin php qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM).
2. U V NHC IM CA BIN PHP DNG THUC BO V THC
VT PHNG TR DCH HI
2.1. u im
Thuc ha hc c th dit dch hi nhanh, trit v ng lot trn din rng.
Chn ng c dch hi trong thi gian ngn m cc bin php khc khng th thc
hin c.
Bin php ha hc em li hiu qu phng tr r rt, kinh t, bo v c nng
sut cy trng, ci thin cht lng nng sn.
Bin php ha hc d p dng, c th p dng trn din rng, nhiu vng min
khc nhau, c hiu qu n nh v i khi n l bin php phng tr dch hi duy nht.
2.2. Nhc im
Do b lm dng, thiu kim sot, dng sai nn nhiu mt tiu cc ca thuc
BVTV bc l nh:
Gy nhim mi trng, lm mt cn bng trong t nhin, lm suy gim s a
dng sinh hc.
li d lng trong nng sn, gy c cho ngi v ng vt mu nng.
Lm dch hi khng thuc, xut hin nhng loi dch hi mi nguy him hn,
lm bng pht v ti pht dch hi.

3
3. LCH S PHT TRIN CA NGNH THUC BO V THC VT
3.1. Trn th gii
3.1.1. T th k 20 tr v trc
Thi k u ca giai on ny thi k tin s, nhn chung cc loi dch hi
cha c tc ng nhiu n con ngi. giai on ny, con ngi cha bit cch
trng trt, cha sng nh c, cha c nh ca c nh v cha c thi quen cng nh
nhu cu tch ly lng thc, thc phm. Do , dch hi ca con ngi trong giai on
ny ch yu l cc loi k sinh nh ch, rn, rui, mui vi cc loi ny, vo thi k
ny, cc ha cht hon ton khng c s dng dit tr chng. Mi ti khong
thi gian cch y gn 10.000 nm, khi con ngi bt u bit trng trt, sng nh
c, c nh ca c nh, cuc sng i hi khng ch sn xut cho nhu cu sng
thng ngy m cn phi bit tn tr phng khi i km, khi cng bt u xut
hin nhu cu phi phng tr dch hi bo v ma mng. Nhng bin php u tranh
vi dch hi u tin thng gn lin vi cc hot ng thn b m tn d oan nh
cu thn linh hoc cc ng tc nhy ma cu thnh thn. Tuy nhin, dn dn tri
qua hng ngn nm vi nhng th nghim v nhiu tht bi, mt s bin php phng
tr dch hi nht nh c hnh thnh v thm ch c nhng bin php vn cn
c s dng cho ti ngy nay.
Vo thi k 2500 B.C. (Before Christ trc Cng nguyn), cc hp cht lu
hunh c s dng dit cn trng v nhn. Sch Ebers Papyrus, c vit vo
khong 1550 B.C. c lit k cch thc ch to thuc ui b cht ra khi nh. Nm
1200 B.C., min ng Trung Quc, cc sn phm tho mc c s dng x
l ht ging v xng hi. Ngi Trung Quc cng s dng phn v tro bp ngn
chn cn trng trong nh v trong kho va. Thy ngn v arsenic (thch tn) c s
dng dit ch v mt s loi cn trng khc. Pliny Elder (23 79 A.D. Anno
Domini sau Cng nguyn) ghi vo sch lch s t nhin ca ng nhiu cu chuyn v
dng thuc st trng trong 3 4 th k trc . Nh Y hc ngi Hy Lp Dioscorides
(40 90 A.D.) bit v tnh c ca lu hunh v thch tn. c nhng ti liu cho
thy rng vo khong 900 A.D. ngi Trung Quc dng arsenic sulfides dit cn
trng trong vn. Hai loi cy Veratum album v V. nigrum c ngi La M
dng lm thuc tr loi gm nhm.
Cc bin php dit tr dch hi khc c s dng Trung Quc trong thi
gian sau cng nguyn cng cho thy nhng k thut rt tinh t. Ko Hung, mt nh gi
kim thut ni ting th k 4 tng ngh x l r la bng arsenic trng ngn
chn cn trng. Trong giai on ny lu hunh v ng cn c s dng dit ch,
m heo cng c dng tr k sinh trn cu. Mt iu rt l th l vo giai on
ny, trong khi Trung Quc pht trin mnh cc thnh tu trong phng chng dch hi
th chu u, sau s sp ca ch La M, s sng bi thn thnh v m tn d
oan li cng tng cao hn trong cng tc dit tr dch hi.
Thi k Phc Hng em li nhng chuyn bin ng k trong cc bin php
dit tr dch hi. Cc ha cht c s dng trong thi gian ny nhm vo cc i
tng c th v c s h tr ca cc nghin cu khoa hc i lin vi nhng hiu bit

4
c th hn ca con ngi i vi dch hi. Vo nm 1669, ti liu u tin v arsenic
phng ty l ti liu ni v cch dng arsenic trn vi mt ong lm by dit kin.
T na cui th k 18 n cui th k 19 l thi gian ca cch mng nng
nghip chu u. Sn xut tr nn tp trung hn, nng sut cao hn, song vn dch
hi cng tr nn trm trng hn. Mt s trn dch xy ra khng ch nh hng n sn
xut cc b m cn lm xo trn c s phn b dn c trn cc vng lnh th khc
nhau trn ton th gii. Mt s trn dch ln xy ra i vo lch s th gii nh:
Bnh sng mai trn cy khoai ty xy ra ti Ireland, Anh v B vo nhng nm
1840s; bnh phn trng trn nho vo nhng nm 1850s trn nhng vng trng nho
chu u; bnh r st trn c ph bt buc Srilanca phi chuyn t mt quc gia
hng u v sn xut c ph phi chuyn sang trng tr; v trong sut 30 nm, mt
loi cn trng c tn khoa hc l Phylloxera vitifoliae c ngun gc t M gn nh
hy dit cng ngh sn xut ru vang ca nc Php bng cch tn cng d di vo
cc cnh ng nho nc ny. Cng trong thi gian ny, ngnh ha BVTV cng ghi
nhn thm nhng tin b mi, trn nhiu vng khc nhau, nng dn s dng x
bng v nc thuc l dit su. Ti cc quc gia vng Capcasus, cc cy tho mc
c cha pyrethrum c s dng. Ti M, hn hp lu hunh vi c s dng
rng ri tr rp sp trn cc vn cam. Dung dch Bordeaux xut hin ti Php nm
1883 l mt cu cnh cho cc cnh ng nho ang b tn li. Tuy nhin, s xut hin
ca dung dch ny hon ton l ngu nhin, mt nng dn nhm ngn chn vic b
trm nho ca nhng ngi qua ng bi ln cc bi nho nm dc ng bng mt
hn hp c v rt c gm vi v ng. Sau t ngy, khi quay li rung, ng ta pht
hin rng cc cy nho khi bnh. Kt qu bt ng ny to tin cho vic
pht hin thm hai loi thuc na l dung dch bordeaux (cho ti nay vn c s
dng trong nng nghip) v Paris Green (copper acetoarsenite). C hai hp cht ny
sau cn c pht hin thm kh nng tc ng ti cc cn trng gy hi, thm ch
Paris Green cn c coi l mt trong nhng loi thuc tr su ph bin nht cui
th k 19.
Nhn chung cc nguyn liu s dng trong giai on cui th k 19 v ngay c
u th k 20 hu ht l nhng cht v c nh: arsenic, antimony, selenium, sulfur,
thallium, zinc, copper hoc mt s cht c ly t tho mc. Cc cht ny phn no
c tinh ch li v s dng hu hiu hn bng s ci tin ca cc dng c v k
thut phun xt, s iu chnh thi gian s dng, vic pha trn thm cc cht gip cho
thuc bm dnh tt hn v tri c u hn trn b mt tip xc.
Bin php ha hc dit c di c ghi nhn u tin l vo nm 1896 khi
ngi ta pht hin thy sulfate st c th dit c c l rng m khng nh hng n
cy ng cc. Trong khong 10 nm tip sau , c rt nhiu cc cht v c khc nh:
sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate v sulfuric acid c s dng nh thuc dit c.
Tuy nhin, vo thi im cng lao ng cn qu r nn rt t nng dn mun s
dng thuc tr c, hu ht u p dng nhng bin php th cng nh nh c bng tay
hay p dng cc bin php canh tc khc.
Cui th k 19, c nhiu nhng tin b vt bc trong ngnh cn trng y hc.
y chnh l thi k cc ng vt chn t c xc nh chnh l nhng nguyn nhn
truyn cc bnh nguy him. Trc ht, vo nm 1893 Smith v Kilborne pht hin
5
ra bnh st trn b l do mt loi thuc protozoan gy ra v loi ny c lan truyn
bi cc loi ve k sinh trn b. Nm 1896, Bruce pht hin rng mt loi rui chu
Phi - rui Tse-tse chnh l th phm gy ra bnh ng. B cht trn chut l nguyn
nhn truyn bnh dch hch, cn mui l nguyn nhn lan truyn bnh st rt, l
nhng kt qu ghi nhn c trong nm 1897. Rui cng l nguyn nhn lm lan
truyn bnh thng hn c ghi nhn vo nm 1898. Ti nm 1900, mui c
xc nh thm l nguyn nhn ca bnh st vng da. Khi pht hin ra cc vn trn,
ng nhin cc nh khoa hc cng nhn thy rng, ch c th hn ch cc bnh trn
nu c cc bin php hu hiu dit tr trung gian truyn bnh k trn. Tuy vy, dng
cc bin php no v loi thuc g cho hiu qu vn l mt thch thc i vi cc nh
khoa hc cho ti ngy nay.
3.1.2. T u th k 20 tr li y
Vo u th k 20, con ngi tham gia rt tch cc vo nghin cu nng
nghip, y hc v sinh hc, qua cng xut v p dng cc bin php phng tr
tch cc hn, hiu qu hn. Nu t cui th k 19, HgCl c s dng rng ri lm
thuc tr nm th ti u th k 20 c thay th bng cc hp cht thy ngn
phenyl (vo nm 1915), thy ngn akyloxyalkyl (vo nhng nm 1920) v thy ngn
anlyl (vo nhng nm 1940). Cc hp cht arsenate ch c a vo s dng cho ti
khi b thay th bi cc hp cht fluorine vo thp k 1920s. Cng vo thi gian ny,
thuc BVTV c s dng hiu qu hn nh vo s ci tin ca cc dng c phun xt.
Thuc dit cn trng u tin c s dng rng ri l cc hp cht Dinitro v
Thiocyanates vo u nhng nm 1930. Thp k 1930 c kt thc bng vic pht
hin kh nng dit tr su hi ca hp cht ha hc c tn l DDT (Dichloro diphenyl
tricholoroethane) hp cht ny thc ra c tng hp vo nm 1874 bi mt nh
khoa hc ngi c l Tin s Zeidler, khi tng hp hot cht ny, Zeidler hon ton
khng ngh n kh nng dit cn trng ca DDT. n nm 1939, TS. Paul Muller -
mt nh ha hc ngi Thy s lm vic ti cng ty Geigy Chemical (nay l Novartis)
khm ph ra kh nng dit cn trng ca thuc DDT. Nm 1940 khm ph ny
c cp bng sng ch v ti nm 1942 tr i c thng mi ha vi nhiu tn
gi khc nhau. Vi khm ph , nm 1948 Muller nhn c gii thng Nobel,
song li l gii Nobel v Y hc v ng gp ln ca DDT trong thi k l chn
ng c dch st rt cng nh cc bnh do ch, rn v rp lm trung gian tn cng
trn con ngi.
Ngnh ha cht dit tr dch hi c nhng bc tin mnh trong 40 nm u
ca th k ny, song khi chin tranh th gii ln th II n ra, nhng nhu cu bc thit
trong thi chin gp phn to ra mt bc ngot mi vi s pht trin mnh m hn
ca cc thuc tr dch hi m cc sn phm mi l cc cht hu c tng hp.
Khc vi th chin th I, chin tranh xy ra ch yu l chu u, cc vn
dch hi i vi binh lnh ch l nhng bt tin trong khi sinh hot khi c ch, rn hoc
rp xut hin trong iu kin tp trung qu ng ngi v thiu v sinh. Chin tranh
th gii ln th II lan rt rng qua cc vng nhit i, ni cc trung gian truyn cc
bnh nguy him nh st rt, thng hn, bnh ng, st xut huyt hon ton c th
hy dit c nhng o qun ln. C hai pha tham chin u nhn thc r iu , v

6
vy cc nghin cu c c cc thuc tr su hu hiu l mt trong cc vn
c u tin v khuyn khch nht trong giai on ny.
Phe ng minh tp trung nhiu vo cc cht thuc nhm clo hu c. M y
mnh vic sn xut DDT trong khi Php pht hin thm mt loi thuc tr su rt tt
khc l Hexachlorocychlohexan HCH (cn gi l Benzen hexachloride hay BHC).
Tht ra, cht ny c Faraday tng hp vo nm 1825, song cng nh nhiu hp
cht khc, kh nng dit su khng c pht hin vo thi gian . Tip theo ,
u thp nin 1940, cc nh khoa hc Php v Anh tm ra cht ng phn gamma
ca BHC, thng c gi l Lindan c tnh st trng rt mnh.
i ph li, c, cc pht minh tp trung cho mt s nhm ha cht khc
c tnh c khng km g cc hp cht clo hu c, chnh l cc thuc nhm ln hu
c. S vic bt u vo nm 1931 khi Willy Lange vin i hc Berlin tng hp mt
s cht cha mch ni P P. Trong khi tng hp dimethyl v dimethyl
phosphofluoride, ng v cc ph t pht hin thy hiu ng th hi ca cht ny ln
chnh c th h. Lange cng pht hin ra rng ch cn mt lng nh to ra
hiu qu. Tuy bit r kh nng s dng hp cht ny lm thuc st trng, song Lange
ri nc c sau v khng tip tc cng vic trn na. Vic nghin cu tip
theo c lnh o bi Gerhand Schrader - ngi c coi l cha ca cc loi
thuc st trng gc ln hu c. Vo nhng nm u thp nin 1940, Schrader v cc
ng nghip tm ra mt phng php n gin tng hp mt ester c trng ca
acid pyrophosphoric (TEPP; tetrathylpyrophosphate). Nm 1944, cht ny c
thng mi ha di tn l Bladan. Do Bladan khng bn vng trong dung dch lng,
ngi ta li tip tc tng hp thm cc cht mi. Cho ti khi chin tranh kt thc,
Schrader tng hp c khong 7000 hp cht ln hu c. Vo nm 1944, mt cht
mi c tng hp, c hot tnh dit cn trng v bn vng ti u. Sau chin tranh
th gii, phng php tng hp cht ny b ng minh chim ly, sau cht ny
c a ra th trng nng dc di tn thng mi l Parathion, cht ny tr
thnh thuc tr su thng dng nht trong nhm thuc ln hu c. Trong nhng nm
sau , mt s cht khc c c cao hn nh Sarin, Sorman v Tabun c dng
trong chin tranh v c chnh ph c gi b mt rt k. Sau chin tranh, trong s
cc hp cht k trn, nhiu cht tm c th trng mi trong nng nghip v ngay
lp tc chng mang li nhng thnh cng vang di. Nhn chung chng r, pht huy
hiu qu ngay nhng liu lng tng i thp, d s dng v c ph tc dng rng.
Vi nng dn thi by gi, chng qu tht l mang li nhng iu k diu.
Cng vi vic tng hp cc cht hu c, ngi ta cng khm ph ra c ch gy
c ca ln hu c, l s c ch men acetylcholinesterase. Cc nh khoa hc c
tm ra hiu ng parasymtomimetic ca cc cht ln hu c v tm thy rng atropin
c th gii c c. Cc khm ph quan trng khc trong lch s cc cht ln hu c
l vic khm ph s ti hot ha v gi ci ca nhng men cholinesterase phosphoryl
ha. Vo nhng nm gia ca thp nin 1950, Wilson tm thy cht oximes c th
ti hot ha acetylcholinesterase sau khi n b cht ln hu c c ch.
Nhm th ba trong s cc thuc tr su tng hp hu c l nhm carbamate
c pht minh vo nhng nm cui thp nin 1940 bi cc nh khoa hc Thy S.
Tuy vy vic thng mi ha cc sn phm thuc nhm ny ch bt u t u nhng
7
nm 1950 vi vic a vo th trng v s dng rng ri thuc carbaryl do cng tuy
Union Carbide ca M sn xut vo nm 1953.
Mt trong nhng nhm thuc st trng quan trng c khm ph gn y nht
l cc thuc pyrethroid tng hp. Cc hp cht ny l dn xut t phn t ly trch c
trong hoa cy cc thy. Loi hoa ny c dn trong cc b tc vng Capcasus v
Persia s dng t nhng nm 1800 tr ch rn trn c th. Hoa cc thy c sn
xut hng ha ln u tin vo nm 1828 Armenia. Tip theo Nam T khi s
sn xut t nm 1840 v tp trung cho ti th chin th I, sau loi cy ny c
trng nhiu Nht Bn v ng Phi. Cht trch t cc thy cha 6 ester c quan h
gn gi vi nhau v u c tnh st trng c gi chung l pyrethrin, cu trc ca
chng c bit r vo khong nm 1910 1924. Trong thi gian ny, hng trm cht
pyrethroids c tng hp v cht u tin c thng mi ha l Allethrin. Sau
khi Allethrin c thng mi ha ch c mt vi loi pyrethroids c tip tc khm
ph. Mi ti nm 1966, cng ty Sumitomo ca Nht Bn v phng th nghim Michael
Elliot (ti Harpenden Anh) mi mang li nhng bc pht trin mi v pyrethroids.
Mt s pyrethroids c s dng thng dng nht l Permethrin, Cypermethrin v
Fenvalerate, u c tng hp vo nhng nm ca thp nin 1970. y l nhng cht
t c i vi ng vt c v v t bn trong mi trng nn ngy cng chim nhiu th
trng rng hn.
Bng 1. Nhng s kin lch s trong ngnh ha bo v thc vt
Nm S kin
400.000.000 BC Cy xut hin trn cn
350.000.000 BC Cn trng u tin xut hin trn tri t
8000 BC Bt u canh tc nng nghip
5000 BC Thuc dit cn trng u tin ra i (lu hunh)
950 BC t ng c s dng trong BVTV
900 Arsenic xut hin Trung Quc
1690 S dng thuc l dit su chu u
1732 Nng dn trng cy theo hng d lm c
1787 S dng x bng dit su
1800 S dng pyrethroids ti vng Capcasus
1840s Bnh sng mai tn cng khoai ty chu u
1845 Xut hin ln v c c
1874 Tng hp DDT c
1877 S dng HCN xng hi
1880 My phun thuc u tin c s dng
1881 S dng hn hp vi lu hunh M

8
 1883 Dung dch bordeaux c s dng
1892 S dng arsenic dit su
1922 Methyl bromide c s dng ti Php
1925 Hp cht dinitro c pht hin
1930 Gii thiu hp cht hu c tng hp dit bnh cy
1932 Thiocyanates c pht hin
1939 Pht hin kh nng dit su ca DDT
1940s Tng hp cc thuc gc ln hu c
1941 Pht hin kh nng dit su ca HCH
1944 Tng hp 2,4 D v parathion
1947 Tng hp thuc carbamates
1967 Xut hin thuc iu ha tng trng
1970s Pht trin cc thuc pyrethroids v vi sinh
1972 DDT b cm s dng ti M
1980s Pht trin cc thuc iu ha tng trng

3.2. Ti Vit Nam

C th ni rng, t th k 19 tr v trc, ngnh ha BVTV hon ton khng
xut hin ti Vit Nam. Trc cc dch hi, nng dn ch dng cc bin php mang
nng s m tnh d oan. Ti u th k 20, cng vi s pht trin ca nng nghip
VN, m ch yu l s hnh thnh cc n in v cc trang tri ln, vic s dng ha
cht trong nng nghip bt u. Tuy nhin trong thi k ny, cc thuc c s
dng ch yu vn l nhng cht v c cng nh tro lu chung ca th gii. T na
th k 20, nhn chung, vic s dng cc ha cht mi nc ta cng khng khc g so
vi xu hng chung ca th gii. Tuy vy, do nc ta l nc ngho, t nhng nm
1980 tr v trc, cc thuc c s dng nhiu nht vn l nhng thuc gc clo v
ln hu c, trong c nhiu thuc b cm nhiu nc trn th gii nh thuc
DDT, Lindan v cc dn xut khc thuc nhm clo hu c nh methyl parathion,
monocrotophos Phi ti cui thp nin 1980 tr li y, nc ta, cc ha cht s
dng trong BVTV ngy cng phong ph hn, vi cc cht c hu hiu cao, liu
lng s dng trn mt n v din tch thp v thi gian lu tn ngn trn cy trng,
nng sn v trong mi trng. thc s dng thuc ca ngi dn cng ngy cng
c nng cao hn, v vy, mc d hin nay th trng thuc BVTV ca Vit Nam
tng trng kh nhanh, song s lng cc thuc c c cao i vi ngi v mi
trng ang gim xung.
4. TH TRNG THUC BO V THC VT
Trong th k 20, ngnh cng nghip sn xut thuc tr dch hi c nhng
bc tin v cng to ln. Vo u th k ny, cc thuc BVTV thng c nng dn
9
t pha ch ly da theo cc cng thc hng dn trong cc tp ch nng nghip gn
nht. Khi vic s dng thuc tr nn ngy cng nhiu v thng xuyn hn th mt s
nh sn xut nh xut hin. Tip theo , khi cc cht hu c tng hp c pht
hin, cng thm cc ph phm ca ngnh cng nghip ha du th cc cng ty ha cht
ln nht th gii nhy vo cuc. H tin hnh nghin cu, sn xut v tip th cc sn
phm dng trong BVTV. Cho ti ngy nay, th gii c hng ngn cc cng ty ln nh
sn xut v kinh doanh thuc BVTV. Trong s c cc cng ty ha cht ln ca th
gii nh: Syngenta (Thy s); Dupont, Monsanto, Dow AgroSciences (M); Bayer,
AgrEvo, BASF (c); Arysta, Sumitomo (Nht); Nufarm (c); LG (Hn Quc).
Chi ph sn xut cc loi thuc BVTV cng tng dn ln. Trong thi gian
qua, chi ph cho mt loi thuc t phng th nghim ra ti th trng t 1 triu USD
vo nm 1956 ln n 20 triu USD trong nm 1977 v tng vt ln ti 80 triu USD
trong thp k 1980. Trong giai on hin nay, chi ph mt loi thuc ra ti th
trng vo khong trn 150 triu USD, trong phn ln nht (khong 100 triu
USD) l chi ph nghin cu cc lnh vc lin quan ti c tnh v d lng ca
thuc. Tip theo l chi ph la chn cc hp cht thch hp. Nu trc y phi la
chn trong s 1800 hp cht (1956) c mt loi thuc th con s l 3600
(1965) ri tng ln 5040 (1969), khong hn 10000 (1972) v hin nay s hp cht c
th cao hn na mi c th chn ra mt cht s dng trong BVTV. Vic chi ph
nghin cu tng qu cao l mt vn khng nh cho cc hng sn xut thuc ln trn
th gii. gim cc chi ph ni trn, mt trong nhng bin php ph bin hin nay
ca cc hng l sp nhp li vi nhau hnh thnh cc tp on ngy cng ln hn.
4.1. Th trng Thuc BVTV ti Vit Nam
Qua bng 2 cho thy rng, khu vc Ty Nam b c din tch t nng nghip
nhiu nht trong by vng kinh t ca c nc vi din tch gn 3 triu ha. Vng c
din tch t nng nghip ng th 2 l vng ng Nam b, vi din tch khong gn
2 triu ha. Vi din tch ln, trnh thm canh cao nn y cng l hai vng s dng
thuc BVTV nhiu nht c nc. Vng cao nguyn pha Bc tuy c din tch t nng
Bng 2. Din tch t ca cc vng kinh t ca Vit Nam
Din tch t (ha) Din tch t
Vng nhin (ha)
Nng nghip Lm nghip
Cao nguyn pha Bc 1.500.000 3.400.000 10.318.600
ng bng sng Hng 720.000 80.900 1.266.000
Duyn hi Bc Trung b 786.000 2.122.000 5.130.000
Duyn hi Nam Trung b 548.000 1.397.000 3.301.600
Ty Nguyn 942.000 2.755.000 4.464.500
ng Nam b 1.844.000 1.918.000 4.447.600
Ty Nam b (BSCL) 2.995.000 308.600 3.965.000

10
 Qua bng trn cho thy rng, th trng thuc BVTV s dng tng vng ph
thuc vo din tch t nng nghip, c cu cy trng v c bit l trnh thm canh
ca nng dn cc vng. BSCL mc d ch chim 51% din tch t trng la ca
c nc nhng sn lng la chim khong 60% v xut khu go chim ti 80% so
vi c nc. Qua bng 3 cng cho thy rng th trng Thuc BVTV ch yu tp
trung pha Nam v chim n 80% th trng thuc BVTV ca c nc. c bit
ring BSCL th phn thuc BVTV chim ti 55% ca c nc.
Bng 3. C cu cy trng chnh v th phn thuc BVTV ca cc vng
Cy trng chnh Th phn Cng ty
Vng Kinh t
(%)
Cao nguyn pha Bc la, bp, cy n tri 1 Cc cng ty nh
ng bng sng Hng la, rau, cy n tri 15 SPC, AG, Bayer
Duyn hi Bc Trung b la, bp, u phng 4 SPC, PSC1, AG
Duyn hi Nam Trung b la, ma, khoai m 4 AG, HAI, VFC
Ty nguyn c ph, bp, la 4 AG, HAI, SPC
ng Nam b la, bp, cy n tri 17 AG, HAI, SPC
Ty Nam b (BSCL) la, cy n tri, ma 55 AG, HAI, Bayer

Nh
cung cp

120
nh phn phi ln

400 i l cp 1

3000 i l cp 2

30.000 i l bn l

10 triu h nng dn

Hnh 2. H thng phn phi thuc BVTV ti Vit Nam

Hin nay ti Vit Nam c nhiu cng ty a quc gia ang c hot ng kinh
doanh v thuc BVTV. in hnh trong s l cc cng ty nh: Syngenta (Thy S);
Bayer, BASF (c); Dow Agrosciences, Dupont (M) v mt s cng ty ca Nht
Bn nh Arysta, Sumitomo. y l cc cng ty ln trn th gii v hu ht h kinh
doanh cc loi thuc c bn quyn (patent) v cc cng ty ny chin th phn khong
11
80,5 triu USD. Th phn thuc BVTV cn li chim khong 137,5 triu USD dnh
cho cc cng ty nh kinh doanh cc thuc Generic cc thuc ny ch yu nhp khu
t Trung Quc, n c gi thnh tng i r hn so vi thuc c bn quyn nhng
cht lng i khi khng m bo.
Cng theo cc s liu thng k cho thy rng, th phn thuc BVTV ti Vit
Nam t nm 2003 n nm 2012 vn tng trng u cho tt c cc nhm thuc v
c on n nm 2014 th trng thuc BVTV ti Vit Nam vn tip tc tng trng
v t khong 400 triu USD vo nm 2014 (tnh gi tr nhp khu).
4.2.2. Th trng thuc BVTV trn th gii
Qua biu trn c th thy rng, th trng thuc BVTV trn th gii lun
bin ng v t nh cao nht vo nm 1998 vi tng gi tr l khong 42 t USD, sau
thi gian , th trng thuc BVTV trn th gii gim dn v ch cn khong 33,4 t
USD vo nm 2007. C nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn bin ng ca th trng thuc
BVTV th gii, di y l mt s nguyn nhn chnh sau:
Cc yu t ch quan ca ngnh cng nghip nh s pht trin mnh m ca
ngnh cng ngh sinh hc, cc sn phm thuc th h mi ra i, cc nh sn xut
thuc generic c khuynh hng tng lng thuc s dng hn l tng gi tr th
trng. c bit trong giai on ny c th gii ang rt quan tm n vn nhim
mi trng y cng chnh l nguyn nhn lm tc ng n th trng thuc BVTV
trn th gii.
Cc yu t lin quan n mi trng nh s bin i kh hu ton cu lm nh
hng n s pht sinh dch hi cng nh s dch chuyn ca dch hi t vng ny n
vng khc. S thay i thi tit cng lm thay i c cu cy trng dn n s thay
i rt kh lng ca dch hi.
Cc yu t lin quan n nng dn: din tch t canh tc khng tng nhng vi
p lc tng nng sut cng dn n u t cho thm canh cao trong c vic s dng
thuc BVTV.
Cc yu t lin quan n cng ng nh dn s tng gy p lc v lng thc
cng nh s th ha s ko theo s a dng v khu v. c bit thi gian gn y,
cng ng c quan tm n vic s dng thuc BVTV nhiu hn nh s thay i
cc quy nh qun l thuc, a ra cc tiu chun v thuc BVTV khi lu thng, quan
tm n sn xut nng nghip hu c v tng vic s dng thuc sinh hc.
Nu xem xt th trng thuc BVTV theo tng nhm thuc th thy rng, thuc
tr c c s dng nhiu nht trn th gii, tip n l thuc tr su, thuc tr bnh
cy v cui cng l thuc s dng cho cc lnh vc phi nng nghip. c bit t nm
1995 cc sn phm cng ngh sinh hc bt u xut hin v sau pht trin mnh
m. S xut hin ca cc sn phm cng ngh sinh hc cng lm thay i vic s
dng thuc BVTV trn th gii, vi vic pht trin cc ging cy trng c gen khng
thuc tr c, c bit l khng thuc tr c gc glyphosate th th trng thuc tr c
tng tr li.

12
 Bng 4. Th trng thuc BVTV ca cc nc trn th gii

Theo bng trn cho thy, th trng thuv BVTV ca 20 quc gia s dng
thuc hng u chim khong trn 33 t USD v s cn tng trng thm t khong
gn 38 t USD vo nm 2012. Trong , th trng M vn chim cao nht khong 6,5
t USD, k n l th trng ca cc nc khc nh Braxin, Nht, Php, c, Trung
Quc
Bng 5. Doanh s cc cng ty thuc BVTV hng u th gii nm 2007

13
 Bng 6. Th trng thuc BVTV theo nhm thuc ti cc khu vc trn th gii

T nhng thc trng trn c th d on v xu hng pht trin ca th trng

thuc BVTV trn th gii trong nhng nm ti nh sau:
Tip tc hp nht cc cng ty a quc gia thnh 4 5 tp on v hp nht cc
nh phn phi, cc i l s, l v cc trang tri.
Gim thiu chi ph cho nghin cu v pht trin di hn, u t nhiu hn cho
cc k thut, dch v mi do p lc qun l v chi ph tng cao. Cc chi ph nghin cu
v pht trin phi ph hp vi v th ca tng cng ty.
Cc nh sn xut tp trung nhiu hn cho cc cy trng c gi tr cao v nng
sut cao. Cc cng ty sn xut thuc generics s cnh tranh khc lit v gi v tip tc
ph gi th trng thuc BVTV.
Cng ngh sinh hc s tip tc tng khong 18%/nm cho ti nm 2012. Cc
ging chng chu thuc tr c l nhm chnh trong cng ngh sinh hc trn th trng
nng dc. K t sau nm 2005, cc ging ny s c chp nhn rng ri hn.

14
Cu hi n tp:
1. Vai tr ca bin php ha hc trong cng tc bo v thc vt?
2. Nhng giai on pht trin chnh ca ngnh ha BVTV?
3. Nhng xu hng chnh trong vic pht trin thuc BVTV hin nay?
4. Th phn thuc BVTV ti Vit Nam?
5. Doanh thu ca cc tp on ha cht ln trn th gii?
6. Top 10 Cc quc gia s dng thuc nhiu nht th gii?

15
 PHN TH NHT
NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG V THUC BO V THC VT
Chng 1
C S C CHT HC NNG NGHIP
Gip sinh vin bit c cc khi nim c bn v c cht hc, cc yu cu i
vi cht c c dng lm thuc BVTV, phn loi thuc BVTV, bit c s xm
nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th sinh vt, cc yu t nh hng n c
tnh ca thuc. Thy r tc ng ca thuc BVTV n mi trng sng v hu qu cu
chng gy ra cho mi trng. Nhng bin php ngn nga thuc BVTV gy hi cho
mi sinh mi trng.
1.1. CC KHI NIM V CHT C
1.1.1. Cht c
L nhng cht khi xm nhp vo c th sinh vt mt lng nh cng c th gy
bin i v cu trc hay chc nng trong c th sinh vt, ph hy nghim trng nhng
chc nng ca c th, lm cho sinh vt b ng c hoc b cht.
1.1.2. Tnh c
L kh nng gy c ca mt cht i vi c th sinh vt mt lng nht nh
ca cht c .
Bng 1.1. Bng phn chia cc nhm c theo WHO (T chc Y t Th gii)
Phn nhm v Biu tng c cp tnh LD50 (chut nh) mg/kg
k hiu nhm nhm c
c Qua ming Qua da
Th rn Th lng Th rn Th lng
Ia c mnh u lu, xng
Rt c (ch cho (en trn 5 20 10 40
en, nn ) nn trng)
Ib c (ch u lu, xng
en, nn ) cho (en trn 5 50 20 200 10 100 40 400
nn trng)
II c trung Ch thp en
bnh c hi trn nn trng 400
50 500 500 2000 1001000
(ch en, nn 4000
vng)
III c t ch Ch thp en
2000
(ch en nn trn nn trng 500-2000 > 1000 > 4000
3000
xanh dng)
IV Nn xanh l Khng c biu
> 2000 > 3000
cy tng

16
1.1.3. c
Biu th mc ca tnh c, l liu lng nht nh ca cht c cn c
gy c mt tc ng no ln c th sinh vt khi chng xm nhp vo c th sinh
vt.
1.1.4. Liu lng v nng
Liu lng l lng cht c cn thit (c tnh bng mg hay g) gy c
mt tc ng nht nh ln c th sinh vt.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng cp n liu lng gy cht 50% sinh vt th
nghim, k hiu LD50 (lethal dose) l liu lng ca thuc gy cht cho 50% s c th
sinh vt th nghim (thng l chut) trong iu kin mi trng ng nht. n v
ca LD50 l mg a.i./kg (mg cht c hot ng (active ingredient) trn mi kg th
trng ca sinh vt th nghim). Mt loi thuc c LD50 cng thp th cng c.
Bng 1.2. Bng phn chia cc nhm c ca thuc BVTV ti Vit Nam
Phn nhm v k Biu tng c cp tnh LD50 qua ming mg/kg
hiu nhm c nhm c Th rn Th lng
I Rt c (ch u lu, xng cho
en, vch mu ) (en trn nn trng) < 50 < 200

II c cao (ch Ch thp en trn

en, vch mu nn trng 50 500 200 - 2000
vng)
III Cn thn Vch en khng lin
(ch en vch mu tc trn nn trng > 500 > 2000
xanh nc bin)

c tnh ca mt cht cn c din t nh l nng hi hoc bi trong

khng kh hoc lng cht c dng lng ha tan trong nc sng, sui, h c th gy
cht cho 50% s sinh vt th nghim. Nng ny c k hiu l LC50 (lethal
concentration). LC50 c n v l microgram (10-6 gram) trn mi lt khng kh hoc
nc. Mt loi thuc c LD50 cao cha chc l an ton, liu lng bn gy cht ca
mt s thuc cng c th gy ra cc triu chng da v mt nh: gy nga, au u,
i ma v cc tt bnh khc.
1.1.5. nh ngha thuc bo v thc vt
Thuc BVTV l n cht hoc hn hp cc cht thuc c dng ngn
nga, , xua ui, tiu dit hoc lm gim bt cn trng, ng vt gm nhm, tuyn
trng, nm, c di hoc cc dng sinh vt khc c xem nh l dch hi. Cc cht
iu ha sinh trng cy trng, gy rng hoc lm kh l.
Thuc BVTV bao gm cc ha cht hu c tng hp nhn to hoc ha cht
hu c hoc v c c sn trong t nhin, cc vi sinh vt hoc mt s cc cht khc

17
c dng thng ngy nh chlorine (dng kh trng nc ung, nc h tm, dng
kh trng trong nh).
1.2. NHNG YU CU CA CHT C DNG LM THUC BVTV
- C tnh c i vi dch hi nhng an ton i vi cy trng (t nht l
nng thng dng) v t chu nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh (nhit,
m, nh sng...)
- Tnh c phi a nng song phi c tnh chn lc.
- Bo qun, vn chuyn v s dng d dng.
- An ton i vi mi trng.
- D kt hp gia thuc vi nhau hoc vi phn bn.
- Mu sc d phn bit d kim tra v bo m an ton khi s dng.
- Gi thnh ngi tiu dng chp nhn c.
Khng c mt ha cht no c th tha mn hon ton cc yu cu ni trn. Cc
yu cu ny, thm ch ngay trong mt yu cu cng c mu thun khng th gii quyt
c. Ty theo giai on pht trin ca bin php ha hc m cc yu cu c nh
gi cao thp khc nhau. Hin nay, yu cu an ton i vi ngi v mi trng c
ton th gii quan tm nhiu nht nn c t ln hng u.
1.3. PHN LOI THUC BO V THC VT
Tt c cc ho cht dng trong cng tc BVTV u c mang tn chung l thuc
BVTV hay thuc tr dch hi (pesticide). Vic phn loi thuc tr dch hi c th thc
hin theo nhiu cch:
1.3.1. Phn loi theo i tng phng tr
- Dit cn trng: Insecticide
- Dit vi khun: Bactericide
- Dit nm: Fungicide
- Dit tuyn trng: Nematicide
- Dit c: Herbicide, Weed killer
- Dit nhn: Acaricide
- Dit c sn: Molluscicide
- Dit chut: Raticide
1.3.2. Phn loi theo con ng xm nhp
- V c: thuc xm nhp qua ng tiu ha
- Tip xc: thuc xm nhp qua da
- Xng hi: thuc xm nhp qua ng h hp
- Lu dn, ni hp
1.3.3. Phn loi theo ngun gc ha hc
- Thuc v c: S, Cu ...
- Thuc tho mc: Derris, Nicotine
- Thuc hu c tng hp:
* Nhm Clo: DDT, 666
* Nhm Ln: Wofatox Bi-58
18
 * Nhm Carbamate: Mipcin, Bassa, Sevin
* Nhm Pyrethroid : Decis, Sherpa, Sumicidine
* Nhm Insect Growth Regulator (IGR): Nomolt, Applaud
Ngoi ra trong h thng ca M, cc cht iu ha sinh trng, cht dn d v
xua ui cn trng cng c lit vo nhm thuc BVTV. C mt s thuc BVTV
tiu dit c nhiu i tng gy hi nn c th c xp vo nhiu nhm khc nhau.
V d 2,4-D dng liu thp l cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt, liu cao l thuc
dit c. Oxythioquinox (Morestan) c th dng dit nhn, nm bnh ln cn trng.
a. Nhm thuc gc Clo hu c (CHC)
Cc thuc CHC dng tr cn trng, hin nay thuc nhm ny b cm s
dng do tnh tn lu qu lu trong mi trng m in hnh l DDT, Chlordane,
Toxaphene, Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin .v.v. Phn ln cc CHC kh phn hy trong mi
trng v tch ly trong m m ca ng vt. Tuy nhin, tnh tn lu cng c ch
trong trng hp cn duy tr tnh c ca thuc lu di.
Cc CHC gm nhng hp cht aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic c MW khong
291-545. CHC c th c chia ra lm 5 nhm: (1) DDT v cc cht tng t; (2)
BHC; (3) Cyclodiens cc hp cht tng t; (4) Toxaphene v cc cht tng t; v
(5) cu trc khp kn ca Mirex v Chlordecone. Xu hng khng cho ca cn trng
i vi cc thuc trong cng mt nhm v thuc thuc cc nhm khc nhau l gia tng
mnh, mc d c ch tc ng gia cc nhm c s khc bit.
CHC gy c thn kinh, tuy nhin cng c mt s khc bit v triu chng gia
hai nhm: mt pha l DDT v nhng cht tng t vi n v pha kia l nhng cht
cn li. DDT gy ra s run ry (tremor, hoc ataxia = mt u ha), khi s mc nh
lc mi bt u b trng c v ngy cng tng cho n khi c triu chng co git
(convulsion). Tri li lindane, aldrin,dieldrin, endrin, toxaphene, v nhiu hp cht c
lin quan gy ra triu chng co git ngay t u.
Mc kch thch thn kinh quan h trc tip vi nng c ca thuc trong m
thn kinh. Thng thng cc hu qu c th phc hi sau khi hp thu mt hay nhiu
liu thuc. S phc hi ny ch c th xy ra khi nng c ca CHC trong m thn
kinh khng vt qu mt ngng ti hn (critical level). Hu ht cc CHC c th i
xuyn qua da cng nh qua h h hp v h tiu ha. Mc hp thu qua da khc bit ty
theo cht, chng hn DDT hp thu qua da km cn Dieldrin li hp thu qua da rt
mnh. Thng thng, v c p sut hi thp nn t khi CHC c nng trong khng
kh cao qu mc cho php.
CHC lm thay i cc tnh cht in c th v ca cc men c lin quan n
mng t bo thn kinh, gy ra bin i trong ng thi di chuyn ca ion Na+ v K+
qua mng t bo. C th c c s nhiu lon vn chuyn cht vi v hot tnh ca men
Ca2+-ATP v men phosphokinase. Cui cng CHC gy cht cho su hi do s dng h
hp.

19
b. Nhm thuc gc ln hu c (LHC)
LHC do Lange v Von Kreuger tm ra vo u nhng nm 1930 (dimethyl v
diethyl phosphorofluoridate). n nm 1936, Gerhard Schrader ch tr mt d n
nghin cu v tm ra nhiu cht khc nh dimefox, octamethyl pyrophosphoramidate
(schradan) v tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP). Cui th chin th II, cht parathion ra
i v tn ti trong hn 40 nm. Cho n nay c hng ngn cht LHC c tng
hp v nh gi trong s c khong 100 cht khc nhau c a vo thng
mi ha. y l nhm thuc hu c quan trng nht hin dng. Schrader thng c
xem l ng t ca cc thuc ln hu c.
Cc LHC cha ni P=O (phosphate) hoc P=S (phosphorothionate) trong
P=S kh bn vng hn i vi s thy gii so vi P=O, bi vy chng c trin vng v
mt c tnh v kh nng dit cn trng. Tuy nhin chng c tc ng chng men
cholinesterase yu v cn phi c hot ha qua bin dng tr thnh P=O vn c
hot tnh chng men cholinesterase mnh m.
Cch tc ng ca thuc: c tnh ca LHC i vi cn trng v ngi do s
bt hot ha men acetylcholinesterase (AChE), l mt loi men xc tc s thy phn
nhanh chng cht Acetylcholine (ACh). S bt hot xy ra hon ton khi LHC tc
ng n men v ln ha nhm OH ca serine ti v tr hot ng ca men.
Acetylcholine l mt trong s cc cht dn truyn lung thn kinh quan trng
chi phi s truyn cc xung thn kinh dc qua cc ch ni synaptic v trong mt s
trng hp qua cc ch ni c thn kinh.
Khi xung thn kinh di chuyn dc theo trc v tin n im cui ca ni
synapse hoc c thn kinh th cc Ach c sn trong cc ti s c phong thch ra
ngoi nhanh chng v sau tng tc vi mng sau synaptic (post synaptic) gy kch
thch c hoc si thn kinh. AChE u chnh s truyn thn kinh bng cch gim nng
ca Ach ti ch ni bng phn ng thy phn men bin ACh thnh choline v acid
acetic.
c. Cc thuc nhm Carbamate
y l nhm thuc c dng rng ri bi v thuc tng i r tin, hiu lc
cao m t tn lu trong mi trng. Thuc l dn xut ca acid cabamic, c cha cc
nhm ph dithiocarbamates v thiocarbamates mang lu hunh. Ngoi dng thuc tr
su cn c thuc tr nm bnh, tr c, tr c sn v tr tuyn trng. i vi ng vt,
thuc carbamate gy tn thng h thn kinh ca cn trng v c th gy c cho
ng vt c v bao gm c con ngi. Thuc nhm ny khng tch ly trong m m
do vy tnh c ca chng thng ngn v sinh vt c th phc hi. Cc thuc
Carbamate thng dng nh: carbaryl (Sevin), aldicarb (Temik) v methomyl (Lannate,
Nudrin).
Cc thuc dit cn trng carbamate ngun gc t nhin l cht physostigmine
hoc eserine. Nm 1925, Stedman v Barger lm sng t cu trc ca
physostigmine, mt loi alcaloid c trong cy u Calabar, Physostigma venenosum.
y l mt cht c ng t mnh m v c hot tnh tit acetylcholine, physostigmine
v cc cht tng t vi n (neostigmine v prostigmine) c dng trong ngnh

20
nhn khoa tr cc bnh tng nhn p (glaucoma) v nhc c mi mt (myasthenia
gravis). Physostigmine l mt methylcarbamate este.
Nm 1954, Gysin gii thiu cht este carbamate u tin c dng lm cht
dit cn trng, ng cng m t tnh cht nhiu loi este dimethylcarbamate. Sau
cc phenyl N-methylcarbamate mang nhm th c nghin cu nhiu a vo s
dng trong nng nghip. n nm 1985 c 25 cht este carbamate c a vo s
dng.
Este carbamate l dn xut ca acid carbamic ( HOOCNH2). Acid carbamic
cng nh acid N-alkylcarbamic v acid N,N-dialkylcarbamic khng bn vng v d b
phn hy thnh CO2 v NH3. Khi thay th H ng gn O bng nhm akyl, aryl, hoc
nhm cha nit s to ra c cc sn phm bn vng dng lm thuc BVTV hoc
dc phm. Cng ging nh LHC, cc thuc dit trng carbamate c ch hot ng
ca men acetylcholinesterase. Nhiu carbamate c c cp tnh rt cao i vi ng
vt. Aldicarb c c cp tnh ng ming trn chut l 1 mg/kg l mt trong s
cc cht thuc BVTV c nht c dng hin nay. V qu c, Aldicarb thng c
dng th ht bn vo t (Carbofuran cng tng t). Tuy vy, nhn chung cc thuc
trong nhm ny vn t c hn thuc nhm LHC, c th c kh nng phc hi sau khi
b ng c carbamate ln hn khi b ng c LHC.
Cc thuc dit cn trng methylcarbamate t c hu qu gy c lu di cho
ng vt c v. c mt vi carbamate, gm c carbaryl v carbofuran, c kh nng gy
bin dng bo thai g. t c bng chng v kh nng gy t bin ca
methylcarbamate, nhng i vi N-nitrosomethylcarbamate (c th hnh thnh do s
kt hp gia carbamate v ion nitrogen) l mt cht gy t bin rt mnh m.
d. Cc thuc nhm Pyrethroids
Cc c tnh st trng ca hoa thy cc, thng gp nht l C. Cineraraefolium,
loi cy c cha cht pyrethrin c pht hin kh nng dit cn trng ca chng
vo gia th k 19. Cng vi tnh dit cn trng mnh m, pyrethrin c u im l t
tn lu trong mi trng. Trc khi c DDT, Pyrethrin l cht dit cn trng chnh
dng trong nng nghip v gia nh mc d chng c yu im l b nh sng phn
hy nhanh chng. T nhng nm 1950, khi dng cht piperonyl butoxide v mt s
hp cht khc tng hiu lc ca pyrethrin, lm gim chi ph thuc trn n v din
tch. Gi t v tnh km bn di nh sng l hai tr ngi chnh trc khi tng hp
c cc pyrethroids bn hn v tnh dit trng cao hn. Chng hn, Dr. Elliot pht
hin ra Deltamethrin, c tnh bn di tc ng ca nh sng, phn hy sinh hc nhanh
chng v cc c i vi cn trng. Ngy nay pyrethrin thin nhin ch dng trong gia
nh, pyrethrin tng hp c dng rng ri v chim 25% thuc dit cn trng phun
trn l ca th gii trong nm 1983. C hng ngn cht tng t c tng hp,
mt s khc nhiu so vi cc pyrethrin nguyn thy, mt s cht thiu hn c vng
cyclopropane trong acid chrysanthemic.
Pyrethrin v cc cht cc tng hp l nhng cht gy c knh mui (sodium
channel) ca mng thn kinh. Cc pyrethroid c i lc rt cao i vi cc knh mui,
to ra nhng thay i nh chc nng ca knh ny. Cc pyrethroids thc cht l nhng
cht gy c chc nng, hu qu xu ca thuc mang tnh th cp, l hu qu ca s

21
kch thch qu h thn kinh. iu ny th hin r ch khng tm thy cc du hiu
bnh l trong h thn kinh trung ng, ngay c khi gy c nng nhiu ln cng nh
ch to thnh cc m hoi t khng c trng v c th phc hi trn cc thn kinh
ngoi vi ca ng vt b co git v th hin cc triu chng ri lon vn ng nghim
trng. Sau khi b pyrethroid lm cho bin i, knh mui vn tip tc hot ng bnh
thng, vn duy tr c chc nng chn la cc ion mui v ni vi in th mng
thn kinh.
e. Cc nhm thuc khc
Trong nhm ny c: khng sinh, cht chng ng mu, thuc gc thc vt, cc
cht bi tr, vi sinh, du la, cht dn d (pheromone), hormone thc vt v x phng.
Cht khng sinh
L vt cht tit ra t cc vi sinh vt (nm, vi khun, x khun) c kh nng tiu
dit hoc c ch cc vi sinh vt khc. Thuc khng sinh penicilline dng tr bnh
nhim khun, c ly trch t nm Penicillium sp . Sreptomycine c dng tr
bnh nhim khun ngi, ng vt v thc vt, c th sn xut c bng phng
php t nhin hay nhn to. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu loi khng sinh khc c pht
hin v a vo s dng.
Cht chng ng mu
Cht ny lm thay i tin trnh ng mu ca ng vt c v lm chng cht
i v mt mu sau khi b vt thng. Cht chng ng mu thng c dng tr
chut v cc ng vt gm nhm khc. Thng ng vt phi n vo cht chng ng
mu nhiu ngy trc khi cht c tch ly pht triu chng. C mt s cht
chng ng mu khc c hiu lc ngay sau mt liu duy nht.
Thuc gc thc vt
Mt s thc vt c cha cc cht c i vi cn trng v cc ng vt khc,
chng hn nh hoa thy cc (chrysanthemum) dng chit trch pyrethrum, r dy
thuc c dng trch ra rotenone, mt s cy h Hu dng chit trch sabadilla v
hellebore. Cht ryania c trch t mt loi thc vt Nam Phi, nicotine c trch
t thuc l, strychnine trch t cy m tin n , Srilanka, c v ng Dng.
Cc bt tr
Cc loi ht tr, cn c gi l ht gy rng hoc ht thm nc, dng bt
mn, thng c c tnh thp, c dng tr cn trng hoc nhm ng vt khng
xng sng khc. Cc ht tr ny git cn trng theo c ch l hc, ht c th gy try
xt lp sp bao ph c th cn trng lm cho chng mt nc qua da, hoc c th
hp th cht sp trn da cn trng. i khi cc ht bi ny c kt hp vi
aluminium fluosilicate to ra lc ht tnh in, gip ht bm dnh vo cc b mt .
V c c tnh thp, ht tr c s dng nhng ni v l do an ton khng th s
dng cc loi thuc c c tnh cao. V tc ng tiu dit mang tnh cht vt l do
chng khng b mt tc dng do s phn hy trong mi trng. Khi b t, cc loi ht
tr mt tc dng. Cc ht tr gy rng chnh l t iatom, silica gel, bt acid boric.
Bt boric acid c th gy c khi nut phi, do phi trnh s dng ni c tr em.

22
Mc d c tnh tr, nhng cn phi trnh ht ht ny vo phi v c th gy kch ng
nghim trng.
Cc cht iu ha sinh trng cn trng
Cc cht iu ha sinh trng cn trng (Insect Growth Regulator = IGR) l
nhng cht c dng bin i s pht trin ca cn trng. Cc hormone t nhin
do chnh cn trng tit ra iu khin s bin i trong vng i ca chng. Cc IGR
ny hin nay c tng hp nhn to bt chc hoc ngn tr tc ng ca cc
hormone t nhin. Chng ngn cn cn trng bin thi t tui nh sang tui ln hoc
p buc chng phi trng thnh t rt sm.
Cc thuc gc vi sinh vt
Cc thuc gc vi sinh vt (VSV) l nhng VSV c phi trn vi cc cht
khc to thnh sn phm phng tr dch hi. Ngi ta dng nhiu chng ca vi
khun Bacillus thuringiensis to ra cc ch phm (Dipel, Thuricide, Centari...) tiu
dit nhiu cn trng trong B Cnh vy. Vi khun Agrobacterium radiobacter c
dng tr vi khun gy bu trn nhiu loi cy (thng do Agrobacterium
tumefaciens) gy ra. NPV (nuclear polyhedral virus) c dng tr su xanh
(Heliothis armigera) v su xanh da lng (Spodoptera exigua). Nm Beauveria
bassiana c dng tr mt s loi cn trng. Cng ngy cc thuc gc vi sinh
cng c a chung v chng rt t c i vi ngi v cc sinh vt khng phi l
dch hi, cng nh tnh chuyn ha i vi cc dch hi. Ngoi cc VSV xut hin
trong t nhin cn c cc VSV vt c to ra bng k thut di truyn hin i.
Cc loi du ha
Nhiu loi du tinh lc c dng dit cn trng v nhn cng nh trng ca
chng. Cc du tinh lc tiu dit cn trng bng cch lm chng b ngt th. Mt s
du lc th c dng lm thuc dit c khng chuyn bit, chng dit c bng cch
ph hy mng t bo. Cc du c tnh dit cn trng hay dit c c phi ch vi cc
cht gy huyn ph v cc cht tr khc ci thin kh nng ha tan trong nc. Du
tinh lc c s dng lm thuc dit cn trng, nhn gm nm hng: nh, nh-trung
bnh, trung bnh, nng-trung bnh, nng.
Pheromones
y l nhng ha cht c bit do sinh vt tit ra kch thch hnh vi ca
nhng sinh vt khc cng mt loi. Nhiu loi cn trng da vo pheromone xc
nh v tr ca bn tnh. Cc loi pheromones cn trng nhn to c dng trong
phng tr dch hi gim st sinh hot ca cn trng cng nh nh thi gian s
dng cc loi thuc. Cc loi pheromone thng c dng chung vi by dnh v c
mt vai tr quan trng trong vic gim st hot ng ca cn trng trong nhng
chng trnh phng tr dch hi tng hp cng nh gim st tnh khng thuc ca
cn trng.

23
 Cc cht iu ha sinh trng v kch thch t sinh trng thc
vt
y l nhng cht hoc c ly trch t thc vt hoc c tng hp nhn to
bt chc cc ha cht c trong t nhin hoc nhng ha cht c kh nng kch
thch s tng trng ca cy trng. Trong t nhin, cc hormones ng vai tr iu
ha s n hoa, kt tri, tch ly cht dinh dng v ng ngh. Cc cht iu ha sinh
trng thc vt v cc hormone c dng iu chnh s tng trng ca cy, thc
y s sn xut tri, ta bt l d thu hoch hoc loi tr nhng cy mc khng
mong mun.
X bng
Cc x bng dng lm cht BVTV c th dit c cn trng, nhn, rong ru,
nm mc v a y. X bng cn tr s bin dng t bo ca cn trng. X bng c
hiu lc nht i vi nhng cn trng c thn mm nh ry mm, rp vy, psyllids
cng nh giai on u trng ca cc loi su khc. Loi x bng ny c ch ch
chng khng c i vi ng vt c xng sng, k c ngi. Tuy nhin cng c
mt s cy b thit hi khi phun x bng, do vy cn phi ch xem k nhn hiu x
bng c dng trong BVTV.
1.4. XM NHP V DCH CHUYN CA CHT C VO C TH SINH
VT
1.4.1. S xm nhp v di chuyn ca cht c vo trong c th nm bnh
B mt cht nguyn sinh c tnh khuch tn mnh, cn tr cc cht trong t bo
khuch tn ra ngoi. Ngc li c khi nguyn sinh li c tnh hp ph v to h s
cn bng. Trong iu kin bnh thng h s hp ph ny thp, khi b cht c tc
ng, h s cn bng ny s tng ln, cht c theo s vo t bo mnh hn. Mt
khc mng nguyn sinh cht c tnh thm chn lc, cho nhng cht ha tan i qua vi
tc khc nhau. Khi b cht c kch thch, tnh thm ca mng t bo cng tng
nhanh, cht c cng nhanh chng xm nhp vo t bo cho n khi trng thi cn
bng v p sut c thit lp. Mng t bo cng c kh nng hp ph mnh c bit
l cc ion kim loi nh ng, thy ngn... trn mng t bo cc ion ny tp trung li
vi nng cao cng xm nhp trc tip vo t bo nm bnh mnh.
1.4.2. S xm nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th cn trng
Nhng thuc cng d ha tan trong lipit v lipoproteit cht bo s cng d xm
nhp vo c th sinh vt qua con ng tip xc. Biu b cn trng khng c t bo
sng, c cu to bng lp lipit v lipoproteit bin tnh, c tc dng gi khung c th,
ngn khng cho nc ca cn trng thot ra ngoi v cc cht khc bn ngoi xm
nhp vo c th. Tuy nhin nhng lp biu b bao ph khng hon ton u trn ton
b c th cn trng, c nhng ch mng, mm nh cc khp u, ngc, bn chn,
chn lng...do thuc d dng xm nhp vo nhng v tr ny. Cc thuc dng sa d
xm nhp vo c th cn trng qua biu b v cng d xm nhp vo biu b ca l cy
hn. Sau khi xm nhp qua biu b, thuc s i tip vo mu v c mu di chuyn
n cc trung tm sng.

24
 Cc thuc xng hi th xm nhp vo l th, h thng kh qun v vi kh qun
sau i vo mu gy c cho cn trng. Cht c xm nhp qua ng h hp c
tnh c mnh hn cc ng khc do chng tc ng ngay n mu. Cng h
hp cng mnh, kh nng ng c cng tng. V th khi xng hi dit cc cn trng
trong kho, ngi ta thng hoc rt bt khng kh hoc bm thm kh CO2 vo kho
to ra tnh trang thiu oxy, lm cn trng h hp mnh ln, thuc s nhanh chng vo
c th cn trng.
Cc thuc tr su v c c chuyn t ming n ng thc qun, ti thc n
v rut gia. Di tc ng ca cc men c trong tuyn nc bt v dch rut gia,
thuc s chuyn t dng khng ha tan sang dng ha tan ri thm thu qua vch rut
hay ph v vch rut v huyt dch, cng huyt dch i n cc trung tm sng. Nhng
cht c cn li khng tan s b thi ra ngoi qua hu mn hoc qua nn ma, mt
phn nh cht c s thm thu vo thnh rut sau v b gia . Qu trnh bi tit
cng chm, thi gian lu tn ca thuc trong rut cng lu, lng cht c i vo v
tch ly trong rut cng nhiu, c ca thuc s mnh ln. pH ca dch rut nh
hng nhiu n tan ca thuc, tan cng ln nguy c gy c cng tng.
1.4.3. S xm nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th loi gm nhm
Thuc c th xm nhp vo c th loi gm nhm bng c 3 con ng: tip
xc, v c v xng hi. Nhng do kh nng hot ng ca cc loi gm nhm nn kh
dit chng bng con ng tip xc. Bin php dit loi gm nhm thng dng l
dng b thc n con ng v c. Con ng xng hi ch c tc dng trong
khong khng gian kn (trong kho, trong hang). D bng con ng no th cui cng
thuc cng vo mu. Khi vo mu, thuc mt phn ph hi mu, phn khc c vn
chuyn n trung tm sng, tc ng n cc chc nng sng ca cc c quan ny, loi
gm nhm s ng c ri cht.
1.4.4. S xm nhp v dch chuyn ca cht c vo c th c di
Cht c c th xm nhp vo mi b phn ca c th thc vt nhng l v r l
hai ni cht c d xm nhp nht. B mt l v cc b phn khc trn mt t c
bao ph bi mng lipoit v nhng cht bo khc, c bn cht l nhng cht khng
phn cc nn thng d cho nhng cht khng phn cc i qua. V thn l nhng lp
bn, thuc tr c phn cc hay khng phn cc u kh xm nhm nhp. Nhng nu
xm nhp qua v th thuc s i ngay vo b mch v di chuyn n cc b phn
khc ca cy. Git cht c nm trn l ban u xm nhp vo bn trong l nhanh,
theo thi gian, nc b bc hi, nng git thuc s tng cao, kh nng ha tan ca
thuc km, thuc xm nhp vo cy chm dn.
Cht c trong t xm nhp qua r l chnh (cng c th xm nhp qua ht
ging v nhng lng thn lp t mt) nh vo kh nng hp ph nc v cc cht
ha tan. Cc cht phn cc d xm nhp qua r. Tc xm nhp thuc qua r lc u
tng sau gim dn.

25
1.5. TC NG CA CHT C N C TH SINH VT
1.5.1. Cc iu kin cht c gy hi v gy cht i vi sinh vt
Thuc phi tip xc c vi sinh vt
y l iu kin tin quyt thuc pht huy tc dng. Mun thuc tip
xc c vi dch hi nhiu nht phi nm chc c tnh sinh vt hc, sinh thi hc
ca dch hi v c tnh ca tng loi thuc, tm bin php x l thuc thch hp
thuc tip xc nhiu nht vi dch hi v hn ch thuc tc ng n cc sinh vt
khng phi i tng phng tr, gim nguy c gy hi ca thuc n mi trng. Mi
loi sinh vt c cc c tnh khc nhau:
Cn trng: cn hiu r kh nng di chuyn ca cn trng, ni chng sng, ni
gy hi v cch gy hi, thi im hot ng ca chng chn thuc v phng php
x l thch hp.
Nm bnh v nhn: l nhng loi sinh vt t hoc khng t di chuyn. Cn
phi phun thuc ng v ni chng sng, ht thuc phi mn, tri u trn b mt vt
phun, lng nc phun tng i nhiu th mi pht huy tc dng.
Chut: y l loi di chuyn rt nhiu, nn phi t b lm sao cho chut d
tip xc vi b, thng t b trn li i ca chut, nn chn b khng hoc t mi hay
ch c mi hp dn chut, trnh dng nhng b gy tc ng mnh chut khng s
v phi thay b mi lin tc chng khng b quen b.
C di: phi phun ri v trn thuc vo t, to iu kin cho c di nhn c
nhiu thuc nht. Dng cc thuc tr c ni hp phun nhiu ln lin tip nhau di
liu gy cht s tng hiu qu ca thuc. Khi phun thuc tr c khng chn lc
rung c cy trng, phi phun nh hng, trnh cy trng tip xc vi thuc, trnh
b thuc gy hi v lm tng tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c.
Thuc phi xm nhp c vo c th sinh vt, sau dch chuyn n
trung tm sng ca chng. C nhiu con ng thuc xm nhp vo c th sinh
vt:
Thuc xm vo c th dch hi bng con ng tip xc: l nhng thuc gy
c cho sinh vt khi thuc xm nhp qua biu b ca chng.
Thuc xn nhp vo c th dch hi bng con ng v c: l nhng loi thuc
gy c cho ng vt khi thuc xm nhp qua ng tiu ha ca chng. pH dch
rut v thi gian tn ti ca thuc trong d dy v rut non nh hng rt mnh n
hiu lc ca thuc.
Thuc c tc ng xng hi: l nhng loi thuc c kh nng bay hi, u c
bu khng kh quay quanh dch hi v gy c cho sinh vt khi thuc xm nhp qua
ng h hp.
Thuc c tc ng thm su: l nhng thuc c kh nng xm nhp qua biu b
thc vt, thm vo cc t bo bn trong, dit dch hi bn trong cy v cc b phn ca
cy. Cc thuc ny ch c tc ng theo chiu ngang m khng c kh nng di chuyn
trong cy.

26
 Thuc c tc ng ni hp: l nhng loi thuc c kh nng xm nhp qua
thn, l, r v cc b phn khc ca cy, thuc dch chuyn c trong cy, dit c
dch hi xa vng tip xc vi thuc. Nhng thuc xm nhp qua r ri di chuyn ln
cc b phn pha trn ca cy cng dng nha nguyn c gi l vn chuyn hng
ngn. Do mch g l cc t bo gi nn cht c t b tc ng. Ngc li c nhng
loi thuc xm nhp qua l, vn chuyn xung cc b phn pha di ca cy cng
dng nha luyn theo mch libe gi l vn chuyn hng gc hay cc thuc mang tnh
lu dn. Mch libe l cc t bo sng ang pht trin, nn thuc b cc cht trong t
bo sng, men v cc yu t sinh hc tc ng. C thuc xm nhp c qua l v r, vn
chuyn c hng ngn v hng gc.
1.5.2. S bin i ca cht c trong c th sinh vt
Trong qu trnh xm nhp vo c th sinh vt, cht c c th b bin i do cc
qu trnh thy phn, oxy ho kh, lin hp, phn ng trao i v.v... Ngoi ra s bin
i ca cht c cn c th xy ra do hot ng ca cc men, do tc ng ca nc
bt, tc ng ca thc n,, tc ng ca huyt dch v.v... S bin i c th xy ra theo
2 hng:
- c b gim:
Cc alkaloid thc vt + tanin trong thc n -> cc cht ho tan -> gim c.
enzyme
DDT--------------------------------> DDE
Phn ng t bo v
- c tng:
kh
Thuc tr nm lu hunh ----------------------> Hydrosunfua: c cao.
Thiophos (Ethyl Parathion) --------------------> Paraoxon c hn.
1.5.3 Tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt
Cch thc thuc BVTV tiu dit hoc khng ch cc sinh vt gy hi c gi
l cch tc ng. Hiu bit r cch tc ng ca thuc s gip ngi s dng chn
ng thuc v tin on c kt qu s dng thuc trong mt mi trng c th no
. Chng hn, nu gp mt loi cn trng khng mt loi thuc A, ta c th chn
mt thuc khc c cch tc ng khc bit vi thuc A t c kt qu phng tr
tt hn.
Thng thng, cc thuc BVTV trong cng mt nhm c cch tc ng in
hnh ging nhau do chng c th c mt s ng im v cu trc ha hc, tnh bn
vng trong mi trng. Thuc BVTV c th gy ra tc ng cc b, lu dn hoc c
hai. Khi thuc tip xc vi l v gy h hi l, ta c tc ng cc b. Khi thuc c
dn n cc v tr khc trong cy ta c tc ng lu dn, chng hn mt s thuc dit
c phun trn l c dn n nh sinh trng r v thn; Thuc chng ng mu
c dn t h tiu ha loi gm nhm vo trong mu v cn tr tin trnh ng mu

27
bnh thng. Cc LHC v Carbamate cn tr s vn chuyn lung thn kinh ti mt s
v tr trong h thn kinh trung ng ca cn trng.
Thuc BVTV c th c phun vo cy k ch bo v ton cy khi s hy
hoi ca dch hi, chng hn khi phun cc thuc dit cn trng lu dn vo t, n s
c dn ln l v gy ng c cho cc su n l.
i vi thuc dit c, mt s c cch tc ng hy dit trc tip trn b l b
phun thuc v gy ho, mt s khc cn tr s ht dinh dng v kh nng sinh
trng v quang hp ca cy. Cch thc tc ng quy nh cch s dng thuc dit c.
Loi thuc c ch s ny mm v tng trng cy mi mc c gi l thuc tin ny
mm. Thuc c a vo t khng ch cy con c di trc khi chng mc ln
mt t. Cc loi khc c tc dng sau ny mm c phun vo b l hoc t ang
c c mc. M s thuc sau ny mm cng c tc dng tip xc.
Thuc dit cn trng c nhiu loi tc dng: c thn kinh, c c, gy rng l,
kch thch tng trng thc vt, trit sinh sn, hoc ch c tc dng bt nght cc l kh.
Thng thng thuc st trng c nhiu cch tc dng khc nhau.
Mt s thuc dit nm c tc dng hy dit v chng c kh nng tiu dit nm
xm nhim vo m cy v gy bnh. Cch tc ng ca thuc ny l c ch cc
hot ng bin dng ca cc nm ang sinh trng. Cc loi khc c tc dng phng
nga s xm nhim ca nm.
Ni tm li khi thuc BVTV xm nhp vo c th dch hi s:
- To ra cc bin i l ha hc.
- Tc ng n s phn hy cc acid amin trong t bo sinh vt.
- Kt hp vi nhng kim loi v cc thnh phn khc ca t bo gy cn
tr cho s pht trin.
- Lm t lit hot ng ca cc men hoc c ch hot tnh ca cc men.
- Tc ng n s hnh thnh ca cc vitamin trong c th hoc lm mt
tc dng ca chng.
Khi xy ra nhng bin i v l ho hc ni trn th t bo khng hon thnh
chc nng sinh l ca chng c na. Trong mt s iu kin no , s ph hy
trng thi bnh thng ca t bo c th dn n s cht ca chng.
1.5.4. Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c i vi sinh vt
Sau khi cht c xm nhp vo t bo, tc ng n cc trung tm sng, ty
tng i tng v ty iu kin khc nhau m gy ra cc tc ng trn c th sinh vt
nh sau:
a. Tc ng ton b, cc b
Cht c ch gy ra nhng bin i ti nhng m m cht c trc tip tip xc
vi cht c nn gi l tc ng cc b. Nhng c nhiu cht c sau khi xm nhp
vo c th sinh vt, li di chuyn khp c th, tc ng n nhng ni xa v tr tip
xc vi cht c, tc ng ln ton b c th sinh vt gi l cc cht c tc dng ton
b. Nhng thuc c tc dng ni hp, lu dn thng th hin c tnh ny.

28
b. Tc ng tch ly
Khi sinh vt tip xc vi cht c nhiu ln, nu qu trnh hp thu nhanh hn
qu trnh bi tit s xy ra hin tng tch ly ha hc. Nhng cng c trng hp c
th ch tch ly nhng hiu ng do cc ln s dng thuc lp li mt d lng thuc
cc ln dng trc b bi tit ra ht, hin tng ny c gi l s tch ly chc
nng.
c. Tc ng lin hp
Khi hn hp hai hay nhiu cht vi nhau, hiu lc c th tng ln v hin tng
ny c gi l tc ng lin hp. Nh tc ng lin hp m c th gim s ln phun
thuc, gim chi ph phun v dit ng thi nhiu loi dch hi cng lc.
d. Tc ng i khng
Ngc vi hin tng lin hp l tc ng i khng, c ngha l khi hn hp
cht c ny s l suy gim c ca cht kia. Hin tng i khng c th c gy
ra di tc ng ha hc, l hc v sinh hc ca cc thuc vi nhau. Nguyn cu tc
ng lin hp v i khng c ngha rt ln trong cng ngh gia cng thuc v l c
s cho hai hay nhiu loi thuc c hn hp vi nhau.
e.Tc ng di hu
Mt s cht c khi xm nhp vo c th sinh vt khng lm cht sinh vt
nhng ph hi cc chc nng sinh l ca tng c quan ring bit, lm sinh vt khng
pht trin bnh thng, nh cn trng khng lt xc c, hoc cn trng khng
trng c hay t v c t l trng n thp, kh nng sng st km. Ngoi ra cht
c c th lm cho sinh vt pht trin km, ci cc...
1.5.5. Hin tng tc ng c ca cht c n c th sinh vt
a. Tc ng ca cht c n c th ng vt
- S c cc phn ng c trng ca s trng c. Cn trng c th mt
tnh hot ng, mt nhp iu n khp gia cc b phn.
- Gy hng phn -----> t lit.
- Gy i ma, lm gim trng lng, bng ngoi da, da b mt mu, gy
tn thng cc c quan bn trong.
- nh hng n trng, gy qui thai.
b. Tc ng ca cht c n nhng tc nhn gy bnh
- Tc ng trc tip ti vch t bo, mng ty th hoc hch ca t bo,
gy ri lon cc hot ng.
- Ngn cn s tng hp cc cht
- Gy tr ngi cho s hot ng ca men v s tng hp men.
- Ngn cn s hnh thnh bo t.
c. Tc ng ca cht c n cy trng
Tc dng kch thch
- nng thp, mt s thuc c tc dng kch thch nht nh i vi
sinh trng ca cy trng.
29
 - Nng t l mc mm.
- Ci thin s pht trin ca b r: thuc tr su 666 s dng nng 1%
phun ln m lm r pht trin tt.
- Tng chiu cao cy v din tch ng ha.
- Lm cho cy ra hoa sm, tri chn sm (mt s thuc chlor hu c).
- Chng ng (Kitazin).
Nguyn nhn ca cc tc ng trn gm c: Thc y nhanh tc ng trao i
cht ca cy trng, tng cng quang hp v h hp. S c mt ca cc nguyn t vi
lng. Tng cng hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt t.
Tc dng gy c
- Dng cht c liu lng qu cao x l ging hay t thng lm cho
t l ny mm, sc ny mm ca ging b gim st, cc cy mc ln c
cng pht trin km, r ngn, mu sc khng bnh thng.
- Thuc c tc ng trn ton b cy trn mt t trng.
- Thuc gim tnh chng chu ca cy trng, nh hng n phm cht
ca nng sn (HCH k ngh lm cho nng sn c mi hi).
- Theo quy lut chung, tc ng ca cht c n cy trng ph thuc vo
thnh phn cu trc, c im ca cht , ph thuc vo c im ca cy
trng v nhng iu kin ngoi cnh.
- Khi cy trng b hi c hai hin tng: (1) hin tng b ng c cp
tnh (kh, chy, thng, qun queo, dn, d rch, rng hoa tri); (2) hin
tng b c mn tnh (gim sinh trng, gim tnh chng chu, cht lng
thay i).
Nguyn nhn gy ra cc tc hi:
- nh hng ca bn thn thuc v cht lng thuc.
- nh hng ca loi cy trng v cc giai on pht trin ca chng cng
nh c tnh sinh l ca cy trng.
- Phng php s dng thuc sai.
Do trong vic sn xut thuc ngi ta ch ti ch tiu ha tr liu l mt
ch s ni ln mc an ton i vi thc vt ca mt loi thuc khi s dng tr
dch hi trn ng rung. Ch tiu ny c tnh theo cng thc:
K=C/T
K: ch tiu ha tr liu
C: liu gy cht ti thiu i vi dch hi
T: liu ti a ca thuc m cy c th chu c.
Trong nhng iu nht nh m K cng nh ( C cng nh v T cng ln) th loi
thuc cng an ton i vi cy. Khi T<< C loi thuc tr thnh nguy him ch s
dng lm b c hoc x l t nhng khu vc cha trng trt.
1.6. NHNG YU T NH HNG N TNH C CA CHT C
C nhiu yu t lm tng hoc gim kh nng phng dit ca thuc BVTV i
vi cc dch hi. Cc yu t nh hng gm c: nhit , m , nh sng, gi, ma,
30
c tnh ca cht c, yu t di truyn, tui v th trng ca sinh vt. Thi gian cn c
mt i mt na lng thuc ban u gi l bn sinh (half life) ca thuc. Bn sinh
ca thuc ty thuc vo c im ca ha cht v dng bo ch, vi sinh vt t, tia
UV, cht lng nc pha thuc cng nh cc cht ln tp trong thuc. Trn cc loi
thuc BVTV li vi nhau c th lm tng hoc gim bn sinh. Loi thuc tn ti lu
trong thin nhin di dng hot ng c gi l thuc bn vng. Sau y l cc yu
t chnh nh hng n c tnh ca thuc BVTV.
1.6.1. S lin quan gia tnh cht ca cht c v tnh c ca cht c
a. S lin quan gia c im ho hc ca cht c v tnh c ca cht c
Trong phn t cht c thng c nhng gc sinh c quyt nh n c
ca cht . Cc gc sinh c c th ch l mt phn t hay mt loi nguyn t hoc c
th l mt nhm cc nguyn t biu hin c trng tnh c ca cht . Cc thuc
BVTV c ngun gc khc nhau nn c c ch tc ng cng khc nhau.
Mt hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc mnh thng l nhng cht c c cao,
cc cht c c ni i hay ni ba, cc phn t d t gy, d phn ng nn thng
lm tng c ca thuc. iu ny cng gii thch ti sao cc thuc thuc nhm
pyrethroid c kh nng tc ng mnh, nhanh n cn trng. Hay i vi du khong,
c ca thuc i vi sinh vt ph thuc vo hm lng hydratcacbon cha no
cha trong cc phn t ca chng. Hm lng ny cng cao, cng d gy c cho sinh
vt, ng thi cng d gy hi cho cy trng.
S thay th nhm ny bng nhm khc, hay s thm bt i mt nhm ny hay
nhm khc c trong phn t cng s lm thay i c v tnh c ca hp cht rt
nhiu. V d: s clo ha ca naphtalen v benzen lm tng tnh c ln 10 20 ln,
ca phenol ln 2 100 ln.
S thay i nh trong cu trc phn t cng c th lm thay i c ca
thuc thuc tr su 666 (benzen hexa chlorid) thuc nhm Clo hu c, c 8 ng phn
nhng ch c ng phn y l c hiu lc tr su mnh nht. Trong nhm pyrethroid,
cc ng phn quang hc c c khc nhau. Thuc Fenvalerat c 4 ng phn
quang hc khc nhau nhng ng phn Esfenvalerat c c gp 4 ln cc ng
phn khc gp li.
Cc cht c mun pht huy tnh c phi xm nhp vo trong t bo. Tnh
phn cc v khng phn cc ca cht c cng c ngha ln trong kh nng xm
nhp ca cht c vo trong c th sinh vt. Cc cht c kh nng phn cc, phn b
khng u trong phn t v d tan trong cc dung mi phn cc, trong c nc.
Cc cht phn cc ph bin trong cc hp cht hu c l cc cht c cha nhm
hydroxyl, carbonyl v amin. Chng rt kh xm nhp qua cc t bo v biu b ca
sinh vt. Th tch phn t ca cc cht cng ln th kh nng xm nhp ca chng vo
t bo cng kh. Nguyn nhn l ng knh cc l nh trong lp lipoproteit ca mng
t bo gii hn s xm nhp ca cc cht phn cc vo t bo. Mc in ly ca
cc phn t cht phn cc nh hng rt ln n s xm nhp ca cht c vo t bo.
Nhng ion t do, ngay c khi th tch phn t ca chng nh hn kch thc ca cc l
trn mng nguyn sinh cng xm nhp km, thm ch khng xm nhp c vo t
bo. L do: b mt ca nguyn sinh cht c s tch in, trn thnh mng nguyn sinh
31
cht xut hin lc y cc ion cng du v ht cc ion khc du quyt nh kh
nng xm nhp nhanh chm ca cc cht ny vo t bo. Cc cht phn cc li d xm
nhp vo cy qua h thng r, bng s ha tan trong nc v c cy ht.
b. S lin quan gia c im vt l ca cht c v ca ch phm thuc n tnh c
ca cht c
Cc sn phm k thut cc dng lng, dung dch, bt hay cht kt tinh c hm
lng cht c cao. Chng rt c vi ngi, ng vt mu nng, cy trng v mi
trng. Do c c cao, nn lng thuc s dng trn n v din tch thp nn rt
kh tri iu trn n v din tch. Chng c bm dnh km, t tan trong nc v
thng khng thch hp cho vic s dng ngay. V vy cc thuc BVTV thng c
gia cng thnh cc dng khc nhau nhm ci thin l tnh ca thuc, tng bm dnh
cng nh s tri u ca thuc, to iu kin cho thuc c s dng d dng, an ton,
hiu qu, gim gy nhim mi trng, t gy hi cho thc vt v cc loi sinh vt c
ch khc. c im vt l ca thuc BVTV c anh hng rt ln n c ca thuc
v hiu qu phng tr ca chng. Nhng c im vt l l:
Kch thc v trng lng ht thuc: c nh hng rt nhiu n c ca
thuc, ht thuc c kch thc ln, c din tch b mt nh, thng kh ha tan trong
biu b l, gim kh nng xm nhp. Ht thuc c kch thc ln kh bm dnh trn b
mt vt phun nn thng b ri vi tht thot nhiu, gim lng thuc tn ti trn b
mt vt phun. i vi cn trng, kch thc ht thuc ln s kh xm nhp vo ming
cn trng, lng thuc xm nhp vo c th cn trng s t, hiu lc c thuc v th
cng gim theo. Vi cc thuc dng bt thm nc khi pha vi nc to thnh huyn
ph, kch thc ht ln lm cho huyn ph d b lng ng, kh tri u trn b mt,
d lm tc vi phun, rt kh s dng.
Hnh dng ht thuc nh hng nhiu n bm dnh v tnh c ca thuc.
Ht thuc x x, nhiu gc cnh d bm dnh trn b mt vt phun hn cc ht thuc
trn lng.
Trong huyn ph v nh tng, l lng lu ca cc ht thuc s gip phn
tn cht c tt, nng cao c c ca thuc, ng thi cng lm gim kh nng
gy tc bm.
Kh nng bm dnh ca thuc l mt trong nhng nhn t ko di hiu lc ca
thuc. Thuc c bm dnh tt, t b tht thot do ra tri, chng c tc hi ca m
, ma v gi, lng thuc lu tn trn cy nhiu hn v lu hn.
Tnh thm t v kh nng loang ca git thuc cng nh hng ln n hiu
lc ca thuc. Mun cho thuc loang v dnh tt cn phi lm gim sc cng b mt
gia cht lng v khng kh. y l l do khi gia cng thuc BVTV ngi ta phi
thm cc cht hot ng b mt. tin cho ngi s dng, cc nh sn xut gia
cng thuc BVTV thnh cc dng khc nhau ph hp cho mc ch s dng. Cc dng
thuc khc nhau c kh nng gy c khc nhau. Thng thng c i vi ng
vt mu nng v thc vt ca thuc dng sa cao hn nhng thuc dng bt.

32
1.6.2. S lin quan gia c im ca sinh vt vi tnh c ca cht c
Cc loi sinh vt c phn ng rt khc nhau i vi mt loi thuc, cng mt
loi thuc, cng mt liu lng, mt phng php x l, thm ch trn cng mt
im x l nhng c loi sinh vt ny b thuc gy hi, loi khc li khng hoc t b
gy hi. V d: thuc tr c Ethoxysulfuron dit c chc lc v l rng rt tt nhng
khng dit c nhm c ha bn v an ton cho la. Thuc Buprofezin c hiu lc
tr cc loi cn trng c ming chch ht nhng khng dit tr c cn trng c
ming nhai.
Cng mt loi sinh vt, tnh mn cm ca loi sinh vt cc giai on pht dc
khc nhau cng khng ging nhau vi tng loi thuc. V d giai oi trng v nhng
ca cn trng thng chng thuc mnh hn giai on su non v trng thnh, c
non thng chng chu thuc km hn c gi.
Gii tnh ca sinh vt cng nh hng n s chng chu ca thuc. Thng
thng th kh nng chng chu ca con c km hn con ci.
Tnh mn cm ca cc c th sinh vt trong mt loi, cng giai on pht dc
vi mt loi thuc cng khc nhau. Khi b mt lng rt nh cht c tc ng, c
nhng c th b hi rt nghim trng nhng c cc c th khc khng b hi. l
phn ng c th ca sinh vt gy nn do c loi sinh vt c cu to khc nhau v hnh
thi, c trng v sinh l sinh ha khc nhau. Nhng cn trng i n, sinh trng
trong iu kin kh khn thng c sc chng chu vi thuc km.
1.6.3. nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n tnh c ca cht c
Yu t ngoi cnh nh hng trc tip n l ha tnh ca thuc BVTV, ng
thi nh hng n trng thi sinh l ca sinh vt v kh nng sinh vt tip xc vi
thuc, nn chng nh hng n tnh c ca thuc cng nh kh nng tn lu ca
thuc trn cy.
a. Nhng yu t thi tit, t ai
Tnh thm ca mng nguyn sinh cht chu nh hng mnh m ca iu kin
ngoi cnh nh pH ca mi trng, nh sng, nhit , m ... do tnh thm thay
i, kh nng xm nhp ca cht c vo bn trong t bo sinh vt cng thay i, ni
cch khc, lng thuc BVTV xm nhp vo t bo sinh vt nhiu t khc nhau, nn
c ca thuc th hin khng ging nhau.
a s cc thuc BVTV trong phm vi nhit nht nh (t 10 400C), c
ca thuc s tng khi nhit tng. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l trong phm vi
nhit thch hp, khi nhit tng, hot ng sng ca sinh vt s tng, ko theo s
trao i cht ca sinh vt tng, to iu kin cho thuc vo c th sinh vt mnh hn,
nguy c ng c ln hn. Hiu lc ca thuc xng hi tng ln r rt khi nhit
tng.
Trong mt s trng hp, khi nhit tng, hiu lc ca thuc s gim.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l, khi tng nhit trong phm vi nht nh lm
tng hot tnh ca cc men phn gii thuc, nn lm gim s ng c thuc n dch
hi. V d: thuc DDT, khi s dng nhit thp s c hiu qu hn nhit cao.

33
 Mt s thuc tr c, nhit cao s lm tng kh nng phn hy ca thuc,
hiu lc v thi gian hu hiu ca thuc do th cng b gim.
Nhit thp nhiu khi nh hng n kh nng chng chu ca cy vi thuc.
V d: khi phun thuc tr c 2,4 D hay Butachlor cho la s thng, gp rt di ngy d
b cht hng lot. Nguyn nhn l do nhit thp, cy la khng ra r kp, mm thc
khng pht trin thnh cy, li tip xc vi thuc lin tc nn b cht.
Nhit nh hng nhiu n bn v tui th ca sn phm, nhit t cao
thng lm thuc phn hy nhanh, lm tng s lng ng ca cc git hay ht cht c
trong thuc dng lng, gy phn lp cc thuc dng sa, dng huyn ph m c.
m khng kh v m t ca tc ng n qu trnh sinh l ca sinh vt
cng nh c ca thuc. m s lm cho thuc b thy phn v ha tan ri mi
tc ng n dch hi. m cng to iu kin cho thuc xm nhp vo cy d dng
hn. m cng nh hng nhiu n l tnh ca thuc, c bit cc thuc th rn.
Di tc dng ca m , thuc d b vn, kh phn tn v kh ha tan.
Nhit v m c nh hng nhiu n cht lng thuc BVTV, nn khi
bo qun, nh sn xut thng khuyn phi ct gi thuc ni thong mt cht lng
thuc t b thay i.
Lng ma cng l yu t anh hng n thuc, lng ma va s gip thuc
dng ht ha tan tt trong t, nhng ma to, c bit l sau khi phun thuc gp ma
ngay, thuc rt d b ra tri, nht l cc thuc dng bt, cc thuc ch c tc dng tip
xc. V vy khng nn phun thuc khi tri sp ma.
nh sng nh hng n tnh thm ca cht nguyn sinh, cng nh sng
cng mnh, lm tng cng thot hi nc, tng kh nng xm nhp ca thuc vo
cy, hiu lc ca thuc s cng cao. Nhng cng c mt s loi thuc s b nh sng
phn gii, nht l nh sng tm, do thuc nhanh gim hiu lc. Mt khc, di tc
ng ca nh sng mnh, thuc xm nhp v cy mnh s d gy chy cy. Nhng
cng c nhng loi thuc nh 2,4 D phi nh nh sng, thng qua qu trnh quang hp
ca cy, thuc mi c kh nng di chuyn trong cy v gy c cho cy. Thuc
Paraquat ch c hot ha, gy cht cho c di tc ng ca nh sng.
c tnh l ha ca t cng nh hng n hiu lc ca cc loi thuc bn vo
t. Khi bn thuc vo t, thuc thng b keo t hp th do trong t c keo t v
mn. Hm lng keo v mn cao, thuc cng b hp ph vo t, lng thuc c s
dng cng nhiu, nu khng tng lng dng, hiu lc ca thuc b gim. Nhng nu
thuc b gi li nhiu qu, bn cnh gim hiu lc ca thuc, cn c th nh hng
n cy trng v sau, nht l nhng loi cy mn cm vi thuc .
Hm lng cht dinh dng c trong t cng c th lm gim hay tng c
ca thuc BVTV. pH ca t c th phn hy trc tip thuc BVTV trong t v
s pht trin vi sinh vt t. Thng thng, mi trng acid th nm pht trin mnh
cn mi trng kim th vi khun li pht trin nhanh hn.
Thnh phn v s lng cc vi sinh vt sng trong t, c bit l cc vi sinh
vt c ch cho ph nhiu ca t, c nh hng ln n s tn lu ca thuc trong
t. Thuc tr su tc ng nhiu n cc loi ng vt sng trong t. Ngc li, cc
34
thuc tr bnh li tc ng n cc vi sinh vt trong t. Cc thuc tr c tc ng
khng theo mt quy lut r rt. Nhiu loi vi sinh vt trong t c kh nng s dng
thuc BVTV lm ngun dinh dng. Nhng thuc BVTV c th b cc vi sinh vt ny
phn hy v s phn hy cng tng khi lng vi sinh vt ny trong t cng nhiu.
b. Nhng yu t v cy trng v iu kin canh tc
Khi iu kin canh tc tt, v sinh ng rung tt s hn ch c ngun dch
hi nn gim c s gy hi ca dch hi.
Trong phng tr c di, tnh hnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng v c
di mang mt ngha quan trng. Khi mt cy trng cao, cy pht trin mnh, cy
cng gi, cng cnh tranh vi c di mnh, nhiu khi khng cn tr c. Nhng trong
tnh hung nht nh phi phng tr, phi tin hnh ht sc thn trng, m bo k
thut thuc khng nh hng n cy trng. Khi c di pht trin mnh, vic phng
tr c di cng kh khn, lng thuc dng cng nhiu, cng d gy hi cho cy. Ni
chung, thc vt cng non cng d b thuc tr c tc ng.
Di tc ng ca thuc BVTV, cy trng c c bo v khi s ph hi
ca dch hi s sinh trng v pht trin tt. Khi cy sinh trng tt s to ngun thc
n di do, dch hi c thc n, cht lng thc n tt nn dch hi pht trin mnh,
c sc chu ng vi thuc tt hn. Mt khc, khi cy sinh trng tt, cy pht trin
rm rp, c li cho dch hi n nu, thuc kh tri u, kh tip xc vi dch hi,
lng nc thuc cn nhiu hn, vic phng tr dch hi tr nn kh khn hn, hiu
qu ca thuc b gim nhiu.
Trong iu kin cy trng sinh trng tt, s lng dch hi sng st do khng
hay t c tip xc vi thuc s sng trong iu kin mi thun li, t b cnh tranh
bi cc c th cng loi, ca cc k sinh thin ch, ngun thc n di do, cht lng
tt d hnh thnh tnh chng thuc, gy bng pht s lng. Di tc ng ca thuc,
tnh a dng ca sinh qun b gim, c v chng loi ln s lng. Khi cc loi k sinh
thin ch b hi, d lm cho dch hi ti pht, c th thnh dch, gy hi nhiu cho cy
trng. Khi dng lin tc mt hay mt s loi thuc dit tr mt s loi dch hi
chnh s lm cho nhng loi dch hi th yu trc kia ni ln tr thnh dch hi ch
yu, c coi l xut hin mt loi dch hi mi.
1.7. NH HNG XU CA THUC BVTV N QUN TH SINH VT
NNG NGHIP
1.7.1. Phn ng ca dch hi vi cht c liu lng thp
Dch hi cn sng sau mi t x l thuc, do khng b trng thuc hay trng
liu lng dc mc gy cht s pht trin trong iu kin khc trc, mt qun th
gim, cy trng sinh trng tt hn, dch hi hng ngun thc n di do, c cht
lng cao thay i sc sinh sn, c im sinh l ca cc c th trong qun th, mt
thin ch gim nn dch hi d hi phc s lng. Di tc ng ca liu di
mc gy cht, dch hi s pht trin mnh, gy kh khn cho vic phng tr.

35
1.7.2. Tnh chng thuc ca dch hi
Tnh chng thuc (khng thuc) ca dch hi l hin tng ph bin nhiu
loi sinh vt trn nhiu a bn khc nhau (trn ng rung, trong kho, trn cn, di
nc...). nhng tnh chng thuc c hnh thnh mnh nht cn trng v nhn.
Hin tng chng thuc c nu ln u vo nm 1887, nhng hin tng
c m t k u tin l hin tng chng lu hunh vi ca loi rp sp
Quadraspidiotus pezniciosus Comst (1914). Gia nhng nm 80 ca th k 20 c
trn 100 loi nm v vi khun; khong 50 loi c di; 12 loi chut; 447 loi cn trng
v nhn (trong c 264 loi cn trng v nhn hi trong nng nghip) hnh thnh
tnh chng thuc. u tin nhiu loi cn trng v nhn ch chng thuc gc Clo, ln
hu c v carbamate th nay cc nhm thuc mi nh pyrethroit, cc cht trit sn, cc
cht iu ha tng trng cn trng, cc thuc vi sinh vt cng b chng. Nhiu loi
dch hi khng nhng ch chng mt loi thuc m cn c th chng nhiu loi thuc
khc nhau. Nm 1977, c ti 70% s thuc khng sinh v 90% thuc tr bnh ni
hp b nm v vi khun chng li. C di cng hnh thnh tnh chng thuc, hu ht
cc nhm thuc tr c u b c di chng li. Ring thuc Paraquat, n nay c
khong 18 loi c chng thuc ny.
phng tr dch hi chng thuc, bin php u tin l phi dng nhiu
thuc hn, dn n chi ph s tng ln v mi trng s b u c nhiu hn.
Tnh chng thuc l mt tr ngi cho vic dng thuc ha hc dit tr dch
hi v gy tm l nghi ng hiu qu ca cc loi thuc s dng. Cc thuc tr dch hi
mi ra i khng kp thay th cho cc thuc b dch hi chng.
Dch hi chng thuc gy ra nhng tn tht ln trong sn xut nng nghip
v trong y t nhiu nc v ngy cng tr nn nghim trng. Nhiu chng trnh
phng chng dch hi trong nng nghip v trong y t ca cc t chc quc t v trong
khu vc da ch yu vo thuc ha hc b tht bi. T nm 1963, t chc y t th
gii (WHO) v t chc nng lng th gii (FAO) thnh lp mt mng li nghin
cu tnh chng thuc ca dch hi v tm bin php khc phc.
nh ngha tnh chng thuc ca dch hi: l s gim st phn ng ca qun
th ng thc vt i vi mt loi thuc tr dch hi, sau mt thi gian di, qun th
ny lin tc tip xc vi thuc khin cho nhng loi sinh vt y chu c lng
thuc ln hn c th tiu dit c hu ht cc c th cng loi cha chng thuc, kh
nng ny c di truyn qua i sau, d c th i sau c hay khng tip xc vi
thuc (WHO, 1976)
Ch s chng thuc (resistance index Ri) hay h s chng thuc (resistance
coefficient Rc) l ch tiu xc nh tnh chng thuc ca dch hi.
LD50 ca loi dch hi nghi chng thuc
Ri (Rc) = -------------------------------------------------------------
LD50 ca cng loi dch hi cha tip xc vi thuc
Ri (Rc) 10 c th kt lun ni chng thuc hnh thnh.
Ri (Rc) < 10 th ni ch mi trng thi chu thuc.
36
 Ri (Rc) c th t n tr s hng trm thm ch ln n hng ngn.
Loi dch hi cha tng tip xc vi thuc c gi l dng mn cm. Mun c
c dng mn cm nhiu khi phi nhn nui dch hi trong phng th nghim, cch ly
hon ton vi thuc BVTV.
1.7.3. S suy gim v tnh a dng trong sinh qun
Trong h sinh thi, nhiu loi sinh vt c mi quan h qua li vi nhau, bn
cnh quan h h tr, cc loi ny cn c mi quan h cnh tranh i khng. Cc mi
quan h ny rt phc tp nhng to ra th cn bng gia cc loi, khng cho php mt
loi no trong h sinh thi pht trin qu mc, to nn nhng trn dch. H sinh thi
cng phc tp, cng nhiu loi sinh vt th h sinh thi cng bn vng.
Tnh a dng trong h sinh thi nng nghip tuy khng phong ph bng h sinh
thi trong t nhin nhng cng rt phc tp v lun thay i di tc ng ca con
ngi. Thuc BVTV l mt trong nhng yu t quan trong do con ngi to ra lm
mt tnh n nh ca qun th sinh vt. Thuc BVTV dng trn qui m cng ln, thi
gian dng cng di, s ln phun thuc cng nhiu s lm gim cng mnh s c th
trong loi v gim s loi trong qun th.
1.7.4. S xut hin loi dch hi mi
Sau mt thi gian dng thuc, mt s loi dch hi ch yu trc y ch cn
gy hi khng ng k. Ngc li mt s loi su hi trc y khng c coi trng
li tr nn rt nguy him, gy nn nhng tn tht to ln. Vic phng tr nhng loi
dch hi mi ni ln ny thng phc tp v kh khn hn trc nhiu.
Vit Nam, sau 6 7 nm dng thuc DDT, Wofatox tr su hi chnh trn
ch, cam qut v bng lm cho nhn hi t ch l loi dch hi khng ng k tr
thnh mt loi dch hi nguy him gy kh l trn din rng, cc loi rp sp theo
cng pht trim mnh. Trn bng, ngoi nhn cn nhiu i tng mi pht sinh nh
ry xanh (Chlorita bigutula), su n tp (Spodoptera sp.) v su xanh (Heliothis sp.)
mi xut hin nhiu vng trng bng Nha H t khi dng thuc tr su dit su
su loang v su xanh.
Vic thay i thnh phn cc thuc dit c trn ng rung la Nht Bn
cng l mt v d l th. Nhng thuc tr c 2,4 D, MCPA c dng tr c l
rng v ci lc vo nhng nm 50 c thay th dn bng cc loi thuc tr c lng
vc nh DCPA v Saturn vo nhng nm 60. Do vic dng thuc tr c l rng v ci
lc thp nin 50 m thp nin 60 c lng vc tr nn loi c gy hi chnh yu.
Nh vy, dch hi mi khng phi l nhng loi dch hi t ni khc di chuyn
n m l dch hi th yu c ngay ti a phng mi bng pht m thnh. S hnh
thnh cc loi dch hi mi l kt qu ca s sai khc v mn cm gia cc loi v
kh nng hnh thnh tnh chng thuc sm hn cc loi khc.
1.7.5. S ti pht ca dch hi
Ngay khi dng thuc tr su hay tr nhn, s lng dch hi gim i nhanh
chng, sau mt thi gian ngn, chng li hi phc s lng nhng nhiu hn trc.
chng li dch hi, ngi ta li tip tc dng thuc, qu trnh ny c lp li. khc

37
phc ngi ta li tng nng v liu lng, tng s ln dng thuc, khong cch gia
cc ln dng thuc ngn li. Kt qu thi gian dch hi hi phc li s lng qun th
cng ngn dn, s ln ti phi cng nhanh v nng thm, dch hi d chng thuc, i
sng cc sinh vt c ch cng b e da, mi trng sng cng b nhim. Hin tng
ny c gi l s ti pht ca dch hi v c nghin cu nhiu trn nhn v cn
trng.
nh gi mc ti pht ca dch hi ngi ta dng h s ti pht. H s ti
pht bng t s gia s lng c th ca qun th dch hi c x l thuc so vi s
lng c th ca cng loi dch hi ni khng dng thuc ti cng thi im iu
tra. H s ti pht c tnh theo cng thc sau:
S lng c th dch hi rung phun thuc
H s ti pht = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
S lng c th ca loi dch hi rung khng phun thuc

Hin tng ti pht dch hi ph bin c trn cn, di nc, c vng n i

v nhit i. Ring chu u c khong 50 loi cn trng v nhn gy hi trn cy
trng c hin tng ny (Rud, 1970). ng tng kt cc nguyn nhn gy ra hin
tng ti pht dch hi l:
Thuc ha hc liu thp kch thch nhng c th sng st pht trin mnh
hn do chng c hng ngun dinh dng phong ph v di do hn nn tng sc
sng, tng kh nng sinh sn, mt qun th nhanh hi phc.
Nhng c th sng st hnh thnh tnh chng thuc v lm thay i c tnh
sinh hc ca loi.
Thuc BVTV lm gim s loi v s lng c th sinh vt c ch. Mt khc,
dch hi c kh nng phc hi qun th nhanh hn sinh vt c ch, d gy thnh dch
trc khi sinh vt c ch hi phc s lng km hm dch hi (Brown, 1978).
1.7.6. Tc ng ca thuc Bo v thc vt n cc sinh vt sng trong t
a. Tc ng ca thuc BVTV n ng vt khng xng sng trong t
C nhiu loi ng vt sng trong t nh cc loi cn trng thuc b
Colembola, cc loi ve bt, nhn, tuyn trng, giun t...c kh nng phn gii tn d
thc vt, lm cho t ti xp, thong kh, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin, gip
ci to t v duy tr mu m ca t.
Cc loi ng vt sng trong t nh cc loi nhiu chn Myriapoda, nhn v
cc loi cn trng b cnh cng Coleoptera, mt s loi thuc b rt t Symphyla, b
cun chiu Diplopoda, tuyn trng... thuc tr su s lm gim s lng c th ca cc
loi ng vt ny ngay c liu lng s dng.
Nhn chung cc loi thuc tr nm t gy hi n nhng ng vt khng xng
sng c ch sng trong t. Tuy nhin cng c mt s trng hp thuc tr nm xng
hi khi dng x l t lm gim s lng b ui bt, ve bt, cc loi rt cun
chiu trong t.

38
 Thuc tr c tc ng n ng vt khng xng sng sng trong t rt khc
nhau, mt s thuc ch lm gim nh s lng hay hon ton khng nh hng g n
s lng ca chng, thm ch cn kch thch chng pht trin.
b. Tc ng ca thuc Bo v thc vt n h vi sinh vt t
Vi sinh vt t bao gm vi khun, x khun, nm, to, nguyn sinh ng vt...
gi vai tr ch yu trong qu trnh chuyn ha vt cht trong t. S lng v thnh
phn VSV trong t phn nh mc ph nhiu ca t v nh hng trc tip n s
sinh trng v pht trin ca cy.
Thuc BVTV gy tc ng rt khc nhau n qun th VSV sng trong t.
Thuc tr su liu lng s dng thng t tc ng xu n qun th VSV t,
nhiu khi liu lng ny cn kch thch VSV t pht trin. Nhng liu lng cao,
thuc tr su nh hng xu n VSV t, ko di thi gian tc ng ca thuc. Cng
c nhng loi thuc tr su khi s dng liu lng thp cng hn ch s gy hi ca
VSV t.
Thuc tr bnh c tc ng mnh n qun th VSV t. Cc vi khun c ch
nh vi khun nitrit v nitrate ha, vi khun phn nitrate, vi khun c nh m, vi
khun phn gii kitin rt mn cm vi thuc tr bnh. Nhiu loi nm i khng nh
nm Trichoderma viride chng chu c vi nhiu loi thuc tr bnh (Brown, 1978)
Thuc tr c tc ng rt khc nhau n qun th VSV t, ty theo loi thuc
v liu lng dng v nhm VSV. Mt s thuc tr c ch c tc ng xu n mt
nhm VSV ny nhng li t nh hng n nhm VSV khc. Thuc tr c c c ch
chn lc thng ch km hm tm thi n VSV t, sau mt thi gian b c ch, hot
ng ca VSV li phc hi, i khi mt s loi no cn pht trin mnh hn
trc. Nhn chung, liu tr c, thuc tr c khng tc ng xu n hot ng ca
VSV t.
1.8. CCH KHC PHC NHNG HU QU XU DO VIC DNG THUC
BVTV GY RA
Dng thuc BVTV hp l s mang li nhiu li ch, trnh c nhng hu qu
xu do thuc gy ra v gim c nhng kh khn trong vic phng tr dch hi.
Mun vy, cn c kin thc y v c im cc loi thuc, c im sinh hc, sinh
thi ca cc loi dch hi, mi quan h qua li gia cc loi trong h sinh thi nhm
tng c tnh chn lc ca cc thuc BVTV, bao gm:
Tnh chn lc sinh l: c tnh c li cho vic bo v nhng sinh vt c ch.
y l kt qu ca 3 c ch: 1) gia cc loi c s chnh lch v lng thuc xm
nhp ti mt hay nhiu v tr tc ng; 2) mn cm ca cc v tr ny n tng loi
thuc v 3) s khc nhau v s lng cng nh bn cht chuyn ha ca cc thuc
trong c th sinh vt. Nhng c ch ny c th tc ng ring l ch to nn tnh chn
lc thp ca thuc. Nhng khi chng phi hp ln nhau s to nn tnh chn lc rt
cao.
Tnh chn lc sinh thi: Da trn c s hiu bit su v iu kin sng v pht
sinh ca cc loi dch hi, trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy, c nhng
thi im cy trng rt mn cm trc s ph hi ca dch hi. y chnh l thi im
39
cy trng c bo v v khi phng tr s em li hiu qu kinh t cao nht. Lp bng
phn tch i sng ca cy trng s gip ta xc nh c thi im cn phng tr dch
hi, gip la chn loi thuc, dng thuc thch hp, gim s ln v lng thuc dng,
phi hp cc bin php phng tr khc nhau mt cch c hiu qu nht.
S dng tnh chn lc thng qua tm hiu tp tnh ca dch hi: Hiu tp
tnh ca dch hi gip to iu kin cho dch hi tip xc c vi thuc nhiu hn,
gim c s tc ng ca thuc n cc sinh vt c ch v cc loi thuc i tng
khng phng tr, gim tc hi ca thuc i vi mi sinh. Dng by, b v pheromon
da trn s hiu bit tp tnh ca dch hi s gim c lng thuc dng, t gy
nhim mi trng v tng hiu qu ca thuc.
S dng tnh chn lc thng qua ci tin phng php dng thuc: cn
phi s dng thuc theo nguyn tc 4 ng: ng thuc, ng liu lng v nng ,
ng lc v ng cch. Dng thuc dng ht bn theo hng theo hc gip thuc gii
phng t t, ko di c hiu lc ca thuc hoc x l ging cng l mt phng
php va mang li hiu qu cao va tit kim c thuc.
1.9. THUC BO V THC VT V T AI TRNG TRT
1.9.1. Thuc Bo v thc vt trong t ai trng trt
D x l bng phng php no, cui cng thuc BVTV cng i vo t, tn
ti cc lp t khc nhau, trong cc khong thi gian khng ging nhau. Trong t
thuc BVTV thng b vi sinh vt t phn gii hay b hp ph bi st v mn. Nhng
c nhiu loi thuc c thi gian phn hy di khi dng lin tc v lu di chng c th
tch ly trong t mt lng rt ln.
Thi gian tn ti ca thuc trong t c gi l bn ha hc (chemical
persistent). Bao gi tnh bn ha hc cng di hn bn sinh hc. Nhiu hp cht
ha hc c th tn ti di dng lin kt khng gy c tc ng sinh hc hoc tn
ti dng thng thng nhng lng thp, tuy c th pht hin bng phng php
ha hc nhng khng th hin hiu lc ca chng vi sinh vt.
nh gi kh nng tn ti ca thuc trong t, ngi ta thng dng ch tiu
Thi gian bn phn hy (half life), c k hiu bng tr s DT50 (Disappeared time -
DT: Thi gian bin mt): L khong thi gian c tnh bng gi, ngy, tun, thng,
nm k t khi hot cht c a vo t n khi hm lng ch cn mt na lng
thuc a vo.
Tr s DT50 ca mt loi thuc ph thuc vo bn cht ha hc, cc phn ng
ha hc c th xy ra, mc hot ng ca VSV t v cc nhn t mi trng (tnh
cht t, nhit v m t, iu kin thi tit). Tuy nhin trong nhng iu kin xc
nh, tr s DT50 kh n nh.
Cn c vo tr s DT50, Briggs (1976) chia bn ca thc BVTV thnh 4
nhm:
Rt bn DT50 > 26 tun
Bn lu DT50 6-26 tun
t bn DT50 2-6 tun
40
 Khng bn DT50 < 2 tun
Tr s LD50 ch cho bit xu th bn vng ca mt loi thuc BVTV
trong t , gip so snh bn vng ca cc thc vi nhau trong cng mt iu kin.
Nhng ch tiu ny c rt nhiu hn ch:
- DT50 khng nu c s chuyn ha ca thuc trong mi trng. Nhiu
loi thuc BVTV tuy khng tn ti lu trong mi trng nhng nhan chng chuyn
thnh cc hp cht khc c tnh sinh hc khc, thm ch cao hn v tn ti trong mi
trng lu hn cht ban u. V th, tuy hp cht mt khi mi trng nhng
cc cht chuyn ha ca chng vn tn ti , nn vn l mi e da cho ngi, ng vt
v mi trng.
- D gy ng nhn: Tc mt i ca thuc BVTV trong mi trng din
ra u n t khi thuc c a vo s dng n khi thuc b phn hy ht. Trong
thc t, nhiu loi thuc BVTV c kh nng nm l kh lu, sau tc phn hy
ca thuc mi tng mnh.
DT50 ca Parathion liu s dng ch l 1-3 tun (Bro- Ramussen, 1970);
nhng liu cao (33kg/ha), phun lin trong 4 nm, sau 16 nm khng dng thuc ny,
ngi ta vn tm thy d lng Parathion trong t (Stewart,1971).
Tr s DT50 c kho st trong cc iu kin rt hn ch, nn ch cn thay i
mt yu t th nghim, gi tr ca tr s ny cng b thay i. Tuy dng d lng cui
cng ca mt loi thuc trong t l nh nhau nhng tr s DT50 ca thuc ngoi
ng bao gi cng ngn hn trong phng th nghim.
Ngoi tr s DT50, ngi ta cn dng tr s DT75, DT90 l khong thi gian k t
khi thuc c a vo t n khi 75% hay 90% lng thuc khng cn na.
ngha v cc hn ch tng t nh DT50
D lng thuc BVTV trong t tn ti di 2 dng:
D lng lin kt: Thuc BVTV khng th tch chit bng cc dung mi thng
thng trong phn tch ha hc. dng lin kt, thuc BVTV t c cy hp thu;
khng nh hng n iu kin sinh thi, nn t c ngha trong thc tin.
D lng t do: Thuc BVTV c th tch chit d dng bng dung mi thng
thng trong phn tch d lng. Thuc BVTV dng t do trong t tc ng n
mi sinh th hin :
- Cc thuc BVTV, c bit l thuc tr c c thi gian tn ti lu, c th
gy hi cho cy trng ni tip (thm ch 1-2 nm sau) hoc lm cho cy
trng v sau tr nn mn cm hn vi thuc, dn n nng sut v cht
lng cy b nh hng.
- Mt lng nh thuc BVTV b cy trng sau hp thu. Tuy lng ny rt
nh, khng gy c cho ngi v ng vt nhng cng khng c
php tn ti trn nng sn lm thc n cho ngi v gia sc.
- Thuc BVTV c th tc ng xu n qun th VSV sng trong t, lm
gim kh nng ci to t. Nhng dng t do, thuc cng d b cc loi
VSV phn hy.

41
 - S c mt lu di ca mt loi thuc BVTV trong t c th km hm
s phn hy cc thuc BVTV khc.
- Thuc BVTV c th gy nhim b mt t v mch nc ngm
iu kin ng rung (field conditions) l cc yu t tc ng n s nhim
bn mch nc ngm, gm:
- nghing ca mt t: Lm nc trong t rt nhanh, tng kh nng
cun tri thuc, d gy nhim bn thuc trn din rng.
- c tnh vt l ca t: Nhng t tht nh, thnh phn ct nhiu, t mn,
kh nng hp ph v gi thuc km, thuc trong t b ra tri nhiu,
tng kh nng gy nhim mch nc ngm.
- S thm v ra tri: Thuc trong t ct, t mn, nhiu l hng, kh hp
ph thuc, d b thm v ra tri. S ra tri tng ln khi c ma ro v
ti nc qu nhiu. Tc hi ny cng th hin khi b kh hn ko di.
- Mc nc ngm: Mc nc ngm cao kt hp vi kh nng hp ph ca
t km d gy nhim mch nc ngm.
Nghin cu s dng thuc BVTV mt cch hp l cho cy trng nc l rt cn
thit trnh thuc gy hi cho cc sinh vt thy sinh, gy nhim b mt t v
mch nc ngm. Cn tnh n kh nng gy nhim do gi cun i xa hoc lng
thuc b mt trc tip trn nhng cch ng c phun hay ti. Cn la chn k
thuc BVTV v phng php dng thuc lm gim thiu mc nhim cho vng
ngp nc, ca sng v vng ph cn, gim tc hi ca thuc n cc loi ng vt
hoang d v cc loi thy sinh. Dng thuc sai k thut, lm ln, v, to iu kin
cho thuc vo t v mch nc ngm nhiu hn.
1.9.2. Con ng chuyn ho v mt i ca thuc Bo v thc vt trong t
Thuc BVTV, bng nhiu con ng khc nhau, chng s b chuyn ha v mt
dn. S mt i ca thuc BVTV c th xy ra do cc yu t sinh hc v phi sinh hc
sau y:
a. S bay hi
Da theo kh nng bay hi, cc thuc BVTV c chia thnh 2 nhm: Bay hi
v khng bay hi. Tc bay hi ca mt loi thuc ph thuc vo p sut hi; dng
hp cht ha hc v iu kin thi tit (gi to, nhit cao d lm cho thuc bay hi
mnh).
b. S quang phn
Quang phn hay cn gi l b nh sng phn hy: Nhiu thuc BVTV d b
phn hy khi tip xc vi nh sng mt tri, nht l tia t ngoi.
Cc thuc tr su Permethrin thuc nhm pyrthroid d b nh sng phn hy.
Thuc tr c 2,4-D b nh sng phn hy to thnh sn phm cui cng l acid humic.
c. S cun tri v lng tri
S cun tri l hin tng thuc BVTV b cun t trn l xung t do tc dng
ca ma hay nc ti, hay thuc trn mt t b cun theo dng chy i ni khc.

42
 S lng tri l hin tng thuc BVTV b ko xung lp t su bi nhiu yu
t. C hai qu trnh ny ph thuc trc ht vo lng nc ma hay nc ti, c
im ca thuc v c im ca t.
d. S ho long sinh hc
Sau khi phun thuc hoc thuc vo cy, cy trng vn tip tc sinh trng v
pht trin, din tch l tng, chi mi xut hin, lng cht xanh trong cy vn tng.
Nu lng thuc BVTV trn cy khng b phn hy th t l % lng thuc trong cy
vn b gim. S ha long sinh hc s lm gim kh nng bo v ca thuc nhng
cng lm gim lng c cht c trong sn phm, gim nguy c gy c cho ngi v
gia sc. Trn nhng cy non c tc sinh trng mnh, ha long ca thuc cng
nhanh.
e. S chuyn ho ca thuc trong cy
Di tc dng ca men, cc thuc BVTV trong cy b chuyn ha theo nhiu
c ch. Cc phn t thuc c th b chuyn ha thnh nhng hp cht mi c cu trc
n gin hay phc tp hn nhng u mt, gim hoc tng tnh sinh hc ban u.
Cc thuc tr su, tr nm, ln hu c b phn gii qua tng bc v sn phm
cui cng l acid phosphoric khng c vi nm v cn trng.
Thuc tr c 2,4 DB trong cy c 2 l mm ch c th dit c khi chng b
oxi ha thnh 2,4-D. Thuc 2,4 DB s khng dit c nhng loi thc vt khng c
kh nng ny.
f. S phn hu do vi sinh vt t
Tp on vi sinh vt t rt phc tp, trong c nhiu loi c kh nng phn
hy cc cht ha hc mt loi thuc BVTV b mt hay mt s loi VSV phn hy
(Brown, 1978).
Thuc tr c 2,4-D b 7 loi vi khun, 2 loi x khun phn hy.
Mt s loi VSV cng c th phn hy c cc thuc trong cng mt nhm
hoc cc nhm rt xa nhau.
Nm Trichoderma viridi c kh nng phn hy nhiu loi thuc tr su gc clo,
ln hu c, cacbamat, thuc tr c (Matsumura & Boush, 1968).
Nhiu thuc tr nm b VSV phn hy thnh cht khng c, n gin hn
(Menzie 1969).
Theo Fild v Hemphill (1968); Brown (1978), nhng thuc d tan trong nc, t
b t hp ph thng b vi khun phn hy; cn nhng thuc kh tan trong nc, d
b t hp ph li b nm phn hy l ch yu. Cha r nguyn nhn ca hin tng
ny.
Khi dng lin tc nhiu nm, mt loi thuc tr c trn mt loi t th thi
gian tn ti ca thuc trong t cng ngn. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny c
Kaufman v Kearney (1976) gii thch nh sau: khi thuc tip xc vi t cc loi
vi sinh vt c s t iu chnh. Nhng sinh vt khng c kh nng tn dng thuc tr
c lm ngun thc n s b thuc tc ng, nn b hn ch s lng hay ngng hn
43
khng pht trin na. Ngc li nhng sinh vt c kh nng s pht trin thun li v
tng s lng nhanh chng.
Trong nhng ngy u ca ln phun thuc th nht, s lng c th v loi vi
sinh vt c kh nng phn hy thuc trong t cn t, nn thuc b phn hy chm.
Thi k ny c gi l pha chm tr (lag period). Cui pha chm tr, qun th
VSV t thch ng vi thuc, dng thuc lm ngun thc n s pht trin theo cp
s nhn, thuc tr c s b mt i nhanh chng. Thi k ny gi l pha sinh trng
(grow period). Khi ngun thc n cn, VSV t ngng sinh trng, chuyn qua:
pha nh v (stationary period) hay pha ngh (resting phase). y xy ra 2 kh
nng:
- Nu VSV c tip thm thc n (thm thuc), s lng VSV t tip
tc tng, pha chm tr b rt ngn li. S ln s dng thuc tr c cng nhiu,
thi gian mt i ca thuc cng nhanh. t c c tnh ny gi l t hot
ha (activated soil).
- Nu qun th VSV t khng tip thm thc n (khng c bn thm
thuc), chng s chuyn qua pha cht (Death phase) hay pha suy tn
(Decline phase). Tc suy tn ty thuc vo loi VSV: mt s b cht, mt s
chuyn sang dng bo tn (n thng 3 hoc lu hn) ch dp hot ng tr li.
C trng hp VSV t phn hy thuc nhng khng s dng ngun cacbon
hay nng lng c trong thuc. Qu trnh chuyn ha ny c gi l ng chuyn
ha (Co-metabolism ) hay l ng oxi ha (Co-oxydation) (Bruns, 1976). S phn
hy ca DDT, 2,4,5 T trong t l s kt hp gia hai hin tng chuyn ha v
ng ha.
Hot ng ca VSV t thng dn n s phn hy thuc. Nhng c trng
hp VSV t li lm tng tnh bn lu ca thuc trong t. Khi thuc BVTV xm
nhp vo trong t bo VSV, b gi li trong , khng b chuyn ha, cho n khi VSV
b cht ra; hoc thuc BVTV b mn gi cht - m mn l sn phm hot ng ca
VSV t - trnh c s tc ng phn hy ca VSV t (Mathur v Moley, 1975;
Burns, 1976).
Ngoi VSV, trong t cn c mt s enzym ngoi bo (exoenzym) cng c kh
nng phn hy thuc BVTV nh cc men esteraza, dehydrogenaza C rt t cng
trnh nghin cu v s phn hy thuc BVTV ca cc enzym ngoi bo.
1.10. THUC BO V THC VT V MI TRNG SINH SNG
1.10.1. D lng ca thuc Bo v thc vt
D lng l phn cn li ca hot cht, cc sn phm chuyn ha v cc thnh
phn khc c trong thuc, tn ti trn cy trng, nng sn, t, nc sau mt thi gian
di tc ng ca cc h sng (living systems) v iu kin ngoi cnh (nh sng,
nhit , m ,v.v) D lng thuc c tnh bng mg (miligam) thuc c trong 1
kg nng sn, t hay nc (mg/kg).
Nh vy, d lng thuc BVTV bao gm bt k dn xut no ca thuc cng
nh cc sn phm chuyn ha ca chng c th gy ng c cho mi sinh, mi trng.
D lng c th c ngun gc t nhng cht x l vo t hay trn b mt vt
44
phun; phn khc li bt ngun t s nhim (bit hay khng bit) c trong khng kh,
t v nc.
/Tnh bn (persistent) l thi gian thuc BVTV c th c pht hin bng
phng php ha hc hay sinh hc sau khi x l thuc. Thi gian tn ti ca d lng
thuc ty thuc vo loi thuc, s ln phun thuc, lng thuc dng v iu kin
ngoi cnh. Thi gian ti thch ca hiu lc sinh hc ph thuc vo bn cht ca thuc
v yu cu ca sn xut. Ni cch khc, hot tnh sinh hc ca d lng cn chm dt
ngay sau khi hiu lc sinh hc mong mun t c.
Mt s thuc BVTV c hot tnh sinh hc vt qu thi gian mong mun, c
th gy c cho cy trng v sau hoc cc i tng khng phng tr. Nhng thuc
nh vy mang tn l nhng thuc c /tnh bn sinh hc (biological persistent).
1.10.2. Thuc Bo v thc vt tc ng n ng vt sng trong nc v trn cn
Qua thc n, ngun nc, thuc BVTV c th c tch ly trc tip trong c
th ng vt. C th tm thy sm nhiu loi thuc BVTV c trong c th ng vt
nh: Trong c c DDT v Lindan trong tm bin (Buteer, 1963); trong m v tht gia
cm (Hunt, 1966; Beiz, 1977; o Ngc Phong, 1982); trong trng (Cumming, 1966
v 1967; Mecaskey, 1968)
Thuc BVTV c th gy ng c mn tnh hay cp tnh cho ng vt mu
nng. Khi ng c nh ng vt c th n t, st cn, tng trng km, t, t l trng
n ca gia cm thp.
Thuc BVTV c th gy ra cc chng bnh c bit trc tip nh: cht ng
lm cho cu mc bnh vng da; DDT lm cho th con c t l c thp, gim kh
nng sinh sn v pht trin (Antoine, 1966; Alieva, 1972). C li b Senecio spp. c
vi b. 2,4 D lm tng lng ng trong c li b, kch thch b n nhiu, nn gy
c cho b nhiu hn. 2,4 D v 2,4,5 T liu thp lm tng hm lng nitrat, acid
xyanhydric trong cy n mc nguy him cho gia sc (Willarrd, 1950; Swanson &
Snaw, 1954).
Thuc BVTV, c bit l cc thuc tr su d gy hi cho ong mt, cc sinh vt
c ch, chim v ng vt hoang d. Cc my soi kh dng trn din rng tr chu
chu, mui, phun thuc nhiu ln trn rung, khu vc ha vic dng thuc cng d tc
ng n cc loi sinh vt ny.
Bn cnh tc hi trc tip, thuc cn git hay lm gim ngun thc n cho c v
cc loi ng vt v cc loi k sinh thin ch. Tc ng ny cng nguy him nu ta
dng cc loi thuc c kh nng tn ti lu trong mi trng.
Nhiu thuc BVTV, c bit l cc thuc tr su, c th rt an ton khi dng
trn cn nhng li rt d gy c cho c v cc ng vt thy sinh, nn b cm dng
cho la nc. Cc thuc tr su pyrethroid tuy rt c vi c nhng do lng dng t,
li vn c dng tr su trn rung la nc. trnh gy c cho c v ng vt
thy sinh, nhiu nc ch cho php dng cc thuc BVTV trn rung la nc c tr
s TLM (48 gi) < 10 mg/l nc.

45
 Tr s chng chu trung bnh TLM (Tolerance level medium): Nng trung
bnh nc thuc m c c th chu c. TLM c tnh bng mg a.i./lt trong 24 48
gi hay 72 gi.
Hin tng Khuych i sinh hc (biomagnification) hay s Tch ly sinh
hc (bioaccumulation):
Trong dy truyn thc n, hm lng thuc BVTV c trong c th sinh vt
mi mt xch thng c s c c hn.
Theo Rud (1970), nguyn nhn ca s gim s lng chim ln Aechmophorous
occidentalis n c h Clear (M) l kt qu ca vic dng DDD lin tc trong nhiu
nm tr mui kim Chaobrus astictopus. Nng DDD tng nhanh trong chui thc
n theo.
Tng t, sau khi kim tra hm lng DDT c trong nc v trong c th cc
sinh vt sng trong vng m Long island (M), Woodwell (1967) cho bit: Hm
lng DDT tng theo th t sau: Trong nc (rt thp); cao hn trong c th sinh vt
ph du; cao hn na trong c th tm c trong m n ph du v cao nht trong c th
cc loi chim n tm c trong m.
Trong t nhin cng c hin tng trng c bc 2, thm ch bc 3.
Khi dng thuc tr chut Klerat (Brodifacoum) Mai X, V Bn, Nam nh
nm 1987 thy: Chut b cht v thuc, b mo n, mo cng b cht do thuc c
trong xc chut. Mo m b ng c Klerat, cho mo con b sa, mo con cng b
cht v thuc.
1.10.3. Thuc Bo v thc vt v con ngi
Thuc BVTV l mt mi nguy him cho con ngi, mi sinh v mi trng.
Mi nguy him c nh ngha:
Mi nguy him hay Nguy c ng c hoc Ri ro ng c (Hazard): L kh
nng gy nhng tc ng c hi (ng c hoc cc s nguy him khc) c trong nhng
iu kin nht nh khi s dng thuc . Mt s cht c c cao nhng trong s
dng chng li c th t nguy him hn nhng cht km c. Mi nguy him ph
thuc vo iu kin s dng.
Khi trc tip tip xc (cng nhn sn xut thuc, th kho thuc BVTV) v s
dng (ngi i phun thuc), thuc BVTV d xm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng
tip xc, v c, xng hi, gy nhim c v ng c thuc BVTV. Nhng ngi t
hay khng tip xc vi thuc BVTV cng c th b nhim c do n, ung nhng
nng sn, nc ngm, nc ma c d lng thuc BVTV.
Nhim c: L kh nng nhim bn cht c (thuc BVTV, cht c do cc
sinh vt tit ra hoc do cc ngun khc) khi chng xm nhp v lu li trong c th
sinh vt, mi trng c th gy ra nhng tc hi trc mt v lu di cho c th sinh
vt (k c th h sau) v mi trng.
V d: Nhim c cht c mu da cam, ngun nc b nhim c bi thuc
BVTV; t b nhim kim loi nng.

46
 Ng c - Trng c (poison): L kt qu ca s tng tc gia cht c v
sinh vt. Hin tng sinh vt b trng c thuc BVTV hay trng c khi chng xm
nhp vo c th sinh vt qua n ung, ht th hoc bng cc con ng khc, lm cho
sinh vt b m, cht thm ch lm chm pht trin hay rt ngn thi gian sng ca sinh
vt.
Ty theo mc ng c, chng c th gy:
- Ng c cp tnh (acute poisoning): xy ra khi cht c xm nhp vo c
th vi liu lng ln, ph hy mnh cc chc nng sng, c th hin bng
cc triu chng r rng, quyt lit, c trng ca mi loi cht c, thm ch
gy cht sinh vt.
- Ng c mn tnh (chronic poisoning): xy ra khi cht c xm nhp vo
c th vi liu lng nh, nhiu ln, trong thi gian di, c tch ly li trong
c th sinh vt (tch ly ha hc hay chc nng), nhng triu chng chng th
hin chm, lu di gy tn thng cho cc c quan ca c th, lm cho sinh vt
b m, yu (nh hng n sc khe ca sinh vt, gy t bin, ung th, qui
thai, thm ch nh hng n s pht trin ca th h sau) v c th dn n t
vong.
Nghin cu kh nng tch ly, s trng c cp tnh c ngha rt ln n vic
phng chng c hi cho ngi tip xc trc tip vi cht c khi sn xut, gia cng,
phn phi, bo qun v s dng thuc BVTV. Cn kh nng trng c mn tnh li c
ngha rt ln i vi ngi s dng cc loi nng sn. D lng thuc BVTV trn
nng sn cao hn MRL l iu ht sc nguy him, d gy ng c cho ngi s dng
sau thi gian di tip xc v biu hin thng gp nh n ng km, thiu mu, nh
hng thn kinh gim sc chng chu, nng hn s b s gan, ung th v.v Ngoi ra,
d lng thuc tn ti lu trn mi trng s lm nh hng n tnh a dng qun
th, gy tnh chng thuc, gy ti pht, to dch hi mi
hn ch tc hi ca thuc BVTV tch ly trong c th ngi cng nhn tip
xc trc tip vi thuc (trong nh my sn xut, gia cng v trong cc kho thuc)
ngi ta dng tr s ngng gii hn.
Tr s Ngng gii hn (Threshold Limit Value TLV): Lng hot cht ti
a ngi cng nhn c th b nhim trong 8 gi lm vic sut c cuc i m khng b
ng c.
nhng khu vc x l thuc BVTV, ngi ta thng c nhng bin bo, cm
ngi v gia sc i vo trong mt thi gian nht nh, trnh ngi v gia sc b
nhim thuc. Thi gian ny di hay ngn ty thuc vo loi thuc. Trng hp cn
vo khu vc , phi i cho thuc kh v lng ht; phi mt qun o bo h lao ng.
Trong 24 48 gi u sau x l, cm tuyt i gia sc vo vng x l trnh
ng c.
Trng hp kh trng t v kho tang, bng hi, kh hay khi c, phi thng
bo trc thi gian x l v thi gian cch ly. Ch c nhng k thut vin v cng
nhn c hun luyn k mi c php thao tc v khi x l nht thit phi eo mt
n.

47
 ngn nga tc hi ca thuc i vi con ngi, mi sinh v mi trng, cc
thuc BVTV mun c ng k, bn cnh cc thng tin v c tnh sinh l ha ca
thuc, cc kt qu th hiu lc sinh hc, cn cn c y cc thng tin v: c
cp tnh qua ming, qua da, qua ng h hp; kh nng ng c mt, da v mn
cm ca da; c mn tnh v di liu mn tnh cc dng khc nhau trong 2 nm;
nhng thng tin nh gi kh nng gy t bin, di truyn, ung th, qui thai nh
hng n sinh sn ca sinh vt, nhng bin i v cu trc v chc nng ca ADN v
chromosom; tc ng ca thuc n chim, ng vt hoang d; c, ng vt thy sinh;
ong v cc sinh vt c ch khc; con ng bin i ca thuc trong c th ng vt
mu nng, cy trng v mi trng.
1.10.4. S di chuyn ca thuc Bo v thc vt trong mi trng
Trong qu trnh sn xut, vn chuyn, bo qun v s dng thuc BVTV tc
ng n mi trng bng nhiu cch khc nhau, theo s sau:

Khng kh

t Thuc bo Thc vt
v thc vt
S S dng Tn d

Thc phm

Nc ng vt Ngi

1.10.5. Phng php ngn nga tc hi ca thuc BVTV n mi trng v i

sng con ngi
a. Bo m thi gian cch ly (Preharvest interval-PHI)
L khong thi gian tnh bng ngy t ln x l thuc cu cng n khi thu
hoch.
Thi gian cch ly l thuyt l khong thi gian t ln x l thuc cui cng n
khi thu hoch m ti thi im d lng ca thuc trn cy ch bng hay thp hn
d lng ti a cho php.
Trong thc t, m bo an ton cho ngi v gia sc, ngi ta thng ko
di thi gian ny thm mt s ngy na (thng l gp i) v c tn thi gian cch ly
thc t.

48
 Thi gian cch ly c th thay i t mt vi ngy n mt vi tun ty theo loi
thuc, ty loi nng sn c phun thuc v ty quc gia. Thu hi nng sn cha ht
thi gian cch ly l rt nguy him. Ngi v gia sc n phi nng sn c thu hi khi
khng m bo thi gian cch ly s d b ng c bi thuc BVTV v cc sn phm
chuyn ha chng.
b. Phi s dng thuc ng k thut
Nn nh thi gian cch ly c xc nh trn c s nng v liu lng thuc
BVTV dng mc cao hn khuyn co, th d c m bo thi gian cch ly cng
khng c ngha, v d lng ca thuc trn cy s cao hn d lng ti a cho php
do liu lng cao, thi gian phn hy thuc chm nn vn c kh nng gy ng c
cho ngi v gia sc.
Nn chn cc loi thuc t c, t bn trong mi trng, mang tnh chn lc
cao tr dch hi.
Chn dng thuc, phng php x l v thi im x l thch hp gim s
ln phun, gim lng thuc dng v gim s gy c cho cy trng v nhim mi
trng.
Chn cy trng lun canh thch hp gim d lng thuc BVTV c trong
t v gim nguy c gy c cho cy trng v sau.

Cu hi n tp:
1. nh ngha thuc BVTV?
2. Cc yu cu i vi ha cht dng lm thuc BVTV?
3. Phn loi thuc BVTV?
4. Nhng iu kin c bn thuc BVTV pht huy tnh c?
5. Cc hnh thc tc ng ca thuc BVTV?
6. Nhng yu t lin quan gia c tnh ca thuc v c ca thuc?
7. Nhng yu t lin quan gia c im ca sinh vt n c ca thuc
BVTV?
8. nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n c ca thuc BVTV?
9. D lng thuc BVTV? Nhng gii php gim thiu d lng thuc
BVTV?
10. Tnh chng (khng) thuc ca dch hi?
11. Cc tc ng ca thuc BVTV n mi trng, ng vt v con ngi?

49
 Chng 2
NGUYN L V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU, S DNG THUC BO
V THC VT
Gip cho sinh vin phn bit c cc dng thuc v thnh phn ca cc dng
thuc BVTV c cch s dng v bo qun thch hp. Gip cho sinh vin bit c
u nhc im ca cc phng php s dng thuc BVTV c cch la chn ng
trong cng tc phng tr dch hi. Cc phng php xc nh tnh c v hiu qu
ca thuc BVTV i vi cc sinh vt gy hi. Cch tnh ton lng thuc cn dng.
2.1. CC DNG CH PHM THUC BO V THC VT
2.1.1. Thnh phn ca ch phm thuc
Thuc thnh phm gm c hai thnh phn chnh l hot cht v cht phu gia.
Hot cht: l cht gy c cho dch hi c trong thuc thnh phm, thng vit
tt l a.i. (active ingredient). Mi hot cht c mt tn ha hc ch r cc thnh phn
ha hc cu to nn hot cht . Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn t cho mi hot cht mt tn
n gin d nh v dng chung cho cc nc, gi l tn chung.
Cht ph gia: l nhng cht khng mang tnh c i vi dch hi, c pha
trn chung vi hot cht to thnh cc dng thnh phm. C thm cht ph gia s
lm gim hm lng hot cht trong thuc thnh phm an ton hn, thun tin cho
vic s dng. Cht ph gia cn gip cho thuc ha tan u trong nc khi s dng,
tng kh nng bm dnh trn cy. Vi cc c tnh trn, cht ph gia c vai tr quan
trng trong vic nng cao cht lng v hiu qu ca thuc thnh phm.
2.1.2. Cc dng ch phm thuc Bo v thc vt thng dng trong nng nghip
a. Nhng dng thuc dng ngay khng cn ha vi nc
Dng bt (Dust D, DP)
Dng rn, khng tan trong nc, kch thc ht < 44 m, cha hm lng hot
cht thp (5-10%), c t trng 0,3-0,8 l tt (t trng thuc < 0,3, thuc qu nh, d b
gi cun i xa; t trng thuc > 0,8 ht thuc d ri xung t khi phun ln cy).
Thuc thng dng phun ln cy, bn vo t hoc x l ht ging.
Kch thc ht c quy nh bi l sng/inch. Kch thc mt loi thuc c
nh gi khi > 90% s ht i qua l sng v < 10% s ht nm li trn sng.
Dng bt c u im: Thuc d dng, hiu qu cao.
Nhng thuc bt cng c nhiu nhc im: Hiu qu ca thuc ph thuc
nhiu vo iu kin thi tit (gi to, thuc b gi cun i xa; ma d lm tri mt
thuc) v d gy nhim mi trng, nn ngy nay, thuc ny t c dng phun
trn rung.
Lu : Cc thuc tr c khng c gia cng dng ny (do d gy hi cho cc
cy trng xung quanh).

50
 Dng ht (Granules G, H, GR):
Thuc dng ht c ri trc tip vo t x l t hay c rc ln cy.
Chng c th l cc thuc tr c tin ny mm, hay thuc tr su, bnh.
Thuc dng ht cn c t trng thch hp, c rn nht nh, khng c gy
vn, khng v thnh bt, khng vn cc nhng phi c phn r t t gii phng
hot cht. Trong gia cng, ngi ta thng thm cht dnh. Chng thng c hm
lng cht c thp (1-40%) v kch thc ht 100 6000 m. Thuc ht c gia
cng thnh nhiu c ph hp vi thc t s dng.
Ht to (Macro granule GG) 2000 6000 m;
Ht mn (Fine granule FG) 300 2500 m;
Ht nh (Micro granule MG) 100 600 m
Thuc ht gm dng ht ng nht v dng ht nhn ct. Thnh phn gm hot
cht, cht mang (cht khong hay cht hu c) c nghin thnh dng bt mn, cht
dnh ( kt dnh, thng l dung dch PVC hay dung mi dnh khc tm vo cht
mang).
Thuc ht an ton, s dng n gin, hiu lc di, hiu qu lao ng cao v t
gy hi cho sinh vt c ch v cy trng, t gy nhim mi trng.
Nhc im chnh lm cho thuc ht kh c ngi tiu dng v mng li
cung ng Vit Nam chp nhn l mc tiu dng ca hot cht/n v din tch cao,
phi chuyn ch vi lng ln, d bc mi khi bo qun v lu thng, li t.
Dng bt ht (Dust granule)
L dng trung gian ca dng thuc bt v ht. Kch thc ht 44 297 m.
c chia lm 2 loi: Bt th (coarse dust) c c ht 44 105 m; bt mn c c ht
105 297m. Thuc bt ht cng c dng phun ln cy hay rc vo t. Thuc
bt ht c tc dng gim lng thuc b gi cun, t gy nhim mi trng, bm
dnh tt trn l v c th dch hi.
Dng bt ci tin = Thuc bt d bay hi (Flo dust GP):
Thuc bt rt mn, l dng thuc chuyn dng xng hi trong nh knh. y
l dng sol bt, dng silicagel lm cht long d bay hi lm cht y. Chng c
bn di dng cc bnh nh dit cn trng trong nh knh v trong k nt.
Dng thuc ny c hm lng hot cht thp, k thut bo qun v gi vn
chuyn cao. Mc d dng bt ci tin s dng rt d dng nhng phm vi s dng
thuc ny cng rt hp.
Dng bnh xt phun m (Aerosol)
Thuc dng lng, c nn trong cc bnh kim loi. Hot cht c ha trong
mt dung mi d bay hi. Dung mi ny c tc dng l cht mang v cht y. Khi m
kha, thuc c y ra ngoi vi tc nhanh. Dung mi bay hi, li cc ht l
lng trong khng kh, thng dng dit tr kin, dn v cn trng trong nh.

51
 Dng phun vi th tch nh hay cc nh (Ultra Low Volume ULV)
Thuc c th dng rn, lng hay kh. Trong khng kh, thuc b bc hi, lm
cho mi trng sinh sng b nhim c, gy c cho dch hi. Ngoi cc thnh phn
thng dng, cn c cc cht ph gia c bit (cht chng chy n cho nhng thuc d
chy n); cht bo hiu (i vi nhng cht c khng c mi v c trng) gip
ngi s dng d nhn bit.
b. Nhng dng thuc khi s dng phi ha vi nc
Dng bt thm nc (Wettable powder WP; BTN; BHN):
Thuc dng bt khi ha vo nc s to nn mt dung dch dng huyn ph.
Thuc bt thm nc c dng t lu, gia cng cc hot cht dng rn,
c im nng chy cao, thch hp vi vic xay kh bng cc my xay c kh (my xay
ba, my xay nghin, hay bng my xay kh). Bt thm nc thng cha 25 80%
hot cht. Phn cn li l cht mang tr (t st, caolin, silicat); cc cht hot ng
b mt (cc bt thm t v cc cht phn tn) kh lm tng tnh thm t v
bn ca huyn ph.
Thuc bt thm nc cng c th c sn xut vi cht hot ng dng lng
bng cch s dng cc cht n hp th nh diatomic hoc cc cht silicat tng hp c
din tch b mt ln. Trong trng hp ny nng hot cht ti a ch n 40%.
Thuc bt thm nc tt cn c khch thc ht nh hn 44m, ti xp, khng
vn cc, c thm nc nhanh nhng lng cht hot ng b mt cn cc
git phun c th thm t v loang dnh trn b mt i tng x l.
Cn pha vi nc ngay trc khi phun. Cch pha thuc c dch phun tt nh
sau: mt t nc vo lng thuc nht nh, cho thuc thm u v quy, dn
nc cho lng to dung dch m. Cui cng, t dung dch m pha thnh dch
phun. Hoc lng thuc cho mt bnh bm, tip mt lng nc nh, va
va quy, thuc v nc phn tn u. hn hp thuc chun b vo bnh bm
c sn mt t nc, quy u v lng nc cn li cho .
Trong mt s trng hp c bit, thuc bt thm nc, c trn vi t bt,
vi tro hay ct phun hay rc ln cy hay x l t.
Nhiu thuc BVTV, c bit l cc thuc tr c v thuc tr bnh c gia
cng di dng bt thm nc. Nhng do trnh gia cng thp, nn to nhiu bi, d
gy c cho ngi s dng. Hin nay, ang c xu hng chuyn dng bt thm nc
sang dng huyn ph m c hay dng vin phn tn trong nc.
Dng bt tan (Soluble powder SP) v dng ht tan trong nc (Water
soluble granule WSG)
Thuc dng bt ti mn (dng bt tan) hay dng ht (dng ht tan) khi ha vi
nc, chng tan hon ton trong nc, thnh dung dch tht ca hot cht m khng
cn s h tr no. Mt s thnh phm, c th cha mt lng nh ph gia khng tan
trong nc. Chng d vn chuyn, bo qun v c hm lng cht c cao.
Dng thuc ny thng dng gia cng cc loi thuc k thut dng rn, tan
hon ton trong nc. Thnh phn ph gia ca hai dng thuc ny ging nhau (c th
52
c mt s ph gia khng tan trong nc); c khc chng, thuc ht tan trong nc, c
mt lng cht dnh nht nh to ht. S hot cht c th dng thuc ny khng
nhiu.
S ra i ca cc bao b lm bng cht do ha tan trong nc, cho php ng
thuc bt v ht tan trong nc thnh nhng gi nh, b trc tip vo bnh phun m
khng cn m gi, v gi s t tan trong nc. Nh vic phn phi v s dng
thuc BVTV an ton hn.
Dng ht phn tn trong nc (Water dispersible granule WG)
Thnh phm dng ht c phn r v khuych tn nhanh trong nc. Trc
khi dng phi ha vi nc.
Dng ht phn tn trong nc hay bt chy kh, c xem nh mt dng kh
mi v pht trin nh nhng sn phm an ton, c ch hn dng bt thm nc v
huyn ph m c. D dng ng gi, khng bi, cc ht tch nhau, phn tn nhanh
trong bnh phun nn rt tin li v ngy cng ph bin.
K thut gia cng dng ht phn tn trong nc kh phc tp, qua nhiu quy
trnh k thut khc nhau, to cc phn t c kch thc nh dng bt hay huyn
ph, d phn tn li trong bnh phun.
Thi gian phn tn trong nc l c tnh rt quan trng m bo khng gy
s c trong bnh phun. Cc ht phi phn tn hon ton trong 2 pht cc nhit v
nc cng khc nhau.
Dng vin nang (Encapsulated granule CG)
Thnh phm dng ht rt nh, mn. Kch thc ht ph thuc vo k thut to
vin v mc ch s dng nhng thng c kch thc 20 - 30m. Nhn l hot cht,
c bc mt lp cht nha mng, c tc dng gii phng hot cht t t. Khi ha vo
nc s to nn huyn ph bn. Sau khi x l, cc ht s dnh trn b mt i tng x
l, nc bao quanh vin ht bc hi, hot cht trong vin ht s c gii phng.
u im ch yu l hiu lc ca thuc di gp 2 3 ln so vi cc dng thuc
khc c cng nng ; gim nguy c gy c ca thuc vi mi trng; ng thi
gim s khng tng hp thng thy dng thng dng khc.
Dng thuc m c tan trong nc (Soluble concentrate SC)
Dung dch cc hot cht (trong sut hay c) khi ha vi nc c th phn tn
lp tc thnh dch tht, d thuc k thut c th tan hay khng tan trong nc hoc
cn.
y l dng thuc n gin nht ca dng gia cng. Chng c u im: dng
dung dch rt bn, t b hng khi bo qun. Rt him trng hp xy ra s kt ta, n
mn kim loi hay bnh phun.
Dung mi ca dng thuc m c tan trong nc c th ha tan trong nc vi
lng ln m khng to dng sa hay huyn ph. Trong thnh phm cn cha ph gia
khng tan trong nc. Cng cn cht thm t tng tnh thm t ca dch phun.

53
 S thuc BVTV c th gia cng dng ny l t. Mt s nh hot cht thuc
BVTV c th tan trong nc vi lng ln, c bn trn th trng nh l dng
thng phm. y l dng sn phm rt d gia cng, s dng thun tin, an ton vi
mi tng.
Dng thuc ny cn c t theo tn khc nhau nh: Liquid concentrate
dung dch m c (LC); Aqueous concentrate dch m c tan trong nc (AS);
Liquid dng lng (SL) hay dung dch (DD).
Dng phn tn m c (Dispersible concentrate DC)
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht khi dng phi ha long vo nc to mt
h phn tn cht rn trong nc. Mt s thnh phm c c tnh trung gian gia dng
DC v EC (nh du).
Dng thuc nho (Past PA)
Mt hp phn nn nc, c th to ra cc lp phim. Ty theo cch gia cng
khc nhau m c th to nn dung dch tht, dung dch keo, sa hay nh tng. Dng
thuc ny thng cha hm lng cht c cao, d vn chuyn, bo qun v s dng.
Dng thuc sa m c nh du (Emulsifiable concentrate EC)
Thnh phm dng lng ng nht ca hot cht, dung mi v ph gia, c
pha vi nc thnh mt nh tng phun. y l dng thuc rt ph bin v dng
vi lng ln nht trong cc dng thuc BVTV trong hn 20 nm qua.
Dng sa dng gia cng cc hot cht dng du, cc hot cht c nng
chy thp, sp hay cc hot cht c kh nng ha tan trong cc dung mi hu c khng
phn cc. Do dung dch trn khng tan trong nc, nn khi gia cng phi cho thm
cht ha sa nhm m bo s ha sa tt v b trong bnh phun. Cc dung dch sa
trong dung dch phun thng c kch thc 0,1 - 5m. thuc phn tn u khi pha
thuc, cn quy u v lng nc cn. K thut gia cng thuc ph thuc vo tnh
phn cc ca hot cht, dung mi v ph gia.
Thuc c u im: C hm lng cht c cao, d chuyn ch; hot cht sinh
hc ca thuc sa m c thng cao hn dng khc do c cc dung mi v cc cht
ha sa, thuc d trang tri u v bm dnh tt trn b mt vt phun.
Nhng nhc im ca thuc l: thuc d gy chy l, nu dng qu liu, c
th b phn lp, nu bo qun trong iu kin khng thun li v cc dung mi d gy
c cho ngi s dng v nhim mi trng. Di p lc bo v mi trng, hin
nay c mt xu th chung, i hi thay th cc dung mi hu c bng cc dng dung
mi khc, an ton hn vi mi trng. Cc dung mi mi c th thay th ton b dung
mi mt s sn phm v an ton cho ngi s dng v mi trng.
Cc thuc dng sa s dng rt tin li, d dng v vn chim t trng ln nht
trong cc dng thuc BVTV. Trong nhiu trng hp, hot tnh sinh hc c nng
cao nh s c mt ca dung mi, do tng kh nng thm thu v vn chuyn.

54
 Dng sa du trong nc (Emulsion oil in water EW)
Thnh phm dng lng khng ng nht, gm dung dch hot cht ha long
trong dung mi hu c c phn tn thnh git nh khi pha vi nc.
y l dng thuc ang c ch v chng rt an ton trong s dng do gim
hay hn ch s bay hi ca cc dung mi hu c. Dung mi c bn ca dng thuc
ny l nc, nn u im hn dng sa, an ton trong sn xut v gi thp. Nhng
dng ny d b phn lp, ng kt, to kem v keo t trong khi bo qun. Cn lc u
trc khi dng. Kch thc ht l ch s nh gi bn v kch thc ht sa du
trong nc l 2m.
Dng sa nc trong du ( Emulsion water in oil EO)
Dng lng, khng ng nht, gm mt dung dch thuc tr dch hi trong nc,
c phn tn thnh nhng git rt nh trong mt dung mi hu c khi dng cn ha
vi nc.
Dng vi sa ( Micro emulsion ME)
Thnh phn dng lng trong sut hay trng sa, cha du v nc, c th
dng trc tip hoc sau khi ha long vi nc thnh mt vi nh tng hay mt nh
tng bnh thng.
Vi sa trong sut v bn trong phm vi nhit kh rng. Chng c kch thc
ht rt nh di 0,1m, gm 3 cu t: Dng dung dch du hay dng rn c ha tan
trong dung mi hu c; nc v cht hot ng b mt hay ng hot ng b mt.
Tuy vi sa c nhiu nng hot cht tng i thp nhng c hot tnh sinh hc rt
cao.
Dng huyn ph m c ci tin (Suppension/flowanle concentrate SC)
Thnh phm dng huyn ph n nh ca mt hay nhiu hot cht trong mt
cht lng; trong cht lng c th cha thm nhiu cht ha tan khc. Phi ha long
vi nc trc khi dng.
T u nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, k thut huyn ph m c c s dng
ngy cng nhiu gia cng cc thuc BVTV dng kt tinh rn. Cc phn t thuc
BVTV c huyn ph ha trong du nhng phn ln, c dng to dng huyn
ph m c.
gia cng dng huyn ph m c phn tn trong nc, trong nhng nm
gn y, s dng qu trnh nghin lng; s dng cc cht hot ng b mt mi to
dng phn tn rn lng bn vng.
u im ca dng huyn ph m c phn tn trong nc l hm lng hot
cht khng tan trong nc cao, an ton i vi ngi dng v mi trng, gi thnh
tng i thp, kch thc ht rt nh (0,1 0,5 m) nn lng thuc dng thp. Do
trong thnh phn c cc cht ph tr tan trong nc nn c hot tnh sinh hc cao.
Nng dn thng thch dng huyn ph m c hn dng bt thm nc, bi khng
gy bi, d ong o v rt vo bnh phun. Tuy nhin, dng ny cng c nhc im
nh d b tch lp khi bo qun nn khi s dng cn lc u.

55
 Dng nh tng huyn ph (Suspo emulsion SE)
Thnh phm th lng khng ng nht, gm mt h phn tn bn ca cc hot
cht dng ht rn v nhng git nh.
Cc dng gia cng hn hp ang tr nn ngy cng ph bin v rt tin li,
nng dn dng ng liu lng ca mi thnh phn v khng s dng qu liu. Nu
mt hot cht th rn v cht kia th lng th cn sn xut hn hp nh tng
huyn ph bao gm 3 pha: Git du lng, cc phn t cht rn phn tn v pha tip
theo thng l nc.
Hn hp sa huyn ph l hn hp huyn ph m c vi sa nc trong du
cho thm cht hot ng b mt trnh s keo t v cht lm c trnh s phn
lp ca cc pha phn tn. Cc cht phn tn v cc cht ha sa c dng nh nhng
cht phn tn dng gia cng dng huyn ph m c v cht ha sa nh nhng
cht s dng trong dng sa du trong nc.
c. Thuc m c phi ha long vi dung mi
Cc sn phm du m c cha thuc k thut ha tan trong cc dung mi hu
c trc khi dng phi ha long vi du. Chng c bn di dng ha tan dng
ngay. Mt s hot cht tan trong du, c x l nh mt loi du phun, khng c cht
bm dnh v cht thm t. Di y l mt s dng thng dng:
Dng lng trn du (Oil miscible liquid OL)
Dng lng ng nht, c ha long vi mt cht lng hu c thnh dng lng
ng nht khi s dng.
Dng huyn ph ci tin m c trn vi du (Oil miscible flowable
concentrate hay Oil miscible suspension OF)
Dng huyn ph bn ca mt hay nhiu hot cht trong mt cht lng, c ha
long trong mt cht lng hu c trc khi dng.
Dng bt khuych tn trong du (Oil dispersible powder OP)
Dng bt, c dng nh dng huyn ph, sau khi khuych tn u trong mt
cht lng hu c.
d. Dng x l hng ging (DS, WS, LS, FS)
Mt lng ng k thuc BVTV c dng x l ht ging chng su,
bnh. Cc sn phm x l ht ging c phn thnh 4 nhm:
- Bt x l kh ht ging (DS = powder for dry seed treatment).
- Bt nho ha nc x l ht (WS = Water slurryable powder for seed
treatment).
- Dung dch khng nc x l ht (LS = Non aqueous solution for seed
treatment).
- Huyn ph x l ci tin ht (FS = Flowable suspension for seed
treatment).
La chn dng s dng ph thuc vo c tnh ca hot cht, cng c x l v
s a thch ca th trng. Cc dng bt (DS) c kh nng lu li trn ht km. Cc
56
dng bt nho (WS) c dng ch yu Php. Cc dng dung dch khng nc x l
ht (LS) ang b thay th dn v km an ton trong s dng. Dng huyn ph chy (FS)
an ton cho mi trng hn dng bt v dng lng, tn lu lu hn trn ht, ang c
s dng rng ri.
Cc ht c gi tr cao nh ht rau v hoa cn c th c bao vi polymer
trnh s gy hi ca cc ha cht x l ht. Chng cng c th c ci to thnh vin
vi t st v polymer sn xut nhng vin ht ging d gieo.
V thuc c x l trc tip ln ht nn lng hao ht rt t. X l ht ging
c xem nh l bin php c hiu qu i vi cy trng v rt an ton cho mi
trng. Bin php ny cng tr nn quan trng trong tng lai bi lng cc ging
chuyn i gen ngy cng nhiu v nhu cu bo v ht ging c gi tr kinh t cao
ngy cng tng.
2.2. NGUYN TC 4 NG S DNG THUC BO V THC VT
2.2.1. ng thuc
- Khng mt loi thuc no c th tr c cc loi dch hi. Mt loi
thuc ch c th tr c nhm hay t loi dch hi, thm ch ch mt loi dch hi.
Thuc ch thch hp s dng trong nhng iu kin thi tit, t ai, canh tc, cy
trng nht nh.
- Trc khi mua thuc, nng dn xc nh loi dch hi no ang ph hi
trn rung chn mua ng loi thuc thch hp. Nu khng t xc nh c th
phi nh cn b k thut gip chn c ng loi thuc mnh cn, em li hiu
qu phng tr cao.
- Chn nhng thuc ph hp vi trnh s dng v iu kin k thut
a phng. V d: Min Bc do din tch t canh tc t, nng dn thng c thi
quen thy dch hi xut hin mi phng tr. H thng chn nhng thuc c tc dng
dit tr. Ngc li min Nam, t rng, nng dn quen phun sm, phun phng v
phun nhiu ln trong v, nn thng chn thuc c tc dng bo v.
- Nhiu thuc tr c la, i hi phi gi nc trong mt thi gian nht
nh. V vy ch nn s dng cc thuc tr c ny nhng ni c iu kin gi nc
tt, ti tiu ch ng, t bng phng.
- Cn hiu r cch tc ng ca thuc c cch s dng thuc ng.
V d: Conphai v Actara l hai thuc tr ry nu c tc dng ni hp, c th
phun trm trn ngn, cng c th tiu dit ry nu gc la.
Ngc li Bassa (Fenobucarb) v Applaud (Buprofezin) u c tc dng tip
xc v v c, khng c kh nng v c, khng c kh nng ni hp, nn khi dng
phng tr ry nu, cn r la, hng cng nh cng tt v khi phun phi phun trc tip
vo gc la. Hai thuc ny li c nhng c tnh khc nhau: Applaud ch c kh nng
dit ry cm, hiu lc di (3-4 tun), v vy c th phun sm khi trn rung c ry
cm; mt v ch cn phun mt ln. Ngc li Bassa (Fenobucab) c th tr c c
ry cm v ry trng thnh, hiu lc li ngn (5-7 ngy), nn c th phun khi trn
rung c ry cm, ry trng thnh v nht nh phi phun t nht 2 ln/v mi c hiu
qu.

57
 Thi gian hu hiu ca thuc quyt nh khong cch gia 2 ln phun, s ln
phun/v.
- Khi chn thuc cn ch n yu cu v sinh thc phm ca sn phm
v chu trnh hi. Cc loi thuc dng cho rau v ch, c bit l rau sp thu hoch, cn
c loi thuc c thi gian cch ly ngn, c thi gian lu tn trn cy ngn v t c.
- Lu n hiu qu kinh t khi dng thuc, nht l i vi dch hi cn
phun nhiu ln/v. Khng nn s dng cng mt loi thuc trong sut v hoc t nm
ny qua nm khc.
- Nu ca hng bn nhiu loi thuc c cng tc dng vi loi dch hi
cn phng tr th nn u tin mua loi thuc c tc dng chn lc, t c vi mi sinh,
khng gy hi cho cy trng hin ti v cy trng v sau. Hiu qu cao.
- Khng dng thuc cm, thuc ngoi danh mc, thuc km cht lng v
khng dng thuc hn ch v vi phm quy nh hn ch.
La chn loi thuc thch hp cho tng loi cy trng trn c s nh gi ton
din u nhc im ca tng loi thuc pht huy hiu qu cao nht, em li hiu
qu kinh t nhng li an ton cho ngi s dng, mi sinh, mi trng, khng d
lng trn mi trng l vic lm kh khn. y l vic lm ca Nh nc nhng cn
b k thut cng ng gp khng nh cho vn ny.
2.2.2. ng nng , liu lng
Phun thuc vi liu lng v nng thp s khng m bo hiu qu phng
tr, gy lng ph thuc, thm ch to iu kin cho ch hi quen thuc v dch hi pht
trin mnh hn. Ngc li phun vi liu lng cao s khng em li li ch kinh t,
gy c cho ngi s dng, cy trng, gia sc, thin ch v li d lng cao trn
nng sn.
Phun thuc vi lng nc t, thuc s khng bao ph ton cy, dch hi khng
tip xc c nhiu vi thuc. Nhng nu phun vi lng nc qu nhiu s lm cho
lng thuc b mt nhiu, hiu qu phng tr b gim, mt nhiu cng vn chuyn
nc v gy c cho mi trng.
Hiu qu phng tr dch hi cng khng th nng cao nu ch tng nng
thuc dng v gim lng nc phun. Lm nh vy ch tng c cho ngi s
dng, mi sinh v mi trng nhng vn khng t c hiu qu phng tr mong
mun.
c hiu qu phng tr cao, t gy hu qu xu cho mi trng, cn m bo
ng thi 3 yu t trn. Ba yu t ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau trn c s c tnh
ton k.
Cc dng thuc khc nhau c kh nng phn tn trong nc khng ging nhau.
V th, cn c cch pha thch hp cho tng dng thuc, to hiu qu phng tr cao
nht.
Ch khi pha thuc:
a s ch phm thuc BVTV s dng trong nng nghip hin nay l cc ch
phm th lng hoc th rn khi dng phi ha vi nc. Khi pha, cn ch phm

58
phn tn tht ng u vo nc. Khi phun, thuc phi c trang tri tht u trn b
mt vt phun.
Tnh ton chnh xc lng thuc cn s dng trn tha rung nh phun, lng
thuc cn pha cho mt bnh bm v cn mang va , khng d lng ph khng cn
thit. Nu khng r cn hi cn b k thut.
m bo pha ng nng , cn c cng c cn o thch hp (ng ong, cn
thuc, que khuy, x pha thuc).
Rt thuc cn thn trnh trn , ch cn ong lng thuc cn.
Khng pha thuc gn ni c tr em, ni chn th gia sc v gn kho lng thc,
thc phm, ngun nc sinh hot. C qun o bo h.
Pha ng nng thuc:
nh ngha nng dch phun: L t l phn trm gia trng lng (hay th
tch) sn phm trong th tch dch phun.
Thc t cch tnh phn trm theo trng lng v th tch sn phm trong th
tch dch phun c s sai khc, bi t trng ca sn phm c th ln hay nh hn 1.
Nhng khi s dng trn ng rung s sai khc ny c th b qua v chp nhn 1 ml
thuc c coi nh nng 1g v 1 lt nc nng 1kg. V d:
Padan 95SP pha nng 3/1000 tc trong 1 lt nc thuc c 3g Padan 95SP
Bassa 50EC pha nng 2/1000 tc l trong 1 lt nc thuc c 2ml Bassa
50EC.
Lng nc dng:
Lng nc cn thit, gip trang tri u lng thuc nh/din tch cn
phun, tnh bng lt/ha. Lng nc dng thay i ty theo i tng phng tr, giai
on v tnh hnh sinh trng pht trin cy, mt cy. Phun thuc tr ry, nhn cn
nhiu nc hn tr cc loi su hi khc; Cy b, mt tha lng nc cn t hn
cy ln v mt dy.
iu chnh tc di chuyn my m bo trang tri u v nc:
Khi phun thuc, c nhiu trng hp do di chuyn my phun qu chm, nn
cha phun ht din tch cn phun ht thuc. C hai trng hp ny u khng tt
hoc l lng thuc phun nhiu (i chm) d thot hi nc, gy c cho mi trng
v ngi s dng; hoc qu t thuc (i nhanh) s khng trang tri u thuc, dch hi
khng tip xc vi thuc, hiu lc ca thuc gim. V vy chng ta phi xc nh
c tc phun thuc hp l m bo c tc di chuyn my bm ph hp,
phun va ht lng nc, va ht din tch cn phun
2.2.3. ng lc
ng thi im: Dng thuc vo thi im dch hi d b tc ng, cy trng
chu thuc nht v iu kin ngoi cnh thun li cho thuc pht huy hiu lc tt nht.

59
 Dch hi mn cm: Nn dng thuc khi su cn nh, c cn non, bnh mi va
xut hin. Vi cc cn trng cn phun thuc lc su cn bn ngoi, ang kim n,
bm cha s mang li hiu qu cao.
tr c, phi nm vng thuc d tc ng vo giai on no ca c (mm c,
c non hay c gi) mi em li hiu qu cao.
Cy trng chu thuc tt nht: Thc vt c nhng giai on chng chu thuc
tt, ng thi c nhng giai on rt mn cm vi thuc. Thuc BVTV d lm gim
nng sut nu phun vo lc cy ra hoa th phn. Tra nng to, thuc cng d gy chy
l. Cn trnh phun thuc BVTV vo giai on ny.
iu kin thi tit thun li nht cho thuc pht huy tc dng: Khng phun
thuc khi tri sp ma, qu nng nng. Nn phun vo sng sm hay chiu mt (tt
nht l phun thuc lc chiu mt), trnh phun thuc bui tra.
Phun vo sng sm, tuy t hi n ngi i phun, dch hi cha ln trnh, nn
d b trng c, dn n tra, nhit ln cao thuc d gy c cho dch hi; nhng
sau khi phun, thuc gp nhit cao, nng gt, thuc s b phn hy mt phn; mt
khc, gp nhit cao, s trao i cht ca dch hi mnh, nn thuc cng b thi ra
nhiu.
Phun vo chiu mt, khe ngi, t ng c, gi lng hn nn thuc b mt t
hn. Sau khi phun thuc, gp nhit xung thp, thuc t b phn hy; dch hi hot
ng, ra khi ni n np, nn d tip xc vi thuc, to iu kin thuc pht huy hiu
lc.
Hn ch mt phn tc hi ca thuc i vi sinh vt c ch: Khng phun khi
thin ch cn t, thi im sinh vt c ch hot ng mnh. vng c nui ong mt,
nn phun thuc vo bui chiu khi ong v t, phun thuc ni hp, khng phun
thuc khi ong i ly mt, cy ra hoa. Trnh phun thuc nhiu ln, loi thuc tn lu
gy c cho ong, chim v ng vt hoang d.
V mt kinh t: Mi cy trng ch c tng giai on sinh trng nht nh, tc
ng ca dch hi d nh hng n nng sut. V vy ch nn phun thuc vo thi
im mt hay s ph hi ca dch hi vt ngng kinh t. Lm nh vy s lm
gim c s ln phun thuc (khng phun thuc tr su cun l sm nhm bo v
thin ch v tn dng kh nng t bi p ca cy la). Lm tt cng tc d tnh d
bo gim quy m dng thuc (tr theo ). S dng thuc trn c s ngng kinh t
ng (xem xt ton b cc yu t sinh thi: Cy trng, dch hi, ngoi cnh v k sinh
thin ch).
2.2.4. ng phng php x l (ng cch)
Phun ng ni dch hi c tr dch hi tip xc vi thuc nhiu nht.
Chn phng php s dng thch hp nhm tng cng tnh chn lc ca
thuc.
Chn ng cng c phun ri thch hp cho tng mc ch s dng.
Trong iu kin c th, nn dng lun phin cc thuc khc nhau gim tc
hi ca thuc n sinh qun v lm chm tnh khng thuc ca dch hi.
60
 Phi hn hp thuc BVTV ng cch.
2.3. CC PHNG PHP S DNG THUC BO V THC VT
2.3.1. Phun thuc bt
L phng php dng cc thuc dng bt, a thuc n b mt phun bng
cc my phun thuc bt. Thuc phi c phun u, bao ph u v bm tt trn b
mt vt phun. Cht lng phun thuc ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh l ha ca thuc,
c im b mt vt phun, hnh dng thuc v iu kin thi tit.
Phun bt c nhiu u im: n gin, nng sut lao ng cao, khng dng nc
(c bit c ngha khi s dng thuc nhng ni c a hnh phc tp, xa ngun
nc).
Nhc im: Ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin thi tit: gi d cun thuc i xa,
gy tht thot ln v thuc v gy nhim mi trng; ma d ra tri thuc nn hiu
lc ca thuc b gim nhanh. Thuc c hm lng cht c thp, nn lng thnh
phm dng nhiu, lng hot cht thng dng cao hn cc dng thuc khc, phi
chuyn ch v vn chuyn nhiu.
2.3.2. Rc thuc ht
Thuc dng ht, c rc vo t x l t, trong t hot cht trong
thuc ht c gii phng t t v c tc dng dit dch hi trong thi gian di. Trong
mt s trng hp thuc cng c rc ln cy bo v cy.
Ht thuc phi c rn nht nh, khng ha tan qu nhanh v tan dn vo
nc gii phng t t hot cht nhng khng bi v vn trc khi rc.
m t nh hng nhiu n thuc ht, trong iu kin kh hn, cc thuc
ni hp dng ht khng pht huy c tc dng dit dch hi ca chng. Cn cc thuc
xng hi dng ht li gim hiu lc khi trong t c m cao.
2.3.3. Phun lng
L em cc thuc BVTV trong cc h phn tn lng (dung dch tht, dung dch
keo, huyn ph, nh tng), di dng ht nh ln b mt vt phun. H phn tn phi
bn c tnh loang dnh v thm t tt trn b mt vt phun. Huyn ph v nh tng
c phn tn km hn dung dch tht v dng dch keo.
Tc lng ca ht cht rn trong huyn ph ph thuc vo trng lng ring
v ln ca ht thuc v t l nghch vi nht ca mi trng. T trng ca thuc
bt thm nc l t s gia trng lng v th tch ca mu thucc kho st (g/cm3).
Nu thuc c t trng ln, thuc mau lng ng, thuc phun ra khng u, bnh bm
d b tt. Ht thuc mn, t trng nh, li thm cht n nh lm tng bn ca huyn
ph. Cht n nh lm tng nht ca thuc, gim lng ng ca ht cht rn. B
phn khuy thuc trong my phun cng gip huyn ph c n nh.
Trong nh tng ng knh ht thuc ln hn 0,1m d hp li v phn lp.
Nu thuc phn lp qu nhanh thuc s trang tri khng u trn b mt vt phun. Cc
cht nh ha trong thuc sa c tc dng ngn cn cc git thuc lin kt vi nhau
m bo bn nh tng.

61
 Cc cht hot ng b mt lm gim sc cng b mt, gip thuc loang nhanh,
bm dnh lu trn b mt vt phun, ko di hiu lc ca thuc v lm gim s mt mt
ca thuc.
Da vo ng knh ca git nc thuc do cc my bm phun ra, ngi ta
chia thnh cc phng php phun khc nhau. S phn chia ny ty thuc theo tng
nc.
Cng ha Dn ch c (c): Phun nc (spritzen) c ng knh git thuc >
150m; phun ma bi (spruphen): 50-150m; phun m (nebel): < 150m.
Lin X (c): phun va v to: 250-400m; phun git nh: 100-250m; phun
m tha: 25-100m; phun m trung bnh: 5-25m; v phun m c: 0,5-5m.
Php: Phun nc: 400-1000m; phun kh: 50-200m; phun lng cc nh: 80-
160m; phun nhit: <30m.
Anh: Phun vi lng nc nhiu; phun vi lng nc trung bnh; phun vi
lng nc nh; phun vi lng nc cc nh, phun m.
Vit Nam khi phun bng bnh bm eo vai, lng nc phun cho la, cy
cng nghip ngn ngy, rau khong 600-800l/ha; ch (ti thiu 500 l/ha), bng 1000-
1200 l/ha. Nhng nu dng my bm ng c phun ma bi, git thuc phun ra
nh hn,din tch bao ph b mt ln hn, lng nc dng cho cy trng hng nm
cn t i (khong 200-300 l/ha).
Theo Lenke (1967): Cng mt th tch nc, nu kch thc git thuc gim i
3 ln, s git thuc tng ln 27 ln v din tch tip xc ca git thuc tng 11 ln.
Nn nh rng, t hiu qu tr dch hi, lng thuc dng trn mt n v
din tch l khng thay i. V vy khi dng lng nc gim i bao nhiu ln, th
nng ca thuc pha cng phi tng ln by nhiu ln. Thuc phi c an ton cao,
khi phun nng cao, thuc cng khng gy hi cho cy.
Phun lng c u im: lng thuc dng t; thuc bm dnh tt v an ton vi
mi trng. Nhc im ca phun lng: Nng sut dng thp, phi dng nc.
2.3.4. Sol kh
Sol kh l thuc BVTV phn tn di dng keo trong khng kh. Nu pha phn
tn l nhng ht rn th l s phun khi; cn pha phn tn l nhng git cht lng l
s phun m. Thuc khi l dng sol kh dng tr su mt trong kho, trong nh knh v
trong rng. Phng php to khi rt n gin:
- Dng nhit t nng thuc, thuc s thng hoa bay l lng trong
khng kh gy c cho cng trng. C th dng giy lc bi nhiu t vi nhau,
tm vo dung dch 5-7% clorat kali hay nitrat kali, hong kh; sau tm tip
dung dch ha tan trong dung mi hu c. Khi dng, cn tnh trc lng cht
c cn thit dng cho mi n v th tch tnh lng giy lc trong cc
phng hun. Khi dng, ch cn t cc tm giy ny.
- Pho khi l nhng hp nh hnh tr, trong cha thuc BVTV dng bt
kh trn ln clorat kali. Khi dng, t pho, qu pho tung ln cao, ta khi
thuc c cha thuc BVTV ra xung quanh.
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 - Que/thanh khi: Thuc BVTV dng bt kh, trn vi mn ca v nitrat
kali, cht dnh, p li thnh thanh nh. Khi dng cn tnh ton s thanh thuc
khi hay pho khi ri chm la t. Chng s bc chy t t, bc thnh khi
dit cn trng, rui mui rt tt.
Thuc phun m: Thuc BVTV c ha tan trong cc du khong c si
tng i cao (du xda, du my bin p, du diesel), c chc nng l cht mang
v cht ha tan a thuc t ni phun n ni x l. Mt s dung mi d bay hi
nh tetraclorua cacbon, dicloetan ch dng ch thuc phun m trong phng kn
(nh nh kho, nh knh).
Cc phng php to git sng m:
- To m bng c gii: Dng cc my phun c bit c vng quay rt ln
(hng vn vng/pht), to p sut rt ln (hng trm atm), x thuc thnh cc
git c kch thc vi chc m, c kh nng phn tn ln khi ra khi my phun.
- To m bng nhit: Nu dung dch thuc du trong ni hi hoc qua ng
xon rut g nhit cao (cao hn nhit si ca du). Hi thuc c bn
ra khi my phun di p sut 7-8 atm. Hi thuc gp lnh ngung t thnh
nhng git m c phn tn cao (kch thc < 1m). Do phi tip xc vi
nhit cao, nn mt phn ca thuc b phn hy.
- To m bng phng php phi hp c nhit: Dung dch c dng hi
nng bc u to nhng git tng i nh ri c x nh di p sut cao
v a ngay ra vi phun, cc git m c ngui nhanh ha ln vi khng kh
bn ngoi. S phn hy ca thuc khng xy ra v dch thuc ch tip xc vi
nhit nhit thp (cha n si ca du), trong thi gian rt ngn (vi
phn ngn gy). Phng php ny cng khng cn dng my phun c bit
to nn cc p sut qu cao. Nhng my phun m thng li dng nng lng
ca kh x ng c t trong to ra m.
Cc git thuc c tao bng phun m c ln v trng lng tng t nhau
(gi l ng phn tn), c kh nng phn tn ng u s l lng trong khng kh, chui
lun vo khe k, dit dch hi trit hn. Cn cc git thuc c ln v trng lng
khc nhau (gi l a phn tn), chng c phn tn khc nhau. Nhng git qu ln,
bm dnh km v ri nhanh xung t; cn nhng git qu nh li d b gi cun i xa.
Mi dng phun m li c cch s dng ring: phun m trung bnh c phun
trn ng rung, tc ng tc thi n cc loi cn trng c kh nng hot ng mnh;
cn phun m tha dng phun ln cy, phng nga su bnh.
Phun vi th tch thp (Ultra low volume) ch cn dng 4-6 lt thuc/ha hay th
tch cc nh (Ultra ultra low volume) ch cn 0,5 lt thuc/ha. phun, cn dng ch
phm c bit c hm lng cht c cao (90-95% a.i.). khc phc nhc im ca
phng php phun m, ngi ta ch ra cc sn phm c kh nng tch in khi to
thnh git nh. Trn my phun cng c b phn pht in cc git thuc c tch
in khin git thuc d dng bm dnh trn b mt vt phun, gim s hao ht thuc.
Phng php phun m c nng sut lao ng cao, lng nc dng t ( 20
l/ha), phn tn v bm dnh tt, hiu lc tr dch hi cao. Do phun m, to git nh,

63
lu lng ng, nn chng c tnh quang chuyn (photoforese), d b gi cun bay xa v
d gy hi sinh vt c ch.

2.3.5. X l ging
Ging cy trng (ht ging, c ging, hom ging) cn c x l thuc
BVTV phng tr su, nm, vi khun, tuyn trng v.v gy hi cho cy hoc to
cho cy sau ny c kh nng chng chu tt su bnh. Cc thuc x l ging khng
gy hi cho ht ging, ngc hi cn kch thch s ny mm, sc ny mm v sinh
trng ca cy sau ny. X l ging tit kim chi ph, gim lng thuc dng, hiu lc
tr dch hi cao.
C ba phng php x l ging:
- X l ging hay trn ging: d dng dit ngun bnh bm bn ngoi v
ht. nhng loi dch hi nm bn trong v ht cn thuc c tc dng thm su
mnh v xng hi. Thuc dng bt c trn k vi ht ging, sau khi trn, ht
ging c th c gieo ngay hay cn mt thi gian trc khi gieo. Thi gian
di ngn ty thuc vo loi dch hi, c im ca thuc v ca ging m khng
nh hng n sc sng ca ht ging. X l kh l bin php n gin, khng
i hi dng c v k thut phc tp. Bt k ht ging no cng c th p dng
bin php ny. Nhc im chnh; gy bi, d gy c cho ngi s dng v
nhim mi trng.
- X l t hay ngm ging: Ngm ging trong nc thuc mt thi gian
nht nh c th dit c dch hi bn ngoi hay bn trong ging. X l t c
u im l n gin, dit dch hi mnh hn. Nhc im chnh l ging sau
khi x l cn c gieo trng ngay. Vic x l nc thi cng gp kh khn.
- X l na kh hay na nc: ch yu dng x l ht ging. Trn ht
ging vi lng nh dch thuc sao cho lng thuc nh dng bao ph ht
lng ht ging cn x l. Sau khi x l thuc, c th gieo ngay hay li mt
thi gian ri hong kh trc khi bo qun. y l phng php x l n gin,
hiu qu, an ton, khc phc c nhc im ca phng php trn ging v
ngm ging.
2.3.6. Xng hi
Xng hi l cch tc ng n sinh vt gy hi bng con ng h hp thng
qua vic s dng cc cht c kh nng bay hi, u c bu khng kh bao quanh dch
hi khin chng b nhim c.
Mun xng hi c hiu qu, phi gi c nng cht xng hi trong thi
gian nht nh v ch c thc hin trong khong khng gian kn nh nh kho, nh
kn, tu thuyn hoc cc ni c che ph kn. Cc thuc xng hi c th dit cn
trng, chut, tuyn trng, nm v vi khun gy hi cy trng, nng sn.
Thuc xng hi l cc cht th rn, lng hay kh, c kh nng bay hi. c
tnh l ha ca thuc nh hng nhiu n hiu qu v phng php s dng.
bay hi l lng hi ti a c th c trong mi th tch khng kh nhng
iu kin nht nh.
64
 Tc bay hi xc nh bng khi lng hi bay ra t 1cm2 b mt cht xng
hi.
bay hi v tc bay hi t l thun vi tng nhit xng hi, t l
nghch vi p sut hi v nhit si ca chng. dit dch hi nhanh, ngi ta tng
tc bay hi ca thuc bng cch tng nhit xng hi v tng din bc hi.
S khuych tn ca thuc xng hi vo khng kh nh hng ln n kh nng
xm nhp ca cc cht xng hi. Tnh khuych tn ca thuc lin quan nhiu n nhit
phng xng v cch sp xp hng ha trong kho. Trong trng hp c bit tng
kh nng khuych tn ca thuc, ngi ta cn rt bt khng kh ca phng xng.
S hp ph cht xng hi ca vt phun l hin tng hi thuc b ht vo b
mt vt phun (hng ha, nng sn). Nu s hp ph km theo phn ng ha hc c
gi l hp ph ha hc.
S hp th cht xng hi ca vt phun l hin tng hi thuc xm nhp su
vo bn trng vt phun.
S hp th/hp ph cht xng hi (so vi khng kh) lin quan cht ch n k
thut dng thuc. T trng hi ca thuc <1 th khi xng hi thuc phi t di
thp; ngc li t trng cht xng hi >1 th khi xng hi phi t thuc trn cao.
gim kh nng bt la v t bc chy ca cc cht xng hi, trong gia cng
ngi ta thng trn thm vo sn phm nhng cht chng chy n.
Cn ch c bit n nhng tnh cht khc ca cht xng hi, nh tnh n
mn, lm han g kim loi, tnh d gy hng hng ha ti sng, da, lm mt mu
hng ha.
Cht xng hi l nhng cht rt c cho ngi v ng vt mu nng. Bn cnh
mt s cht c mi d nhn bit, cn nhiu hp cht khng mi, khng v, kh pht
hin.
Nhm gip pht hin nhanh s r r ca thuc xng hi, trnh gy c cho
ngi v mi trng, ngi ta thng trn vo sn phm nhng cht bo hiu c mi
v c bit hay lm chy nc mt ngay nng rt thp.
Khi xng hi cc kho hng, phi c chun b chu o, kho phi c trn, cc
khe h phi c dn kn, hng ha c sp xp thnh ng va phi, sao cho thuc
c th khuych tn vo ng hng d dng t mi pha. Khng trong phng xng
hi bng nhng vt dng c th b thuc gy hi. thuc ri rc trong kho nhng
ni thch hp. Thi gian xng hi khc nhau ty theo nng thuc, iu kin phng
hun v c tnh hng ha.
Xng hi t: c th dng cc phng php n gin nh: o rnh hay nhng
l nng, thuc v lp t li; hoc ri thuc, ti thuc vo t, xi t trn
thuc u hay nhiu phng php n gin khc.
Khi xng hi, cn ch c bit n cng tc phng h v bo h lao ng.
Ch c nhng ngi c tp hun cng tc xng hi kh trng v di s gim st
cht ch ca cn b k thut mi c lm cng vic ny. Khu vc xng hi cn c
bin cnh bo cm ngi qua li trong thi gian x l.
65
2.3.7. Ni liu php thc vt
Phng php cha bnh cho cy bng cch a vo cy nhng cht ha hc
khng c vi cy nhng lan truyn c trong cy, lm cho cy c vi dch hi hay
trung ha nhng c t do dch hi gy ra hoc do nhng nguyn nhn khc. Nhng
cht ny c th bo v cy, trnh li s gy hi ca nhng loi dch hi chuyn v
khng chuyn tnh.
Mt s cht khc c th khng c nhng lm thay i dch t bo, lm bin
i c trng sinh l sinh ha trong cy khin cy khng cn l ngun dinh dng
thch hp cho dch hi sng trn na. Nhng cht ny c th bo v cy, chng li
s gy hi ca nhng loi dch hi c chuyn tnh hp.
Tiu chun ca mt cht c tnh ni liu php tt l: xm nhp c vo trong
cy, t c nhng lng nht nh v tn ti trong cy mt thi gian kh di
nhng khng gy c cho cy v t phn hy khng gy c cho ngi v gia sc.
C th dng thuc ni hp thng qua x l ht ging, bn thuc vo t, phun
ln cy, tm thuc vo vi hay bng ri buc vo vt thng thc hin ni liu
php thc vt. Tc xm nhp ca thuc vo cy, s truyn lan v thi gian tn ti
ca thuc trong cy ph thuc c im ca thuc, thi gian sinh trng ca cy v
iu kin ngoi cnh.
2.3.8. Lm b c
Hn hp cht c v mi (thc n cn trng v loi gm nhm thch) c gi
l b c. b c hiu qu cao th phi c mi hp dn, thch hp vi tng loi dch
hi. Mi c th l cm, ht ng cc, cc loi bt, cht ngt, cht chua, cht hi tanh,
cy c
C nhiu phng php ch b:
- Lm b kh: trn thuc dng bt vi mi kh (ht ng cc), i khi
cn trn vi cht dnh thuc dnh vo mi tt hn. Cht dnh thng l
h tinh bt, du tho mc
- Lm b t: Tm mi vo dung dch huyn ph, nh tng cht c.
- Lm b na t: khc b t l t nc hn.
- Lm b lng: mi l cht lng, trn lun cht c vo mi.
Lm b c l phng php dit dch hi c nhiu u im: dng cht c t, t
gy nhim mi trng, t gy hi sinh vt c ch v em li hiu qu kinh t cao.
Hin c rt nhiu loi b lm sn bn trn th trng. Nhng loi b ny dng
rt n gin mang li hiu qu phng tr cao.
Ngoi cc phng php s dng thuc BVTV c bn trn, cn c nhiu phng
php khc cng em li hiu qu kinh t cao nh: Bao gi, nhng t v.v bo v
nng sn.
2.4. HN HP THUC BO V THC VT
Trong thc t, nhiu khi phi hn hp cc thuc vi nhau hay s dng cc
thuc hn hp c sn. Hn hp cc thuc c nhiu u im:

66
 - Ci thin c l tnh v nng cao hot tnh sinh hc ca thuc.
- M rng ph tc ng dit nhiu i tng cn phng tr cng xut
hin. C th hn hp cc thuc tr c vi thuc tr c, thuc tr su vi
thuc tr su, thuc tr bnh vi thuc tr bnh, thuc tr su vi thuc tr
bnh v ngc li; thuc tr su hay thuc tr bnh vi cc cht kch thch
sinh trng v phn bn l.
- Pht huy c u im, khc phc nhng nhc im ring ca tng
loi thuc.
- Gim c cng phun thuc.
Trong mt s trng hp, cc thuc tr su bnh cn c hn hp phn ha
hc va phng tr su bnh li va c kh nng tng sinh trng cho cy trng. Sau
y l cc nguyn tc khi tin hnh hn hp thuc bo v thc vt.
Khi hn hp phi gi nguyn nng thuc khi dng ring.
Trong trng hp bit chc khi hn hp cc thuc s xy ra hin tng hp lc
nng cao hiu lc, th c th hn hp nng thp hn so vi tng nng khi dng
n.
C nhiu loi thuc c hn hp sn bn trn th trng. Nhng trong nhiu
trng hp, cn c vo tnh hnh dch hi v yu cu s dng phi t gia cng ly hn
hp. Trong trng hp ny phi tra cu bng kh nng hn hp cc thuc la chn
kh nng hn hp. Xy ra mt trong 3 kh nng:
- Cc thuc c th hn hp c.
- Khi hn hp xong phi dng ngay: Thuc c th hn hp nhng phi
dng ngay, nu lu cc thuc s ph nhau.
- Khng c hn hp vi nhau: Cc thuc nh hn hp c c tnh i
khng nhau v ha hc hay sinh hc, nn khi hn hp cc thuc ph nhau.
Khi hn hp sai cc thuc s: nh hng xu n l tnh ca thuc; gia cc
thuc c th xy ra cc phn ng ha hc, lm mt hiu lc ca nhau; thuc hn hp
s to nn cc hp cht mi gy c cho cy; cc thuc em hn hp s gy nhng tc
ng i khng trn c th dch hi do tc ng sinh l tri ngc nhau ca cc thuc
v lm gim hiu lc thuc.
V vy, ch nn hn hp cc thuc khi hiu r c tnh ca tng loi thuc.
Nng dn khng nn sng to ra cng thc thuc hn hp. Cn tham kho kin ca
cn b k thut trc khi hn hp thuc.
2.5. CC PHNG PHP XC NH TNH C V HIU QU CA
THUC BVTV I VI CC SINH VT GY HI
Trc khi a mt loi thuc no vo s dng, cn phi nghin cu tnh
c v hiu lc ca n trn i tng dch hi cn dit tr. Xc nh tnh c l xc
nh c lc ca thuc i vi sinh vt. Xc nh hiu lc l tm loi thuc v phng
php s dng c th tiu dit dch hi nhiu nht.
Qu trnh nghin cu nh gi c thc hin bt u t phng th nghim, sau
l th nghim ngoi ng.

67
2.5.1. Trong phng th nghim
Trong k thut th nghim, vic xc nh tnh c ca mt cht c phi bo
m cc yu cu k thut nh sau:
- To ra c nhng sinh vt ng u, mt qun th ng nht tin
hnh th nghim.
- C nhng dng c c kh nng tri c mt cch chnh xc, u n
mt lng thuc nh trc ln b mt vt phun.
- To ra c nhng iu kin bn ngoi (nhit , m ) ng nht
trong qu trnh th nghim.
tha mn nhu cu (1) cn nhn ging su, tc nhn gy hi hoc c di mt
cch nhn to trong phng th nghim, ch :
- Chn ging dch hi thng gy hi cho cy trng trong sn xut ti a
phng.
- Chn ging c sc sinh sn nhanh, thi gian hon thnh vng i ngn,
k thut nui khng phc tp.
tha mn yu cu (2) c th s dng hai dng c sau:
- My nh git vi lng
- My phun.
Sau khi x l xong, cc vt th nghim c t trong phng c nhit v
m n nh trong sut thi gian th nghim. Trong cc th nghim xc nh tnh c
ca thuc, kt qu c so snh vi cng thc i chng khng x l hoc x l mt
loi thuc no c ng dng ph bin.
a. Phng php xc nh tnh c v c ca thuc tr su
- Nh mt lng thuc nht nh vo ming su
- Cho su ht cht c di dng lng (ming chch ht v lim ht)
- Lm nhng bnh l c thuc c su n.
b. Phng php xc nh tnh c tip xc ca thuc tr su
- Phun bt hoc phun lng.
- Nhng su vo thuc.
- Cho su tip xc vi thuc trn giy lc hoc knh.
c. Phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc tr su ni hp
- Gieo ht trong chu nh, khi cy 2, 3 l th cy cn trng ln ri ti
thuc vo chu vi liu lng khc nhau.
- Nu trng cy trong dung dch th pha thng thuc vo trong dung dch.
d. Phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc xng hi
Xng mt lng hi c c th tch v nng cht hu hiu bit trc vo
mt bung kn c cha cc sinh vt th nghim.

68
d. Phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc tr nm, vi khun
Tnh c ca thuc tr nm th hin kh nng hn ch bo t nm bnh ny
mm, hn ch s pht trin ca khun lc trong mi trng
- Ly b phn cy bnh ra sch bng nc ct ri vo hp petri m
cho bo t mc.
- Dng kim ly bo t ho vo nc ct.
- Pha thuc nhng nng khc nhau ri vo ng nghim dung dch
bo t v dung dch nc thuc theo t l 1:1 khuy u ri ly ra t hn
hp 1-2 git t ln lam, sau nhng thi gian chun nh ly mu ra a
ln knh quan st bo t nm v ghi chp li cc chi tit.
- Nu mi trng v cho thm vo mi trng loi thuc nh nghin cu
nhng lng khc nhau ri vo hp petri sau cy mm bnh ln v
so snh s pht trin ca nm hoc vi khun vi i chng.
e. Phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc tr c di
- Trng cy trong chu t ri phun hoc ti theo nhng nng thuc
nh sn.
2.5.2. Ngoi ng rung
C 3 loi hiu qu cn phi tnh n gm: hiu qu k thut, hiu qu tng
sn v hiu qu kinh t. nh gi hiu qu ca thuc BVTV cn lu ti cc ch
tiu c bn sau y:
- T l su bnh, c di gim sau khi phun thuc so vi i chng.
- T l thit hi ca cy gim so vi i chng.
- Tc ng ca thuc ti cy trng, ti sinh vt c ch
- nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n tnh c ca thuc.
a. Hiu qu k thut, cc phng php tnh hiu qu k thut
i vi hiu qu k thut, cn lu cc ch tiu sau y:
- % dch hi b thuc lm cht
- Thi gian c hiu lc ca thuc
- Mc gim dch hi ca thuc
Cng thc Abbott
C-T
H (%) = ------------ x 100
C
H: hu hiu;
C: su sng i chng; T: su sng x l

69
 Cng thc Schneider Oreilli
b-k
% = ----------- x 100
100 - k
b: su cht x l (%); k: su cht i chng(%)
Cng thc Berim
Ab - Ba
% = (--------------) x 100
Ab
A: S lng c th sng trc x l cng thc c x l thuc
B: S lng c th sng sau x l cng thc c x l thuc
a: S lng c th sng trc x l cng thc i chng
b: S lng c th sng sau x l cng thc i chng
Cng thc Henderson Tilton
Ta.Cb
% = [1 - (----------)] x 100
Tb.Ca
Ta: S lng c th sng sau x l nghim thc c x l thuc
Tb: ------------------------ trc ----- nghim thc c x l thuc
Ca: ------------------------- sau ------------ i chng (khng x l thuc)
Cb: ------------------------ trc ----------- i chng
Cng thc Sun Shepard
Pt + Pcf
% = ( ----------------) 100
100 + Pcf
m2 n2 -n1
Pt = 100 - ----------- 100 Pcf = ------------- 100
m1 n1
m1: C th sng st trc phun thuc l th nghim (c phun thuc)
m2: C th sng st sau phun thuc l th nghim (c phun thuc)
n1: s c th sng trc phun thuc i chng
n2: s c th sng sau phun thuc i chng

70
 Cng thc Swingle v Snapp
(ax - z)
% = ------------ x 100
ax
% c th sng i chng sau th nghim
a = -----------------------------------------------------
% c th sng i chng trc th nghim
x = % c th sng cng thc phun thuc trc th nghim.
z = % c th sng cng thc phun thuc sau th nghim.
b. Hiu qu tng sn
- Tng v s lng
- Tng v cht lng
c. Hiu qu kinh t
So snh chi ph ca vic dng thuc vi vic tng thu nhp do hiu qu ca
thuc em li.
2.5.3. Cch tnh lng thuc thng phm cn dng
Khi liu lng khuyn co cho di dng hot cht kg (g) a.i./ha (N)
N (kg a.i./ha) x S (ha) x 100
Lng thuc = -------------------------------------
A
Trong : S: Din tch cn c x l
A: T l % hot cht c trong thuc thng phm
V d: cn bao nhiu Kg thuc thng phm x l 250 m2 nu bit liu
lng hot cht s dng l 1 kg a.i./ha v t l hot cht trong thuc thng phm l
5%.
1kg a.i./ha x 0,025 ha x 100
Lng thuc = --------------------------------------- = 0,5 kg
5
Khi liu lng khuyn co cho di dng % hot cht trong dung dch phun
V x N x S x 100
Lng thuc = -----------------------------
A
Trong : V: l lng nc cn phun (1t/ha); N: liu lng khuyn co
A: l t l hot cht trong thuc
71
 V d: Bao nhiu thuc cn x l 1 ha nu bit nng hot cht c trong
dung dch phun l 1 %, lng nc cn thit l V = 400 lt/ha v t l hot cht trong
thuc l 50%.
400 (l/ha) x 1/100 x 1 ha x 100
Lng thuc = -------------------------------------------------- = 8 lt (kg)
50

Cu hi n tp:
1. Phn loi, u v nhc im ca cc dng thuc BVTV?
2. Nhng u v nhc im ca cc phng php s dng thuc BVTV?
3. Nguyn tc v phng thc hn hp cc thuc BVTV?
4. C s khoa hc ca nguyn tc 4 ng trong s dng thuc BVTV?
5. Cc phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc BVTV?
6. Phng php xc nh hiu qu ca thuc BVTV i vi cc sinh vt
gy hi?
7. Cc cng thc tnh hiu lc ca thuc BVTV?

72
 Chng 3
NHNG BIN PHP M BO AN TON KHI S DNG THUC BO V
THC VT
Chng ny gip sinh vin bit k thut s dng thuc BVTV t hiu qu
v an ton, nm c cc kin thc v s cp cu ngi khi b ng c thuc.
3.1. TIU CHUN CA NHNG NGI LM VIC VI CHT C
Ngi s dng thuc BVTV phi l ngi khe mnh, trng thnh. Khng
tr em, ph n c thai hoc ang cho con b, ngi c vt thng h, l lot hoc
ngi ang b bnh kinh nin i phun thuc.
Nhng ngi s dng thuc BVTV phi c kin thc v s dng thuc, phi c
nhng hiu bit cn thit v c tnh v cc tnh cht ca thuc, bit cch s dng
thuc t hiu qu cao v an ton.
3.2. QUI TC VN CHUYN , BO QUN V XUT NHP KHU THUC
BO V THC VT
3.2.1. Vn chuyn thuc
Thuc dng lng cha trong chai thy tinh cn phi c vn chuyn ht sc
cn thn trnh b v. Bn ngoi cc bao thuc loi ny phi ghi ch (D B) v lm
mt du hiu u lu v hai xng bt cho. Cc loi thuc d gy chy cng cn c
ghi r bn ngoi.
Thuc phi c ring ra khi cc loi hng ha khc, phi dng rm hoc
vt liu chng xc no khc m cc kin thuc, thao tc nh nhng. Xe ch thuc
st trng phi c bung li ring cho ti x, khng c ch thuc chung vi hnh
khch.
Mt s quy tc cn thit i vi cc phng tin vn chuyn thuc b tai nn
nh sau:
- Tt my ngay trnh chy
- Khng cho php ht thuc l
- Mi ngi phi di chuyn ra khi v tr, ng trn gi trnh ht phi
thuc hoc hi nng nu b chy. Nu cn gip ngi b hn m th ch cn
mt s ngi c tham gia vo.
- Khi khng thy nguy c chy, n hoc bc hi qu mc c th cn thn
tm cch ngn chn khng cho thuc trn vo cc vc nc. Nu qu
nhiu, phi gi ngay ngi c chuyn mn gii c hoc chnh quyn a
phng. Ngn chn dn a phng t m i vo khu vc. Nu thuc b
l thuc dit c, phi tm cch ngn nga thuc khi gy hi cho cy
trng trong khu vc ln cn.
3.2.2. Bo qun, tn tr thuc BVTV
Bo qun, tn tr thuc phi t c hai mc tiu: gi c lu di hot tnh
ca thuc v an ton cho con ngi v mi trng xung quanh. Lu cc im sau:

73
 - Thuc cn c lu tr ch kh v mt bi v tia nng trc tip s
phn hy v gim hiu lc ca thuc thm ch c th gy ha hon.
- Khu vc tn tr phi thong kh cng nhn vo khi b ng c.
Cn lp qut ht gi trn trn.
- Nn sp xp cc loi thuc theo c. Cc loi rt c nn sp trong
cng gim bt nh hng i vi ngi vo lm vic thng xuyn.
- t k hoch chuyn vn thuc vo ra tht hp l sao cho cng nhn
hin din vi thi gian ti thiu trong khu vc kho va.
- Ca kho thuc phi kho thng xuyn v cm tr em lai vng.
- Kho va phi xa cch khu vc nh . Trng hp cc i l bn l th
cn phi c khong cch an ton gia ni cha thuc v ni sinh hot.
- Kho va phi c cc phng tin phng b thuc ra ngoi v cha
la. Ti thiu phi c: chi, vi, t, xung, thng cha rng, bnh cha
la. Nn c b bao thp chung quanh kho cha trnh thuc chy ra
xa. Nc ra kho va phi thot ra c ch.
- Phi c cc dng c s cu: x phng, gng tay, mt n th, nc
ra...
- Khi c ha hon phi bo ng cho mi ngi trnh khi khi c v
phi bo cho i cu ha bit trc c khi c h chun b khu trang.
- Duy tr mi lin lc vi ngnh y t, cha la, cnh st.
- Khng c by bn chung thuc vi cc loi hng ha khc.
- Thuc dit c phi c ra mt khu ring bit v tp nhim thuc
dit c qua cc thuc khc c th bt ng gy hi cho hoa mu.
3.2.3. Xut nhp khu thuc
Thuc BVTV l loi hnh ha c bit, chng l cc cht c, do vic xut
nhp khu cn phi tun th theo cc qui nh ca nh nc nhm m bo an ton.
Mt s qui nh c th nh sau:
+ Nhp khu thuc thnh phm v nguyn liu sn xut, gia cng, sang
chai, ng gi thuc bo v thc vt
- Vic nhp khu thuc thnh phm, nguyn liu trong danh mc thuc
c php s dng hoc hn ch s dng Vit Nam sn xut, gia cng,
sang chai, ng gi theo quy nh ca Ngh nh do Chnh ph ban hnh.
- Nhp khu thuc thnh phm, nguyn liu thuc bo v thc vt ngoi
danh mc c php s dng gia cng, ng gi ti Vit Nam nhm mc
ch ti xut theo hp ng k vi nc ngoi phi c giy php nhp
khu ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v phi chu s kim tra
vic ti xut ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn.
- T chc, c nhn nhp khu thuc bo v thc vt cha c trong danh
mc c php s dng kho nghim, s dng trong cc d n u t
nc ngoi ti Vit Nam m c php dng loi thuc ny hoc nhp khu
thuc bo v thc vt trong danh mc hn ch s dng phi c giy php
xut khu ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn quy nh iu kin v th tc cp giy
php nhp khu thuc bo v thc vt.
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 + T chc, c nhn c ng k kinh doanh c php xut khu thuc, nguyn
liu thuc bo v thc vt theo quy nh v hot ng xut nhp khu ca Nh nc.
3.3. NHNG BIN PHP M BO S DNG THUC C HIU QU TT
V AN TON CHO NGI DNG THUC BO V THC VT
3.3.1. Trc khi s dng thuc
- Trang b bo h nhm lm gim s tip xc v xm nhp ca thuc vo
c th, ng thi hn ch nguy c b ng c. Khng lm vic trong kho,
trong ca hng thuc BVTV, khng i phun thuc trn rung nu khng c
b bo h thch hp.
- C y qun o bo h v cng c bo h lao ng khi tip xc vi
thuc: qun o di, tp d bng nilon hay vi khng thm t, m, khu
trang, knh. Khi tip xc vi thuc, khng phi bt k trng hp no cng
phi mang y trang b bo h lao ng. Trang b bo h cho ngi lao
ng nhiu hay t, ty thuc vo c ca loi thuc s dng. Thuc cng
c, cng phi trang b y . Trang b bo h cn ty thuc vo loi cy
trng: phun cy cao cn c y bo h, cy thp cn t hn. Cn t to
cho mnh b bo h y .
- n no trc khi phun thuc.
- Mang theo nc ung, x phng, khn mt v qun o sch s dng
ngay nu cn.
- Kim tra bnh bm v khc phc s c trc khi em bm thuc ra
rung.
- Khi phun thuc ni ho lnh cn c ngi i cng.
3.3.2. Trong khi s dng thuc
- Khng dng bnh r r hay thuc dnh ln da. Khng n ung, ht
thuc trong khi phun thuc.
- Ngng phun thuc ngay khi pht hin bnh phun r r. X van kh trong
bnh bm. nc thuc ra x chu v tm cch khc phc.
- Khi vi phun b tc, cn ln b, n ni sch c, tho vi, ra sch. Nu
vi b tc, cn ly cy cng mm, thng, khng dng mm thi thng vi.
- Khng phun thuc ngc chiu gi, nn i vung gc vi chiu gi;
khng phun thuc khi tri c gi qu to.
- Thay ngay qun o mi nu qun o ang mc b dnh thuc.
- Gii lao: Chn ni thong mt, xa ni phun thuc; Ch n ung ht thuc
khi ra tay mt mi sch.
- Khng chn th gia sc trong khu ang phun thuc.
3.3.3. Sau khi s dng thuc
Thu dn bao b, chai thuc v tiu hy ng cch: p bp v st, p v chai,
chn bao b ni ho lnh, cao, khng ng nc, c bin cnh bo hay ro chn; h o
phi c chiu su thp hn b mt mng gn nht. Khng t bnh cha thuc.
Ra sch trong ngoi bnh bm bng nc x phng. Tho ri tng b phn,
dng vi mm ra sch, thng vi phun bng nc x phng v nc sch. p ro
nc, ct vo kho. Khng bnh bm ba bi khi lm vic hay khi bo qun.
75
 Khng nc thuc tha v nc ra bm xung rung, ngun nc.
Thuc dng khng ht phi y, ct vo kho ring, c kha. Kho phi xa nh.
Tm v git sch qun o bo h v cng c bo h bng x phng. Ch dng
qun o bo h khi tip xc vi thuc. Khng chung qun o bo h vi qun o
thng mc. Khng qun o (k c qun o bo h) cng c phng h trong kho
thuc.
3.4. NHNG BIN PHP M BO AN TON CHO NGI V GIA SC,
GIA CM VNG C S DNG THUC BO V THC VT
Cn c bng thng bo hoc t cc biu tng nguy him khu vc s dng
thuc m bo an ton cho ngi v cc ng vt.
Cn m bo thi gian tr li khu vc x l thuc. Thi gian tr li khu vc
x l di hay ngn ty thuc vo loi thuc. Bnh thng, sau khi phun 48h l c th
quay li khu vc x l thuc. Trong trng hp c bit cn vo khu x l cn c
qun o bo h.
3.5. X L CC CHT THI CA THUC BVTV
Cc vt cha ng thuc BVTV thng c em s dng vo nhng mc
ch khc v gy ra nhng tai ha bt ng c bit cho tr em v gia sc.
3.5.1. Cc bao b cha ng thuc
- Cc loi thng v giy: Cc loi thng giy ng thuc st trng cn
phi t b, khng c dng nng c, tht hoc nu n.
- Cc loi chai l: Trnh dng ng cc thc khc, sau khi dng nn
p v v chn tp trung. Cn phi trt sch ht thuc ra khi chai l bng
cch dng ng 30 giy trn bnh phun thuc. Xong sc li ba ln vi nc
hoc dung mi no , lun vo bnh phun.
- Cc loi nha: m thng, cht nh, em chn. Khng nn t v khi
sinh ra t vic t nha rt c c kh nng gy ra ung th.
- Cc loi lon: m thng v chn.
Khng bao gi dng cc loi chai ng nc gii kht, bia... phn phi l
thuc BVTV. Cn phi khc vnh vin du u lu v hai xng cho ln cc loi chai
ng thuc, nh vy c th bn chai li cho nh my sn xut thuc BVTV ng thi
cc ngnh khc khng th tn dng c loi chai ny.
3.5.2. Cc d tha ca thuc sau khi dng
Ch c nhng l nung nhit cao mi c th hy thuc st trng. Trnh t
b thuc d theo kiu thng thng v thuc c th truyn i xa nguy him hn cho
sc kho v nu l thuc dit c th cn lm h hng cy trng ni khc.
Khng c b thuc d vo ngun nc v thuc s tiu dit thy sinh
mnh hn cch phun xt bnh thng rt nhiu. Nu d thuc nn phun xt tri rng ra
trn cnh ng, cch ny tuy c lm gia tng thm liu s dng trn cy nhng t gy
nguy him hn cch b tp trung.

76
 Chn thuc d l cch tin dng nhng phi ch cc im sau: t chn
khng c tnh thm qu cao lm thuc tri xung nc ngm (t st tt hn c),
khng v tr d b xi mn. im chn phi cch xa khu vc chn nui, ging nc,
ging sui t nht 150m. H chn phi su c th mt lp t ph dy ti
thiu 6 tc.
H chn c lt y vi mt lp vi ri n mt lp mt ca dy ti thiu 3
cm. Thuc d c ln trn mt lp vi v mt ca na. C th tip tc cho n
khi t lp. Vi c tc dng thc y s phn hy thuc st trng v tng cng
hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt phn gii thuc. Hu ht thuc st trng b phn gii
trong mi trng kim. Mt ca gim bt s ra tri ca thuc.
3.6. Ng c thuc BVTV v s cp cu ngi b ng c thuc
Ng c thuc BVTV c th din ra theo 3 hnh thc:
- c cp tnh: Sau khi nhim cht c mt cch tnh c hoc c , c th
b tn thng nng ton din hoc cc b.
- c kinh nin: S tip xc thng xuyn lu di vi cht c gy ra
nhng hu qu xu cho sc kho nh trong trng hp nhim c ngh
nghip.
- c kinh nin do hp thu liu thp lu di: y l s ng c ch yu
do tn d ca thuc trn cc sn phm, gy ra ung th hoc cc loi bnh tt.
c cp tnh thng gy nguy him cho tnh mng. Vic cu cha nhim c
i hi mt hiu bit y v nhm ha phn loi ca thuc c c th quyt nh
tht ng n, nht l vic la chn thuc gii c. V d: dng atropin c th cu
c cc trng hp ng c thuc gc ln hu c hay carbamate nhng nu dng
atropin gii c cho cc trng ng c thuc clo hu c th nguy him cht ngi.
Bi vy, thuc phi lun c nhn hiu phng khi tai nn cn cp cu. Khi c ngi
ng c phi a i bnh vin, nh mang theo chai thuc hoc t nht l ghi tn thuc
gy c.
3.6.1. X l khn cp cc trng hp ng c thuc BVTV
- Loi tr cht c khi c th:
Khi nn nhn nut phi thuc st trng, phi gy i ma hoc sc rut. Khng
nn gy i ma nu nn nhn trng thi l m hoc bt tnh trong trng hp nut
phi thuc ch ha trong dung mi nh l kerosene hoc cc sn phm chng ct t
du m. V ch cn mt lng nh kerosene lt vo kh qun hoc cc ph nang cng
c th gy ra vim phi nng n.
S hp thu cc cht c qua ng tiu ha c th c chn bt bng cch
dng than hot tnh. Than ny hp thu gn ht cc cht c tr cyanide. Pha mt
mung canh bt than hot tnh mn vo 100 ml nc ri cho nn nhn ung hoc a
vo bao t bng cc loi ng thng. Than hot tnh hp thu cht c rt mnh nu
ung trong vng mt gi u nhim c.
Khi nn nhn b ng c qua ng th, phi ko nn nhn ra khi khu vc b
nhim hi c, v lt b tt c o qun b thm hi thuc. Hu nh tt c cc loi
thuc st trng u c kh nng thm nhp qua 3 ng: tiu ha, h hp v tip xc.
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Phi ra nn nhn vi tht nhiu nc, sau thoa x bng ln da kh cht c.
Khng bao gi thoa cc loi du v du c th lm gia tng tnh thm qua da ca cht
c. Sau p nn nhn bng mt tm mn coton.
Nu dnh thuc vo mt, ra ngay lp tc vi nc trong vi pht. Ph gi m
mi mt ca nn nhn v xi nc nh lin tc vo ra cho sch thuc.
Khi cp cu nn nhn thao tc cn thn gi cho bn thn khi b nhim c.
- Duy tr hi th ca nn nhn
o t nn nhn nm nghing, u hi thp xung 15-30 so vi bao t.
Nu nn nhn nut cht c th cho nm nghing bn tri thuc khi di
chuyn xung tip tc qua vng h v ni xy ra s hp thu thuc mnh
m. Duy tr t th ny trong khi di chuyn n bnh vin.
o Cn thn ht b tt c cht tit vng ming v c hng. Khng c
ht trc tip bng ming, t bit l trng hp nn nhn nut hoc ht phi
thuc.
o Nu nn nhn b bt tnh, phi li xung bng cch t mt cn
mung di hoc dng c li dng trong y khoa vo vng gia vm
ming v li.
Nu c phng tin, nn cho nn nhn th oxygen. Sau ch bnh
nhn vo bnh vin cha tr.
3.6.2. Ng c cc thuc ln hu c v carbamate
V c dng nhiu trong nng nghip nn cc LHC v CHC gy ra nhiu hu
qu nht cho sc kho. Cc loi thuc ny c ch mnh m men cholinesterase do
lm tng lng acetycholines vn l mt dch dn truyn lung thn kinh
Acetycholines phng thch ra ti cc tip im thn kinh v to ra cc phn ng
sau:
- Lm co tht cc c trn ca ng th, tiu ha v bi tit.
- Cc tuyn ngoi tit gia tng hot ng: tuyn nc bt, nc mt, dch
cung phi, dch bao t, tuyn m hi.
- Lm suy gim tc v lc co c tim v lm dn mch mu.
- Lm t lit cc c iu khin xng v vnh vin lm mt kh nng iu
khin.
- Kch thch v lm suy thoi h thn kinh trung ng.
Nhim c nh cc cht c ch men cholinesterase s gy ra nhc u, mt
mi, chng mt, co rt bao t, m mt, tot m hi, nn ma, tiu chy, tit nc bt.
Cc triu chng ny cng c th nhn thy cc bnh khc nh cm, vim rut v kit
sc v nng bc.
Nhim c mc trung bnh c th gy ra tt c cc triu chng thy trng
hp nhim c nh v thm vo au ngc, th kh kh, bc i khng vng, co rt c,
ng t co li. Nu khng ch bc s c th s chun on nhm vi bnh nhi mu
c tim, suyn, vim phi, vim no.

78
 Nhim c nng gy bt tnh, co rt cc b hoc ton din l din bin n cc
ca cc triu chng thy trng hp nhim c trung bnh.
3.6.3. Ng c thuc clo hu c (CHC)
Ng c thuc CHC thng xy ra do nut hoc ht phi thuc hoc b thm
qua da. C ch chnh xc ca s trng c ngi n nay vn cha hon ton c
bit r. Tuy nhin cng c th nhn ra c tc ng chnh ca thuc trn h thn kinh
giao cm v h thn kinh trung ng.
Triu chng ca s nhim c cp tnh bao gm: lit, b kch thch, chong
vng mt mi, run ry, co qup v hn m. Nn ma cng xy ra khi nut phi thuc.
Vim phi cng l triu chng thng thy. H h hp mi u b kch thch v sau
b suy yu. Cc triu chng c thng gia tng thm do tc dng ca cc dung mi.
Triu chng khi u ca trng c l au u, chn n, yu c, hi run ry.
Suy gan v bin i cu to mu nh gia tng bch cu, gim hng cu, thn cng c
th b tn thng. Nn nhn c th phc hi th trng nu khng tip xc vi thuc
na ngay lc mi pht hin triu chng.
S bc pht, tnh lu bn v mc nghim trng ca tnh c thay i ty theo
thuc st trng v l thuc vo nhng yu t sau y: s tn lu sau khi phun xt, tc
hp thu, mc tn tr trong m c th v s bin dng ca thuc trong c th.
Chn on trng c ch thng qua triu chng. V s co qup v tn hi h hp
u dn n hn m hoc cht, do c th dng furosemide chch tnh mch
chng vim phi v chch tnh mch barbiturate hoc diazepam chng co qup. C
th dng manitol hay dexamethasone cho nn nhn b vim ty sng.
3.6.4. Ng c thuc chut chng ng mu
Cc cht hydroxycoumarin v nhiu loi aryl indandiones git loi gm nhm
bng cch c ch s thnh lp cht prothrombin v trc tip gy tn hi cho mch mu
v lm xut huyt.
S trng c thng xy ra do nut mt ln kh nhiu thuc hoc nut nhiu
ln hoc thm thuc qua da. C mt thi gian tim n nhiu ngy trc khi thy c
triu chng trng c.
Thuc gii l vitamin K, c th chch K vo di da hoc vo c liu lng 10-
25 mg. Trng hp chy mu nng c th chch van.
C th truyn mu tng thm cc yu t ng mu. Dng vitamin C nhiu
ln mi ngy l mt bin php iu tr b sung c kt qu. C th xy ra thiu mu do
thiu st, iu tr bng cch ung sulfat st.

79
3.7. NHNG VIC NN LM V KHNG NN LM KHI S DNG THUC
BVTV

Hnh 3.1. Khng nn dng rng cn, m np chai

Hnh 3.2. Khng nn pha thuc gn tr em

Hnh 3.3. Khng nn dng tay trn ha thuc

80
 Hnh 3.4. Khng nn trn khi phun thuc

Hnh 3.5. Khng nn phun thuc i ngc chiu gi

Hnh 3.6. Khng nn n ung khi ang phun thuc

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 Hnh 3.7. Khng nn ht thuc khi ang phun thuc

Hnh 3.8. Khng nn thuc d tha xung ngun nc

Hnh 3.9. Khng nn sc ra bnh ri xung sng rch

82
 Hnh 3.10. Khng nn vt b v chai ba bi

Hnh 3.11. Khng nn dng v chai lm phao ging li

Hnh 3.12. Khng nn ng thuc chung vi thc phm

83
Hnh 3.13. Khng nn thuc BVTV trong nh bp

Hnh 3.14. Khng nn nhng nng sn vo thuc

Hnh 3.15. Khng nn dng thuc lau tri

84
 Hnh 3.16. Nn c k hng dn trn nhn thuc trc khi s dng

Hnh 3.17. Nn s dng cc dng c o lng ng thuc chnh xc

Hnh 3.18. Nn dng cc dng c bo h lao ng khi pha thuc

85
 Hnh 3.19. Nn trang b bo h lao ng khi phun thuc

Hnh 3.20. Nn sc ra bnh xt tht sch sau khi phun thuc

Hnh 3.21. Nn v sinh, tm git sch s ngay sau khi phun thuc xong

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 Hnh 3.22. Thay qun o v tm ra ngay khi thuc dnh vo c th

Hnh 3.23. Trng hp trng c thuc phi a nn nhn n ngay c s y t

gn nht v nh mang theo nhn thuc
Cu hi n tp
1. Nhng vic nn lm khi s dng thuc BVTV?
2. Nhng vic khng nn lm khi s dng thuc BVTV?
3. Tiu chun ca nhng ngi lm vic vi cht c?
4. Qui tc vn chuyn , bo qun v xut nhp khu thuc BVTV?
5. Nhng bin php m bo s dng thuc c hiu qu tt v an ton cho
ngi dng thuc bo v thc vt?
6. Nhng bin php m bo an ton cho ngi v gia sc, gia cm vng
c s dng thuc BVTV?
7. Cch x l cc cht thi ca thuc BVTV?

87
 PHN TH HAI
THUC BO V THC VT CHUYN KHOA

Chng 4
THUC TR SU V CC LOI NG VT GY HI KHC
Chng ny cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc v c tnh v cch s dng
thuc phng tr cc loi ng vt gy hi nh su, nhn, c, chut, tuyn trng.
4.1. THUC TR SU
Trong s khong 1 triu loi cn trng c khong 10.000 loi ph hi cy trng.
Trong s ch c khong 700 loi gy hi ng k cho ma mng trn khp th gii.
Do vy, con ngi phi u t rt nhiu sc lc chng li cc cn trng. Kt qu
l con ngi pht trin c nhiu sn phm thuc tiu dit cn trng nh mt
s thuc tr su v thuc tr ng vt gy hi sau y.
4.1.1. Thuc tr su tho mc
C mt s thuc BVTV ly trch t thc vt nh: pyrethrum, rotenone, sabadilla,
v ryania. Pyrethrin v cc pyrethoids. Nicotine v Nicotine sulfate hin nay khng
dng na. Ngoi ra cn cht limonene mi c khm ph gn y ch yu dng tr
cc cn trng k sinh trn ng vt. Cht Azadirachtin c ly trch t cy neem,
ch yu s dng cho nh king v cy king. Cc thuc gc thc vt thng tn lu
thp, nhng t gi do qu trnh ly trch.
a. Rotenone
Rotenone v cc cht tng t vi n c gi l rotenoids, c thng mi
ha dng lm thuc dit cn trng n l cy trng t 1848. Tuy nhin chng c
dng lm thuc lm t lit c t nhiu th k trc nhiu a im khc nhau trn
th gii (Trung Quc, Nam M). Cc cht rotenoid c ly trch t hai ging cy h
u l loi Derris trng nhiu Malaysia v ng v Lonchocarpus (cn gi l
cubeb hay cub) trng Nam M. Rotenone c nhiu tn gi khc l nh Nicouline,
Yubatoxin
R cy Derris elliptica c gi l: R Derris, r Tuba hoc Alker tuba
R cy Lonchocarpus ylitis, L. urucu v L. nicou c gi l barbaso, cube,
haiari, neloe, timbo.
Rotenone c LD50 qua ming (chut ) vo khong 350 mg/kg c dng lm
thuc dit cn trng kh lu. Cht ny khng c cho cy trng, nhng rt c cho c
v cn trng, t c cho cc ng vt mu nng v khng li d lng trn sn
phm do khng cn phi ch lu mi thu hoch. Rotenone l cht v c ln tip
xc i vi cn trng, c s dng di dng dch phun m c hoc dng bt.
Rotenone tuy git cn trng chm nhng cn trng b n ngay khi tip xc vi thuc.
Di iu kin c nh sng mt tri rotenone ch tn ti 1 n 3 ngy. Rotenone l loi
thuc gc thc vt c doanh s bn ng th nh sau pyrethrum.

88
 Rotenone l thuc tuyt ho git c d, lm sch ao h nui c king.
Rotenone l mt loa thuc chn lc, git cc loi c d m khng gy hi cho chui
thc phm ca c, d phn hy, khng li d lng. Nng thng dng l 0,5
ppm.
b. Sabadilla
Sabadilla c ly trch t ht cc cy trong h hu. LD50 ng ming vo
khong 5000 mg/kg, l cht c c cho ng vt mu nng thp nht trong s cc
thuc gc thc vt. Thuc c tc dng v c v tip xc i vi cn trng. Sabadilla
c hai cht alkaloid l cevadine (C32H49NO9) v veratridine (C36H51NO11). Thuc c
tc dng kch thch mt mi v gy nhy mi d di mt s ngi nhy cm. Thuc
phn hy nhanh chng di nh nng mt tri, s dng an ton khng cn thi gian
cch ly. Sabadilla khng tiu th c nhiu nh Pyrethrum v Rotenone. Sabadilla
dng ch yu cho cc loi rau.
c. Ryania
Ryania l mt thuc gc thc vt an ton cho ngi v gia sc, khng cn thi
gian cch ly. Ryania c ch to t c ca cy Ryania mc Trinidad v l mt
alkaloid. Thuc c LD50 vo khong 750 mg/kg. L mt thuc tc dng chm, cn
khong 24 gi git cn trng. Thnh phn hot ng ca Ryania l alkaloid
ryanodine (C25H35NO9). Ryanodine tc ng n c cn trng bng cch ngn cn s
co c tng t nh tc ng ca Strychnin i vi ng vt c v. Ryania dng tt
trn cc loi cy n tri, vn rau tr nhiu loi cn trng khc nhau. Ryania khng
c hiu lc i vi nhn .
d. Limonene
Limonene l thuc gc thc vt gn y nht. Thuc c trch t v tri h
cam qut dng tr cc ngoi k sinh trn th vt. Thuc khng c cho ng vt
mu nng. Trong cht trch v cam qut c nhiu cht c tc dng tr cn trng nhng
Limonene chim t l cao nht vo khong 98%. Cch tc ng ca thuc cng ging
nh Pyrethrum: n tc ng vo cc thn kinh giao cm ca h thn kinh ngoi vi, n
khng c ch cholinesterase.
e. Azadirachtin
Du chit trch t ht cy neem (Azadirachta indica) cha cht hot ng
azadirachtin, l mt nortriterpenoid thuc nhm lemonoids. Azadirachtin l mt loi
bt xanh lc nht c mi ging ti, c hot tnh dit cn trng v nm, vi khun gm
c tnh cht iu ha sinh trng cn trng. Thuc lm bin i s lt xc ca cn
trng bng cch c ch s sinh tng hp cht ecdysone, mt loi hormone iu khin
s bin thi. Thuc Azatin dng nh l mt cht iu ha sinh trng. Margosan l
mt loi thuc dit cn trng v c v tip xc dng trong nh king v cho cy hoa
king.
f. Nicotine
T nm 1690, ngi ta dng cht trch t cy thuc l dit cc cn trng
ming ht trong vn. Nm 1890, cht hot ng trong dch trch ny c t tn l

89
nicotine. T nicotine c sn xut thng mi. Ngy nay, nicotine vn cn c
ly trch bng phng php chng ct hoc phng php dng dung mi.
Nicotine l mt alkaloid, mt hp cht d vng c cha nit c hot tnh sinh l
c bit cng nh mt s alkaloid khc (khng dng lm thuc dit cn trng) nh
caffein (trong tr v c ph), quinin (t c cy cinchona), morphine (t thuc phin),
cocaine (t l coca), ricinine (mt cht c trch t cy thu du), strychnine (t cy
Strychnos nux omica), coniin (t cy c cn=hemlock), v cht LSD (Mt cht gy
o gic trch t nm gy bnh trn ht ng cc).
Nicotine gi acetylcholine ti cc tip im thn kinh ng vt c v v gy
ra triu chng co vn c th v cht nhanh chng. cn trng, triu chng cng xy
ra tng t nhng ch c hch ti trung khu thn kinh. Nicotine sulfate thng mi
rt c cho ng vt mu nng, cng nh cn trng: LD50 trn chut 50-60 mg/kg.
n nm 1992 cht ny b cm khng sn xut na.
4.1.2. Thuc tr su Clo hu c (CHC)
Cc thuc clo hu c cha ch yu cc nguyn t carbon, chlorine v
hydrogen. Cht tiu biu cho nhm thuc ny l DDT. Thuc ny nay b cm hu
ht cc nc trn th gii. Trc khi b cm DDT c mt lch s ly lng, gip ch
rt nhiu cho hai ngnh Nng nghip v Y t. Ngi pht minh ra DDT nhn c
gii thng Nobel. Hin nay ti Vit Nam, tt c cc thuc tr su gc clo hu c
u b cm s dng.
a. Nhm DDT v cc cht lin quan
Gm c DDT, DDD (TDE), Methoxychlor, Ethylan, Dicofol, Chlorobenzilate.
Hai c tnh c bn ca DDT v DDE l:
Bn b trong mi trng, khng b phn hy bi vi sinh vt, men, nhit, v tia
UV (tia cc tm).
Tch ly tng bi sinh hc trong chui thc phm, ch yu tch ly trong m
m ng vt.
C ch tc ng ca cc thuc thuc nhm ny l c tnh c i vi h thn
kinh, ph hy s cn bng mui v kali trong thn kinh, lm chng khng cn dn
truyn lung thn kinh c na. Vit Nam cm s dng nhm thuc ny vo thng
5 nm 1996.
b. Hexachlrocyclohexan (HCH)
Cn c gi l Benzenehexachloride (BHC), cht ny c bit ti t nm
1825 nhng mi n 1940 mi c dng nh thuc dit cn trng. Cht ny c nhiu
ng phn (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon). Trong hn hp bnh thng ca cc
ng phn, gamma BHC chim 12%. V sau, ngi ta ch to c Lindane vi
99% l gamma BHC. Thuc HCH thng lu li mi trn sn phm nhng do gi r
nn vn cn c dng cc nc ngho. Tc ng ca HCH trn cn trng v ng
vt c v cng tng t nh vi DDT. Lindane gy c thn kinh, gy run ry, co git
v cui cng l suy kit. Lindane khng mi v bay hi mnh. Trong nhm ny, thuc
Lindane, BHC b cm s dng ti Vit Nam vo thng 5 nm 1996.

90
c. Cc Cyclodiens
Cc thuc trong nhm cyclodien c ch to vo nhng nm sau th chin th
II gm c: Chlordane (1945); Aldrin, Dieldrin (1948); Heptachlor (1949); Endrin
(1951); Mirex (1954); Endosulfan (1956); v Chlordecone (1958). Cn c mt s khc
t quan trng hn nh: Isodrin, Alodan, Bromodan, Telodrin. Nhn chung, cc
cyclodien l nhng cht bn vng trong t v kh bn trc tc ng ca tia UV v
nh sng trng thy. Do chng c dng ph bin dng thuc x l vo t
tr mi v cc cn trng t c giai on u trng n ph r non. Cc thuc nhm ny
r, kh nng tiu dit bn b nn c a chung trc y. Tuy nhin hin nay cn
trng t pht trin tnh khng vi chng, do mc tiu th sau t dn. Ring
M, t 1975 n 1980 c quan Bo v Mi trng Hoa k cm dng nhm ny.
Ring Aldrin v Dieldrin cn tip tc dng tr mi th n nm 1984 cng b cm
lun, ng thi Chlordane v Heptachlor cng b cm nm 1988. Cc thuc cyclodiene
c c tnh tng t nhau i vi cn trng, ng vt c v, v chim nhng rt c
cho c. Cc cyclodiene gy c thn kinh nh DDT v HCH, chng cng lm ri lon
s cn bng mui v kali trong n ron thn kinh nhng theo mt cch khc vi DDT
v HCH. Trong nhm ny, cc thuc Aldrin, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane,
Heptachlor, Isodrin b cm s dng ti Vit Nam vo thng 5 nm 1996.
c tnh ca cht Endosulfan thuc in hnh trong nhm ny
Thuc k thut dng rn, im nng chy 109,2 213,30C. Khng tan trong
nc, tan trong nhiu dung m hu c. Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 22,7 160
mg/kg, ch en 30 mg/kg. Thuc tr su v nhn hi cy, tc ng tip xc v v c,
nhit cao c kh nng xng hi. Thi gian cch ly 21 ngy vi cy n qu, 28
ngy vi cy ng cc.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su c thn, c qu, su n l, mt c cnh,
c qu, b tr, rp, nhn cho bng, u, cy n qu, c ph, ch. Thuc sa 35%
hot cht dng liu lung 1- 2 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,3% phun t u ln
cy.
Endosulfan l thuc ch c dng dng lng, c hm lng hot cht khng
qu 40%. Khng dng cho rau v cy dc liu, khng dng cho la v mu khu
vc hoc gn khu vc nui tm, c. Ch dng cho cy cng nghip, cy lm nghip,
cy n qu v cy cnh trc khi ra hoa.
Kh nng hn hp: c cc dng hn hp vi Methomyl, Cypermethrin. Khi s
dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
d. Cc Polychlorterpene
Ch c hai cht polychlorterpene l toxaphene (1947) v Strobane (1951).
Toxaphene sinh ra t s clo ha Camphene, mt cht t cy thng. Trong nng
nghip, toxaphene c dng rt nhiu, dng dng n c hoc phi hp vi DDT
hoc vi Methyl Parathion. Toxaphene l mt hn hp ca 177 cht dn xut clo ha
ca hp cht 10 carbon. Thnh phn cc c ca hn hp Toxaphene ny l Toxicant
A, ch chim 3% trong hn hp k thut. Cht ny c gp 18 ln trn chut, 6 ln
trn rui, v 36 ln trn c vng khi so vi hn hp toxaphene k thut.

91
 Cc loi thuc ny lu li lu trong t nhng khng lu bng cyclodiene, v
thng bin mt khi b mt thc vt sau khi phun hai hay ba tun. S mt i ch yu
l do bay hi hn l do bin dng hoc quang phn gii. Thuc d b bin i trong
c th ng vt v loi chim. Thuc khng tn tr trong m m. Tuy t c cho cn
trng, ng vt c v v chim, thuc li rt c i vi c tng t nh Toxaphene.
C ch gy c cng tng t nh Cyclodiene. M Toxaphene b cm nm 1983.
Trong nhm ny, Vit Nam cm Toxaphene v Strobane vo thng 5 nm 1996.
4.1.3. Thuc tr su Ln hu c (LHC)
L nhng loi thuc c cha phospho. Tnh cht dit cn trng c pht hin
c trong th chin th II t nhng nghin cu v cc cht c lin h n cc cht
c sarin, soman, tabun, l nhng cht u c gc ln, v nhng nghin cu tm cht
thay th cho nicotine lc by gi ang khan him c.
Cc LHC c hai c tnh ni bt: (1) thuc c i vi ng vt c xng sng
hn l thuc gc Clo hu c, v (2) khng tn lu lu. Nh c tnh th nh, cc LHC
c dng thay th cc Clo hu c. Cc LHC gy c ch yu thng qua s c ch
men acetylcholinesterase lm tch ly qu nhiu acetylcholine ti vng synap lm cho
c b co git mnh v cui cng b t lit. C 6 dng este chnh ca acid phosphoric.
Cc thuc LHC in hnh gm:
a. Acephate
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, mu trng. im nng chy 81 910C,
tan trong nc 65% v trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh acetone, ethanol.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1030 1447mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 10.250mg/kg.
t c vi c v ong (LC50 vi c > 1g/l). Thi gian cch ly (TGCL) 14 ngy.
Thuc tc ng tip xc, v c, c kh nng ni hp. Ph tc dng rng, tr
c c nhn .
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su c thn, n l v chch ht cho nhiu loi
cy trng nh su c thn, su cun l, b xt, b ry hi la, su khoang, su xanh,
ry, rp hi rau, u, thuc l, su v ba, su n l, b xt, ry, rp, nhn hi cy n
qu, cy cng nghip (ch, c ph ).
Ch phm 75% hot cht s dng vi liu lng 0,5 1,0 kg/ha, pha vi nc
nng 0,15 0,2% phun t u ln cy. Ch phm 40% dng 1,0 1,5 kg/ha.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
b. Chlorpyrifos Ethyl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut tinh th mu trng, im nng chy 410C, rt t tan
trong nc (2 ppm 250C), tan trong acetone, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, methanol
v nhiu dung mi hu c khc. D phn hy trong mi trng kim v nhit cao.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 96 270 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2000 mg/kg.
Tng i c vi ong v c (LC50 vi c vng 0,18 mg/l). D lng ti a (DLT)
vi cam, chanh 0,3 mg/kg, rau 0,05 mg/kg. TGCL 14 ngy.

92
 Tc ng tip xc, v c v xng hi. Ph tc dng rng, hiu lc tr su
nhanh.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su c thn, c qu, n l v chch ht cho
nhiu loi cy trng nh su c thn, su cun l la, su c thn ma, su t, su
xanh, su khoang, ry, rp hi rau, u xanh, b xt, rp hi bng, su c cnh, c
qu, rp sp hi c ph, su n l, su c cnh, c qu, rp, b xt hi cy n qu.
Liu lng s dng cho la, rau, mu t 0,2 0,4 kg a.i/ha, tng ng
1 2 lt loi ch phm 20% hoc 0,7 1,3 lt loi ch phm 30%, hoc 0,4 0,8 lt
loi ch phm 48%.
Vi cy n qu v cy cng nghip lu nm nu dng ch phm 20% th pha
nc vi nng 0,2 0,3%, ch phm 30% pha nng 0,15 0,2%, phun t u
ln cy. Thuc cn dng tr su, mi, mt trong kho tng, tr cn trng trong y t v
th y.
Kh nng hn hp: c nhng sn phm hn hp vi Cypermethrin
(Nurelle D), Diazion, Dimethoate. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr
su bnh khc.
c. Chlopyrifos Methyl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th trng, t tan trong nc, tan trong
acetone, benzene, ethanol v nhiu dung mi hu c khc.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1.100 2.250 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg.
Tng i c vi ong v c. TGCL 7 10 ngy.
Tc ng tip xc, v c v xng hi. Ph tc dng rng, phng tr c nhiu
su c thn, n l v chch ht cho nhiu loi cy trng. Dng tr cn trng y t, th
y, x l su mt trong kho.
S dng: dng tr rp sp hi c ph v nhiu loi cy khc, su c thn l
nhn, su c qu vi. Pha nc theo nng 0,3 0,4%. Suga-super 3G ri xung tr
su c thn la vi liu lng 15 20 kg/ha. Tr mi hi cy lm nghip ri thuc
quanh gc cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
d. Diazinon
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng mu nu nht. Rt t tan trong nc
(0,004%), tan trong ethanol, acetone, xylene, toluene. Khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1250 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2150 mg/kg. c vi
c v ong. D lng ti a cho php vi ng cc 0,1 mg/kg; rau, qu 0,5 0,7 mg/kg.
Thi gian cch ly 14 ngy.
S dng: thuc c tc ng tip xc v v c, c kh nng thm su v mt
phn xng hi. Ph tc dng rng. dng phng tr nhiu loi su c thn, n l,
chch ht v tuyn trng cho nhiu loi cy trng (la, rau, u, ma).

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e. Dimethoate
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, trng, im nng chy 45 480C. Tan
trong nc 25 g/l, trong ru 300 g/l, tan trong benzene, chloroform, toluene. Tng
i bn trong mi trng acid v trung tnh (pH = 2- 7), thy phn nhanh trong mi
trng kim, n mn st.
Nhm c II, LD 50 qua ming 235 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da > 400 mg/kg. DLT
vi rau n qu, n c 0,5 1,0 mg/kg, rau n l, c chua, 0,1 mg/kg, ng cc 0,05
mg/kg. TGCL vi rau 7 ngy, la khoai ty, cy n qu 14 ngy, ng cc 21
ngy.Tng i c vi c v ong mt (LC50 vi c hi 30,2 mg/l). Tc ng tip xc,
v c, c kh nng ni hp mnh, ph tc dng rng, tr su v nhn hi cy.
S dng: Ch yu dng tr nhn v cc su chch ht nh ry, rp, b xt, b
tr hi la, rau, u, bong, ma, thuc l, ch c ph, cy n qu. Ch phm sa 40
50% hot cht dng t 1 2 l/ha cho la, rau, mu, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,3%
phun t u ln tn l cho cy n qu v cy cng nghip lu nm.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Isoprocarb (B M Tigi), vi
Fenobucarb (B. B Tigi, Caradan), Fenvalerate (Fenbis). Khi s dng c th pha chung
vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh hi khc.
f. Fenitrothion
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, mu nu nht, t trng 1,328, khng tan
trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh dichloromethane, propanol, toluene,
hexane. Thy phn trong mi trng kim.
Nhm c II, LD 50 qua ming 250 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 2500 mg/kg. c
trung bnh vi c (LC 50 = 1,7 3,8 ppm), c vi ong. DLTD vi rau, qu, ch en
0,5; khoai ty, tht 0,05; bt m 1,0 mg/kg. TGCL 7 ngy vi c chua, la m, 14 ngy
vi to, cam, chanh, 21 ngy vi la, nho, l, rau, hnh, u nnh. Tc ng tip xc,
v c, mt phn xng hi, c kh nng thm su. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su c thn, n l chch ht v nhn cho
nhiu loi cy trng nh su cun l, su keo, b tr, b xt cho la, b nhy, rp, su
xanh, su khoang, rui c l cho rau, ng, b xt mui v nhn cho ch, su v
ba, su c qu, rp cho cy n qu. Ch phm sa 50% hot cht dng cho la, rau,
mu vi liu lng 1- 2 l/ha, dng tr, su, nhn cho ch, cy n qu pha vi nng
0,2 0,3% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C nhiu dng hn hp Fenitrothion vi Fenobucarb
(Sumibass), Esfenvalerate (Sumicombi alpha), Fenvalerate (Sumicombi),
Fenpropathrine (Danitol S),Trichlofon (Ofatox). Ngoi ra khi s dng c th pha
chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
g. Malathion
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, mu nu. T trng 1,23 ( 250C). p
sut hi 4 x 10-5 mmHg ( 300C). Tan rt t trong nc (145 pmm), tan trong nhiu
dung mi hu c, thy phn trong mi trng acid v kim. n mn st.

94
 Nhm c III, LD 50 qua ming 1300 2800 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 4100 mg/kg.
c vi c v ong mt (LC 50 vi c hi 200 ppm)DLT rau n l v qu, ng cc 3,0,
rau n c, cy n qu 1,0, rau, qu, ng cc 14 ngy, cy c du 35 ngy. Tc ng
tip xc, v c c kh nng xng hi yu. Ph tc dng rng, tr c nhn .
S dng: Phng tr nhiu su n l, chch ht v nhn nh su cun l, su
khoang, su xanh, ry, b xt, nhn cho la, rau, ng,u, c ph, cy n qu.
Malate 73EC s dng vi liu lng 0,75 1,5 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,3%,
pohun t u ln cy.
Kh ng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Fenitrothion, Fenlaterate (Malvate).
Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhu thuc tr su bnh khc.
h. Methidathion
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, khng mu, im nng chy 39
40 C. t tan trong nc (240 ppm 200C), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh
0

acetone, benzene, xylene, methanol, khng n mn kim loi, tng i bn trong mi

trng trung tnh v acid nh, thy phn nhanh trong mi trng kim
Nhm c I, LD 50 qua ming 44 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 640 mg/kg, c vi ong
v c. DLT vi cam, ch, caf, 2,0; nho 0,5, sn phm khc 0,02 mg/kg. TGCL 21
ngy, c chua 7 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c v thm su mnh. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su c thn, n l, chch ht v nhn cho nhiu
loi cy trng. C hiu qu cao vi cc loi rp sp, dng tr su t, su xanh hi rau,
nhn hi bng, cc loi rp sp, su n l, nhn hi cy n qu, da, caf, ch.
Liu lng s dng: 400 800 g.a.i./ha. Ch phm sa 40% hot cht dng 1-
2 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,3% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: c th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh khc.
i. Triclorfon
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th mu trng, im nng chy 75 84oC.
Tan trong nc (154 g/l), trong benzene, ru ethylic v nhiu dung mi hu c khc.
Khng tan trong du ha. n mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 250 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 50000 mg/kg. DLT
rau, qu 0,5; sn phm cy h u, ng c 0,1; cc sn phm khc 0,05 mg/kg. TGCL
vi rau, khoai ty, cy n qu 7 ngy, ng cc 10 ngy. c vi c, t c vi ong mt.
Tc ng tip xc, v c, c kh nng xng hi v thm su nh. Ph tc dng
rng, c hiu lc cao vi su b 2 cnh (rui, mui).
S dng: Phng tr su keo, b xt, su c thn, su n l, su xanh, b xt
mui, su chm, su cun l hi ch, rui c qu hi cy n qu.Cn dng lm b
c dit su xm, su keo v rui.
Liu lng s dng: 0,75 1,5 kg a.i./ha. Ch phm 90% hot cht dng vi
liu lng 0,8 1,6 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,3% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Fenitrothion (Ofatox). Khi s dng
c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc
95
k. Triazophos
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th lng, mu vng, tan t trong nc (35 mg/l
20oC), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, thy phn trong dung dch acid v kim.
Khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 57 68 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2000 mg/kg. c vi
ong mt v c. DLT rau, qu 0,2, khoai ty, ng 0,005 mg/kg. TGCL 14 ngy.
Tc ng tip xc, v c. Ph tc dng rng, phng tr nhiu loi su, nn v
mt s tuyn trng hi cy.
S dng: Tr su khoang, ry, rp, nhn hi bng, su cun l, su c qu,
su c thn, b vt, nhn hi cy n qu. Liu lng s dng: 0,5 1,0 kg a.i/ha.
Hostathion 40EC dng vi liu lng 1,2 2,0 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,4%
phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C kh nng pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
4.1.4. Thuc tr su carbamat
a. Carbaryl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt trng, im nng chy 1420C p sut hi
0,002 mmHg (400C). Tan rt t trong nc (40 mg/l 300C), tan nhiu trong dung mi
hu c nh dimethyl formamit (300 400mg/l); tng i bn vng trong mi trng
trung tnh v acid nh, trong nhit v nh sng. Khng n mn kim loi. T trng
1,232 (200C).
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 246 283 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg,
LC50 xng hi > 6,08 mg/l. t c vi c v ong(LC50 = 28 mg/l vi c vng trong 24
gi). DLT vi rau, qu = 1,5 mg/kg, cam, chui 0,5 mg/kg, khoai ty 0,1 mg/kg, bt
m 0,2 mg/kg. TGCL rau, qu 7 ngy, ng cc, cy dc liu 14 ngy, cy thc n
chn nui 3 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c, c kh nng thm su, thi gian tc ng
tng i di. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Tr c nhiu loi su c thn, su n l v chch ht cho la, rau
mu, cy n qu, cy cng nghip nh su c thn, b xt, b tr, ry hi la, ry
xanh, b nhy, rp hi rau, ng, ry xanh hi ch, sau v ba, rui c qu hi cy n
qu. Carbaryl cn phng tr nhn hi cy, tr mt, ve, bt cho gia sc, tr gin, kin,
mi.
Liu lng s dng t 0,6 1,2 kg ai/ha. Ch phm 85% hot cht dng 0,75
1,5kg/ha, pha vi nng 0,2 0,3% phun m ln cy. Ch phm 43% dng 1,5
2,5kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,5%.
Kh nng hn hp: Carbaryl c nhiu dng hn hp vi cc thuc su Lindan,
Malathion. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
b. Carbofuran
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 153 1540C, t trng
1,180 (200C), tan t trong nc (351 mg/l), tan trong dichloromethane, 2-propanol,
toluene.
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 Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 8 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 3000 mg/kg. Rt c vi
c, c vi ong. TGCL 21 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c, c kh nng ni hp. Ph
tc dng rng.
S dng: Furadan 3 G dng rc vo t tr cc loi su sng trong t (su
xm, d, kin, mi, sng trng), tr tuyn trng, su c thn hi la, ma, cy cng
nghip.
Liu lng s dng cho la 15 20 kg/ha, cho cy trng cn 20 30kg/ha, ri
xung t ri ba trn u trc khi gieo trng 5 7 ngy hoc quanh gc cy.
Furadan l thuc hn ch s dng nc ta:
Ch c s dng thc dng ht, hm lng hot cht khng qu 10%. Ch
c dng cho la trc khi tr, trong khu vc khng nui tm v c.
Ch dc dng s l t cho cy n qu, cy lm nghip, cy vm m, cy
cnh. Khng c dng cho rau, mu (ng, khoai, sn) v cy dc liu.
c. Carbosulfan
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut l lng mu nu, t trng 1,056 (200C), rt t trong
nc (0,3 ppm), tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 209 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. c vi
c. TGCL 14 ngy. Tc ng v c, tip xc, c kh ni hp. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Tr c nhiu loi su c thn, su n l v chch ht, nhn v
tuyn trng cho la, rau, ma, u, cy n qu, cy cng nghip. Ch phm Marshal 5G
ri xung rung tr su c thn cho la, ma, tr tuyn trng cho la, c ph vi liu
lng 15 25 kg a.i./ha. Ch phm 200 SC dng vi liu lng 0,5 1 l/ha, pha nc
vi nng 0,1 0,2% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
d. Benfuracarb
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut l cht nc mu nu, p sut hi 1,6 x 10-6 mmHg
(200C), im nng chy 1140C. Tan t trong nc (8,1 mg/l 200C), tan nhiu trong
dung mi hu c nh benzene, ethyl acetate, xylene, methanol, acetone. Tng i
bn trong iu kin t nhin.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming = 110 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2000 mg/kg. c vi
c (LC50 = 0,65 mg/l trong 48 gi vi c chp). TGCL 14 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v
c, c kh nng ni hp. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Oncol phng tr c nhiu su di t, su n l v tuyn trng
cho nhiu cy trng nh su xm, su c thn hi ng, ma, la, su cun l, su keo,
su xanh hi la, ng, khoai ty, rp v tuyn trng hi c ph, h tiu, cam qut
Oncol 20EC v 25WP dng vi liu lng 1,5 3kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,25
0,5% (phun 300 400 l/ha vi la v cy ngn ngy hoc phun t u tn l cy lu
nm). Oncol 5G ri xung t tr su c thn la, ma, su xm hi ng, rp v tuyn
trng hi c ph, h tiu vi liu lng 15 25kg/ha, ri u trn mt t hoc quanh
gc cy.
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 Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh khc.
e. Fenobucarb
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, hi c, c th ng c nhit
thp. im nng chy 34,70C. Tan t trong nc (610 mg/l), tan nhiu trong dung mi
hu c nh dichloromethane, toluene, hexane, tng i bn trong mi trng kim
v acid.
Nhm c II, LD 50 qua ming 340 410 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 4200 mg/kg.
c trung bnh vi ong v c, TGCL vi c, da 3 ngy, la 7 ngy, ch 21 ngy. Tc
ng, tip xc, v c, ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su n l v chch ht, c hiu qu cao i vi
cc loi ry nu, ry xanh, b tr, b xt hi la, b xt mui hi ch, cc loi ry, rp
hi rau, u, thuc l, bong, cy n qu. Ch phm sa 50%, dng cho, la, rau, u,
bong vi liu lng 1- 2 l/ha, dng cho ch, cy n qu pha vi nc vi nng 0,2
0,4% phun t u ln tn l.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Dimethoate (caradan),
Phenthoate (Hopsan), Fenitrothion (Sumibass), Buprofezin (Applaud Bass). Ngoi
ra, khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
f. Isoprocarb
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th im nng chy 89 930C, khng tan
trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c nh acetone, methanol. t bn trong mi
trng t nhin.
Nhm c II, LD 50 qua ming 450 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 500 mg/kg. c vi c
v t c vi ong.(TLM vi c chp 39ppm, vi c vng 32 ppm trong 24 gi) TGCL
7 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c c kh nng xng hi nh, ph tc dng tng dii
hp.
S dng: Ch yu dng phng tr cc su ming chch ht nh ry nu, ry
xanh, b tr, b xt hi la, b xt hi thuc l, ry xanh hi ch, ry bong xoi. Ch
phm 20 24% hot cht dng, liu long 1 2 kg, l/ha, pha vi nng 0,2 0,3%
phun t u ln cy, ch phm 50% dng 0,5 1kg/ha, nng pha 0,1 0,15%.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Dimethoate (B N 5H), Diazinon
(vibaba), cartap (Vibami), khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh
khc, nhng khng pha cng vi thuc bordeaux.
4.1.5. Thuc tr su Pyrethroid
a. Alpha- Cypermethrin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy > 800C, khng tan
trong nc (<1 mg/l 250C), tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh Tuluene,
Chloroform, Xylene, Acetone. Tng i bn trong mi trng trung tnh v chua,
phn hy trong mi trng kim v di tc dng ca nh sng.

98
 Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 79 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t c i
vi c, tng i c i vi ong. TGCL vi rau n l 7 ngy, rau n qu 3 ngy, cy
n qu 14 ngy, cy c du 35 ngy. Tc ng tip xc v v c. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr cc loi su n l v chch ht cho la, rau, mu, cy n
qu v cy cng nghip nh su cun l, b tr, b xt, su t, su xanh, su khoang,
di c l, c qu, rp... Liu lng s dng cho la, rau, mu (u, bng, ng ...): t
10 20 g.a.i/ha, tng ng 0,2 0,4 l/ha loi thnh phm 5%, pha vi 300 400 lt
nc. Vi cy n qu v cy cng nghip lu nm, loi thnh phm 5% pha vi nng
0,05 0,1% phun t u ln tn l.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh khc,
khng pha chung vi thuc Bordeaux. tng hiu lc tr su, thng pha chung vi
cc thuc nhm ln hu c.
b. Beta- Cyfluthrin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut l cht bt rn, mu trng ng, t tan trong nc, tan
trong mt s dung mi hu c nh toluene, dichloromethane. D phn hy trong mi
trng kim, nh sng v nhit cao.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming = 500 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 5.000 mg/kg. c
vi c v ong. TGCL 14 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Dng phng tr cc loi su n l v chch ht cho rau, u, khoai
ty, bng, ch, cy n qu nh su t, su xanh, su khoang, ry, rp, b xt
Bulldock 25EC s dng vi liu lng 0,75 1,2 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2
0,3%, phun 300 400 l/ha cho rau, mu hoc phun t u tn l cy n qu, ch.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh khc.
Khng pha chung vi thuc Bordeaux.
c. Beta- Cypermethrin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 64 710C. Khng tan
trong nc.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 166 178 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 5000 mg/kg,
LC50 xng hi 1,97 mg/l khng kh. Tng i c vi c. TGCL 14 ngy. Thuc tr
su tip xc, ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Dng phng tr cc loi su t, su xanh, su khoang, b cnh cng,
chu chu, su c qu, b xt, ry, rp cho rau, u, thuc l, bng, ma, cy n qu,
ch. Ch phm Chix 2,5EC s dng vi liu lng 0,5 1,0 l/ha, pha nc vi nng
0,1% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh khc.
d. Cyfluthrin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut l hn hp ca 4 ng phn, dng nho mu vng,
khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh n hexane, 2 propanol,
toluene.

99
 Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 500 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg. Tng
i c vi c (LC50 = 0,5 mg/l trong 4 gi). TGCL 7 ngy. Tc ng tip xc v v
c. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su n l v chch ht cho rau, khoai ty, u,
bng, cy n qu. Thuc cn dng tr mui, rui, gin v su mt hi kho tng.
Baythroid 5SL v 0,05EC dng 0,5 1 l/ha pha vi 300 400 lt nc phun tr su t,
su xanh, rp hi rau, khoai ty, su xanh da lng, su khoang hi u, su xanh, su
hng, ry, rp hi bng. Pha nc vi nng 0,1 0,15% phun m ln l tr su v
ba, su n l, di c qu cho cy n qu.
Kh nng hn hp: Trng hp pha chung vi mt s thuc ln hu c (nh
Chlopyriphos, Dimethoate) tng hiu lc tr su, hoc vi cc thuc tr bnh khc.
e. Cypermethrin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng c st, im nng chy 60 800C, im
chy 115,60C. Khng trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh methamol,
acetone, xylene, methylene, dichloride. Tng i bn trong mi trng trung tnh v
acid nh, thy phn trong mi trng kim. Khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 250 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 1600 mg/kg. c vi c
(LC50 = 2,0 2,8 g/l), c vi ong. DLT vi ch kh 20 mg/kg, sa 0,01 mg/kg.
TGCL vi rau n l 7 ngy, rau n qu 3 ngy, bp ci 14 ngy, hnh 21 ngy. Tc
ng tip xc v v c, ngoi ra cn tc dng xua ui v lm su bing n. Ph tc
dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su n l, chch ht v nhn cho nhiu loi cy
trng nh su t, su xanh, rp hi rau, su xanh da lng, su khoang hi u, thuc l,
su xanh, su hng, b xt, rp, nhn hi bng, b xt mui, ry xanh, b cnh t hi
ch, su v ba, su c qu, b xt hi cy n qu. Cn dng tr ve, bt cho gia sc,
tr rui, mui trong nh. Liu lng s dng: t 50 100 g.a.i/ha. Ch phm 25EC
(250 g a.i/lt) dng 0,2 0,4 l/ha pha vi 300 400 l nc phun cho rau, mu, pha
nc vi nng 0,05 0,1% phun t u ln l cy n qu. Ch phm 10EC dng
liu lng v nng tng gp 2,5 ln, ch phm 5EC tng gp 5 ln so vi ch phm
25EC.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Chlopyriphos (Nurelle D), vi
Dimethoate, Endosulfan, Naled, Profenofos (Polytrin-P), Isoprocard (Metox). Ngoi
ra, khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
f. Deltamethrin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, mu trng. im nng chy 98
1010C. Tng i bn vng trong mi trng t nhin ( 400C, b phn hy sau 6
thng). Khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh acetone (500 g/l),
benzene (450 g/l), diooxan (900 g/l), xylene (250 g/l). Khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 128,5 5.000 mg/kg (ty dung mi), LD50 qua
da > 2.000 mg/kg. DLT vi chui, nho, cam 0,05 mg/kg, rau, ng cc 0,1 mg/kg,
khoai ty 0,2 mg/kg, che en 10,0 mg/kg. TGCL 3 4 ngy, cy lm thuc 28 ngy.
c vi ong v c. Tc ng v c, tip xc. Ph tc dng rng.
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 S dng: Phng tr c nhiu loi su n l v chch ht cho rau, u, cy n
qu v cy cng nghip (bng, c ph, ch) nh su t, su xanh, su khoang, su c
qu, ry, rp, b phn, b xt Cn dng tr ve, bt, rui, mui cho vt nui v trong
y t. Thuc Decis 2,5EC (cha 25 g Deltamethrin/l) dng vi liu lng 0,3 0,5 l/ha
cho rau, u, bng, pha vi 300 400 lt nc. tr sau cho cy n qu, cy cng
nghip lu nm, pha nc vi nng 0,03 0,05% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Buprofezin (Dadeci), vi DDVP
(St trng linh). Ngoi ra khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh
khc.
g. Esfenvalerate
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, mu nu nht. p sut hi 250C l 5
-7
x 10 mmHg.Khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh acetone,
chloroform, bxylenn. Khng n mn kim loi. Bn trong acid nh, d phn hy trong
kim.
Nhm c II, LD 50 qua ming 325 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg. Tng
i dc vi c v ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c, c tnh xua ui cn
trng. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su n l v chch ht nh ry nu, ry xanh,
su cun l hi la, b cnh t, b xt mui, ry xanh hi ch, su xanh, sau hng, rp
hi bong, rp v su cn l ng, su xanh, su khoang, rp hi rau, thuc l, u, su v
ba, su n l hi cy n l. Trebon 10EC dng tr su cho la, rau, mu vi liu
lng, 0,75 1,5 l/ha. Tr su cho ch, cy n qu pha nc vi nng 0,1 0,2%
phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp:c t pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
h. Fenpropathrin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th lng hoc rn. im nng chy 45-500C.
Khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c nh xylene, xyclohexane,
acetone, chloroform, methanol. D b phn hy trong khng kh v nh sng.
Nhm c I, LD 50 qua ming 70,6 164 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 2000 > mg/kg.
c vi ong v c, TGCL 10 ngy. Tc ng tip xc v b c, c kh nng thm su
v xua ui, ph tc dng rng, phng tr nhiu loi su v nhn hi cy.
S dng: Tr su t, su khoang, su xanh, rp hi rau, nhn hi bng, su
v ba, nhn hi cy n qu, b xt mui, ry xanh, nhn hi ch.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Fenitrothion (Danital-S). Khi s
dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thu tr su bnh khc, khng pha chung vi thuc
c tnh kim nh Bordeaux.
i. Fenvalerate
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, trng lng ring 1,17 mg/l (230C). p
sut hi 2,8 x 10-7 mmHg (250C). Khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu
c nh acetone, xylene, ether, alcohol. Tng i bn di tc ng ca nhit v
nh sng mt tri, bn trong acid hn trong kim, khng n mn kim loi.
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 Nhm c II, LD 50 qua ming 451 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 5000 mg/kg.
c vi ong v c. DLTD vi sa, lc nhn 0,1, bt m 0,2, rau nho 1,0, ng cc
2mg/kg. TGCL vi rau n l, bp ci 14 ngy, ng cc, khoai ty, cy n qu 21 ngy.
Khng dng cho cy lm thuc. Tc ng tip xc, v c c tnh xua ui cn trng,
ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr su t, su xanh, b nhy, rp hi rau, rp hi u,
su n l, rp hi ng, su c qu, su v ba.
Liu lng s dng: 50 100 g a.i./ha. Ch phm sa 10% tr su cho
rau, u bong dng 0,5 1 l/ha. Tr su cho cy n qu, pha vi nng 0,1 0,2%
phun t u ln tn l. Ch phm 20% dng liu lng trn.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Fenitrothion (Sumicombi),
Dimethoate (Fenbis). Ngoi ra, khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su
bnh khc, khng pha chung vi thuc c tnh kim nh Bordeaux.
k. Lambda- cyhalothrin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, im nng chy 49,20C, im chy 860C, rt
t tan trong nc, (0,004 mg/l), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, d phn hy trong
mi trng kim.
Nhm c II, LD 50 qua ming 56 - 79 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 632 696
mg/kg. c vi c v ong. DLT vi rau 0,03, qu 0,02, cc sn phm khc 0,01
mg/kg. TGCL 10 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c, c tnh xua ui, hiu lc tr su
nhanh. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su n l v chch ht cho nhiu loi cy
trng nh su cun l, su keo, b xt hi la, su t, su xanh, rp hi rau, su n l,
rp hi ng, su khoang, su c qu, rp hi u, su v ba cam qut, mt c qu
caf. Thuc cng c tc dng hn ch nhn . Karate 2,5EC dng liu lng 0,3 0,5
l/ha pha nc vi nng 0,05 0,1% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh
khc, khng pha chung vi thuc c tnh kim nh Bordeaux
4.1.6. Thuc Dimethylaminopropandithiol (DAPD)
a. Cartap
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 187 1880C, tan
trong nc, trong cn methylic v ethylic, bn vng trong mi trng acid nhng b
phn hy trong mi trng trung tnh v kim, ht m mnh. Khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 354 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 1000 mg/kg. DLT vi
ch en 20 mg, ci bp 0,2 mg, go, ng cc, khoai ty 0,1 mg, sn phm khc 0,05
mg/kg. TGCL 14 ngy. c vi c, c trung bnh vi ong. D gy mn nga da, c
vi tm. Tc ng tip xc, v c, c kh nng thm su v mt phn ni hp. Ph tc
dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr c nhiu loi su c thn v su n l hi la, rau mu,
cy n qu v cy cng nghip nh su c thn, su nn, su cun l, b ry hi la,
su c thn ma, ng, su t, su khoang, su xanh, rp hi rau, u, b xt mui, ry
102
xanh, b cnh t hi ch, su v ba hi cam qut. Thuc ht ri xung rung cn hn
ch c c bu vng. Ch phm 95% hot cht s dng liu lng 0,75 1 kg pha
vi 300 400 lt nc phun cho 1ha la, rau, mu. Tr su n l cho cy lu nm pha
nc vi nng 0,15 0,2% phun t u ln cy. Ch phm 4% dng ht ri xung
rung tr su c thn hi la, ng, ma vi liu lng 15 30 kg/ha.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Isoprocarb (Vipami 6,5H). Khi s
dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc. Khng pha chung vi thuc
c tnh kim nh bordeaux.
4.1.7. Thuc c ch sinh trng v pht trin cn trng
a. Buprofezin
Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, im nng chy 104,50C p sut
hi 9,4 x 10-6 mmHg (250C). Rt t tan trong nc (0,9 mg/l 250C), tan trong nhiu
dung mi hu c nh acetone (240 g/l), benzene (370 g/l), ethanol (80 g/l). Tng i
bn trong acid v kim. Khng chy.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 2198 2355 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg.
TGCL 7 ngy. t c i vi c, ong v cc loi thin ch. Tc ng tip xc. Ph tc
dng tng i hp, ch yu vi cn trng b cnh u v na cng, t tc ng vi
cn trng b khc. L thuc iu ha sinh trng cn trng, ch yu c ch to thnh
cht kitin da cn trng, lm u trng khng lt xc c m cht. Thuc khng dit
c cn trng trng thnh nhng lm hn ch s hnh thnh trng v trng ra
khng n c. Hiu lc ca thuc th hin chm (sau 2 3 ngy u trng lt xc mi
cht) nhng thi gian hiu lc c th ko di 20 ngy.
S dng: Buprofezin ch yu dng phng tr cc loi ry, rp, b xt nh ry
nu, ry xanh, b xt hi la, cc loi rp, b xt hi cy n qu, cy cng nghip, ry
xanh hi ch, u . c bit vi ry nu hi la, thuc c hiu qu cao v ko di, t
hi thin ch, khng gy hin tng ti bng pht ry. Applaud 10WP tr ry nu, ry
xanh cho la dng 0,7 1,0kg/ha pha vi 400 600 lit nc (nng 0,15 0,25%).
Dng cho ch, cy n qu, pha vi nng 0,2% phun t u ln tn l. Nn phun
thuc khi ry non mi n, cn nh.
Kh nng hn hp: hiu lc tr ry nhanh hn, thng hn hp vi
Isoprocarb (Applaud Mipc) hoc Fenobucarb (Applaud Bas). C th pha chung vi
nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh khc.
b. Chlorfluazuron
Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th. im nng chy 2280C. Hu nh
khng tan trong nc (0,015 ppm), tan t trong mt s dung mi hu c nh acetone
(52 g/l), chloroform (30 g/l), xylene (0,03 g/l), ethanol (0,017 g/l). Tng i bn
vng di tc dng ca nhit v nh sng.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 8500 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 1000 mg/kg. Rt t
c vi c v ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Tc ng v c v tip xc. Thuc c tc dng chn
lc, ch yu vi su non b cnh vy. c ch s hnh thnh cht kitin to lp da c th
su, lm cho su non khng lt xc c m cht. Thuc khng git cht su trng
thnh nhng hn ch s hnh thnh trng v lm trng ra khng n c. Hiu lc
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ca thuc th hin chm, sau 3 5 ngy khi su non lt xc mi cht, hiu lc ko di
10 15 ngy. C hiu qu cao vi su chng cc thuc khc.
S dng: Atabron 5EC ch yu dng tr cc su n l cho rau, u, ng, bng
nh su t, su xanh, su khoang, su hng... Liu lng dng 1 2 l/ha, pha nc vi
nng 0,2 0,4% phun 300 400 l/ha.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung hoc dng lun phin vi thuc su
nhm ln hu c, carbamate hoc pyrethroid tng hiu qu tr su.
c. Cyromazine
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th trng, im nng chy 219 2220C,
tan t trong nc (1,1% 200C), trong methanol (1,7%). Khng n mn kim loi, bn
vng pH = 5 9.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 3387 mg/l, LD50 qua da 3100 mg/kg. Rt t c
vi c (LC50 = 87,9 92,4 mg/l trong 96 gi), khng c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy. L
thuc iu ha sinh trng cn trng, tc ng tip xc, v c.
S dng: Ch yu tr cc loi rui c qu, c l hi rau, u, cy cnh, tr
mui hi gia sc v b gy. Trigard 75 BHN dng 1,0 1,5 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng
0,2 0,3% phun t u ln cy (400 500 lt nc/ha). Trigard 100SL dng 0,75
1,0 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,15 0,2%.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
d. Lufenuron
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt trng, im nng chy 164,7 167,70C.
Nhm c III, LD 50 qua ming > 2000 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t
c vi c v ong.. TGCL 7 ngy. Tc ng v c, thuc iu tit sinh trng, c ch
tng hp cht kitin, tc dng ch yu vi su non, b cnh phn v cnh cng, su cht
sau 2 -3 ngy.
S dng: Phng tr cc su ming nhai n l nh su t, su xanh, su khoang,
b nhy hi rau, ng, bng. Ngoi ra, c th tr nhn hi cam qut, tr cn trng y t
v th y. Liu lng s dng match 50EC t 0,5 1 lt/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,1
0,2% phun nc u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
Thng hn hp vi Dimilin, Abamectin.
4.1.8. Thuc dn d cn trng
a. Metyl eugenol
Tnh cht: Metyl eugenol l mt cht gi cht tit dc ca rui ci Dacus
dorsalis, c kh nng dn d rui c rt mnh. Hiu lc dn d ko di 10 15 ngy.
Rt t c vi ngi v mi trng.
Naled l thuc tr su thuc nhm ln hu c c hiu qu cao vi cc loi rui,
pha ln vo b c cht dn d s lm rui cht ngay.

104
 S dng: Dng tr rui c tri cy. Thm 1 ml thuc vo ming vi hoc
bng t trong mt hp nha (hoc st) c c l bn (gi l by) rui bay vo n
thuc v cht trong . Treo by ln cy cch mt t khong 1,5 2 m ch rm
mt, thong gi, t 2 3 by cho 1000m2, sau 7 10 ngy thu dn rui cht v thm
li thuc mi tip tc dn d rui. C th t by quanh nm, nht l khi tri cy
bt u chn.
Thuc ch dn d v dit rui c, rui ci sng nhng khng trng, s gim
rt nhiu s lng di c tri. Kh nng hn hp: khng pha thm thuc no khc.
b. Pheromon
L nhng cht bay hi do c th sinh vt tit ra hay c tng hp c kh nng
tc ng n sinh l hay hnh vi ca cc c th khc cng loi, bt chng di chuyn v
ngun pht ra nhng cht dn d . Cc phn ng c th xy ra tc th (nh
pheromon sinh dc), hay chm hn (do tc ng n cc chc nng sinh l).
Cc pheromon u l cc acid bo thay th hay cc thnh phn tng t c
trong thc n, c dng nng rt thp trong khng kh, nn hu nh khng c
vi c vt mu nng.
cn trng, pheromon c tit ra t nhng tuyn c bit hoc t cc gian
t. Ngoi cn trng, pheromon cn c cc loi gip xc (ngnh chn t), c lng
th v mt s c khc, cc v mt s loi ve bt.
Cht dn d cn trng c chia lm cc nhm:
Nhng cht dn d sinh dc: Nhng cht dn d sinh hc cn gi l
pheromon gii tnh. Chng l cc hp cht t nhin (do cn trng tit ra) hoc c
tng hp nhn to, c hot tnh chuyn ho cao, ch hp dn c th cng loi nhnh
khc gii. Cc pheromon ny sinh ra t cc tuyn thm ca con ci (l ch yu) hay t
con c, c tc ng kch thch dn d hot ng sinh dc, kt cp, thng thy b
cnh cng, cnh vy, b xt, rui. Nng pheromon trong khng kh tng, lm cng
trng t trng thi di chuyn sang kch thch giao phi. Pheromon sinh dc hay quyn
r (epagon) ng vai tr gim st, theo di s xut hin ca cc loi su hi. Li dng
c tnh ny, ngi ta tng hp cc pheromon gi, ph hu kh nng con c tm kim
con ci giao phi, nhm lm gim s lng qun th cn trng i sau.
n nay ngi ta bit trn 350 loi cn trng thuc 12 b c pheromon sinh
dc. Ngi ta cng tng hp c mt s pheromon nhn to, v d cht cis 7
dencen 1- ol axetat c tc dng hp dn bm c Trichophlusiani spp. Cht
Prophylur l cht dn d sinh hc ca su hng hi bng Pectinophora gossypiella.
Nhng cht dn d tm kim thc n: C tc dng gip cho cn trng la
chn loi thc n thch nht ca chng. Nhng cht ny c th l nhng cht men
(nc ng ln men, dich thu phn albumin), vitamin, vv Nhng cht dn d tm
kim thc n khng c tnh c hiu cao bng cc cht dn d sinh dc, chng c th
hp dn c con c v con ci thuc nhng loi tng i xa nhau v mt di truyn.
Tnh hp dn ca nhng cht ny khng xa v lu di bng nhng cht dn d sinh
dc.

105
 Pheromon ny c trong cn trng trng thnh v u trng, cn c tc dng
qun t loi, gip c th trong loi t tp vnh vin hay nht thi, nhm mc ch nht
nh ca loi. V d: 15 loi cn trng thuc h Ipidae tit ra hormon, gip cho mt
quy t trong mt cy g lm cuc sng ca loi i sau c thun li.
Nhng cht dn d cn trng tm ni trng: Trn rau h hoa ch thp, cy
sen cn (Capucine), c mc t (Reseda), mt s cy thuc h hng lu
(Capparidaceae) c cha cht alkylizothioxianat dn d bm su xanh bm trng
Pieris sp. n trng.
Pheromon by n (ethophnon): Thng thy cc cn trng c cuc sng
by n nh ong, kin, mi Cn trng dng loi pheromon ny nh tn hiu thng
tin iu tit by n: Kt by, bo nhiu lon nhit, m trong t.
Pheromon cnh bo (torybon): Pht tn hiu bo ng khi t b xm phm, gy
phn ng chy trn hay chng tr.
Pheromon nh du (odmichinon): dng nh du ni c tr, ng tm
thc n, thm ch iu tit s lng c th.
Vic phn loi pheromon da vo chc nng ca chng nh: Cnh bo, nh
du, kt by, ngy trang, trng, nhn nhm, gi nhm, ngn chn, c ngha quan
trng trong vic s dng chng, trong pheromon sinh dc l tm im phng tr
cn trng.
Cc pheromon t nhin hay nhn to c dng trong bo v thc vt nhm:
- Pht hin kp thi v nh gi mc xut hin ca mt loi su hi no
trong vng cho cng tc d tnh d bo; xc nh thi im cn phun
thuc tr su.
- By bt qun th gim s lng c th trong loi, gim s ph thuc
ca cng tc phng chng su hi vi thuc tr su; dng pheromon dn
d su hi tp trung trn din tch nh dit.
- Quy ri giao phi l bin php dng cc pheromon gi khp ni khin
cho cn trng cng loi khng tm c bn tnh, nhm loi tr s sinh sn
ca cn trng, l mt trong nhng phng php ha hn nht.
- By cy trng (trng mt s din tch nht nh trc v), thu ht cn
trng u v n dit, nhm hn ch hay lm chm s pht sinh ca
su trong v.
Dng pheromon c rt nhiu u im:
- Gim chi ph sn xut (gim lng thuc, s ln phun, cng phun thuc).
- Gim s ng c, gim d lng thuc trong mi trng.
- Rt t hi n sinh vt c t, ph hp vi h thng qun l dch hi tng
hp.
Hin nay c hn 700 loi pheromon ca cc loi cn trng khc nhau c
tng hp, trong c nhiu loi c thng mi ho vi rt nhiu dng khc
nhau, ph thuc vo k thut gii phng pheromon.

106
4.1.9. Ch phm vi sinh vt tr su
a. Ch phm Beauveria bassiana v Metarhizium anisopliae tr su
Gm nhiu loi nm k sinh, c th xn nhp trc tip qua biu b cn trng,
dng men b gy chitin v protein biu b, sn sinh ra cc cht chuyn ho, gy cht
su. Thi gian nm pht huy tc dng l 5 10 ngy sau x l, tu thuc vo liu
lng v ln ca su. Cc nm u c c tnh k sinh chuyn bit, khng gy hi
cho i tng khng phng tr. Sn phm c sn xut n gin, gi h v d hn
thuc ho hc. Nhng so vi thuc ho hc, hiu lc tr su ca nm thp hn v k
thut x l cng hn ch hn.
Nm Beauveria bassiana Vuill: Cn gi l nm trng.
Beauveria bassiana l loi nm thuc b Moniliales, lp Deuteromyces, k sinh
trn su non b cnh vy, c dng lm thuc tr su sinh hc. Loi nm ny c
pht hin v phn lp u tin trn su non su c thn ng Ostrinia nubilalis (b
cnh vy, h Pyralidae) min Bc nc Php. Nhiu ni B. bassiana c dng lm
thuc tr su nh: Ni 147; ni GHA; ni TBI.
B. bassiana l loi thuc tr su tip xc, ly lan bng conidi ca nm, nh gi
th, bm vo c th cn trng, nhanh chnh xm nhp qua biu b vo khoang c th
cn trng, to ra cc tiu th trong huyt tng. Cc tiu th trn tiu dit cc t bo
bch huyt, gy cht cho cn trng. C th cn trng cha y si nm, hnh dng c
th khng bin dng, tr nn rn. Khi m, nm chui khi b mt c th su hi,
to lp si nm mu trng trn c th su. Lp si nm ny li to conidi tip tc
ly lan sang cc su non khc. B. bassian ly cho nhiu loi cn trng thuc b cnh
vy, cnh cng, cnh mng, cnh thng, cnh u, cnh na v c nhn Acarina.
Vit Nam pht hin. B. bassiana gy hi cho mt s loi cn trng nh ry nu, ru
lng trng, b xt, su cun l la, su o ay, su rm thng. Cc ch phm Beauveria
c khuyn co phng tr nhiu loi su hi rau, ng, u, cy n qu, cy cnh. Bo
qun ni kh ro, thong mt (nhit khong 20OC), c th gi c hiu lc trong
2 nm. Khng thy c hin tng tch lu Beauveria trn rung bng.
B. bassiana c th gy bnh cho su ngay khi x l hoc sau x l mt thi
gian ngn, trc khi nm mt hot tnh. Sau mt ln x l, nm khng th to ngay
thnh dch. m cao l yu cu cho bo t pht trin v to thnh dch. Khi m
thp, nm s khng ly lan c v hiu lc tr nm s thp.
B. bassiana t gy c cho ng vt mu nng, khng c vi c v ong mi
giai on sinh trng. Khng dng Beauveria cho cy dy tm. Thuc thng mi c
mt s c tnh sau:
Tnh cht: L mt loi nm k sinh trn su hi. B. Bassiana c phn lp
sn xut thuc tr su. Hin nay sn xut qua cng ngh sinh hc, gm c cc
chng Bb 147, ATCC 74040, GHA. Cht hu hiu ca ch phm l bo t nm vi
mt s ti thiu 5 x 108 bo t/gam.
Nhm c III, rt t c vi ngi, gia sc v mi trng. LD50 qua ming > 18
x 108 cfu/g (cfu: colony forming units = n v khi lng bo t), LD50 qua da >
2000 mg/kg. Nm B. Bassiana khng gy bnh cho ngi. TGCL 5 ngy. Tc ng
107
tip xc. Bo t bm vo da cn trng, ny mm, si nm xm nhp vo m t bo v
k sinh ni cht TB. Qu trnh ny ko di 24 48 gi, su cht sau 3 5 ngy.
S dng: Dng tr nhiu loi cn trng b cnh cng, cnh vy, cnh u v
na cng nh cc su xanh, su khoang, su c thn, rui, b tr, ry, rp cho rau,
ng, u, cy n qu, cy hoa cnh. Bverit 5 x 108 bo t/g dng vi liu lng 200 g
pha trong 5 bnh nc phun t u ln cy. Nn pha thm khong 0,3% cht bm
dnh hoc du thc vt tng kh nng bm dnh trn cy. Sn phm bo qun c
2 nm nhit khng kh < 200C.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su, khng pha
chung vi cc thuc tr bnh.
Nm Metarhium anisopliae (nm xanh)
Metarhium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok thuc h Moniliaceae, b
Hyphomycetes, lp nm bt ton (Deuteromycetes). c phn lp t nhiu loi cn
trng b nhim bnh v sn xut bng cng ngh ln men. C hiu lc chng nhiu
loi cn trng gy hi thuc b cnh phn, cnh cng, cnh thng (chu chu hi ng,
ma, lung; ry nu hi la; b da, su o, su xanhhi ay); cnh u (mi)
bng cch phun ln cy, hay to cn trng nhim bnh ly nhim c n (mi).
Nm xm nhp qua cutin v gy bnh cho cn trng. Thi gian bnh chng 2 ngy;
cn trng cht sau 7 10 ngy. Bo t nm mc l bn ngoi xc cn trng. Cc cn
trng b bnh bm cht cy. Bo t nm pht trin nhiu hn v gy hi cho cn trng
mnh hn.
Sn phm tr su thng c s lng bo t khng di 108 cfu/g M.
anisopliae. Cn bo qun sn phm ni lnh, kh, khng b mt tri chiu trc tip.
Trong iu kin nh vy, hiu lc ca sn phm ko di 12 thng. Dng n, khng
hn hp vi thuc tr nm, vi cc cht oxi ho mnh, acid hay kim v nc clo.
Cha c thng bo v tc hi ca nm ny ln con ngi, gia sc v sinh vt c ch.
Khng gy c ng h hp, khng kch thch da v mt. Khng gy c cho c,
ng vt thu sinh, ong mt v tm. C nhiu chng khc nhau c dng nhim
bnh cho cn trng: Metarrhizium anisopliae var. acridium; Metarrhizium anisopliae
var. anisopliae; Metarrhizium anisopliae dng ICIPE 30; Metarrhizium anisopliae
dng ICIPE69. Thuc thng mi c mt s t tnh sau:
Tnh cht: L mt loi nm thuc lp nm bt ton (Deuteromycetes), c tnh
cht dit cn trng, Vit Nam hin thu thp v lu gi c 10 chng nm
Metarhizium, c phn lp t nhiu loi cn trng khc nhau nh su o xanh, cu
cu hi cam, su rm thng, su khoang hi lc, ry nu hi la, su c thn ng, b
xt...
Dng mi trung dinh dng nui cy nm trong iu kin nhit 25
350C v m 85 95%. Thi gian lng bo t m bo dit su hi khong 14
ngy.
Phun ln ng rung, bo t nm bm trn c th su, gp iu kin thch hp
bo t pht trin thnh si nm ph hi c th su, nm dit c nhiu loi su hi
cy trng. Nm Metarrhizium t c cho ngi v mi trng, thuc nhm c III.

108
 S dng: dng phng tr ry nu hi la, su xanh hi ay, b cnh cng. c
th dng tr mi.
Kh nng hn hp: c th pha chung vi cc loi thuc ha hc tr su, khng
pha chung vi cc thuc tr bnh. Ngoi hai loi nm tr su trn, cn mt s nm
khc cng c dng gy bnh cho su nhng t ph bin hn nh: Eitemophaga
asiatica; Eitemophaga grylii; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Verticillium lecanii;
Zoophthora radicans.
b. Ch phm vi khun Bacillus thuringensis tr su
Phn lp ln u nm 1870 v c s dng dit tr cn trng vo nm
1915. n nm 1971 c hn 30 chng Bt, chia lm 20 serotype khc nhau gy hi
cho 400 loi cn trng. Sn phm Bt dit cn trng c trn th trng t u nm 60
ca th k 20.
Bt l nhm vi khun ho kh, nhum gram dng, bo t hnh que, kch thc 3
6 x 0,8 13 , n hay xp chui. Vi khun di chuyn nh roi di 6 8. Bo t
hnh trng, chu nhit, c kch thc 1 1.5 x 0,8 0,9 .
Trong mi trng, bo t sinh t bo dinh dng hnh que. Hu ht cc chng
Bt trong thi gian hnh thnh bo t u sn sinh ra tinh th c delta endotoxin (tin
c t) v c t ny c hot ho trong rut gia do cc men phn gii protein.
Ngoi ra, delta endotoxin cn gy ri mng biu m rut gia, lm mt cn bng tnh
thm ca t bo, cn trng b lit v cht. Delta endotoxin cn tng tc vi cc
liposome ca mng t bo biu m, lm tng s ri lon mng biu m rut gia.
Delta endotoxin c hiu lc su non cnh phn Lepidoptera v mt s loi ca
Diptera v Coleoptera. Cc thng phm ca Bacillus thuringiensis u cha bo t
v delta endotoxin c hiu lc tr nhiu loi dch hi trong nng v lm nghip.
Mt s chng Bt cn sn sinh ra cc c t khc nh:
Alpha exotoxin (c t km chu nhit, sinh ra trong thi k dinh dng v b
kh hot tnh trong qu trnh ln men, nn khng c sn phm thng mi), gy c
cho ong mt v chut.
Beta exotoxin (c t chu nhit) gy c cho ong, rui, mui, ry c, mi,
mt s loi trong b cnh vy, nhn v mt s ng vt c xng sng nh chut
bch v g. Ngoi ra, beta exotoxin, gy d tt cho cc cn trng mn cm v hiu
ng ny c th truyn qua i sau. Beta exotoxin lm sinh tng hp RNA, protein v
acid nucleic.
Sn xut: Cc chng Bt c tch chit trong t nhin, la chn trn c s
tim nng tr su, ph tc ng v kh nng d nhn nhanh trong qu trnh ln men.
Qu trnh ln men c thc hin trong thng su, c mi trng dch dinh dng tit
trng v iu kin sng ca Bt c kim sot cht ch. Exdotoxin v cc bo t sng
c thu trong dung dch phn tn m c ri c gia cng tip thnh cc dng sn
phm khc nhau.
Nng cc dng sn phm c tnh theo n v quc t (IU = international
unit) Tr dch hi/mg sn phm hay bng s khun lc (cfu = colony forming units =
n v to khun lc)/mg. Gi trong iu kin lnh nhng khng trong t lnh.
109
Trnh nh sng mt tri trc x. Trong iu kin lnh, ti, sn phm c th gi hiu
lc > 2 nm. Hn hp c nhiu thuc tr su, tr nhn v tr bnh, cht lm c,
cht loang v cht thm t. Khng dng vi nc c pH >8. Khng hn hp vi cc
cht oxi ho, acid v baz mnh, nc clo ho v cc thuc dit khun ph rng.
Cc sn phm Bt khng tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c. B tia cc tm
(U.V.) phn hu. Bn vng dng bt kh ti 40OC. DT50 ca dng huyn ph m
c 40OC l na nm; 21 25OC; 2 10OC >3 nm. B phn hu nhanh trong
mi trng kim (100% trong 1 gi pH 11 12); thm ch Bt c th b thu phn
ngay c trong iu kin trung tnh. Tuy Bt c th bo qun lu nhng li phn hu
nhanh trn rung, di tc ng ca nhit , nh sng v cht thi ca cy.
Phng thc tc ng: Bacillus thuringiensis sn sinh bo t bn, cc protein
kt tinh v to bo t ra trong qu trnh bo t ny mm. Khi vo rut cn trng, th
hin hot tnh tr su vi su non v trng thnh b cnh vy Lepidotera v mt s
loi thuc b cnh cng Coleoptera. Trong c th cn trng, tinh th protein b ho tan
v men protease trong rut cn trng bin tnh th c (tin c t) thnh 4 cht c
nh hn. Cc cht c b thu phn bao vy t bo rut gia cn trng, t bit pha
cht nhn, ni to cc amino axit. Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo hm lng ca ion kali.
S tc ng ny to l hng, cho php la chn cation, lm tng tnh thm ca mng t
bo. Tnh nc thm tng, t bo b phng ln thm ch b v, ph thnh rut gia.
Tnh chn lc c trng ca cc chng Bt vi cc loi cn trng ph thuc vo cng
cc cht c bao vy cc cht nhn. Ngoi ra, cc bo t ca Bt trong rut cn
trng cng tip tc pht trin v sn sinh ra tinh th c v bo t mi, lm tng hiu
lc ca Bt.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. Aizawai (Bta) c khuyn co tr su
non b cnh vy (su t hi ci v cc loi su non cnh vy khc hi bng, u nnh,
cy n qu, cy cng nghip (thuc l).
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. Israellensis (B.t.i) c khuyn co tr
u trng mui (lng qung) Uranotaenia unguiculata, Culex univitattus, Culix pipiens,
Anopheles sergentii, Aedes caspius, Aedes albopictus, Aedes polynesiensis v
Anopheles gambiae trong h ao, mng mng, cng rnh, m ly ven bin v nhng
hi nc ng, mi gii gy bnh st rt. Ngoi ra B.t. c dng tr rui en
Simulium dammosum gy bnh giun ch chu Phi.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. japonensis: Tr su ging Plutella ca b
cnh phn.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki to bo t v ni c t l nhng
tinh th protein CryI, CryII hoc CryIII, c dng rng ri tr su non b cnh phn
trn cy thc phm (ci cc loi), cy cng nghip (bng, thuc l, u nnh), cy
lng thc (ng), cy cnh m dch d dy c pH cao. Su non b trng c cht
sau 2 3 ngy.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. tenebrionis (hay Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner subsp. morrisoni) c khuyn co tr su non b cnh cng (b cnh cng
hi khoai ty v nhiu loi cnh cng khc hi c chua, c, cy cnh)

110
 Bacillus thuringiensis var.7261: Loi Bt c Trung Quc pht hin trong
nhng nm cui thp nin 80 ca th k 20, c hiu qu cao tr su non b cnh phn.
tng hiu qu v m rng ph k ch, gn y ngi ta cy gen v cc
gen vn chuyn endotoxin (gen cry) vo cc chng Bt, E. coli, Pseudomonas
clavibacter, to, nguyn sinh ng vt, cng mt s loi khc v c ng k nh
thuc tr su sinh hc.
Mi chng Bt u thuc nhm c III, khng gy c cho ng vt mu nng.
Sau khi xm nhp vo c th (bng thc n, h hp, tim tnh mch), Bt b thi ra
ngoi nhanh v khng gy hi cho ng vt mu nng. Bt cng khng gy hi cho ong
mt, c, mt s ng vt khng xng sng v cc loi thin ch ca cn trng;
nhng c th gy c cho tm. Bt b phn hu nhanh trong mi trng, nn khng gy
c cho mi trng.
Thuc thng phm c mt s c tnh sau:
Tnh cht: Bt. l thuc tr su sinh hc, ngun gc vi khun, c sn xut
bng phng php ln men vi khun B. thuringiensis (Bt). Sn phm ln men l c
tc dng m tinh th cao phn t v dng bo t ca vi khun. c t l cht
Endotoxin, c nhiu dng , , , , trong dng delta Endotoxin c hiu lc cao vi
su non b cnh vy v l thnh phn ch yu trong cc loi thuc Bt. c t c
ln t 0,5 2 micron, khng bn vng trong mi trng kim v acid, khng tan trong
nc, v trong nhiu dung mi hu c nhng tan trong dung dch kim (pH > 10), tan
trong dch rut ca sn non b cnh vy. Ln u tin nm 1870, nh bc hc Pasteur
pht hin mt loi vi khun gy bnh cho con tm v t tn l Bacillus bombycis.
V sau, Berliner xc nh l vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis, c hn 30 chng khc
nhau. n nm 1971, c danh sch 400 loi cn trng mn cm vi cc dng Bt. T
nhng nm gia thp k 70, thuc tr su Bt tr thnh ph bin v cnh tranh vi
thuc ha hc tr su.
C 2 loi thuc Bt, loi cha c tinh th c t v bo t (khong 107 bo
t/mg) v loi ch cha tinh th c t. Sau khi phun, su n phi thuc, tinh th c t
gy hiu lc ngay v sau b phn hy, cn bo t th c th tn ti lu, tip tc sinh
sn v gy c t.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 8000 mg/kg. Rt t c i vi ngi, mi
trng v cc loi thin ch, khng c vi c v ong. TGCL 5 ngy. Loi Bt cha
bo t rt mn cm vi tm, nn nhng ni c trng du nui tm ch nn dng loi
Bt khng cha bo t.
Tc ng v c, khng c hiu lc tip xc v xng hi. Sau khi n phi l cy
c thuc, ch sau mt gi su s yu v ngng n, c th en dn, teo li v cht sau
vi ngy. Ph tc dng hp, ch yu c hiu lc vi su non b cnh vy.
S dng: Thuc Bt dng phng tr cc loi su t, su xanh, su khoang,
su keo hi rau, u, thuc l, bng, ng, ay. Thuc Biobit 16K.WP, Biocin 16WP
(cha 16.000 i.u/mg, i.u = international unit = n v quc t) s dng vi liu lng 1
2 kg/ha, pha vi nng 0,2 0,4% phun 400 500 l/ha.

111
 Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc,
khng pha chung vi thuc c tnh kim (nh Bordeaux), phn ha hc, cc thuc tr
bnh c ngun gc khng sinh (nh Kasugamycin, Validamycin) v thuc c gc
ng. Thuc rt mn cm vi nhit cao v m, cn bo qun ni kh v mt.
c. Ch phm Virut tr su
Virus nhn a din (nuclear polyhedrosis virus = nucleopolyhedrovirus NPV)
nm trong nhm Baculoviridae, c tch chit ln u trn c th ong n l rng ti
M v Canada. Hin c hng chc chng c tch chit t ngun t nhin.
NPV gm nhiu ht virus trong mt nhn a din (polyhedron) c trong nhn t
bo b bnh. Ht virus hnh gy, cha mt hay nhiu nucleocapsid, c mt lp v
(capsid) bao quanh.
Capsid l s kt hp gia AND v protein dng khng ng nht, to thnh
DNP v AND c xp gn trong DNP.
Nhn a din l khi protein kt tinh, hnh li lim, cha nhiu polypeptid kt
tinh dng mt co, cha cc ht virus bn trong; c bao bi mt lp v chng s
mt nc v tia cc tm. Nhn a din c tnh n nh va phi, d b kim ho (d tan
trong pH 9,5), d b ph hu trong dch rut cn trng (dch rut mang tnh kim v
c men phn hu).
Tt c cc virus th vi phi xm nhp vo rut ri mi gy hi cho cn trng.
Trong bng cn trng, virus ch tc ng vo hch t bo rut gia v ch gy cht khi
cn trng b ly nhim y . Cn trng mc bnh do n phi virus v cc cht nn
protein ca virus c ho tan trong rut gia cn trng (c tnh kim), sn sinh ra cc
phn t virus. Nhng phn t ny i qua mng hu mn v cc t bo rut gia, bng
cch ho vo cc lng t nh. Nhng phn t virus ho trong hch t bo biu m,
chim cc nhn ca t bo biu m, dng trn v nhn sinh khi ln y. Nhng
phn t virus u tin dng trn, khng b gi li. S ti to trc tin sn sinh ra cc
phn t khng gi virus nhng sau , cc phn t virus c sn sinh, bao bc lp
protein. S ly nhim bt u v lm cht cn trng.
NPV c sn xut bng s nhn ging cn trng nhim bnh bng nhiu cch:
Nhn nui trong phng th nghim: su non v thc n nhn to c phun vi
liu NPV thch hp. Phun vi liu thp, cn trng khng nhim bnh; phun vi liu
cao, cn trng b cht sm, lm gim tng sn phm virus. Sau a vo mi trng
c nhit 23 290C (ti thch 290C). Tc sinh trng virus ph thuc vo mt
qun th v kch thc bnh nui, thi im ly nhim, kch thc su v t l c ci
(con ci thng sn xut nhiu NPV hn con c). Cc vi khun hoi sinh cng nh
hng nhiu n hot tnh ca virus.
thu virus, ngi ta nghin nt mt phn su b nhim vi ba phn nc, lc
qua vi mng, ly dch. Tch chit trn my ly tm. lm sch hn, cn ly tm ln
na vi dung dch ng sacharose c c dung dch th vi.
Chn nhng qun th su hi c mt cao, x l virus v vi ngy sau thu v
nhng cn trng b bnh, cho ng lnh. Trc khi s dng, cc u trng ng lnh,
c nghin nh nh bt phun.
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 Cng c th dng k thut nui cy t bo sn xut virus gy hi cho cn
trng.
dit cn trng, NPV thng c hn hp vi vi khun v protozoa.
Thuc tr su virus c gia cng di dng lng, sa, bt thm nc, bt kh,
ht v dng kem. Sn phm cn bo qun ni kh, lnh khng chiu sng trc x.
Thi hn bo qun: 2 nm. Khng c hn hp vi cc cht oxi ho, acid hay kim
v nc c clo ho. Khng gy c cho ngi, ng vt c v v mi sinh, mi
trng.
Nhiu sn phm virus tr su xut hin trn th trng th gii v c hiu
qu rt cao tr su gy hi bng, ng, u , rau mu. Hn hp Neodiprion sertifer
NPV v Neodiprion lecontei NPV c dng tr mt s loi su non b cnh phn
cho mt s loi cy trng (su t, su o hi rau; su c c khoai ty, su c qu;
su keo Spodoptera exigua, su xanh da lng hi bng, lc, u xanh, nho, hnh t
v mt s loi su hi cy rng). Mt s loi khc nh: Helicoverpa zea NPV;
Mamestra brassiucae NPV cng c dng ph bin.
Vit Nam c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu, sn xut v s dng NPV.
Thnh cng ln nht l hiu qu dng NPV tr su xanh Helicoverpa armigera hi
bng, thuc l; su o Anomis flava hi ay; su rm hi thng
Ngoi cc loi virus nhn a din cn c nhiu loi virus khc cng c tc dng
tr su nh Cydia pomonella GV.
d. Mt s sn phm tr su, nhn bt ngun t s ln men ca x khun
Hin nay c nhiu loi thuc tr su nhn l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men
ca cc loi vi sinh vt; trong x khun sn sinh ra nhiu thuc tr su mi nht.
Nhm thuc Avermectin
Mt trong 16 nhm ester t nhin do x khun Streptomycin avermitilis sn
sinh, gm hai cht Avermectin B1a v Avermectin B1b. Nhng thay i rt nh trong
hnh thnh phn ca thuc (hm lng v t l hm lng Avermectin B1a v
Avermectin B1b) cng tc ng n hot tnh v hiu lc phng tr ca sn phm. Cc
sn phm Avermectin th rn c hiu lc tr cn trng v nhn km dng lng. V
vy, cc sn phm Avermectin u dng sa. Gn y, nhiu cng ty s dng bao
ng cc sn phm Avermectin th rn c th tan trong nc. Loi thuc ny, d phn
tn trong bnh phun v tng kh nng kh nng tip xc ca thuc vi vt phun v t
gy c cho ngi s dng.
Cc thuc trong nhm c ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu loi su ming nhai
v ming lim ht thuc b cc vy, b hai cnh, b cnh u nh su v ba, c thn
qu v nhn liu lng 5,4 2,5 g a.i./ha trn nhiu loi cy trng nh bp ci v
cc loi rau khc, u tng, cc loi cy n qu, cam chanh, nho, ch, bng, cy cnh.
Thuc c hiu qu phng tr kin la Sclenopsis invicta cao; c th gy v sinh hay
git cht kin cha. C th phun hay lm b dit u trng v trng thnh hay km
hm sinh trng v lm ung trng ca dn. Chng tc ng n cn trng v nhn
bng con ng tip xc v v c; ni hp yu hoc khng c tnh ni hp. Di chuyn
trong cy yu. Cc hp cht Avermectin thm thu mnh vo m l. Do thuc xm
113
nhp nhanh vo biu b l (vi s gip ca men translaminase) ri tch lu . V
vy hiu lc ca thuc ko di, t chu tc ng ca iu kin thi tit. Cn trng v
nhn b trng c rt nhanh. Sau phun 8 gi, triu chng ng c th hin r; nhng
phi sau 3 4 ngy t l cht mi t cao nht.
Sau khi tip xc vi cc thuc trong nhm, cn trng ngng n v cht v i.
Cc thuc kch thch s gii phng GABA ( aminobutyric acid) gy km hm s
vn chuyn xung ng thn kinh, lng ion Cl trong t bo thn kinh tng ln, lm
nhiu lon hot tnh ca h thn kinh. Cc t bo thn kinh phi hot ng mnh hn,
nn nng lng mt nhiu, cn trng v nhn b t lit v cht.
Su hi t c kh nng hnh thnh tnh khng hay kh hnh thnh tnh khng
cho vi cc thuc Avermectin, nn c th dit tr c c cc loi su khng cc
thuc tr su khc.
Abamectin: L mt disaccarit vng ln c phn lp t qu trnh ln men ca
Streptomyces avermitilis. L hn hp ca > 80% Avermectin B1a v < 20%
Avermectin B1b. Trong dung mi hu c, abamectin b oxy ho nhanh. Khng bn
trong mi trng acid mnh v kim. B tia cc tm phn hu nhanh. Hin c
thng phm ca Avermectin B1, dng tr cn trng, nhn hi cy n qu v cc
cy trng khc 50 nc.
Emamectin: L sn phm bn tng hp ca VSV v l th h th 2 ca
Avermectin khng c tnh ni hp. Emamectin c hiu qu tr u trng b cnh phn
trn rau v bng cao hn Avermectin.
Emamectin benzoate: Hn hp cha 90% emamectin B1a v 10% emamectin
B1b cng cc mui benzoat ca chng. Hiu lc ca Emamectin benzoate n nh hn
Emamectin.Hin nay, nhiu nc dng Emamectin benzoate tr su hi cy n
qu v nhiu cy trng khc t hiu qu rt cao lng 5,4 8,4g a.i./ha. Hiu lc
ca thuc b gim mnh trong mi trng c nh sng.
Nhm Spinosad (t x khun Saccharopolyspora spinosa)
Spinosad cng kch ng th quan axetylcholin nicotinic (nhng ti v tr khc
vi tc ng ca nicotin v imidacloprid), lm gim hot ng ca GABA, lm cho
cn trng t lit v cht. Thuc tr su c tc dng tip xc v v c, c ph tc ng
rng, tr cc loi su hi thuc b cc cng, hai cnh, cnh vy, b ry, trn cc loi
rau, u , cy lng thc cy cng nghip, cy cnh, cy trng trong nh knh, nh
li. Ngoi ra thuc cn c dng tr cn trng gy hi sc kho con ngi. Hin
nay cha c thng tin v kh nng su hnh thnh tnh khng vi spinosad. Rt t c
vi ngi, ng vt mu nng, sinh vt c ch khc. c cao vi ong. Khng gy hi
cho mi trng.
e. Tuyn trng tr su
Tuyn trng tr su trong t c th k sinh trn cn trng t, nn chng l
nguyn liu tuyt vi sn xut cc thuc tr su vi sinh. Sau khi vo t, tuyn
trng phn tn v tn cng ngay cn trng. Tuyn trng xm nhp vo c th cn
trng qua thc n (nh cc loi tuyn trng Stein rnema v Heterorhadditis) hoc qua
l th v hu mn cn trng.
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 trong rut cn trng, tuyn trng chui qua vch rut, i vo h tun hon.
y, tuyn trng sinh trng v pht trin kh nhanh, gy cht cho cn trng trong 1
2 ngy. Tr mt s t tuyn trng sng c trong iu kin kh di dng bo nang,
cn hu ht tuyn trng hot ng trong iu kin c mng nc bao quanh. V th,
tuyn trng ch tc ng n cc loi cn trng sng trong t, ni chng sng lu
hn.
Tuyn trng Neoplectana carpocapsae c tc dng nh mi gii truyn vi
khun gy bnh cho mi v gy cht mi.
Ngoi cc loi cn trng k sinh trc tip trn su hi v tuyn trng t, t
nm 1970, cc loi tuyn trng k sinh cho cn trng (EPN entomo pathogenic
nematodes) cng c s dng. Nhng tuyn trng ny c kh nng cng sinh vi vi
khun Xenorhabdus spp. to t hp k sinh tuyn trng/vi khun. Hin c 17 loi
tuyn trng thuc ging Stenernema v 7 loi thuc ging Heterorhabditis thuc b
Rhabditida c kh nng ny. Sau khi xm nhp, chng c kh nng gy bnh v lm
cht vt ch trong 48 gi. Cc EPN c kh nng k sinh trn 200 loi cn trng trong
th nghim (c mt phn i sng trong t). Mt s sn phm thng mi c bn
trn th trng tr: 10 loi cnh cng; 19 loi su c thn, tin v; 17 loi thuc b
cnh phn; 14 loi thuc b hai cnh trong y t.
4.1.10. Thuc tr su ho hc khc
a. Acetamiprid
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, im nng chy 98,90C trng lng
ring 1,33 g/cm3. Tan trong nc (4,25 g/l 250C) aceton (> 200 g/l), ethanol (> 200
g/l), dichloromethane (> 200 g/l) hexane (0,00654 g/l).
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 314 417 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg,
LC50 xng hi > 300 mg/m3. Khng kch thch da v mt. t c vi c (LC50 vi c
chp > 100 mg/l trong 48 gi), rt t c i vi ong mt. D lng ti a cho php
(DLT) vi rau v qu l 5 mg/kg, ch 50 mg/kg, khoai ty 0,5 mg/kg. c ch hot
ng ca men ChE. Tc ng tip xc, v c, c kh nng ni hp. Ph tc dng
rng, dit tr c cc su non b cnh cng, cnh vy, 2 cnh, na cnh v cnh t.
S dng: Mospilan 3EC dng phng tr b tr, ry, rp, b phn, su khoang,
su xanh, su v ba, di c l cho rau, da, ng, ch, c ph, cy n qu. Liu lng
s dng 1,5 3 l/ha. (tng ng 50 100 g.a.i), pha nc vi nng 0,3 0,5%,
phun 300 500 l nc thuc cho 1 ha vi cy ngn ngy hoc phun t u tn l cy
lu nm.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc,
khng pha chung vi thuc Bordeaux.
b. Diafenthiuron
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt, mu trng, im nng chy 149,60C tan
rt t trong nc (0,05 mg/l 200C), tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c nh acetone,
toluene, bn vng trong nc, khng kh, nh sng.

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 Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 2068 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t c
vi c, c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c v xng hi, c kh nng
thm su. Ph tc dng rng, dit c c trng su.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su v nhn hi cy trng nh su t, su xanh,
rp hi rau, su xanh da lng, su khoang, su c qu, rp hi u, su hi bng, su
n l, rp sp, b xt, ry, nhn hi cy n qu, ch, c ph. Pegasus 500SC s dng
vi liu lng 0,5 - 1 l/ha pha vi 300 - 400 lt nc phun tr su cho rau, u, bng
hoc pha nc vi nng 0.1% phun t u ln cy lu nm.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh khc.
c. Etofenprox
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, mu trng, im nng chy 36 380C.
Khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, bn trong acid v kim.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 21440 mg/kg. Rt t c vi ong v cc loi
thin ch, tng i c vi c. Thuc c tc dng v c, ph tc dng rng.
S dng: phng tr nhiu loi su hi n l v chch ht nh ry nu, su cun
l la, b xt mui, rp, su v ba.
Kh nng hn hp: c th pha chung vi cc loi thuc tr su bnh khc.
d. Fipronil
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, khng mu. Tan rt t trong nc, tan trong
acetone v mt s dung mi hu c khc. Thy phn pH > 9, bn vng nhit
cao, phn gii nhanh trong dung dch nc di tc ng ca nh sng trc x.
Nhm c I, LD 50 qua ming 77 - 95 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da 354 - 2000 mg/kg.
c vi c, rt c vi ong. TGLC 14 ngy, tc ng tip xc, v c, c kh nng ni
hp, ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su c thn, n l v chch ht cho nhiu cy
trng (la, rau, cy n qu). Regent 5SC dng s l ht ging la phng tr cua, d,
c, b tr, su c thn, ry nu, hiu qu c th ko di ti 30 ngy, liu lng 100CC
thuc trn vi 20 25 kg la ging. Regent 0,3 G l thuc dng ht, ri xung rung
phng tr su c thn, su nn, ry nu cho la , liu lng 10 kg/ha, sau khi gieo
15 20 ngy. Regent 0,2 G ri 15 kg/ha. Regent 800WG dng bt ha nc, dng tr
b tr, su cun l, su c thn cho la, su t, su xanh cho rau, cc loi su n l,
ry cho cy n qu. Liu lng s dng 0,2 0,3 kg/ha pha vi nng 0,05% phun
t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
e. Imidacloprid
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, khng mu, khng mi. Trng lng
ring 1,543 g/cm3 (200C). Khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c nh
hexane, dichloromethane, propand, toluene.

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 Nhm c II, LD 50 qua ming 450 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg. t c
vi c, c vi ong. TGCL 14 ngy. Tc ng tip xc, v c v ni hp, ph tc
dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi su n l v chch ht cho la, ng, khoai ty,
rau, bng, ma v cy n qu. C hiu lc cao vi cc loi ry, rp, b tr. Ngoi ra,
cn dng tr cc su hi trong t (nh mui, sng trng), x l ht ging.
Liu lng s dng: Admire 050EC l 0,6 -0,8 l/ha, pha nc vi nng
0,15%. Confidor 100SL dng 0,3 0,4 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,08 -0,1% phun
t u ln cy. Gaucho ch yu dng x l ht ging la, bng, u, tr rui c
gc, b tr, ry, rp. Ch phm Gaucho 70WS dng 40 - 50g thuc trn u vi 100kg
ht ging la, u, hoc 0,5kg thuc trn vi 100kg ht ging bng.
Kh nng hn hp: c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
f. Dinotefuran
Tnh cht: thuc k thut th rn, im nng chy 94,5 101,5oC. Tan trong
nc 54,3 g/l ( 20oC).
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 2804 mg/kg, qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t c vi c
(LD50 vi c chp > 1g/l trong 96 gi) TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc tr su v c v tip xc,
c kh nng ni hp mnh. Ph tc dng mnh, phng tr c nhiu loi su ming
nhai v chch ht cho nhiu loi cy trng.
S dng: Oshin 20 WP hin ng k phng tr ry, su hi la. Liu lng s
dng 0,50 0,75 kg/ha, pha vi nc nng 0,1% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su
khc. Khng pha chung vi thuc c tnh kim mnh nh Bordeaux.
g. Thiamethoxam
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng rn, mu nu sng, trng lng ring 4,47
g/m3 (20oC), mi hi nh. im nng chy 139oC, tan trong nc (4,1g/l 25oC), tan
trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh methanol (10g/l), acetone (42 g/l), acetronitrile (78
g/l)
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 1563 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t c
vi c (LC50 > 100 ppm) v ong. TGCL 7- 14 ngy. Tc dng v c v tip xc, kh
nng ni hp mnh. Ph tc dng rng, phng tr c nhiu loi su n l v chch
ht cho nhiu loi cy trng.
S dng: Actara 25WG dng phng tr ry nu hi la, ry xanh, b tr, b
phn hi rau, c chua.... Pha nc vi nng 0,015% phun t u ln cy. Tr ry
nu hi la vi liu lng 30 50 g/ha, pha 1g thuc/bnh 8lt nc, phun 3 5 bnh
cho 1000 m2. Tr b da bng cch ha nc phun ln t cy hoc c l nh ln
thn cy ri dung dch thuc vo.
Kh nng hn hp: c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.

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4.2. THUC TR NHN HI
4.2.1. Abamectin
Tnh cht: Thuc c sn xut t dch phn lp qua ln men nm
Streptomyces avermitilis. Nguyn cht dng bt rn, mu vng nht, im nng chy
150 1550C, tan t trong nc (0,01 mg/l), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 300 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 1800 mg/kg, d kch
thch qua da v mt, tng i dc vi c, t c vi ong. TGCL 14 ngy. Thuc tr
su v nhn tip xc, v c. Ph tc dng tng i hp.
S dng: Phng tr cc loi su t, su xanh, di c l, ry rp, b phn v
nhn hi c chua, cc loi rau, cam, qut v cy n qu khc. Liu lng s dng tr
su 10 20g a.i/ha, tr nhn t 15 25g a.i/ha. Ch phm Vertimec 1.8 EC dng t
0,6 1,2 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,15 0,3% phun m ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
4.2.2. Acrinathrin
Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht l cht ngn mu trng, im nng chy 81,50C.
Tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh acetne, chloroform, dimethyl formamide. Khng
tan trong nc (0,02 mg/l 250C). Bn vng 2 nm nhit bnh thng trong nh.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/l, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. Tng
i c vi c, t c i vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Tc ng tip xc v v c, ph tc
dng tng i hp, phng tr cc su hi thuc b cnh u, b cnh t v nhn.
S dng: Rufast 3EC dng phng tr cc loi ry, rp, b phn, b tr, nn cho
rau, bng v cy n qu (to, nho, cam, qut ). Liu lng dng 1 2 l/ha, pha nc
vi nng 0,2 0,4% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc,
khng pha chung vi thuc Bordeaux.
4.2.3. Amitraz
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th mu trng, im nng chy 86 - 870C.
Tan trog nc v trong nhiu dung mi hu c.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 650 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2000 mg/kg. c vi c
(LC50 : 0,5 0,74 mg/l), khng c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Tc ng v c, tip xc.
Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Omitac 30EC ch yu phng tr nhn, ngoi ra cn tr c nhiu
su n l v chch ht nh cc loi ry, rp, su xanh, su khoang cho bng, thuc l,
u, cy n qu. Liu lng s dng cho cy ngn ngy t 1,5 2 l/ha, pha vi 300
400 lt nc. Vi cy lu nm, pha vi nng 0,3 0,5% phun t u tn l.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Cypermethrin, Endosulfan. Khi
s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.

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4.2.4. Fenpyroximate
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th trng. im nng chy 101 102oC,
p sut hi 5,6 x 10-8 mmHg (25oC). D phn hy trong acid v kim. Rt t tan trong
nc (0,0146 mg/l 20oC). Tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh acetone (150 g/l),
methanol (15 g/l).
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 245 480 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000mg/kg.
c vi c, rt t c vi ong. TGCL 14 ngy. Tc ng tip xc v v c. c ch lt
xc ca nhn non, hiu lc tng i nhanh.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi nhn hi rau, u, h, cy n qu. Ortus 5SC s
dng vi liu lng 1,0 1,5 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 - 0,3%, phun t u ln
cy.
4.2.5. Propargite
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th lng, mu nu sng, hi mi kh sulful, hu
nh khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c nh acetone, benzene,
methanol, heptan.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 4029 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2940 mg/kg. LC50
xng hi 0,05 mg/l. c vi c, t c vi ong, TGCL 7 ngy. Tc ng tip xc v
xng hi, hiu lc tr nhn th hin nhanh v c th ko di trn 20 ngy. Dit c nhn
non v trng thnh.
S dng: Tr nhn v cc loi nhn hi bng, u, ch, cy n qu, cy
cnh. Mt s cy nh u , hoa hng, hoa hud b thuc gy hi l. Comite 73EC
s dng vi liu lng 0,4 0,6 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,05 0,075% (5
7,5ml/10 lt nc), phun t u ln cy. Khng phun thuc khi tri nng qu trng
hi cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Nissorun. Khi s dng c th pha
chung vi Nissorun hoc cc thuc tr su bnh khc.
4.3. THUC TR TUYN TRNG
4.3.1. Chitosan
Chitosan l mt cht sinh hc, c tc dng phng tr tuyn trng v mt s
nm, vi khun hi cy. Ngoi ra cn c tc dng kch thch sinh trng v tng sc
chng bnh cho cy.
S dng: Stop 5DD hin ng k phng tr tuyn trng hi c rt, c chua. Pha
nc nng 0,1% ti gc cy.
Kh nng hn hp: Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su
bnh khc.
4.3.2. Cytokinin (Zeatin)
Tnh cht: Nguyn cht l cht lng, t trng 0,996 ( 250C), im si 1010C,
tan trong nc 100%.

119
 Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 20.000 mg/kg. Khng c vi c v ong.
TGCL 5 ngy. Trong thnh phn ca Sincocin, ngoi cht kch thch sinh trng cy
trng v phng tr tuyn trng l Cytokinin cn c thm mt s cht (nh Glycosides,
Purine, acid bo v n t kim loi) c tc dng tng cng hiu lc tiu dit tuyn
trng v mt s nm bnh trong t. Cytokinin lm tuyn trng phn tn m khng tp
trung vo r cy.
S dng: Phng tr tuyn trng hi h tiu, c ph, cy n qu. Sincocin
0,56SL pha nc vi nng 0,1 0,2% ti m quanh gc cy.
4.3.3. Ethoprophos (Ethoprop)
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th lng, mu vng nht, tan t trong nc (750
mg/l), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, bn trong mi trng trung tnh va acid nh,
thy phn nhanh trong mi trng kim (pH > 9).
Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 61,5 mg/kg. LD50 qua da 2,4 mg/kg. c vi c
v ong. DLT 0,2 mg/kg (ng, khoai ty, ci bp, u, da). TGCL 14 ngy. Tc ng
tip xc v tr c. Tr tuyn trng v su hi trong t.
S dng: Dng x l t tr tuyn trng cho c ph, h tiu, ch, chui,
thuc l, da hu ... Thuc cng tr c nhiu loi su trong t (su xm, mi,
sng), hn ch mt phn nm hch gy bnh cho cy. Mocap 10G ri quanh gc cy c
ph, h tiu, ch, chui tr tuyn trng vi liu lng 10 30 g/gc. Nu x l ton
b mt t dng liu lng 50 100 kg/ha, ri trn mt t ri ba trn u trc khi
trng cy hng nm (u, thuc l, khoai ty ...). Thuc sa 20% tr tuyn trng cho
c ph, h tiu, ch, chui pha 5 10 ml thuc vi 3- 5 lt nc ti cho mt gc cy
vo u ma ma, hoc dng 15 lt thuc ha ti nc u cho 1 ha t trc khi
trng rau, mu.
Kh nng hn hp: Khng pha chung vi cc loi thuc khc.
Ngoi cc thuc trn, mt s thuc tr su c kh nng tr tuyn trng nh:
Benfuracarb, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Diazinon...
4.4. THUC TR CHUT
4.4.1. Brodifacoum
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, khng tan trong nc, tan trong
Chloroform, tan trung bnh trong benzene, acetone, ethanol. Khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 0,27 0,4 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 20 200 mg/kg.
Khng gy kch thch da. c vi c v gia sc (ch, mo, g...). L thuc tr chut,
tc ng chng ng mu. Thuc gy xut huyt ni tng v ngn cn qu trnh ng
mu do c ch tng hp Vitamin K trong c th. Chut n phi thuc sau 2 3 ngy
mi cht m khng cht ngay ti ch nn khng gy tnh nht mi cho chut. Thuc
tr c nhiu loi chut ng, chut nh v nhiu loi gm nhm khc.
S dng: Bn thnh phm l dung dch cha 0,5% Brodifacoum, c ch
thnh vin b cha 0,05 v 0,005% hot cht. Mi l bt ng cc, vin b dng ht
hoc ming nh, bn ngoi bc lp sp chng m, mu xanh xm hoc hng. Thuc
dng dit chut trong nh, vn v ngoi ng.
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 t vin b vo ng i v ni chut thng qua li hoc trc ca hang.
ngoi vn v ng rung, cch 5 10 m, t mt vin (1 ha dng khong 1 2 kg
vin b). t thuc bui chiu, sng hm sau thu nhng vin b cn li chiu ti t
tip. t lin tip trong 10 14 ngy, n khi thy chut khng cn n mi na. Hng
ngy thu nht xc chut em chn. Nn t thuc ni kn hoc c ming che b
trnh ma v trnh tr em, gia sc n phi. Bo qun b trong bao nylng kn, c nhn
hoc ghi tn thuc, xa tr em v gia sc.
Nu ngi hoc gia sc n phi vin b thuc, triu chng trc tin l mt
mi, bing n, bun nn, cn cho ung hoc tim Vitamin K1 vi liu trung bnh 10
20 mg/ngy.
4.4.2. Bromadiolone
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt, im nng chy 200 210oC. Tan rt t
trong nc (0,019 g/l), tan trong acetone (22,3 g/l), hexan (0,2 g/l). Nhm c I, LD50
qua ming 0,56 0,84 mg/kg. c vi c v gia sc (LD50 vi c hi 1,4 mg/l trong 96
gi). L thuc tr chut nhm chng ng mu (nh Brodifacoum).
S dng: Bromadiolone cng c ch thnh nhng vin b. Cch s dng
ging nh Brodifacoum. Cht gii c l Vitamin K1.
4.4.3. Coumatetralyl (Coumarin)
Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, im nng chy 180oC. Tan trong
mt s dung mi hu c nh dichloromethane, 2-propanol, tan t trong toluene,
hexane.
Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 17 30 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 40 mg/kg.
Thuc nhm thuc chng ng mu. S dng tng t nh cc thuc trn.
4.4.4. Diphacinone
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt, im nng chy 293oF. Tan t trong nc
(17 mg/l). Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 7,0 mg/kg. L thuc tr chut nhm chng
ng mu.
S dng: Diphacinone cng c ch thnh nhng vin b. Cch s dng
ging nh Brodifacoum. Cht gii c l vitamin K1.
4.4.5. Flocoumafen
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt, khng tan trong nc, tan trong acetone,
chloroform, dichloromethane, cn.
Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 0,25 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 3 mg/kg, l thuc tr
chut nhm chng ng mu.
S dng: Flocoumafen cng c ch thnh nhng vin b. Cch s dng nh
Brodifacoum. Cht gii c l Vitaamin K1.
4.4.6. Warfarin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt, mu trng, im nng chy 159 165oC.
Khng tan trong nc, tan trong cn, acetone, dioxin.
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 Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 1 mg/kg. L thuc tr chut nhm chng ng
mu.
S dng: Warfarin cng thng c ch thnh nhng vin b, cch s dng
ging Brodifacoum. Ch phm RAT K 2% D dng bt, trn vi mi theo t l 1
phn thuc + 50 n 100 phn mi. Mi c th l cm, cm, bt m, cua, c, mng
la t mi trn thuc ca hang hoc ni chut thng i qua. Cht gii c l
Vitamin K1.
4.4.7. Phot phua km
Tnh cht: L loi bt mu xm, c t trng ln, khng tan trong nc v ru
etylic, tan trong benzene v carbondisulfur. Trong mi trng m v nht l mi
trng acid, phn gii thnh kh Phosphur hydro (PH3) rt c. Thuc k thut cha
80 90% Zinc Phosphide.
Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 45,7 mg/kg. c vi c v gia sc. L thuc tr
chut gy c cp tnh. Chut n phi thuc thng b trng c nhanh v cht ngay
ti ch. Dit c cc loi chut v cc loi gm nhm khc.
S dng: Thuc thng c trn vi mi lm b dit chut. Mi l nhng
th chut hay n nh go, bt ng, mm la, c... Ch phm 20% trn trong mi
khong 8 10%. Chiu ti t b thuc gn ca hang hoc trn ng chut hay i li
(cch 3 5 m t mt ch, mi ch 20 50 g b). Sng hm sau thu nht xc chut
cht em chn.
Zinc Phosphide l thuc hn ch s dng theo quy nh:
- Ch c s dng dng bt c hm lng hot cht khng qu 20%.
- Ch c s dng lm b dit chut, khng c dng rc, ha nc
hoc hn hp vi cc thuc khc.
- Cm s dng ni cng cng hoc gn tri chn nui.
Khi s dng phi c bit ch ni t b chut v c bin php bo m an
ton cho ngi v vt nui trong sut thi gian t b.
4.4.8. Samonella entriditis
L mt loi vi khun gy bnh thng hn cho loi gm nhm. Nhiu ngi
cho rng vi khun Samonella rt d thch nghi vi mi trng mi nn c th gy bnh
cho ngi sau mt thi gian s dng tr chut. Ngoi ra, vic bo qun v s dng vi
khun trong thc t cng gp nhiu kh khn, dn n hiu qu dit chut khng n
nh. V vy, mt s nc nh c, M, Nht cm dng vi khun Samonella
lm thuc dit chut v cm nhp nng hi sn c nhim khun Samonella. Cn theo
nh sn xut ch phm Biorat th vi khun ny khng tn ti trong mi trng t nhin
v trong c th ngi cng nh cc ng vt khc, m ch tn ti c trong phng th
nghim v thch ng vi c th loi chut. V vy thuc khng nh hng g n sc
khe ngi v cc ng vt khc.
S dng: Ty theo mt v tng loi chut, dung t 25 50 g thuc t gn
ca hang hoc trn ng chut hay i li. t thuc lc tri bt u ti. Khi m gi

122
no th dng ht gi , khng gi li dng hm sau. Khng dng tay bc thuc v
chut s pht hin hi ngi m khng n.
Trong iu kin nhit bnh thng t 30 36oC trong bng rm, thuc gi
c hiu lc trong 24 ngy, di 30oC c 28 ngy, t 4 n 16oC gi c trong 6
thng.
4.5. THUC TR C
4.5.1. Metaldehyde
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng kt tinh hoc bt, c mi ngt, khng tan
trong nc, tan trong methanol (1,73 g/l 22oC).
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 283 mg/kg. c vi c.
S dng: Dng tr c sn v c bu vng hi cy trng. Deadline Bullets
dng ht cha 4% metaldehyde ri xung rung tr c bu vng vi liu lng 5
10 kg/ha. Deadline-40 cream line dng nho, cha 4% metaldehyde dng 5 10
kg/ha, ha vi 300 400 lt nc, phun xung rung. Helix 500WP pha 20 30 g/bnh
8 l nc phun xung rung, ch c c. Khi phun thuc rung cn c lp nc nng 3
5 cm v gi nc trong 3 5 ngy. Tr c sn ph hi cy vn, ri hoc phun thuc
quanh gc cy.
4.5.2. Niclosamide
Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th ng nh, phn hy nhit
208oC. p sut hi < 1 mmHg 20oC. Tan trong hexane, dichloromethane, propanol,
toluene.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, qua da > 1000 mg/kg. c vi
tm, c. Thuc chuyn dng tr c bu vng cho rung la.
S dng: Bayluscide 250 EC s dng tr c bu vng cho rung la vi liu
lng 1 l/ha. Phun thuc sau s la khi cho nc ln u vo rung vi mc xm xp
(3 5 cm). Sau khi phun thuc phi gi nc trong rung t nht 5 ngy. Khng dng
thuc ni c nui tm, c. Rung phun thuc cn c b bao gi nc. Khng dng cho
rung s ngm.

123
Cu hi n tp:
1. c im chung ca thuc tr su tho mc?
2. Mt s thuc tr su tho mc ph bin v cch s dng?
3. c im chung ca thuc tr su gc clo hu c?
4. c im chung ca thuc tr su gc ln hu c?
5. Mt s thuc tr su gc ln hu c ph bin v cch s dng?
6. c im chung ca thuc tr su gc Carbamate?
7. Mt s thuc tr su gc carbamate ph bin v cch s dng?
8. c im chung ca thuc tr su gc cc tng hp?
9. Mt s thuc tr su gc cc tng hp ph bin v cch s dng?
10. Nhng hiu bit c bn v thuc tr su vi sinh?
11. Nhng hiu bit c bn v thuc iu ha sinh tng cn trng?
12. Nhng hiu bit c bn v thuc dn d v xua ui cn trng?
13. Nhng hiu bit c bn v thuc tr tuyn trng?
14. Nhng hiu bit c bn v thuc tr chut?
15. Nhng hiu bit c bn v thuc tr c

124
 Chng 5
THUC XNG HI
Chng ny cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc c bn v k thut s dng
thuc xng hi v cc c im c bn ca cc thuc xng hi thng dng.
5.1. KHI NIM V C IM CA THUC XNG HI
Thuc xng hi (fumigant) l cc cht hay hn hp cc cht sn sinh ra kh,
hi, ga, khi, sng c tc dng tiu dit mi giai on pht trin ca cc loi dch hi
(cn trng, vi khun, nm, chut). Thuc xng hi c th l cht lng hay cht rn
bay hi hoc ngay c cc cht dang kh. Chng c dng tit trng trong nh, x
l t, nng sn hng ho, cc vt liu khc v cy trng (theo AAPCO). Hiu qu v
k thut s dng thuc xng hi ph thuc vo nhng c tnh sau y:
bay hi: L lng hi thuc ti a c th t c trong mi n v th tch
khng kh trong nhng iu kin nhit, m nht nh. c biu thi bng mg/lt
khng kh hoc gam/m3 khng kh. bay hi v nng thuc xng hi tn ti trong
khng kh ph thuc vo im si v trng lng phn t: Phn t lng cng ln,
im si cng cao; im si cng cao i bay hi cng thp.
Cn c vo im si, c th chia thuc xng hi lm hai loi:
+ Loi c im si thp (nh Metyl Bromide): c nn vo bnh kim loi
di p lc cao (chuyn thnh th lng).
+ Loi c im si cao (nh Phosphua nhm AlP): Thng th rn hoc th
lng khi tip xc vi m s hnh thnh kh c.
- Tc bay hi: L khi lng hi bay ln t 1cm2 b mt thuc xng
hi trong 1 giy. Tc bay hi t l thun vi nhit xng hi v t l
nghch vi nhit si v p sut.
- S khuch tn ca thuc xng hi vo khng kh: L kh nng truyn ca
hi thuc vo khong khng gian c xng hi. Kh c c khuch tn
trong khng kh t ch mt phn t cao n ch mt phn t thp. S
khuch tn ca hi thuc nhanh hay chm c lin quan n nhit . Tc
khuch tn ca kh c trong khng kh nhanh hn khi nhit khng kh
cao v chm hn khi nhit thp.
- T trng hi thuc: T trng hi ca thuc xng hi lin quan rt nhiu
n k thut xng hi. Nu t trng hi nh hn 1, thuc thng t di
ng hng; hoc ln hn 1, thuc c t trn ng hng; hay t trng
xp x 1; v tr t thuc s gia ng hng.
Theo nh lut Graham, tc khuch tn ca cht kh trong khng gian t l
nghch vi bnh phng t trng ca chng. Thuc xng hi c t trng ln khuch
tn chm hn so vi loi thuc c phn t lng nh.
- S hp ph l qu trnh thu ht cc phn t kh c ln b mt vt phm
v S hp th l qu trnh thm nhp kh c su vo th khi vt phm. S
hp ph v hp th ca thuc vo hng ho kh trng tu thuc vo c tnh
ca loi thuc, loi hng ho, cch bao gi, cch xp hng ho, hm m,

125
 nhit v m khng kh. Nu s hp ph/th qu ln, nng ca thuc s
gim, lng thuc dng s tng v tng chi ph. Thm vo , thi gian x
thuc ( cho thuc bay ht khi l hng) s lu.
- Tnh d bt la, bc chy: Mt s loi thuc xng hi d bt la, d gy
chy v gy n. V d: Kh PH3 d t bc chy nng 26,15 27,06g/m3
khng kh.
- Tnh n mn kim loi: Hi ca mt s thuc xng hi c kh nng n
mn kim loi hoc hp kim ca chng (ALP, Mg3P2 n mn ng, hp kim
ng vng, bc). V vy khi xng hi, cn bt kn hoc dn nhng kim
loi ny khi phng xng hi.
- Nng thuc xng hi l lng thuc phn tn trong khng kh thi
im nht nhv ph thuc vo liu lng s dng.
- Liu lng dng: Liu lng thuc xng hi c biu th bng n v
trng lng (kg, g, mg) hoc th tch (lt, ml) thuc xng hi trn n v th
tch (m3) kho hng, phng tin vn chuyn hoc trng lng hng ho (tn).
Liu lng s dng ph thuc vo loi thuc, loi dch hi cn dit, loi vt
phm, thi gian kh trng v nhit khng kh. Trong iu kin nhit v m
khng kh khng i, th tch ca nng thuc xng hi (C) vi thi gian xng hi
(T) l mt hng s.
k=CxT
Ni cch khc, trong mc nht nh, nu s dng nng thuc thp, thi
gian xng hi ko di. Ngc li, mun gii phng hng ho nhanh (rt ngn thi gian
xng hng) th phi tng nng thuc.
Ring vi PH3 nu tng nng thuc qu mc cng khng lm tng hiu qu
kh trng, tri li cn c th lm cho su mt chuyn sang trang thi u m t v. V
vy, vi PH3 ko di thi gian xng hi quan trng hn l tng nng rt ngn
thi gian kh trng.
Cc thuc xng hi thng c dng dit su, mt hi nng sn: ht v bt
ng cc, bt sn, ht u , hng nan, my tre an vvNgoi ra thuc cn c tc
dng dit chut; mt s cn c tc dng tr tuyn trng. Do thuc xng hi rt c vi
ngi v ng vt c v, nn khi tip xc vi cc loi thuc ny cn thc hin nghim
quy nh bo h lao ng. Cc thuc xng hi u nm trong nhm thuc hn ch s
dng.
5.2. MT S THUC XNG HI THNG DNG
5.2.1. Aluminium photphua
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt, mu en hoc tro xm. Nng chy v si
o
87,3 C. Tan trong nc (260 g/l) v trong Carbon disulfide. Khi ht m hoc tan
trong nc, AlP sinh ra kh phosphine (PH3) rt c. Kh PH3 nng 1,79 1,89%
th tch khng kh (t 26,15 27,06 g/m3 khng kh) c th gy chy n. Do an
ton, trong cc ch phm AlP c thm cht chng chy (thng l cht
amonicarbamate) c ch s sn sinh t PH3. AlP n mn ng v hp kim ng,
vng, bc.

126
 Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 25 30 mg/kg. Nng PH3 ti a trong khng
kh cho php ti ni lm vic ca ngi l 0,3 ppm. Nu ch tip xc trong thi gian
ngn (khng qu 15 pht) th nng cho php l 1 ppm. DLT trong cc nng sn l
0,01 mg/kg. TGCL 14 ngy. Kh PH3 xm nhp vo c th su, mt v chut qua
ng h hp.
S dng: AlP dng tr su, mt, gin, chut... Cho la m, thc, go, u ,
ng, c ph ht, dc liu, gia v, ch, thuc l, qu kh, mng kh, long v da th, bt
c, bt tht, kh du, cao su v sn phm cao su, hnh, ti kh, hng gi da, my, tre...
AlP c ch thnh dng bt hoc vin. Ch phm cha 50 60% AlP khi thy
phn hon ton sn sinh ra 3% PH3. Trong thc t thng c khong 3 8% AlP
khng thy phn v cn li trong cn b (ch yu l Al2O3 v cht n). Lng dng
kh trng t 1,5 2 g PH3/m3 hng hoc 0,10 0,15 g PH3/m3 kho khng cha
hng.
nc ta kh trng cho thc, go, dng 6 10 g PH3/tn hng, cho ng
dng 6 8 g PH3/tn hng, kh trng cho kho khng cha hng dng 0,3 0,6 g
PH3/m3 kho. Thi gian kh trng t 5 7 ngy nhit di 26oC, 4 ngy nhit
26 30oC, 3 ngy nhit trn 30oC.
AlP l thuc hn ch s dng Vit Nam, nn khi s dng cn tun theo cc
quy nh sau:
- Ch cho php nhng ngi chuyn trch kh trng s dng.
- Ch c s dng nhng ni c iu kin lm kn kh.
- Cm s dng cho rau qu ti v cc hng ha c thy phn cao trn
18%. Kho tng v phng tin kh trng phi m bo kh ro.
- Cm thuc tip xc trc tip vi cc thit b, dng c bng ng, hp
kim ng v cc kim loi qu him.
5.2.2. Mage photphua
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt, mu vng xanh. Khi tip xc vi m
khng kh v nht l vi acid thuc gii phng ra kh c PH3, qu trnh ny xy ra
nhanh hn AlP.
Nhm c I. Cc tnh cht khc ging AlP.
S dng: Ch phm Magtoxin 66% dng vin hoc dng phin. Khi phn
gii hon ton cho ra 33% kh PH3 (mt vin 3 g cho 1 g PH3). Dng Mg3P2 rt ngn
c thi gian kh trng hn so vi dng AlP. K thut s dng ging nh AlP. L
thuc hn ch s dng Vit Nam. Cc quy nh khi s dng nh vi AlP.
5.2.3. Metyl bromide
Tnh cht: nhit v p sut bnh thng thuc th kh, p sut cao
thuc dng lng. 0oC v p sut 760 mmHg, t trng l 1,732. 20oC tan trong
nc 17,5 g/l.
Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming > 214 mg/kg. Ngi v gia sc ht th phi khng
kh nng 20 100 ppm CH3Br s c biu hin triu chng thn kinh. Nu ht th
nhiu gi trong khng kh nng 100 200 ppm hoc 30 60 pht trong khng kh
127
nng 1000 ppm CH3Br s b cht. Nng cho php trong khng kh ti ni lm
vic l 5 ppm nu tip xc thng xuyn v 15 ppm nu thi gian tip xc ngn. Do
thuc khng c mi nn nng thp rt kh nhn bit. V vy thuc s dng
thng cha 2 3% Chloropicrin lm cht bo hiu v Chloropicrin s lm cay mt
ngay c nng thp. DLT la m, thc, go 50 mg, ht c du 200 mg/kg. TGCL
7 14 ngy.
S dng: Methyl Bromide l mt trong nhng thuc xng hi c s dng rt
ph bin kh trng kho tng v cc phng tin vn chuyn hng ha (nht l tu
thy v cc container). Thuc tr c cc loi su, mt, gin, chut. tr mt cng
t (Trogoderma granarium) phi tng liu lng CH3Br ln gp 4 ln liu lng s
dng thng thng. Liu lng ph thuc vo nhit . Kh trng cho thc, go, u
, ng ng bao dng 24 g/m3 hng nhit 15 20oC, 16 g/m3 hng nhit 21
32oC, thi gian kh trng l 24 gi. Ngoi cc nng sn kh, Methyl Bromide cn
c dng kh trng cho cc nng sn ti nh rau, qu, hnh, ti, khoai ty, cy
xanh v hoa ti.
Do c cp tnh cao, Methyl Bromide l thuc hn ch s dng. Khng c
dng kh trng cho cc sn phm c hm lng du cao nh lc, vng... Ti ln th 2.
Khng dng kh trng cc loi ht ging, cnh ghp, mt cy ghp, cy con ging v
hoa qu ti nu thuc c cha Chloropicrin. Ch cho php nhng ngi chuyn trch
kh trng s dng.

Cu hi n tp:
1. Nhng hiu bit c bn v k thut s dng thuc xng hi?
2. c im c bn ca mt s thuc xng hi chnh: phosphine, methyl
bromide?

128
 Chng 6
THUC TR NM V VI KHUN

Chng ny cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc c bn v tnh cht v cch
s dng mt s thuc phng tr cc loi nm v vi khun gy hi trong nng
nghip.

Trong tng s khong 100.000 loi nm bit c, c khong 20.000 loi gy

ra mt hoc nhiu bnh trn cc cy khc nhau. Trong s c 4.600 nm gy bnh r
st, 700 nm gy bnh than v 1.000 nm gy bnh sng mai. Nm gy bnh cho
75% cc trng hp bnh nhim cy trng v tt c cy trng u mc phi 1 hoc
nhiu bnh nm. Ngy nay hu nh c th dng thuc dit nm khng ch hoc gim
nh c cc loi bnh nm.
Thuc dit nm l nhng ha cht c dng dit hoc cn tr s pht trin
ca nm. Cc vi sinh vt khc gy bnh cy l virus, tuyn trng, vi sinh vt ging
mycoplasma. Trong chng ny ch cp n nm v vi khun.
C hng trm hng ngn v d v bnh cy. Cc bnh ny bao gm nhng loi
bnh thi trong khi tn tr, bnh cy con, thi r, bnh bu, ho cy, chy l r, than,
sng mai v bnh virus.
Ngy nay thuc dit nm c tr c nhiu bnh. Ring cc bnh do
Phytophthora v Rhizoctonia trn r, Fusarium, Verticillium, ho vi khun v virus th
mi ch bt u tr c v cc bnh ny pht khi t di mt t, do thuc dit
nm kh tip xc, hoc bnh chuyn trong mch dn. Hin nay cha c thuc no
khng ch c bnh m khng lm tn hi cy trng.
Bnh nm thng kh phng tr bng ha cht hn l cn trng bi v nm l
sinh vt ging thc vt v sng bm st vi k ch. Mt khc nm sinh sn tr li rt
nhanh, c th qua 10-25 vng i ch trong vng 3 thng ca ma trng. Do vy cn
phun thuc lp li v cy sinh trng v cc yu t thi tit kh hu s lm gim nng
thuc. Cn phi phun thuc dit nm vo nhng thi k cy c kh nng b nm
xm nhim nhiu nht, khng i ti khi bnh pht ra. C mt s thuc dit nm c
th dng dit nm khi bnh xy ra.
Mt s thuc khc dng bo v b mt thc vt ngay c sau khi triu chng
pht ra. Mt s c tc dng tch cc dit tr nm bnh ti cc ni nhim ca bnh.
Hin nay c khong 150 cht dit nm, phn ln l cc cht hu c mi pht
hin gn y. Phn ln c tc dng bo v cy ngn s ny mm ca nm v s xm
nhp ca nm vo m cy.
Trong qu kh, ngi ta dng cc hp cht lu hunh, ng, thy ngn tr
bnh. Mi n nay cc thuc ny vn cn dng. Tuy nhin, cc hp cht lu hunh v
ng lm mt s cy nhy cm mc chm li do ngi ta ch to ra cc hp cht
hu c thay th, chng c hiu lc cao hn v t c cho cy hn.

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6.1. NHM THUC CHA NG (Cu)
L nhm thuc tr bnh ln, c dng t lu. Cc thuc c dng ph bin
trong nhm l cc loi hp cht v c. y l nhng thuc c ph tc dng rng,
ngoi tc dng tr nm v vi khun, chng cn c hiu lc cao vi ru, to v l thuc
gy ngn cho cn trng. Ngoi ra thuc cn c dng x l vi, da thuc
L nhng thuc tr bnh tip xc, c dng phun ln l vi tc dng bo v.
Thuc c tc dng hn ch s ny mm ca bo t. Ion ng (Cu++) hp th trn b
mt bo t, tch ly n nng cao, dit bo t.
Cc thuc trong nhm t c vi ng vt mu nng, khng nh hng xu n
cy trng (v ng cng l mt nguyn t vi lng rt cn thit cho cy). Khng tch
ly trong t. Mt s loi thuc tr bnh gc ng ph bin gm:
6.1.1. Bordeaux
Thuc bordeaux l hn hp ca dung dch ng sulfate v nc vi, phn ng
din ra nh sau:
4 CuSO4 + 3 Ca(OH)2 CuSO4. 3Cu(OH)2 + 3 CaSO4
Thuc bordeaux 1% c pha ch theo t l CuSO4:Ca(OH)2:H2O l 1:1:100
Thuc c tc dng tr nm v vi khun, nng cao 3 6% thuc dit c
c ru, to v a y.
Thuc dng phun u trn cy phng tr mt s bnh nh bnh m l,
chy l, bnh sng mai, bnh ra st, bnh gh cam qut.
C th dng bordeaux qut ln vt thng phng tr bnh x m hi cao
su, v cy n tri vi nng l 5%
Ngoi ra c th dng x l vn m phng tr mt s bnh hi cy con.
6.1.2. Copper Hydrocide
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, mu xanh l cy, tan t trong nc v
cc dung mi hu c. Phn ng trung tnh.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2000 mg/kg. c vi
mt. t c vi c v ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc tr bnh cy, tc ng tip xc. Ph
tc dng rng, phng tr nhiu loi nm v vi khun hi cy.
Cc ch phm dng bt rt mn (kch thc ht 2 - 3) ha vo nc phn tn
nhanh v lu lng ng, phun ln l cy c kh nng loang tri rng v bm dnh lu.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh mc sng, m vng cho c chua, khoai ty,
bnh sng mai, phn trng, mc xm cho nho, bnh so v lot cam, qut, bnh g
st, m l c ph, bnh phng l, chm xm ch, bnh m rong (do to) trn cy n
qu, c ph, ch, cc bnh m l do vi khun cho rau, u. Ch phm Funguran OH
- 50WP (cha 50% ng, tng ng 77% Hydrocide ng), s dng vi liu lng
0,75 1,5 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,3% phun t u ln cy. C th ha
vi nc theo nng trn ri phun m hoc ti vo gc cy phng tr cc nm
hi gc v r cy (nh Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Pythium).

130
 Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.1.3. Copper Oxychloride
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, mu xanh l cy, khng tan trong
nc, tan trong acid yu. Phn ng trung tnh.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1470 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 1200 mg/kg, DLT
vi rau, qu 20, ch, nho 40, nng sn khc 10 mg/kg. TGCL 7 ngy. Rt t c vi c
v ong.
Thuc tr bnh cy, tc ng tip xc, ph tc dng rng, phng tr nhiu loi
nm, vi khun v rong to cho nhiu loi cy trng.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh do nm mc sng, b hng, m l, thn th, g
st, mc xm, cc bnh do vi khun nh gic ban, lot, bnh do to (bnh m rong)
cho cc cy khoai ty, c chua, t, hnh, ti, u, bng, thuc l, cam qut, nhn, vi,
ch, c ph, cy cnh. Ch phm 30% dng vi liu lng 3 4 kg/ha, pha nc vi
nng 0,5 1% phun t u ln cy. Mt s cy mn cm nh u nnh, nho, xoi
phi dng ng nng hng dn v phun lc tri mt.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Benomyl (Benlat-C),
Kasugamycin (Kasuran), Triadimefon, Chlorothalonil Zineb (Zincopper), Mancozeb,
Metalaxyl (Viroxyl). Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh
khc.
6.2. NHM THUC CHA LU HUNH
6.2.1. Sulfur
Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, mu vng, im nng chy 112,8
-119,80C. Trong iu kin nng nng c kh nng bay hi mnh. Khng tan trong
nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg. LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg.
Khng c vi c v ong. DLT 25 50 mg/kg. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc tr nm v
nhn hi cy, tc ng tip xc v xng hi.
S dng: Ch yu dng tr bnh phn trng cho rau, da, bu, b, nho, xoi,
chm chm, u , cao su, tr nhn hi ch, cam, qut, bnh m l c chua, bnh
so cam qut, nhn gi la. Ch phm thm nc 80% dng 1 2 kg/ha, pha nc vi
nng 0,2 0,4% phun t u ln cy. Tr nhn pha vi nng 0.5%. Khng
phun thuc khi tri nng nng trnh hi cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Carbendazim, Maneb, Zineb,
Malathion. Khi s dng c th pha chung nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.2.2. Zineb
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt khng mu tan t trong nc (10 mg/l),
khng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c. Khi bo qun lu di tc dng ca nhit
v m khng kh thuc b phn gii. trng thi kh thuc khng n mn kim loi,
khi b m n mn ng v st. im chy > 1000C.

131
 Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5200 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 10.000 mg/kg.
DLT rau, qu 2,0, da chut, c chua 1,0, nng sn khc 0,2 mg/kg. TGCL 14 ngy.
t c vi c, khng c vi ong. Thuc tr nm, tc ng tip xc, ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Dng phng tr cc bnh mc sng, m l hi c chua, khoai ty,
bnh thi gc hi hnh, ti, bnh phn trng thn th hi da hu, da chut, bnh
m l, thi b hi rau ci, bnh phn trng, m l, gh, thi qu hi cy n qu, bnh
phng l, chm xm hi ch, bnh g st, m l hi hoa v cy cnh. Ch phm bt
thm nc 80% hot cht dng 1 2 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,4% phun
t u ln cy. Zineb cn dng x l ht ging, hom ging tr cc bnh hi mm v
cy con. Trn ht ging vi t l 0,3 0,5% theo trng lng ht hoc nhng hom
ging vo dung dch thuc nng 0,3 0,5% trong 10 pht.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Benomyl, (Benzeb), Copper
Oxychloride (Zincopper), Sulfur (Vizines). Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu
thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.2.3. Thiram
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng rn, tan t trong nc (30 mg/l), tan trong
acetone, chloroform. trng thi kh khng n mn kim loi. Phn hy trong mi
trng acid.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 780 - 1000 mg/kg. LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg.
DLT vi qu 0,7, nho, rau 3,0, rau, ci, ht c du 0,1 mg/kg.TGCL 14 ngy. Tng
i c vi c, khng c vi ong. Gia cm n ht ng cc c trn thuc tuy khng
cht nhng trng mm (v khng cng). Thuc tr nm, tc ng tip xc. Ph tc
dng rng.
S dng: Ch yu dng x l ht ging phng tr cc bnh cht mm, thi
r cy con v bnh phn en cho ng, u, rau ci, c chua, la m. Ch phm 80%
trn 3 4 g/kg ht ging ng, u, 5 6 g/kg ht ging rau, c chua. Thuc cng c
dng ha nc vi nng 0,2% phun ln cy phng tr cc bnh g st, m l,
kh qu, bnh so trn rau, u, thuc l, cy n qu.
Kh nng hn hp: C nhiu ch phm hn hp vi Tebuconazole,
Triadimenol, Thiophanate Methyl, Iprodione, Chlorpyrifos, Carbendazim. Khi s
dng c th pha chung vi thuc tr nhiu loi su bnh khc.
6.2.4. Thiophanate Methyl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rng, nng chy 1680C, tan rt t trong nc
(3,5 mg/l), tan trong acetone, metylic, chloroform. Tng i bn di tc ng ca
khng kh, nh sng, trong mi trng acid v trung tnh, thy phn trong mi trng
kim.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 7500 mg/kg. LD50 qua da > 10.000 mg/kg. LC50
xng hi 1,7 mg/l (4 gi) 10,2 mg/l (1 gi). Tng i c vi c, khng c vi
ong. DLT rau, cam khng v 1,0, ng cc, da leo 0,5, chui 0,2, sn phm khc 0,1
mg/kg. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp. Ph tc dng rng.

132
 S dng: Phng tr cc bnh mc xm, thn th, sng mai, m l, thi nhn
cho da leo, c chua, rau ci, hnh ti, c tm, bnh m l, thn th, thi thn cho
u, ch, bnh mc xm, phn trng, thi qu nho, xoi, u , bnh so l, mc xanh
qu cam, qut, bnh phn trng, m l cho hoa cnh. Thuc cng c tc dng phng
tr bnh kh vn, thi thn, lem ht la. Dng x l qu sau thu hoch phng tr
bnh thi qu (cam, chui). Ch phm bt thm nc 70%, dng liu lng 0,4 0,6
kg/ha, pha vi nc nng 0,1% phun t u ln cy hoc nhng qu sau thu
hoch.
Kh nng hn hp: C tc dng hn hp vi Iprodione, Maneb, Thiram. Khi
s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh khc, khng pha chung vi
thuc gc Bordeaux.
6.2.5. Mancozeb
Tnh cht: Mancozeb l mt phc cht ca km v mui Mangan. L mt loi
bt mu vng hung, khng tan trong nc v nhiu dung mi hu c, bn trong mi
trng kh nhng d thy phn trong mi trng nng m v acid.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 11.200 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 15.000 mg/kg.
DLT rau qu 2,0, da, c chua 1,0, nng sn khc 0,2% mg/kg (tnh theo carbon
disulfur). TGCL 7 ngy. t c vi c, khng c vi ong mt. Thuc tr nm, tc
ng tip xc, ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Mancozeb dng phng tr bnh mc sng, m l hi c chua,
khoai ty, bnh sng mai, thn th hi rau, bnh thn th hi ch, bnh phn trng,
cht cnh hi nho v cc cy n qu, bnh m l, mc xanh hi thuc l, bnh g st
hi cy cnh. Ch phm bt thm nc 80% dng vi liu lng 1,5 3 kg/ha, pha
nc vi nng 0,3 0,5% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Metalaxyl (Ridomil - MZ), vi
Oxadixyl (Sandofan-M), Copper Oxychloride (Cupenix),vi Cymoxanil (Curzate -
M8), vi Carbendizaim, Fosetyl Aluminium, Zineb. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi
nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.2.6. Propineb
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt trng ng, t tan trong nc v cc dung
mi hu c. Phn gii trong mi trng m, chua v kim mnh. Khng n mn kim
loi trong mi trng kh.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg. c
vi c (LC50 = 1,9 mg/l trong 96 gi), khng c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc th
nm, tc ng tip xc. Ph tc dng rng, c hiu qu cao vi cc nm Phytophthora,
Alternaria, Steptoria, Peronospora.
S dng: Dng phng tr cc bnh sng mai, phn trng hi nho, bnh mc
sng c chua, khoai ty, mc xanh thuc l, bnh phn trng, m l hi rau, cy n
qu, m l ch. Antracol 70WP s dng vi liu lng 1,5 3,0 kg/ha, pha nc vi
nng 0,3 0,5% phun t u ln cy.

133
 Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Triadimefon, Copper Oxychloride.
Khi s dng c th pha chung v nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.3. NHNG HP CHT D VNG
6.3.1. Benomyl
Tnh cht: thuc k thut dng tinh th khng mu, hu nh khng tan trong
nc (2 mg/l 250C), tan t trong dung mi hu c (acetone 18 g/kg, xylene 10 g/kg,
ethanol 4 g/kg). Phn hy trong mi trng acid, kim mnh v iu kin m, khng
n mn kim loi.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 10.000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 10.000 mg/kg,
LC50 xng hi > 2 mg/l (4 gi). t c vi c v ong. DLT cam, chanh, bi 7 10,
nho 3, cc loi qu khc 1,5, rau 1,0, ng cc 0,5, sn phm khc 0,1 mg/kg. Thi gian
cch ly 7 ngy. Thuc tr nm ni hp. Ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh o n, kh vn, vng l, lem ht cho la, cc
bnh m l, thn th, phn trng, cht cy con cho rau, da, c chua, cc bnh m
l, mc xm, thn th, phn trng, thi qu cho cy n qu, cc bnh m l, thn th
cho ch, c ph, h tiu, bnh phn trng, g st cho cy hoa cnh. Ch phm bt thm
nc 50% hot cht s dng vi liu lng 1,0 1,5 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2
0,3% phun t u ln cy. Pha nc vi nng 0,3 0,5% ti u ln t vn
m, lng thuc ti t 2 5 l/m2 tr cc bnh trong t. X l ht ging la
tr bnh la von, tim la, nm hch nh, pha nc thuc nng 0,15% ngm ht
ging chm nh mng trong 4 gi. Vi ng, bng, u, rau, da trn 5g thuc cho
1kg ht ging tr bnh cht cy con. Tr bnh thi tri cho chui pha nc thuc
vi nng 0,2% nhng ni chui sau khi thu hoch.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Copper Oxychloride (Benlat C),
Zineb (Benzeb). Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc su bnh khc.
6.3.2. Carbendazim
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, khng mu. Khng tan trong nc, tan
t trong dung mi hu c (xylene < 1 g/100g, cyclohexane < 1 g/100g)
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 15.000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t
c vi ong v c ( LC50 vi c 2,3 4 mg/l trong 96 gi). TGCL 7 ngy.
Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp. Ph tc dng rng, c hiu lc cao vi cc
lp nm nang (Ascomycetes), lp nm bt ton, mt s nm m (Basidiomycetes).
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi bnh cho nhiu loi cy trng nh:
- La: Cc bnh o n, kh vn, vng l, lem ht.
- u, rau, da, c chua, bu, b, t, khoai ty: Cc bnh l c r, m l,
thn th, mc xm, phn trng, mc sng.
- Bng, thuc l: Cc bnh l c r, m l, thn th, mc xm, phn
trng.
- C ph: Cc bnh m l, thn th (kh cnh, kh qu).
- Cy n qu (nho, cam, qut, xoi): Cc bnh mc xm, thn th, thi
qu.
134
 - Cy hoa cnh: Cc bnh sng mai, mc xm.
Ch phm huyn ph nc 50 60% hot cht s dng liu lng 0,4 0,6
l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,1 0,15% phun t u ln cy. Ch phm dng bt
thm nc 50% s dng vi liu lng 0,6 0,8 kg/ha, pha nc nng 0,15
0,2%.
C th dng x l ht ging, hom ging tr bnh hi mm v cy con vi t
l 0,5 1% thuc theo trng lng ht. Ngm ht ging la nh mng vo nc
thuc nng 0,1% trong 2 gi phng cc bnh von, m nu v mt s bnh khc.
Kh nng hn hp: C nhiu dng hn hp vi Maneb, Sulfur, Hexaconazole,
Mancozeb. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.3.3. Cyprocozole (Cyproconazole)
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, im nng chy 106 1090C. Tan t trong
nc (140 mg/l 220C) tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh dichloromethane, acetone,
ethanol.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1020 1330 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg.
c vi c, khng c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy.
Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp, ph tc dng rng, phng tr nhiu bnh hi
cy do cc nm nang, nm m (Basidiomycetes) v nm bt ton (Deuteromycetes).
S dng: Dng tr cc bnh m nu, vng l, lem ht cho la, m l, g st
u, g st c ph. Bonanza 100SL s dng vi liu lng 0,5 1,0 l/ha, pha nc vi
nng 0,1 0,2% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi chlorothalonil, carbendazim,
sulfure. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu nc tr su bnh khc.
6.3.4. Difenoconazole
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th trng, tan trong acetone, toluene,
ethylic. im chy > 630C.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1453 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2010 mg/kg. Tng
i c vi c, t c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy.
Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp, phng tr nhiu nm thuc lp nm nang,
nm m v nm bt ton.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh m l, g st, thn th, gh, cho cy rau ci,
hnh ti, t, c chua, khoai ty, da, u, cy n qu, c ph, cy cnh. Liu lng s
dng: Score 250EC t 0,3 0,6 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,1% phun t u ln
cy. Tr bnh chm xm, thi en cho nho, pha nng 0,05%.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Propiconazole (Tilt Super), khi s
dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.3.5. Diniconazole
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, mu xm. im nng chy 134
0
156 C. Tan t trong nc (4,01%), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh xylene,
135
acetone, methanol, chloroform. Tng i bn vng di tc ng ca nh sng v
nhit .
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 474 639 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 5000 mg/kg.
Tng i c vi c, t c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc tr nm ni hp, ph tc
dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh phn trng, thi qu cho c chua, da leo, da
hu, bnh m l, g st u, g st c ph, bnh phn trng, mc xm nho v cc cy
n qu. Ch phm Sumi Eight 12,5WP s dng vi liu lng 0,3 0,6 kg/ha, pha
nc vi nng 0,05 0,1% phun t u ln cy. Tr bnh cho da hu, nho nng
thp.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh.
6.3.6. Hexaconazole
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th rn, im nng chy 1110C. Tan t
trong nc (18 g/l), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 2189 6071 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg.
t c vi c v ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp, ph tc dng
rng.
S dng: Phng tr bnh kh vn, lem ht la, bnh m l, g st hi u,
bnh phn trng hi rau, bu b, bnh thn th, g st c ph, bnh phn trng nho,
bnh phng l ch, bnh so to, bnh phn trng, g st cho cy hoa cnh. Anvil 5SC
s dng liu lng 0,75 1,5 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,15 0,3% phun t u ln
cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Sulfur, Carbendizim, Chlorothalonil.
Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.3.7. Propiconazole
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, mu vng, im si 950C, p sut hi 3 x
10 mmHg (200C). Tan t trong nc (110 mg/l), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh
-6

acetone, metylic, khng n mn kim loi.

Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1517 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 4000 mg/kg. DLT
vi ng cc, c ph 0,1 mg/kg. TGCL 7 ngy. t c vi c v ong.
Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp. Ph tc dng rng, c hiu qu cao vi cc
nm lp Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes v Deuteromycetes.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh kh vn, m nu, lem ht cho la, bnh g st c
ph, bnh phn trng, mc xm, thi qu nho v cc cy n qu, bnh m l, g st
ng, u, bnh phn trng, g st cy hoa cnh. Ch phm sa 25% hot cht (250 g/l)
dng liu lng 0,25 0,50 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,05 0,10% phun t u ln
l.
Kh nng hn hp: C th hn hp vi Difenoconazole (Tilt Super), vi
Carbendazim, Chlorothalonil. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi cc thuc tr su
bnh khc.
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6.3.8. Tebuconazole (Terbuconazole)
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 102,40C. Khng tan
trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 2000 mg/kg. LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg. t c
vi c , khng c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy.
Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp. Ph tc dng rng, c hiu qu vi nhiu loi
nm nh: Erysiphe, Ouccinia, Rhizoctonia, Botrytis, Mycosphaerella.
S dng: Phng tr bnh m l, g st u, phng l ch, g st c ph, bnh
mc xm, phn trng nho, bnh m l chui, bnh thi qu cy n qu. Folicur
250EW s dng vi liu lng 0,4 0,8 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,1 0,2% phun
t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Triadimenol, Thiram. Khi s
dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.3.9. Triadimefon
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng rn, im nng chy 82,30C, tan t trong
nc (260 mg/l), tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh: toluene, dichlormetan. Khng n
mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1000 mg/kg. LD50 qua da 5000 mg/kg. DLT 0,1
mg/kg. TGCL 14 ngy. t c vi c, khng c vi ong. Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni
hp. Ph tc ng rng, c hiu qu cao vi cc bnh phn trng v g st.
S dng: Phng tr bnh phn trng cho cy rau, da, cy n qu, nho , xoi,
..., bnh g st, m l cho u, c ph, cy hoa cnh, bnh phn trng cao su. Ch
phm 25% hot cht dng tr bnh phn trng liu lng 0,3 0,5 kg/ha, pha vi nc
nng 0,05 0,1%. Tr bnh g st, m l dng 0,5 1,0%, pha vi nc nng
0,1 0,2%, phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Copper oxychloride,
Tebuconazole, Chlorothalonil. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi cc thuc tr su
bnh khc.
6.3.10. Triadimenole
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, im nng chy 110 1300C, rt t tan
trong nc, tan nhiu trong mt s dung mi hu c nh isopropanol, dichlometan,
cyclohexanone.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 700 mg/kg. LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg. DLT
vi ng cc, da chut, cy n qu 0,5, nho 3,0, sn phm khc 0,1 mg/kg. TGCL 14
ngy. t c vi c, khng c vi ong.
Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp. Ph tc dng rng, c hiu qu cao vi cc
bnh phn trng, g st v m l.
S dng: Phng tr bnh phn trng, g st cho rau, cy n qu, m mch v
cy hoa cnh, bnh g st c ph, bnh m l chui. Ch phm 25% hot cht dng
tr bnh phn trng, g st cho rau, cy n qu dng liu lng 0,3 0,5 kg/ha, pha
137
nc vi nng 0,05 0,1%. Tr bnh g st, m l dng 0,5 1,0 kg/ha, pha nc
vi nng 0,1 0,2%, phun t u ln cy. Ch phm 15% dng 1,5 ln liu lng
trn cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Tebuconazole, Thiram. Khi s
dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.3.11. Tricyclazole
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng rn, im nng chy 1870C, p sut hi 2 x
10 mmHg (250C). Tan t trong nc (700 mg/l 250C)
-7

Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 250 - 314 mg/kg. t c vi c, khng c vi

ong. TGCL 14 ngy. Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp. Ch yu phng tr bnh o n
hi la, c hiu qu cao i vi bnh trn l v bng.
S dng: Ch phm 75% hot cht dng liu lng 0,3 0,5 kg/ha, pha nc
vi nng 0,05 0,1%. Ch phm 20% dng 1,0 1,5 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng
0,2 0,3 phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su
bnh khc.
6.4. NHNG HP CHT CHA CLO V NIT
6.4.1. Chlorothalonil
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, im nng chy 2500C, khng tan trong
nc, tan t ttrong dung mi hu c, tng i bn vng trong mi trng kim, acid
v trong nh sng, khng n mn kim loi, khng chy.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 10.000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da >10.000 mg/kg,
d gy mn nga da. Rt t c vi ong, tng i c vi c. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc
tr nm tip xc, ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh m l, g st, phn trng, mc sc cho rau, da,
c chua, khoai ty, u, bnh gh cam qut, bnh thi qu xoi, u , bnh g st c
ph, cc bnh m nu, kh vn la, m l, thi hoa cho cy hoa cnh. Ch phm
500SC, 75WP dng liu lng 0,75 1,5 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,15 0,3%
phun t u ln cy. Tr bnh g st c ph pha nng 0,5%.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi nhiu loi thuc tr nm khc
nh Carbendazim, Metalaxyl, Maneb, Hexaconazole. Khi s dng c th pha chung
vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.4.2. Metalaxyl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt, tan trong nc (7,1 g/l), tan 65% trong
methanol, 55% trong benzene.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 669 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 3100 mg/kg. t c vi
c v ong. TGCL 10 ngy. Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp, c kh nng lu dn
mnh. Ph tc dng rng, c bit c hiu qu cao vi cc nm Phytophthora,
Pythium.

138
 S dng: Metalaxyl phng tr cc bnh mc sng khoai ty, c chua, bnh
sng mai hi nho, da, vi, h tiu, bnh cht cy con thuc l, rau, bnh thi qu
nho, nhn, vi, bnh nt thn x m da hu, cam qut, su ring, bnh lot mt co
cao su. Ch phm 25 35% hot cht s dng liu lng 1,5 2 kg/ha, pha nc nng
0,3 0,4%, phun t u ln cy. Pha 20 g/l nc qut ln ch nt thn x m v
mt co cao su.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Mancozeb (Ridomil - MZ), vi
Copper Oxychloride (Viroxyl). Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su
bnh khc.
6.5. NHM THUC LN HU C TR NM
6.5.1. Fosetyl aluminium
Tnh cht: Thuc k thuc dng bt rn, tan trong nc (120 g/l), khng tan
trong nhiu dung mi hu c, phn hy trong mi trng kim v acid. Khng n mn
kim loi, khng chy.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. c
vi c, t c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc tr nm ni hp, c kh nng lu dn
mnh trong cy. C tc dng ch yu vi cc nm thuc lp Phycomycetes. Ngoi ra
cn c kh nng hn ch c vi khun.
S dng: Phng tr bnh sng mai, phn trng hi rau, da, hnh, ti, bnh
thi nhn thuc l, bnh thi nn da, bnh nt thn x m cam, qut, bi, su ring,
bnh cht nhanh (cht o) h tiu, bnh lot mt co cao su, bnh thi qu nhn, bnh
thi l, thi r cy hoa cnh. Liu lng s dng: Aliette 80WP t 0,8 1,2 kg/ha. Pha
nc vi nng 0,2% phun t u ln cy. Pha 20 g/l nc qut ln mt co cao su
hoc ch nt thn x m cam, qut, su ring.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Folpet, Mancozeb. Khi s dng
c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.5.2. Edifenphos
Tnh cht: Thuc k thuc th lng, mu vng nht. T trng 1,23. Khng
tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c. Bn vng mi trng trung tnh,
thy phn trong mi trng kim v acid. Khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 100 250 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 700 800 mg/kg.
Tng i c vi c, t c vi ong. TGCL 14 ngy. Thuc tr nm ni hp, ch yu
tr bnh o n la.
S dng: Ngoi tr bnh o n cn tr c bnh m nu, thi thn, hn ch
mt phn bnh kh vn v ry nu cho la, bnh m l, mc hng ng, u. Ch
phm sa 40 50% s dng liu lng 1,0 1,5 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2
0,3%, phun t u ln cy. C th ngm ht ging la nt nanh vo dung dch
thuc nng 0,1% trong 30 pht (loi ch phm 50%) trc khi gieo tr bnh o
n trn n trn m.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Fenobucarb (Comerich). Khi s
dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
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6.5.3. Iprobenfos
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut l cht lng mu vng, im si 1260C ( p sut
0,04 mmHg). Tan t trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, tng i bn trong
mi trng acid, thy phn trong mi trng kim.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 490 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 5000 mg/kg. c vi
ong, t c vi cc. TGCL 14 ngy. Thuc tr nm ni hp, ph tc dng tng i
hp.
S dng: Ch yu phng tr o n, kh vn, m nu, thi thn la. Ch
phm sa 50% dng liu lng 1,0 1,5 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,3% phun
t u ln cy. Ch phm dng ht 10% dng ri ln rung vi liu lng 30 40
kg/ha.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi thuc su Malathion kt hp tr
su ry hi la. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.6. NHM THUC KHNG SINH
6.6.1. Kasugamycin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 202 2040C. Tan
trong nc (125 g/l), tan t trong cc dung mi hu c, khng bn trong mi trng
acid v kim mnh.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 22.000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 4000 mg/kg, khng
c vi c v ong. TGCL 5 ngy. Thuc tr nm v vi khun, ngun gc sinh hc, tc
ng khng sinh, c kh nng ni hp. c sn xut qua qu trnh ln men nm
Streptomyces kasugaensis.
S dng: Phng tr bnh o n hi la, bnh m l v thi nhn do vi khun
hi rau ci, c chau, t, u. Thuc hn ch mt phn bnh bc l v m sc vi khun
trn la. Kasumin 2L s dng vi liu lng 1,5 2 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,3
0,4% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi ng (Kasuran), vi Fthalide
(Kasai). Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc. Khng pha
chung cc thuc tr su bnh c ngun gc vi sinh (nh thuc B.t.)
6.6.2. Ningnamycin
Tnh cht: L mt loi khng sinh, c tc dng phng tr nhiu loi bnh do
nm, vi khun v vi rt cho nhiu loi cy trng. Khng c hi vi ngi v mi
trng. Nhm c III. TGCL 7 ngy.
S dng: Ditacin 8L dng phng tr cc bnh ho r, bnh khm, phn trng
hi thuc l, bnh sng mai, ho r, cht xanh hi c chua, khoai ty, rau, da, bnh
thi nn da, bnh bc l, o n hi la Liu lng 0,4 0,6 l/ha, pha nc vi
nng 0,10 0,15%, phun khi bnh mi xut hin, phun lin tc 3 ngy, sau
khong 5 7 ngy phun li.
Ngoi ra c th pha nc theo nng trn, nhng r cy trc khi trng, bo
v cy trong vng 10 20 ngy khng b ngun bnh xm nhp gy hi.
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 Kh nng hn hp: Khng pha chung vi cc thuc vi sinh tr su bnh.
6.6.3. Validamycin A
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt trng, tan trong nc v trong nhiu
dung mi hu c (N,N dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulforxide, methanol) tan t
trong acetone, ethanol khng tan trong ethyl acetate, diethyl ether. Tng i bn
trong nhit bnh thng, b phn gii di tc dng ca cht kim v ion kim loi.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 20.000 mg/kg. LD50 qua da > 50.000 mg/kg.
Khng c vi c, ong. TGCL 5 ngy.
Validamycin A l mt ch phm sinh hc, c sn xut qua qu trnh ln men
mt dng nm Streptomyces, c tc ng khng sinh, ch yu vi cc nm
Rhizoctonia, Corticium v Sclerotium gy ra cc bnh kh vn, l c r, ho r v nm
hng trn nhiu loi cy trng. Trong qu trnh nui cy, nm sn xut ra mt s ng
phn Validamycin, trong ng phn Validamycin A c hiu lc tt nht vi nm.
Trong sn phm k thut nu cn cha nhiu ng phn khc coi nh l ln nhiu tp
cht, nh hng n cht lng v hiu qu ca thuc.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh kh vn cho la, ng, gng, bnh l c r, ho r,
thi gc cho rau, da, u, c chua, khoai ty, c ph, bnh nm hng cao su, c ph,
cy n qu. Ch phm 5% hot cht dng liu lng 1,0 1,2 kg/ha, pha nc vi
nng 0,2 0,3% phun t u ln cy. Ch phm 3% dng 1,5 2,0 l/ha, pha nc
vi nng 0,3 0,5%. C th dng nc thuc pha vi nng trn ri phun t
m hoc ti vo gc cy tr bnh thi gc, l c r c ph, cy n qu.
Kh nng hn hp: Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su
bnh khc.
6.7. CC THUC HU C KHC TR NM
6.7.1. Acibenzolar
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt trng, mi kht nh, tan rt t trong nc,
tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh: diclomethane, toluene.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 2000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t
c vi c, ong. Thi gian cch ly 7 ngy.
S dng: Phng tr nhiu loi nm v vi khun hi la, rau, thuc l, chui.
Ch phm Bion 50WG s dng vi liu lng 1,0 1,5 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng
0,2 0,3%, phun t u ln cy. Cn x l sm phng bnh.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.7.2. Acid Salicylic
Tnh cht: Nguyn cht l cht rn, tan t trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi
hu c.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 10.000 mg/kg. thi gian cch ly 5 7 ngy,
khng c hi vi ngi, tm, c v ong.

141
 Trong thc vt, acid salicylic (SA) c vai tr nh mt tn hiu ni bo
(endogenous signal). Trong iu kin bnh thng khng c s xm nhim ca k
sinh, hm lng SA rt thp. Khi c s xm nhim ca k sinh th hm lng SA
trong m t bo cy tng ln, c th ti 200 ln. S gia tng ny ca SA kch thch
h thng khng ca thc vt i vi k sinh. Tc dng khng ch yu l hn ch
s gin n ca t bo, lm mng t bo dy v cng hn chng li s xm nhim
ca k sinh. Da vo c im ny ngi ta tng hp mt s cht c mang acid
salicylic (hoc cc dn xut ca SA) phun ln cy tng tnh khng cho cy, hn
ch s xm nhim v gy hi ca vi sinh vt k sinh.
Acid v cc dn xut ca acid salicylic phng tr c nhiu loi bnh hi do vi
khun v nm cho nhiu loi cy trng nh cc bnh ho r, thi nhn, sng mai trn
cc loi rau, da, c chua, cy n tri, bnh o n v bc l la
S dng: Ch phm Exin 4,5HP (tn khc l Phytoxin VS) s dng liu lng
0,50 0,75 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,1% phun t u ln trn cy khi bnh c
kh nng hoc mi pht sinh.
Kh nng hn hp: Khng pha chung vi cc thuc tr su bnh khc v cc
cht kch thch sinh trng.
6.7.3. Chitosan
Tnh cht: Chitosan l hp cht cao phn t sinh hc, cu to bi hng ngn
gc Glucosamine, c thy phn t cht Chitin c trong v cng ca cc loi gip
xc (nh tm, cua) v cn trng. Nu thy phn n cng th s to ra Glucosamine.
Nu c t vi gc n vi chc gc Glucosamine th l Oligoglucosamine. Chitin,
Oligoglucosamine v Chitosan l nhng sn phm sinh hc, khng c, c kh nng
phn hy trong t nhin, khng gy nhim mi trng, c hot tnh sinh hc cao,
c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc y dc hc, cng nghip, cng ngh sinh hc,
nng nghip v mi trng.
Trong nng nghip, Chitin, Chitosan v Oligoglucosamine dng bn vo t,
phun ln cy, x l ht ging v nng sn sau thu hoch kch thch sinh trng v
tng sc khng bnh ca cy. C ch tng sc khng bnh l do tng cng tng hp
cc men ca h thng khng bnh, tng tng hp cht lignin ca t bo cy. Ngoi ra
cn c ch trc tip s pht trin ca nm, vi khun v tuyn trng.
S dng: nc ta hin nay cc ch phm Chitosan ng k s dng phng tr
bnh o n, bc l, lem lp ht cho la v phng tr tuyn trng cho cy trng. Ch
phm 1,8% Chitosan s dng liu lng 0,5 1,0 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,1
0,2% phun t u ln cy hoc ti gc.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu loi thuc tr su bnh.
6.7.4. Iprodione
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, tan t trong nc (13 mg/l), tan trong
nhiu dung mi hu c nh acetone (300 g/l), benzene (200 g/l). Khng n mn kim
loi, tng i bn trong mi trng acide, thy phn trong mi trng kim.

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 Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 4400 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. c
vi c (LC50 = 6,7 mg/l trong 4 ngy), khng c vi ong. TGCL 7 ngy. Thuc tr
nm, tc ng tip xc v ni hp, ph tc dng rng.
S dng: Phng tr bnh kh vn, m nu, lem ht cho la, cc bnh m l,
mc xm, thi gc hi rau, da, hnh, ti, bnh thi tia c u phng, bnh cht cy
con c chua, thuc l, u.
Liu lng s dng: Rovral 50WP t 0,5 1,0 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,1
0,2% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Carbendazim (Calidan), Thiram. Khi
s dng thng pha chung vi Zineb. Ngoi ra c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr
su bnh khc.
6.7.5. Isoprothiolane
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 500C, si 1670C (
p sut 0,5 mmHg), p sut hi 1,4 x 10-4 mmHg 250C. Tan t trong nc (48 mg/l
200C) tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh methanol 150 g/100g, acetone 400 g/100g,
chloroform 230 g/100g, benzene 300 g/100g dung mi ( 250C). Khng chy.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1190 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 10.250 mg/kg. Tng
i c vi c. TGCL 10 ngy. Thuc tr nm, tc ng ni hp, ch yu phng tr
bnh o n hi la, cn c tc dng vi ry nu non.
S dng: Ch phm sa 40% hot cht dng phng tr bnh o n l v c
bng la vi liu lng 1,0 1,5 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,2 0,3% phun t u
ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Iprobenphos (Vifuki). Khi s dng
c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.7.6. Oxolinic acid
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, mu nu nht, tan t trong nc (3,2
mg/l 250C), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 570 630 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t
c vi c v ong mt. TGCL 14 ngy. Thuc tr vi khun hi cy, tc ng ni hp.
C hiu lc cao vi cc vi khun gram m nh Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Erwinia.
S dng: Dng tr cc bnh bc l, en ht VK cho la, bnh thi nhn VK
cho rau, hnh ti, bnh lot cam qut. Liu lng s dng Starner 20WP t 0,5 1,0
kg/ha, pha nc nng 0,1 0,2%, phun t u ln cy.
Dng x l ht ging tr vi khun gy cht mm cy con, trn kh 30 50 g
thuc vi 10 kg ht ging ri em gieo. X l t, ngm ht gng 10 pht trong dung
dch thuc 5% hoc ngm 12 24 gi trong dung dch thuc 0,5%.
Kh nng hn hp: Khi phun ln cy c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su
bnh khc.

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6.7.7. Pencycuron
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 129,50C khng tan
trong nc, tan trong mt s dung mi hu c. n mn kim loi
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t
c vi c, khng c vi ong. Thi gian cch ly 7 ngy. Thuc tr nm, tc ng tip
xc, tc dng c hiu vi nm Rhizoctonia v Corticium.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh kh vn hi la, ng, bnh l c r, cht o cy
con rau ci, c chua, khoai ty, da, u, thuc l, bng, bnh kh vn hi gng, bnh
nm hng c ph, cao su. Ch phm 25% hot cht dng liu lng 0,6 1,2 kg/ha,
pha nc vi nng 0,2% phun t u ln cy.
Kh nng hn hp: C th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc
6.7.8. Phosphorous acid
Tnh cht: L mt loi acid mnh, cht lng, mu vng nht, tan hon ton
trong nc. S dng di dng mui Phosphonate khi tim cht vo cy c c kh
nng lu dn, hn ch s pht trin ca nm trong mch dn. Nhm c III.
S dng: Agri Fos 400 ha nc ti phng tr bnh thi r hi su ring.
Kh nng hn hp: Khng pha chung vi cc thuc tr su bnh khc.
6.7.9. Tridemorph
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, mu vng. im si 1340C ( p sut 0,5
mmHg), im chy 1420C.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 980 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. c vi
c, (LC50 = 3,3 mg/l 96 gi), khng c vi ong. TGCL 14 ngy. Thuc tr nm, tc
ng tip xc v ni hp. Ph tc dng rng. Thuc cn hn ch nhn v rong to k
sinh trn cy.
S dng: Phng tr cc bnh phn trng, g st, m l cho rau, da, u, cy
n qu, bnh m l, g st, nm hng cho c ph, bnh nm hng, nc thn x m cao
su, bnh phng l, nm hng hi ch. Calixin 75EC dng liu lng 0,3 0,5 l/ha, pha
nc vi nng 0,05 0,1%, phun t u ln cy. Tr bnh nm hng, lot mt cao
su pha nng 2 4% phun hoc qut vo vt bnh.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Maneb, Carbendazim,
Tebuconazole. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
Cu hi n tp:
1. c im chung ca nhm thuc tr bnh gc ng?
2. Cho bit cch pha dung dch bordeaux 1% v cch s dng?
3. Mt s thuc tr bnh nhm lu hunh v cch s dng?
4. Mt s thuc tr bnh thuc nhm d vng v cch s dng?
5. Mt s thuc tr bnh thuc nhm cha Nit, clo v cch s dng?
6. Mt s thuc tr bnh gc ln hu c v cch s dng?
7. Mt s thuc tr bnh thuc nhm khng sinh v cch s dng?
8. Mt s thuc tr bnh khc v cch s dng?
144
 Chng 7
THUC TR C
Chng ny cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin th c bn v c tnh v cch s
dng thuc dit c di.
Nm 1890, nhng thuc tr c v c nh dung dch bordeaux, acid sulfuric,
c dng u tin. Tip n nm 1920, nhm thuc tr c Chlorat c s dng.
Chng u l nhng thuc tr c khng chn lc, tn ti lu trong mi trng. Thuc
tr c chn lc u tin l Dinoseb c s dng vo nm 1930. Nm 1940, thuc tr
c 2,4 D c pht hin, m u cho hng lot thuc tr c thuc nhm phenoxy ra
i. Nm 1966, thuc tr c 2,4,5 T (hot cht ch yu ca cht c mu da cam) ln
u tin, c M s dng nh mt v kh ha hc chng li nhn dn Vit Nam
li nhng hu qu rt xu cho mi sinh, mi trng m n nay vn cha khc phc
c.
Nm 1996, c trn 300 hot cht tr thuc c, gia cng thnh hng nghn ch
phm khc nhau c s dng trong nng nghip. Phn ln nhng ch phm ny l
nhng hp cht hu c c hot tnh tr c cao, nhiu loi dng liu lng thp v
kh an ton vi cy trng. u im ca thuc tr c: Tin li, hiu qu, d dng, kinh
t, an ton.
7.1. THUC TR C THUC NHM PHENOXY
7.1.1. 2,4 D
Tnh cht: Acid 2,4 D dng bt rn, khng mu, im nng chy 140,50C.
Tan t trong nc (620 mg/l 250C), tan trong ru, diethylene. L mt loi acid
mnh, n mn kim loi.
S dng tr c dng mui Natri (Na), amine v ester. tan trong nc ca
mui 2,4 D Na l 45 g/l, mui 2,4 D Amine l 4400 g/l. Cc ester ca 2,4 D (nh
2,4 D-isopropyl, 2,4 D-butyl, 2,4 D-iso-octyl) hu nh khng tan trong nc m tan
trong cn v du, m.
Mui 2,4 D-dimethyl amine c vi mt, xp vo nhm c I, cc 2,4 D khc
xp vo nhm c II. LD50 qua ming ca acid 2,4 D l 699 mg/kg (mui Na l 500
805 mg/kg, mui dimethyl amine l 949 mg/kg, isopropyl l 700 mg/kg, cc ester khc
l 896 mg/kg). Tng i c vi c (LC50 ca mui dimethyl amine > 250 mg/l, ca
ester > 5 mg/l). Khng c vi ong.
DLT cam, chanh, bi 2,0, ht ng cc 0,5, khoai ty, bt m 0,2, trng, tht,
sa 0,05 mg/kg. TGCL ng cc 42 ngy, ma 28 ngy.
Trong cc sn phm 2,4 D thng c mt s lng cht Chlorophenol khng
c tng hp ht (gi l Phenol t do, Free Phenol) to nn mi nng kh chu ca
2,4 D. Trong t nhin, Chlorophenol tn ti tng i lu v c th chuyn ha thnh
cht Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-P-dioxin). Dioxin c kh nng kch thch t bo
ung th pht trin, gy t bin t bo v d dng c th ngi v ng vt mu nng.
Lng Chlorophenol nhiu hay t ty theo trnh cng ngh sn xut 2,4 D. Theo

145
quy nh ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) hm lng Chlorophenol trong cc ch
phm 2,4 D dng trong nng nghip khng c vt qu 0,3% (3 g/kg).
2,4 D l thuc tr c chn lc, ni hp, c tc ng kch thch sinh trng thc
vt. Dit tr cc loi c nn lc v l rng cho cc cy trng ha bn nh la, ng,
ma, m mch. Thuc khng tr c c ha bn.
S dng: 2,4 D dng tr c di cho cy trng dng mui Na, mui amine v
cc ester (nh isopropyl, butyl ...). Tuy vy, hot cht tc ng n c di l acid 2,4
D. V vy liu lng cc ch phm 2,4 D c tnh ra t ng lng acid , vit tt l
a.e (acid equivalent). i vi la, liu lng s dng trung bnh l 0,6 0,8 kg a.e/ha.
Thi gian s dng vi la s l khi la c 4 6 l (sau khi gieo mng 15 - 20 ngy).
Vi la cy, dng khi la hi xanh (sau cy 7 10 ngy).
i vi ng, ma, dng liu lng 1,0 1,5 kg a.e/ha, phun ngay sau khi gieo
trng (cy cha mc), hoc 0,6 0,8 kg a.e/ha khi cy mc cao 25 30 cm.
Vi cy n qu v cy cng nghip lu nm (cao su, c ph) dng liu lng 1,0
1,5 kg a.e/ha, phun khi c mc cn nh, cy trng ln. Ch h thp vi phun
thuc khng bay vo l cy trng.
2,4 D ngoi vic s dng tr c cho cy trng, cn dng vi liu lng thp
kch thch s pht trin ca cy, kch thch ra r trong chit cnh, gim cnh.
Kh nng hn hp: C nhiu dng hn hp 2,4 D vi nhiu cht tr c khc,
nh vi Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl (Tiller-S), Glyphosate, IPA (Bimastar, Gardon), Propanil,
Ametryn, Dicamba.
7.1.2. MCPA
Tnh cht: MCPA ging nh 2,4D, ch khc l thay mt gc clo v tr 2 bng
gc Methyl (CH3).
Thuc k thut dng rn mu trng hoc nu nht, im nng chy 114
119 C, tan t trong nc (0,825 g/l nhit bnh thng) 20 25oC tan trong
o

Ethanol 150 g/l, Acetone 200 g/l . Trng lng ring 1,18 1,21 g/cm3 200C. Khng
chy.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1160 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 4000 mg/kg. DLT
vi khoai ty, ng cc 0,5 mg/kg, cc nng sn khc 0,1 mg/kg. TGCL 35 ngy t c
vi c (LC50 = 117 mg/l), khng c vi ong.
Thuc tr c chn lc ni hp, tc ng hu ny mm, dit c nn lc v l
rng, ging nh 2,4 D , MCPA dit c bng kch thch s pht trin qu mc ca t
bo nh mt Hormone thc vt.
S dng: Thng dng tr c dng mui Natri, kali v Amin ca MCPA.
Cc mui ny c ha tan trong nc cao hn cc mui ca 2,4D, mi cng nh
hn. Dng tr c nn lc v c l rng cho la, ng, ma, u, khoai ty. Vi la liu
lng s dng 0,8 1 kg a.i/ha, phun khi la s c 15 25 ngy (4 6 l). Hoc 7
10 ngy sau khi cy (la bn r hi xanh). Lng nc phun 300 400 l/ha. Tr c
cho Ng, ma vi liu lng 1 1,5 kg a.i /ha, phun ngay sau khi gieo trng hoc cy
mc 30 50 cm. Tr c cho u, khoai ty dng 0,8 1 kg a.i /ha, phun u ln
146
mt t trc khi gieo trng 3 5 ngy. Lng nc phun cho t cy trng cn 400
600 l/ha
Kh nng hn hp: MCPA c nhiu dng hn hp vi Dicamba, Glyphosate,
Fenoxarop P-Ethyl
7.2. THUC TR C THUC NHM NHNG DN XUT CA AXIT
ALIFATIC
7.2.1. Dalapon
Tnh cht: Acid 2,2-dichloropropionic th lng. Mui Dalapon-Na dng
bt rn, tan trong nc (900 g/l), cn ethylic (185 g/l), methylic (179 g/l) t tan trong
cc dung mi hu c khc. n mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 970 mg/kg (acid), 7570 mg/kg (mui Na) DLTD
rau 0,2, khoai ty, cy n qu 0,1, nho 0,3 mg/kg. TGCL 14 ngy. t c vi c (LC50
= 150 mg/kg)
Thut tr c ni hp, chn lc gy hi ch yu cy ha bn, t hi cy l rng (2
l mm). Tc ng hu ny mm.
S dng: Dng tr cc c ha bn nh c mm tru, bng tua, c g, c trng
rn, c ng, k c cc c n su di t, nh c tranh c ch, lau sy. Dng tr c cho
cc vng cy lu nm (cy n qu, ch, cao su, ...) cho t trc khi trng cy hng
nm (ng, ma, ay, da ...) v t khng trng trt.
Ch phm bt thm nc 80% hot cht, tr c ha bn hng nin (lng vc,
mm tru, bng tua ...) dng liu lng 3-5 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,6 1,0%
phun c m ln c. Tr c a nin (c ch, c tranh, ...) dng 6 10 kg/ha pha nc
vi nng 1 2%.
Vi cy hng nm, sau khi phun thuc t 10 n 15 ngy th lm t gieo trng.
Phun thuc khi c ang mc xanh tt, trc khi ra hoa. Trnh thuc tip xc vi l
cy trng.
Kh Nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi 2,4 D. Khi s dng vi t c c c
lc v c l rng, c th pha chung vi 2,4 D.
7.3. THUC TR C NHM CARBAMAT
7.3.1. Benthiocarb
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th lng, mu vng nht. Tan t trong nc (30
mg/l 20oC) tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c. Tng i bn trong mi trng acid
v kim yu.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 1130 mg/kg, LD50 qua da >2000 mg/kg, t c
vi c. Thuc tr c ni hp chn lc, tc ng giai on ht c ny mm v mc
cn nh (1-2 l) tr c nhiu loi c ha bn, nn lc v l rng.
S dng: Tr c cho la s v la cy. Liu lng s dng Saturn 50EC t 3
4 l/ha pha nc vi nng 1,0% phun 300 400 l/ha. Saturn 6H ri xung rung vi
liu lng 15 25 kg/ha. Phun hoc ri thuc sau s, cy 5 7 ngy la s trn 2 l, c
1 2 l). Khi phun ri thuc, rung cn c nc xm xp 2 3 cm.
147
 Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Propanil (satunil) vi Bensulfuron
Methyl
7.3.2. Molinate
Tnh cht: thuc k thut dng lng, mu h phch. Tan t trong nc, tan
nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c nh acetone, ethanol, xylene.
Thuc thuc nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 955 mg/kg. Tng i c vi c,
khng c vi ong. L thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, tc ng hu ny mm, tr c
nhiu loi c ha bn v nn lc.
7.4. THUC TR C D VNG CHA NIT
7.4.1. Ametryn
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt trng, im nng chy 840C. Tan t trong
nc (0,18 g/l), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh acetone, metylic, toluene.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 965 1.160 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2020 3100
mg/kg. t c vi c v ong. Khng lu tn lu trong mi trng.
Thuc tr c cy trng cn, tc ng chn lc, ni hp, xm nhp vo cy c
qua c r v l. Thuc tc ng vi c c giai on trc v sau khi mc. Tr c ha
bn v l rng hng nin mc t ht. t hiu qu vi c nn lc.
S dng: Dng tr c cho ng, ma, da, khoai ty, ch, cam, chui. Ch phm
80% hot cht tr c cho ng, khoai ty dng 1,5 2,0 kg/ha, pha vi 400 600 lt
nc, phun 1 2 ngy sau khi trng, c cha mc, t m. Vi ng, c th phun
khi cy cao 30 cm, c mc cn nh, hng vi phun thp thuc bm vo l c
nhiu hn. Tr c cho ma, da v cy lu nm, pha vi nng 0,5 0,8% phun t
u ln c khi c mc cn nh. Ch phm 50% dng liu lng 3 5 kg/ha, pha nng
1%.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Atrazine, Diuron, 2,4D.
7.4.2. Atrazine
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th khng mu, im nng chy 173
175 C. Tan t trong nc (33 mg/l 250C), trong mt s dung mi hu c nh
0

methanol (18 g/l), chloroform (52 g/l), ethyl acetate (28 g/l). Tng i bn trong mi
trng trung tnh acid yu v kim yu.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 1780 3080 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 3100 mg/kg.
DLT vi ng 0,5, cc sn phm khc 0,1 mg/kg. TGCL vi ng 60 ngy, cy thc n
gia sc 7 ngy. Tng i c vi c, khng c vi ong. Thuc tr c cho cy trng
cn, tc ng chn lc ni hp, xm nhp vo cy c qua l v r, tc ng giai on
c ny mm v khi c mc cn nh. Tr nhiu loi c ha bn v c l rng hng
nin mc t ht. t hiu qu vi c nn lc.
S dng: Tr c cho rung trng ng, ma, da. Tr c cho ng, phun thuc
ngy sau khi gieo hoc ng mc (cao 20 30 cm), c mi mc cn nh (2 3 l).
Ch phm 80% hot cht dng liu lng 1,5 2 kg/ha. Tr c cho ma, phun thuc
ngy sau khi cht ma gc, sau khi t hom hoc khi c mc 2 3 l. Liu lng
148
3 5 kg/ha, vi ch phm 80%. Tr c cho da, dng 3 5 kg/ha ch phm 80% phun
sau khi thu hoch hoc sau khi trng. Lng nc phun 400 600 l/ha. Phun st mt
l c. Phun thuc khi c cha mc, rung cn c m. Mt s cy mn cm vi
thuc nh la, u, ay..., cn ch . Ch phm 50% dng liu lng cao gp 1,5 ln
ch phm 80%.
Kh nng hn hp: Atrazine c nhiu dng hn hp vi Ametryn, Alachlor,
Acetochlor, Metolachlor, Simazine.
7.4.3. Paraquat
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, d tan trong nc, tan t trong ru,
khng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c. n mn kim loi, d phn hy trong mi
trng kim.
Nhm c I, LD50 qua ming 150 mg/kg; LD50 qua da 236 mg/kg. TGCL 14
ngy. t c vi c v ong. Thuc tr c tip xc, lm chy cc b phn c trn mt
t, c cht nhanh, khng dit c ngm v c di t, c d dng ti sinh. Tc
ng hu ny mm, khng chn lc, dit c nhiu loi c ha bn, nn lc v l
rng.
S dng: Dng tr c cho cc vn cy n qu v cy cng nghip lu nm
(cao su, c ph, ch ...), cho t khng trng trt. Gramoxone 20SL dng vi liu
lng 2 4 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,5 1%, phun 400 600 l/ha. Trnh thuc
bay vo l cy trng.
7.4.4. Simazin
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn. im nng chy 225 227oC, hu
nh khng tan trong nc (3.5 mg/l 20oC) tan t trong mt s dung mi hu c trong
chloroform 900 mg/l) Khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 3100 mg/kg, khng
kch thch da v mt t c vi c LC50 = 56 g/l trong 48 gi vi c hi), khng c vi
ong. Thuc tr c ni hp chn lc, tc ng giai on ht c ny mm tr c
nhiu loi c ha bn v c l rng t ht, t hiu qu vi c nn lc.
S dng: tr c cho cc cy trng cn hng nin v a nin. Ch phm bt
thm nc 80% hot cht dng tr c cho ng, cao lng, dng 1.5-3.0 kg/ha, pha
nc vi nng 0,5 0,75 % phun ngay sau khi gieo ht c cha mc. Tr c cho
ma, da, c ph, ch, cy n qu dng liu lng 2,5 5,0 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng
0,75 1,0% phun sau khi dn sch t, c cha mc. Lng nc phun 400 600
l/ha. Khi phun thuc t cn c m. Khng dng tr c cho cc cy mn cm vi
thuc nh bng, thuc l, c chua, bu b, da.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Ametryn (Gesatop Z) v nhiu thuc
tr c khc nh Diuron, Glyphosate, Atrazine, Metolachlor, Paraquat.
7.5. THUC TR C NHM AMIDE
7.5.1. Acetochlor
Tnh cht: Nguyn cht dng lng, tan trong acetone, benzene, chloroform,
ethanol, ethylacetate. Tan t trong nc (223 mg/l 250C). T trng 1,127.
149
 Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 2.148 mg/kg. LC50 xng hi 1,4 mg/l (trong 4
gi). c vi c, t c vi ong. Thuc tr c ni hp, tc ng tin ny mm. Dit tr
cc loi c ha bn v l rng hng nin mc t ht cho cc cy trng cn (rau, ng,
u, c ph, cy n qu...).
S dng: Ch phm 50% Acetochlor dng tr c cho rau, ng, u... Liu
lng 0,75 1,25 kg/ha, pha nc nng 0,20 0,25%, phun t u ln mt t
ngay sau khi lm t ln cui hoc sau khi gieo, cy trng cha mc. Khi phun thuc
t cn m.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Atrazine, Bensulfuron Methyl (Beto
Acenidax), Metsulfuron Metthyl (Natos).
7.5.2. Alachlor
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, khng mu, im nng chy 39,5
41,5 C, t trng 1,133 ( 15,6 250C). Tan t trong nc (0,24 g/l), tan trong ethyl
0

acetate.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 930 1350 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 13300 mg/kg. t
c vi c v ong. TGCL khng cp. Thuc tr c cy trng cn, tc ng chn lc,
tin ny mm. Dit cc loi c ha bn v l rng hng nin mc t ht. t hiu qu vi
c nn lc.
S dng: Dng tr c cho rung trng ng, bng, u, lc, ci bp, hnh, ti,
sn (khoai m), ma. Lasso 48 EC dng vi liu lng 3 6 l/ha, pha vi 400 600 lt
nc. t ct hoc pha ct dng liu lng t hn t tht hoc t st. Phun thuc u
trn mt t sau khi lm t xong hoc ngay sau khi gieo trng. Khi phun thuc t
cn m. Khng phun thuc cho ci bp gieo ht.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Atrazine.
7.5.3. Butachlor
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th lng, trng lng ring 1,070 g/ml 250C.
Tan t trong nc (23 mg/l 240C), tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh acetone,
benzene, ru etylic. n mn st thp.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 2000 3300 mg/k, LD50 qua da 4080 mg/kg,
LC50 xng hi >4,7 mg/kg trong 4 gi. t c vi c v ong. Thuc tr c chn lc, ni
hp, tc ng vi c giai on trc v ang ny mm. Tr c nhiu loi c ha
bn, c nn lc v mt s c l rng.
S dng: Dng tr c cho rung la s v la cy. Ch phm nh du 60%
hot cht dng liu lng 0,8 1,2 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,25 0,3%, phun 300
400 lt/ha. Phun thuc trc khi s, cy 2 3 ngy (lm t xong), hoc 3 7 ngy
sau khi s hoc cy (la s c 1,5 2 l). Ch phm nu c cht an ton c th dng
sm sau khi s 1 3 ngy. Ch phm dng ht 5% dng 15 20 kg/ha, ri xung
rung sau khi s hoc cy 3 5 ngy. Khi phun hoc ri thuc rung cn c mc nc
nng 1 3 cm v gi nc 3 4 ngy sau khi dng thuc.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi 2,4D (Century), vi Propanil
(Bandit, Butanil).
150
7.5.4. Metolachlor
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut lng lng, khng mu, im si 100oC ( p sut
0,001 mmHg). Tan t trong nc (0,530 g/l 200C), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c
benzene, dichlormetan, hexane, methanol, octane.
Nhm c, LD50 qua ming 2780 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 3170 mg/kg. Kch thch
nh da v mt. c vi c, khng c vi ong. Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, tc
ng tin ny mm. C hiu lc cao vi cc c ha bn (lng vc, ui phng, mn
tru, bng tua ...) v mt s c l rng (rau sam, dn ...)
S dng: Dng tr c cho cy trng cn (u, bng, ng ...) Dual 720 EC s
dng liu lng 1,5 2 l/ha, pha vi nng 0,3 0,5%, phun 400 600 l/ha. Phun
thuc sau khi lm t xong, trc khi gieo ht hoc ngay sau khi gieo (cy trng v c
cha mc). Khi phun thuc t cn c m.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Atrazin, Simazine v mt s
thuc tr c khc.
7.5.5. Pretilachlor
Tnh Cht: Thuc k thut th lng, khng mu, tan t trong nc (50 mg/l),
tan trong benzen, dichloromethane, hexane, methanol.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 6099 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 3100 mg/kg. Tng
i c vi c v ong. Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, tc ng tin ny mm, tr
c nhiu loi c ha bn, c nn, lc v l rng.
S dng: Dng tr c cho rung la cy. Rifit d hi mm la nn khng dng
cho la s. Rifit 500EC dng vi liu lng 0,75 1,5 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,25
0,4%, phun 300 400 l/ha. Rifit 2G ri xung rung la cy vi liu lng 30 40
kg/ha. Thi gian phun thuc v ri thuc sau khi cy la 1-5 ngy. Rung c nc xm
xp 1 3 cm. Trn rung la s, s dng thuc Sofit 300EC (Pretilachlor +
Fenclorim).
7.5.6. Propanil (DCPA)
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, im nng chy 91,50C. Tan t trong nc
90,13 g/l 25oC) Tan trong ru Ethylic, xylene, benzene, toluene. n mn nha
polyethylene. Khng bn trong mi trng acid v kim.
Nhm c III LD50 qua ming > 2500 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg, t c
vi c (LC50 = 13 mg/l). Thuc tr c tc ng tip xc, hu ny mm, tr nhiu loi
c ha bn v c l rng.
S dng: Tr c cho rung la s v cy. Vi la s phun thuc khi la c 3
6 l (sau s 10 20 ngy, c lng vc 2 4 l). Vi la cy 15 20 ngy. Liu lng
s dng trung bnh 2 3,5 kg a.i/ha Ch phm 48% hot cht dng 4 6 kg/ha, pha
nc vi nng 1 1,5% . Ch phm 80% dng 2,5 4 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng
0,8 1%. Lng nc phun 3000 4000 l/ha. Khi phun thuc rung nn tho cn
nc v m, sau phun 2 3 ngy cho nc vo v gi nc 3 5 ngy.
Sau khi phun 2 3 ngy, Propanil trong cy la cha phn gii ht, c th lm
l la b vng nh. Sau 5 7 ngy cy la s hi phc, sinh trng bnh thng v c
151
hin tng kch thch nh, la pht trin tt. Propanil s chm phn gii nu cng lc
la hp th cht ln hu c hoc Carbamate, la s b vng l nng v chm hi phc.
V vy, khng nn pha chung hoc phun cc thuc tr su nhm ln hu c v
Carbamate trong vng 7 ngy trc v sau khi phun thuc tr c c cht Propanil.
Kh nng hn hp: C nhiu dng hn hp vi thuc tr c khc nh vi
Butachlor (Butanil), Oxadiazon (Fortene), Thiobencarb (Satumil), Bensulfuron
Methyl, Metsulfuron Methyl, MCPA, Molinate, 2,4 D, Quinclorac, Pyrazosulfuron
Ethyl.
7.6. NHNG DN XUT CA URE
7.6.1. Diuron
Tnh Cht: Thuc k thut dng bt trng, im nng chy 157oC, khng chy.
Tan t trong nc (35 mg/l 20oC) khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg. t
c vi c. (LC50 vi c hi 3,5 mg/l trong 96 gi) khng c vi ong. Thuc tr c
chn lc, ni hp, tc ng vi c giai on ny mm v khi mc cn nh (2 4
l) xm nhp vo c qua r v l. Dit tr c nhiu loi c l hp v l rng mc t
ht (lng vc, mn tru, chn g, bng tua, c tc, c lc, dn gai, rau sam, ...).
S dng: Dng tr c cho cc cy trng cn nh ma, da, bng, cy n qu v
cy cng nghip lu nm (c ph, ch, ca cao).
Liu lng s dng 1 4 kg a.i/ha. Ch phm bt thm nc 80% hot cht
dng tr c cho ma vi liu lng 2 3 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,4 0,6% phun
t u khp mt t sau khi t hom ma 3 4 ngy hoc ngay sau khi thu hoch.
Cng c th phun khi ma mc (cao 40 60 cm), c mc cn nh (2 4 l), trnh
phun thuc vo thn v ngn ma.
Tr c cho da dng 2 3 kg/ha, pha vi nng 0,4 0,6% phun thuc u
trm mt t sau khi dn sch c, trc khi trng da. C th phun thuc sau khi
trng da, c mc cn nh trnh phun vo ngn da.
Tr c cho bng liu lng 1 2 kg/ha, phun vi nng 0,2 0,4 %, phun
sau khi gieo ht bng t 1 2 ngy (bng cha mc).
Tr c cho c ph, ch, cy n qu dng 3 4 kg/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,5-
0,8% phun trc khi mc c hoc khi c mc cn nh.
Khi phun thuc t cn c m hiu qu tr c mi cao v phun nhiu nc
(400 600 l/ha).
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Simazin, Gly-Phosate, Paraquat.
7.6.2. Linuron
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt th, im nng chy 86 91oC. Tan t
trong nc (55mg/l 220C) tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 4000 mg/kg c vi c LD50 = 3,3 9,6 mg/l
trong 96 gi) Khng c vi ong.

152
 Thuc tr c ni hp, tc ng vi c giai on trc v sau khi mc cn nh.
Tr c nhiu loi c ha bn v l rng hng nin mc t ht.
S dng: Afalon 50WP dng tr c cho cc cy trng cn nh ng, u, khoai
ty, c rt, bng, c ph, cy n qu. Liu lng s dng cho cy trng hng nin t
1,5 2 kg/ ha, pha nc vi nng 0,3 0,5% phun 400 600 l/ha, phun ngay sau
khi gieo ht. Tr c cho cy lu nm dng 3 6 kg/ha, phun nc vi nng 0,5
1%, phun 400 600 l/ha. Phun thuc sau khi xi t, bn phn, c cha mc hoc
mc cn nh 2 3 l. Khi phun thuc t cn c m.
Kh nng hn hp: C nhiu dng hn hp vi 2,4D, MCPA v nhiu thuc
tr c khc
7.7. THUC TR C LN HU C
7.7.1. Anilofos
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut th rn, mu trng hoc nu nht, im nng chy
50,5 52,50C. Tan t trong nc (13,6 mg/l 200C). Tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c
nh acetone, chloroform, toluene (1 kg/l), benzene, ethanol (200 g/l), hexane (12 g/l).
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 400 1000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da >2000 mg/kg. t
c vi c. Thuc tr c tc ng chn lc, ni hp, xm nhp vo cy c qu l v r.
Tr c giai on hu ny mm sm. Dit cc loi c ha bn, c nn lc v mt s
c l rng.
S dng: Dng tr c cho rung la s v cy. Thi gian s dng: Sau khi s 8
10 ngy (la 3 4 l) hoc sau khi cy 5 8 ngy (la hi xanh). Liu lng
Ricozin 30 EC t 0,5 0,75 l/ha, pha vi 300 400 lt nc. Khi phun thuc rung
cn c mc nc nng 1 3 cm trong thi gian 3 4 ngy.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Ethoxysulfuron (Riceguard),
Propanil.
7.7.2. Glufosinate-ammonium
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh thm im nng chy 2100C, tan trong
nc (1370g/l), tan trong mt s dung mi hu c, khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1620 2000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 4.000 mg/kg.
DLT 0,2 mg/kg. t c vi c, khng c vi ong.
Thuc tr c ni hp, c th xm nhp vo l v v thn cy cn xanh. Khng
xm nhp vo cc m ha g, ch g thn cy bin vng. Tc ng khng chn
lc, dit tr nhiu loi cy c ha bn, nn lc v l rng, c hng nin v a nin, k
c nhng c c r n su di t nh c tranh, c ch, c ng, c gu ...
S dng: Dng tr c cho cc vn cy lu nm (cy n qu, c ph, ch, cao
su...) c th phun quanh gc cy hoc phun trn ton din tch vn cy. Tr c cho
t trc khi trng cy hng nm (khoai ty, u, ng, rau, c chua, thuc l, bng,
ma) dng tr c cho t khng trng trt (b rung. ven l, quanh nh).
Ch phm Basta 15 SL dng tr c tranh vi liu lng 4 5 l/ha, phun vi
nng 0,8 1%, tr cc c khc liu lng 2 3 l/ha. Phun t m trn c vi
153
lng nc 400 600 l/ha. Tr c cho t trc khi trng cy hng nm cn phun ln
c trc khi lm t t nht 3 ngy. Phun thuc khi c ang sinh trng mnh, trc
khi ra hoa. Khng phun trn t c nc. khng thuc bay vo ngn cy trng.
Kh nng hn hp: Cha c dng hn hp vi thuc tr c khc.
7.7.3. Glyphosate
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng sn st hoc tinh th, im nng chy
200oC, t trng 1,17.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg, c
vi mt. t c vi c, khng c vi ong.
Cht tc ng vi c l Acid N-(Phosphonomethyl) glycine. Tuy vy thng s
dng dng mui glyphosate Isoprropylamine (glyphosate IPA). L thuc tr c
khng chn lc, ni hp, tc ng giai on hu ny mm (t khi c mc n khi
ln) tr c nhiu loi c ha bn, c nn lc v l rng, c hn nin v a nin, c
hiu lc cao i vi cc loi c c r n su di t nh c tranh, c ch, c ng, c
gu).
Sau khi phun thuc nhanh chng xm nhp qua l v cc b phn cn xanh ca
cy c, chuyn vn trong ton cy ti c cc b phn cy nm di t l r, cy c
cht khng ti sinh c. Thuc khng xm nhp qua v cy gi, ha nu. trong
t, thuc c keo t hp th chm, r cy khng ht c, v vy thuc ti xung
t khng dit c c v cng khng hi r cy trng.
Sau khi phun thuc 5 7 ngy cy c bin vng v cht sau 14 ngy tr i.
S dng: Glyphosate IPA ch yu dng tr c cho vn cy n qu v cy
cng nghip lu nm (c ph, cao su, ch , da) tr c cho t khng canh tc (b
rung, ven l , quanh nh , cng s) tr c cho t trc khi trng cy hng nm (la,
rau, ng, u, ma).
Ch phm Round Up 480 SC cha 480 g glyphosate IPA/l, ( tng ng 41%
W/W hoc 360g Acid /l), dng tr c tranh vi liu lng 46 l/ha, pha nc vi nng
0,8 1%. Tr c gu vi cc loi c khc vi liu lng 2 3 lt/ha. Pha nc vi
nng 0,5 0,7% phun t m ln c vi lng nc 400 600 l/ha
Ch phm Spark 160 SC cha 160 g glyphosate IPA/l, s dng tr c tranh vi
liu lng 10-15l/ha, pha nc vi nng 2 3% tr c khc liu lng 5 7 l/ha
pha nc vi nng 1 1,5%. Lng nc phun 400 600 l/ha
Tr c cho t trng cy hng nm cn phun ln c trc khi lm t t nht 7
ngy. Phun thuc khi c cn nh ang sinh trng mnh, trc khi ra hoa. Pha thuc
vi nc trong. Khng phun thuc trn t ngp nc trnh phun thuc vo ngn v l
non ca cy trng.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Diuron, Simazine, 2,4 D (
Gardon), Dicamba (Wallop), Picloram ( Empiri), Terbutilazine(Folar).
Nu t c ln nhiu c gu v c l rng, khuyn s dng c th pha thm 2,4
D hiu qu tr c mnh hn.

154
7.8. MT S THUC TR C KHC
7.8.1. Bispyribac-sodium
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, im nng chy 223 2240C. Tan
trong nc (73,3 g/l 200C), trong metylic (26,3 g/l) v mt s dung mi hu c khc.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 4111 mg/kg, LD50 qua da >2000 mg/kg. t c
vi c (LD50 >100 mg/l).
Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, tc ng tr c khi ht c ang mc v mc
cn nh. Dit tr nhiu loi c nn lc, c l rng, hiu qu trung bnh vi c lng
vc, t hiu qu vi c ui phng v mt s c ha bn khc.
S dng: Tr c cho rung la s v cy. Nominee 10 SC dng vi liu lng
0,15 0,20 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,05%, phun 300 400 l/ha. Khi s dng phi
pha thm cht ph gia.
7.8.2. Chlomethoxyfen
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, tan rt t trong nc (0,39 mg/l
200C), tan trong benzene 15%, acetone 20% ( 200C). Tng i bn trong mi trng
acid, kim v tc ng ca nh sng.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming >10.000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da >5000 mg/kg. t
c vi c. Thuc tr c tip xc, chn lc, tin ny mm. Tr cc loi c ha bn
trong rung la.
S dng: Thuc X-52 7GR dng ht, dng tr c ha bn (lng vc, ui
phng, c mm, c ch nc, ...) cho rung la cy. Khng dng cho la s.
Liu lng s dng: 20 30 kg/ha, ri xung rung 1 2 ngy trc khi cy
hoc 3 6 ngy sau khi cy. Khi ri thuc rung cn c mc nc nng 3 4 cm trong
3 5 ngy.
7.8.3. Cyhalofop-butyl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut l cht rn mu trng, im nng chy 500C, tan t
trong nc (0,46 mg/l 200C), tan trong acetone, methanol (250 g/l), octanol (16,0
g/l). Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t c
vi c.
Thuc tr c chn lc, hu ny mm, tc ng vi c t khi ny mm n khi
c 5 6 l. Tr c ha bn cho rung la (c lng vc, ui phng, c mm ...).
Khng c hiu qu vi c nn lc v c l rng.
S dng: Clincher 10 EC dng tr c cho rung la s. Liu lng 0,4 0,6
l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,15 0,2, phun 300 400 l/ha, thi gian s dng sau khi
s 7 18 ngy (la 2 6 l). Khi phun thuc rung xm xp nc (1 3 cm) hoc
m trong thi gian 3 5 ngy sau khi phun.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Bentazol (Clincher Bas).
7.8.4. Ethoxysulfuron
Tnh Cht: Nhm c III, LD50 > 78,4 mg/l trong 96 gi) khng c vi ong.
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 Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, dit c khi ht dang ny mm v mc thnh
cy nh (2 3 l). Thuc tc ng ch yu vi c lc, l rng, khng tc dng vi c
ha bn.
S dng: Dng tr c cho rung la s v cy. Sunrice 15 WDG s dng vi
liu lng 0,08 0,1 kg/ha (80 100g) pha nc vi nng 0,02% phun 300 400
l/ha. Phun thuc sau khi s hoc cy t 5-12 ngy.
Kh nng hn hp: pha chung vi thuc tr c ha bn nh Ricozin, Whip-S.
7.8.5. Fenoxaprop p Ethyl
Tnh Cht: Thuc k Thut dng bt rn, im nng chy 84 85oC. Tan t
trong nc (0,9 mg/l 200C), tan trong acetone (> 500 g/l), Ethanol, cyclohexan
(>10g/l), Toluene (>300 g/l)
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 2090 3040 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg.
Tng i c vi c, khng c vi ong.
Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, tc ng hu ny mm, c hiu qu cao
vi cc loi c bn, khng tc dng vi c nn lc, v c l rng.
S dng: Dng tr c ha bn (lng vc, dui phng, c tc, c mm ...) cho
rung la s v cy. Whip-S 7,5 EW dng tr c cho la vi liu lng 0,4 0,6 l/ha,
pha nc vi nng 0,12 0,15%, phun 300 400 l/ha.
Phun thuc sau khi s hoc cy la 15-25 ngy, khi c lng vc c l 3 5
l. Sau khi phun thuc 2 3 ngy la c th hi vng l, sau hi phc bnh thng.
Whip-S cn dng tr c ha bn cho 1 s cy trng l rng nh thuc l, bng,
u, rau. Ch phm 7,5 EW dng liu lng 0,6-0,8 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,15
0,20%, phun 300 400 lt nc/ha. Phun thuc 10 20 ngy sau khi gieo trng (c 3
4 l), t m.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Fluazifop-P-butyl, vi 2,4D v
MCPA (Tiller-S).
7.8.6. Fluazifop-butyl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, im si 1700C ( p sut 0,5 mmHg),
khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 1490 3328 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 6050 mg/kg.
DLT 0,2 mg/kg . c vi c, khng c vi ong .
Thuc tr c chn lc, ni hp, hu ny mm, dit tr nhiu loi c ha bn
hng nin v da nin mc t ht. Thuc khng dit c nn lc v l rng. Rt an ton
vi cc cy trng l rng. Hiu lc dit c th hin tng i chm, sau khi phun
thuc 5 7 ngy cy c mi b vng r rt v cht dn.
S dng: Dng tr cc c ha bn (lng vc cn, mn tru, ui phng, bng
tua, c g, c l tre, c tc, c ch ...) cho cc cy trng l rng (nh u, rau, da,
bng, khoai ty, hnh, thuc l, m c, ay, c rt, c chua, ch, c ph) khng dng
tr c cho cy trng ha bn ( la, ng, m mch, ma.)

156
 Onecide 15 EC dng tr c cho cy hng nm liu lng 0,5 1 l/ha, pha vi
nc nng 0,15 0,2 %, phun 300 400 l/ha. Phun thuc khi c mc cn nh
(2-5 l). t m hiu qu tr c cng cao.
Kh nng hn hp: Hin cha c dng hn hp vi cc thuc tr c khc
7.8.8. Metsulfuron Methyl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng rn, mu vng nht, c mi thm est, im
nng chy 158oC. Tan trong mt s dung mi hu c nh acetone, methanol, tan trong
hexane.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, LD 50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t
c vi c, khng c vi ong. Thuc tr c chn lc, ni hp, tc ng hu ny mm,
tr nhiu loi c l rng v c nn, lc, khng dit c c ha bn.
S dng: Allly 20 DF dng tr c l rng v nn, lc, cho rung la (c b, rau
da, ngh nuc, c cho, c chc )
Liu lng 0,02 0,03 kg/ha (20 30 g/ha), phs vi 300 lt nc. Phun thuc
sau khi s hoc cy 20 30 ngy (la s c 5-6 l)
C th dng tr c ma, vn cy n qu v cy cng nghip lu nm vi liu
lng 0,03 0,05 kg/ha, pha vi 400 5000 lt nc. Phun khi c cn non.
Kh nng hn hp: C cc dng hn hp vi Chlorimuron Ethyl (Almix) , vi
Bensulfuron Methyl (Sindax). Khi s dng c th pha chung vi Whip-S tr c
c c ha bn cho rung la. Khi s dng tr c cho vn cy n qu v cy cng
nghip lu nm, c th pha chung vi thuc Glyphosate tr c c ha bn.
7.8.9. Oxadiazon
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 88 90oC. Hu nh
khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, khng n mn kim loi.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 2000mg/kg. khng
c vi c v ong. Thuc tr c ni hp, chn lc, tc ng tin ny mm v ny mm,
dit c nhiu loi c ha bn, c nn lc v mt s loi l rng.
S dng: Tr c cho rung la s v cy. Ronstar 25EC s dng cho rung la
s mng vi liu lng 0,75 1 lt/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,25% phung 300 400
lit/ha. Phun thuc sau khi s t 3 7 ngy (la 1 2 l). Khng nc ng ngp
mm la. Vi la s kh dng 1,5 2 lt/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,5% phun 300
400 lt/ha, phun khi la mc t 1 2 l. Vi la cy dng 0,75 1 lt/ha, phun trc
khi cy 1 2 ngy, sau khi lm t xong hoc sau khi cy 3 7 ngy,
C th dng tr c cho rung u (u nnh, u xanh, lc) vi liu lng 1,2
1,5 lt/ha. Phun thuc sau khi gieo lp ht 1 2 ngy. Ronstar 12 L dng liu lng
gp i.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng h hp vi Butaclor (Fortene) vi Diuron.

157
7.8.10. Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng tinh th, im nng chy 181 182oC. Tan t
trong nc (1,494 g/l 25oC), tan trong mt s dung mi hu c nh chloroform,
ethyl acetate.
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming > 5000 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. Rt
t c vi c.
Thuc tr c chn lc, ni hp, c c hp th ch yu qua r, tc ng vi c
trc khi mc mm v sau khi mc cn nh (tin ny mm v hu ny mm sm). Tr
c nhiu loi c nn, lc, c l rng v mt s c ha bn (lng vc, c mm, c
tc). Tc ng yu vi c ui phng.
S dng: Dng tr c cho rung la s v la cy. Ch phm bt thm nc
10% hot cht s dng liu lng 0,15 0,30 kg/ha; pha nc vi nng 0,05
0,1%, phun 300 400 l/ha. Thi gian s dng t 3 10 ngy sau khi s cy (la s
c 1 3 l). tr c nn, lc (cho, chc), c th dng mun ti 20 ngy (c c
3 5 l).
Ngoi cch ha nc, c th trn vi phn bn, t bt hoc ct ri u ln
rung c nc xm xp.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Propanil. Khi s dng c th pha
chung vi Butachlor, Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl, Quin-clorac, tng hiu qu vi c ui
phng v cc c ha bn.
7.8.11. Quinclorac
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng rn, tan t trong nc (62 mg/l 20oC), trong
Cyclohexanol v xylene (10g/l).
Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 4120 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 2000 mg/kg. t c
vi c (LC50 > 100 mg/l trong 96 gi), khng c vi ong.
Thuc tr c chn lc, ni hp, tc ng hu ny mm (c mc 2 3 l), hiu
qu cao vi c ha bn (lng vc, ui phng, c tc, c mm ...). t hiu qu vi c
nn lc v c l rng.
S dng: Dng tr c ha bn cho rung la s v cy. Facet 25SC dng liu
lng 0,4 0,6 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 0,1 0,15%, phun 300 400 l/ha. Thi
gian s dng: sau khi s hoc cy 8 15 ngy (la s 3 5 l, c 2 3 l).
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi Propanil, Bensulfuron Methyl,
Bentazone. Khi s dng c th pha chung vi Propanil hoc Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl
tr c c ci, lc v l rng.
7.8.12. Triclopyr butoxyethyl ester
Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng lng, mu h phch, phn hy 290oC.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 630 mg/kg. Tng i c vi c. Tn ti trong
t t 20 45 ngy. Thuc tr c ni hp, tc ng ch yu vi c l rng.

158
 S dng: Dng tr c cho vn cy cng nghip lu nm, ng c, ven ng
v ni t khng trng trt. Garlon 250 EC l dng Ester butoxyethyl ca Triclopyr, s
dng vi liu lng 3 5 l/ha, pha nc vi nng 1% phun m ln c. Phun thuc
khi c ang sinh trng mnh. Trnh thuc bay vo ngn cy trng.
Kh nng hn hp: C dng hn hp vi 2,4 D, Picloram.

Cu hi n tp:
1. Mt s thuc tr c thuc nhm phenoxy v cch s dng?
2. Mt s thuc tr c thuc nhm nhng dn xut ca axit Alifatic
v cch s dng?
3. Mt s thuc tr c nhm carbamate v cch s dng?
4. Mt s thuc tr c d vng cha Nit v cch s dng?
5. Mt s thuc tr c nhm amide v cch s dng?
6. Mt s thuc tr c thuc dn xut ca Ure v cch s dng?
7. Mt s thuc tr c nhm ln hu c v cch s dng?
8. Mt s thuc khc c dng tr c v cch s dng?

159
 Chng 8
CC THUC IU HA SINH TRNG CY TRNG
Chng ny cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc c bn v tnh cht v cch
s dng mt s thuc iu ha tng trng thc vt.
8.1. ALPHA NAPHTHYL ACETIC ACID (NAA):
Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht dng rn mu trng, tan t trong nc, thuc
nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 1000 1275 mg/kg. Thuc c tc dng kch thch s
ny mm ca ht ging, kch thch ra hoa, tng t l u qu, kch thch sinh trng,
tng kch thc v trng lng qu.
S dng: HQ-301 Fructonic 1% DD v Flower 95 0,3 DD dng kch thch
ny mm ht la pha nc vi nng 10 ml trong 200l nc, ngm ht 24 gi trc
khi hay gieo. Kch thch ra hoa, tng u qu cho cy n tri (xoi, nhn, vi, cam,
qut, su ring, mn, to, nho,...) pha nng 10ml trong 10 15 l nc. Kch thch
tng trng cho la, c chua, u, bng, pha nng 10 ml trong 8 10 lt nc.
8.2. GIBERELLIC ACID (GA3)
Tnh cht: Acid gibberellic l cht rn, im nng chy 210 2350C, tan t
trong nc (5g/l). Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 1.000 2.500 mg/kg.
S dng: kch thch ht v c ny mm nhanh v u. Kch thch pht trin
thn v l, ra hoa ng lot, hn ch rng hoa v qu, kch thch pht trin qu, qu ln
v chn ng lot. Progibb 10SP pha 1 g trong 20 30 l nc.
Vi la, ngm ht ging trong 36 gi trc khi , ngm r m trong 10 20 gi
hoc phun ln l m trc khi nh cy 2 5 ngy, phun cho la khi bt u c ng v
trc khi tr.
Vi rau n l, da, bu, b, u c-ve, c chua, c tm, hnh, ti, phun sau khi
trng 7 10 ngy, sau cch 10 15 ngy phun 1 ln cho n sau khi kt qu hoc
trc khi thu hoch 20 30 ngy.
8.3. CYTOKININ (Zeatin)
Tnh cht: Zeatin v cc cht nhm Cytokinin khc (nh Adenin, Kinetin) l
nhng cht iu ha sinh trng c tng hp trong cy, c kh nng kch thch s
phn chia v tng trng ca t bo, kch thch s phn ha chi, km hm s ha gi
ca cy.
S dng: Agrispon thng c s dng chung vi thuc Sincosin (tr nm v
tuyn trng). X l ht ging, pha 20 ml Agrispon v 20 ml Sincosin vi 1 l nc,
ngm hoc phun ln ht ging trc khi hoc gieo. Thi gian ngm ty theo loi ht
ging.
Vi cc loi rau, mu (rau ci, c chua, da leo, bu, b, khoai ty, hnh, bp,
la), pha 5ml Agrispon v 5 ml Sincosin vi 20 l nc, phun sau khi trng 10 ngy
v khi ra hoa, u qu.
Vi cc cy n qu, pha 5 10 ml Agrispon v 5 10 ml Sincosin 20 l nc
ti vo r.
160
 Vi hoa lan v cc loi hoa king, pha 10 ml Agrispon v 10 ml Sincosin vi 8
l nc, phun ln cy mi thng 1 ln.
8.4. ETHEPHON (Ethrel)
Tnh cht: Tan nhiu trong nc (1 kg/l 230 C) v trong nhiu dung mi hu
c, vng bn pH 3. Nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 3030 mg/kg, LD50 qua da 1560
mg/kg.
Tc dng ca Ethephon l kh Ethylen do n sinh ra (CH2=CH2) Ethylen xc
tin s chn ca qu, kch thch ra hoa ca 1 s cy (da, xoi), tng t l hoa ci (da,
bu b), gy nn s rng ca l, hoa v qu, kch thch s tit nha ca nhng cy c
m.
S dng: Bi vo ming co cao su tng sn lng m. Ch phm 2,5%
Ethephon dng 1 2 g/cy cao su cho 1 ln bi, khong 3 4 tun bi 1 ln. Thuc
c bi 1 lp mng ngay trn mt co ti sinh tip gip vi ming co, bi 48 gi
trc khi co.
Kch thch ra hoa cho xoi, nhn, vi, thanh long, da, ch phm Ethrel 480l
pha nc nng 0,1% phun ln tn l, sau 30 40 ngy s tr hoa. Pha nng 0,03
0,05% phun cho c chua, t, to, cam, thanh long trc khi thu hoch 15 20
ngy lm qu chn sm v ng lot. Pha nng 0,02 % phun cho da, bu, b khi
cy c 2 4 l s tng t l hoa ci. Pha nng 0,03 0,05% phun ln l thuc l
trc khi lm l chn vng v u.
8.5. MEPIQUATE CHLORIDE
Tnh cht: Nguyn cht dng rn, mu trng xm, im nng chy 2230C, tan
t trong ethanol, acetone (0,2 g/kg 200C), tan trong nc.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 464 520 mg/kg, LD50 qua da > 5000 mg/kg. t
c vi c (LC50 > 100 mg/l vi c hi), khng c vi ong.
Mepiquat chloride c tc dng c ch Gibberellin, do hn ch s pht trin
theo chiu di ca t bo, lm t thn ngn li nn cy cng v chng ng, hn ch
s pht trin chi non, kch thch pht trin h r v c di t, tng sc khng ca
cy, tng hiu sut s dng phn bn. C th s dng cho nhiu loi cy nh bng, lc,
u tng, khoai ty, c chua, nho,
S dng: Animat 97 WP dng phun cho cy lc 2 ln, ln 1 trc khi cy ra
hoa (20 25 ngy sau gieo), ln 2 sau 15 ngy, liu lng mi ln 40 g/ha. Phun cho
cy bng 3 ln, ln 1 sau khi bng mc 35 ngy, cch 20 ngy phun 1 ln, liu lng
mi ln phun tng dn theo sinh trng cy, t 20 40 -60 g/ha. Lng nc phun
400 600 l/ha.
8.6. NUCLEOTIDE
L thuc iu ha sinh trng ngun gc sinh hc. cc Nucleotide ch
o vic hnh thnh cc t bo v cc men trong qu trnh sinh trng ca cy.
Cc amino acid l thnh phn c bn to nn protein v c tc dng
khng khun. Acid Fulvic xc tin qu trnh hp th v tng hp cht dinh dng
to thnh protein v cc men trong cy. Thuc c tc dng sinh l nhiu mt nh kch
161
thch ra r, lm cho ht ging ny mm nhanh v u, tng dip lc t nng cao
hiu qu quang hp ca cy, tng cng hoc ng ca cc men nng cao hot
ng trao i cht v tng sc khng vi vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc iu kin bt
li, cui cng l tng cng s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy, tng nng sut v
cht lng nng sn.
S dng: Lc Phong 95 0,05 l dng kch thch sinh trng cho la, ch, cc
loi rau, mu, cy n qu v cy cng nghip. Pha nc vi nng 0,2% (1/500),
phun t u ln ton cy. Phun 2 3 ln cch nhau 15 ngy thi k cy ang sinh
trng n trc khi ra hoa. Khng pha chung vi thuc c tnh kim. X l ht ging
pha nc t l 1/500, ngm ht ging 12 gi trc khi gieo.
8.7. OLIGO SACARIT
Tnh cht: Oligo-Scarit c chit xut t loi rong bin nu (Sargassum) v
c x l bng tia Gamma Co 60. Trong thnh phn ph gia cn c thm 1 s Amino
acid v hormon kch thch sinh trng. Kch thch ny mm v ra r ca ht ging,
kch thch pht trin ca r, thn, l v qu, tng kh nng khng ca cy trng vi
su bnh v thi tit khc nghit, ko di thi gian bo qun nng sn.
S dng: c th s dng cho la, rau, mu, cy n qu, cy cng nghip, hoa
v cy cnh. Pha 10 15 ml cho 1 bnh 8 l nc, phun t u tn l cy, trung bnh
10 15 ngy 1 ln t khi gieo trng n trc khi thu hoch 5 20 ngy ty loi cy.
8.8. PACLOBUTRAZOL
Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht dng rn, mu trng, tan trong nc 5%, tan t
trong cc dung mi hu c, nhm c III, LD50 qua ming 5346 mg/kg. L cht i
khng vi Gibberellin, tc dng c ch sinh trng cy trng, s dng ti vo gc
kch thch ra hoa cho mt s cy trng nh xoi, su ring.
S dng: Ch phm Paclobutrazol 10% dng kch thch ra hoa cho xoi, su
ring pha 10g vi 5 10 l nc ti gc cho 1m ng knh tn cy, khi l t chuyn
mu xanh t chui. Thuc c ch sinh trng cy v lu tn tng i lu trong t
nn ti thuc 1 nm ngh 1 2 nm v bn phn y khng hi cy. Sau khi
ti Paclobutrazol khong 2 thng phun KNO3 kch thch cy ra hoa. Ngoi ra cn
dng kch thch sinh trng cho cy lc, la...

Cu hi n tp:
1. c tnh ca mt s thuc kch thch tng trng thc vt v cch
s dng?
2. Thuc c ch tng trng thc vt gm nhng cht g, cch s
dng?
3. Cho bit c tnh v cch s dng mt s thuc kch thch ra hoa?

162
 PHN PH LC

IU L QUN L THUC BO V THC VT

(Ban hnh km theo Ngh nh s 58 / 2002 / N CP
ngy 03 thng 6 nm 2002 ca Chnh ph)

Chng I
NHNG QUY NH CHUNG
iu 1:
1. iu l ny quy nh vic sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi, xut khu,
nhp khu, bo qun,, d tr, vn chuyn, bun bn, s dng, ng k, kim nh,
kho nghim v tiu hy thuc bo v thc vt Vit Nam.
1. Thuc bo v thc vt bao gm:
a) Cc ch phm dng phng tr sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc
vt;
b) Cc ch phm c tc dng iu ha sinh trng thc vt;
c) Cc ch phm c tc dng xua ui hoc thu ht cc loi sinh vt
gy hi ti nguyn thc vt n tiu dit.
iu 2:
Trong iu l ny cc thut ng di y c hiu nh sau:
1. Thuc bo v thc vt l ch phm c ngun gc t ha cht, thc vt, ng
vt, vi sinh vt v cc ch phm khc dng phng tr, tr sinh vt gy hi ti
nguyn thc vt;
2. Hot cht hay cht hu hiu ca thuc bo v thc vt bao gm cc cht c
trong thuc thnh phm, c tc dng dit tr hoc hn ch s sinh trng, pht trin
ca cc sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt; cht c tc dng iu ha sinh trng
thc vt; cht gy ngn, cht thu ht hoc xua ui sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc
vt;
3. Thuc k thut l ch phm c hm lng hot cht cao c dng gia
cng thnh thuc thnh phm;
4. Nguyn liu thuc bo v thc vt gm thuc k thut v cc dung mi ph
gia dng gia cng thuc thnh phm;
5. Thuc thnh phm l thuc c sn xut theo quy trnh cng ngh c
chng nhn, c tiu chun cht lng, nhn hiu hng ha c ng k ti c quan
chc nng c thm quyn v c php a vo lu thng, s dng;
6. Dng thuc l trng thi vt l vi nhng yu cu v tnh cht l hc c th
ca thuc thnh phm, c th hin nhiu dng khc nhau;

163
 7. Thi gian cch ly l khong thi gian ti thiu k t ngy s dng thuc bo
v thc vt ln cui cng n ngy thu hoch sn phm trong qu trnh trng trt hoc
thi gian ti thiu t khi s dng thuc bo v thc vt ln cui cng n khi s dng
sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun;
8. D lng l lng hot cht thuc bo v thc vt, dn xut v cc sn phm
chuyn ha ca thuc bo v thc vt c c tnh cn lu li trong nng sn hng ha
v mi trng sau khi s dng thuc bo v thc vt;
9. Mc d lng ti a cho php l lng ti a mt loi thuc bo v thc vt
c chp nhn cho php tn ti trong nng sn, thc phm hay thc n gia sc m
khng gy c hi cho ngi v vt nui. Mc d lng ti a cho php c biu th
bng miligam thuc bo v thc vt trong mt kilgam nng sn hng ha.
10. Sn xut thuc bo v thc vt l qu trnh tng hp, ch bin ra hot cht
hoc thuc k thut;
11. Gia cng thuc bo v thc vt l qu trnh hn hp thuc k thut vi cc
dung mi, ph gia theo cng thc v quy trnh nht nh to ra thuc thnh phm
cc dng khc nhau theo mc ch s dng;
12. Bun bn l nhng hot ng mua bn bao gm bn bun, bn l v trao i
hng ha ly thuc bo v thc vt trn th trng Vit Nam.
iu 3:
T chc, c nhn trong nc v nc ngoi c hot ng sn xut, xut khu,
nhp khu, bo qun, d tr, vn chuyn, bun bn v s dng thuc bo v thc vt
Vit Nam phi tun theo php lut v qun l thuc bo v thc vt ca Vit Nam v
iu c quc t m Vit Nam k kt hoc tham gia.
iu 4:
Hng nm, B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng b cng
khai danh mc thuc bo v thc vt c php s dng, thuc bo v thc vt hn
ch s dng v thuc bo v thc vt cm s dng trn lnh th Vit Nam.
Khi xt thy cn thit, B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn quyt
nh vic hn ch s dng hoc cm s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt c trong
danh mc c php s dng Vit Nam. Thi hn c hiu lc thc hin quyt nh
ny do B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn quy nh cho tng loi thuc.
iu 5: Nghim cm cc hnh vi:
1. Sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi, nhp khu, tng tr, vn chuyn,
bun bn v s dng thuc bo v thc vt trong danh mc cm s dng; thuc bo v
thc vt gi; thuc bo v thc vt khng r ngun gc; thuc bo v thc vt c nhn
khng ph hp vi quy nh v nhn hng ha hoc vi phm v nhn hiu ang c
bo h; thuc bo v thc vt ngoi danh mc hn ch s dng, c php s dng
Vit Nam, tr trng hp vic nhp khu kho nghim hoc s dng trong cc
d n u t nc ngoi theo qui nh ti khon 3 iu 31 Php lnh bo v v kim
dch thc vt;
2. Nhp khu, bun bn, s dng thuc bo v thc vt ht hn s dng;
164
 3. Qung co thuc bo v thc vt khng c trong danh mc thuc bo v thc
vt c php s dng, thuc bo v thc vt hn ch s dng v thuc bo v thc
vt cm s dng trn lnh th Vit Nam.

165
 Chng II
SN XUT, GIA CNG, SANG CHAI, NG GI
THUC BO V THC VT
iu 6:
Hot ng sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi thuc BVTV bao gm:
1. Sn xut cc hot cht, thuc k thut;
2. Gia cng cc loi cht hoc thuc k thut thnh thuc thnh phm cc
dng khc nhau s dng.
3. Sang chai, ng gi thuc bo v thc vt t khi lng, dung tch ln thnh
khi lng, dung tch nh.
iu 7:
T chc, c nhn sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi thuc bo v thc vt
phi c iu kin nh sau:
1. Ngi trc tip iu hnh sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi thuc bo
v thc vt phi c chng ch hnh ngh.
2. C quy trnh cng ngh sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi theo quy
nh, bo m cht lng thuc bo v thc vt;
3. C a im c c quan c thm quyn cho php;
4. C trang thit b bo m v sinh lao ng, an ton sc khe cho ngi, vt
nui, mi trng, phng, chng chy n;
5. C h thng x l cht thi theo quy nh ca c quan c thm quyn v mi
trng;
6. C c s kim tra cht lng sn phm hoc ng k vi c quan kim tra
cht lng gn nht kim tra cht lng thuc trc khi xut xng.
iu 8:
iu kin cp chng ch hnh ngh cho ngi trc tip iu hnh sn xut, gia
cng, sang chai, ng gi thuc bo v thc vt:
1. C trnh chuyn mn v ha hc hoc bo v thc vt t i hc tr ln;
2. C giy chng nhn sc khe do c quan y t cp huyn tr ln cp theo quy
nh.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn quy nh th tc cp chng ch hnh
ngh.
iu 9:
Vic ng k sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi thuc bo v thc vt
c thc hin theo quy nh nh sau:
C quan nh nc c thm quyn ch cp ng k kinh doanh v hot ng sn
xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi thuc bo v thc vt khi ngi trc tip qun l,
166
iu hnh hot ng ny c chng ch hnh ngh do c quan qun l nh nc v bo
v thc vt a phng cp.
T chc, c nhn c quyn hot ng sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi
thuc bo v thc vt k t khi c cc iu kin qui nh ti iu 7 ca iu l ny
v cam kt thc hin ng cc iu kin trong sut qu trnh hot ng.
T chc, c nhn nc ngoi hot ng trong lnh vc sn xut, gia cng, sang
chai, ng gi thuc bo v thc vt th phi c kin bng vn bn ca B Nng
nghip v Pht trin nng thn.
iu 10:
T chc, c nhn c sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi cc loi thuc
bo v thc vt sau:
1. Cc loi thuc c trong danh mc thuc c php s dng, hn ch s dng
Vit Nam do B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng b;
2. Cc loi thuc bo v thc vt trong hp ng k vi thng nhn nc
ngoi ti xut, s dng th hoc s dng trong cc d n u t nc ngoi
ti Vit Nam.
iu 11:
T chc, c nhn c sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi thuc bo v
thc vt c trch nhim:
1. Bo co tnh hnh sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi hng qu, hng
nm theo quy nh hin hnh ca Nh nc vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn v
bo v v kim dch thc vt;
2. Khi khng tip tc sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi thuc bo v thc
vt th phi bo co bng vn bn cho c quan nh nc c thm quyn cp ng k
kinh doanh v c quan nh nc c thm quyn v bo v v kim dch thc vt bit;
3. Ngi xin cp chng ch hnh ngh sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi
thuc bo v thc vt phi np l ph theo quy nh ca nh nc.

167
 Chng III
XUT KHU, NHP KHU THUC V NGUYN LIU LM THUC BO
V THC VT

iu 12:
Nhp khu thuc thnh phm v nguyn liu sn xut, gia cng, sang chai,
ng gi thuc bo v thc vt:
1. T chc, c nhn c nhp khu thuc thnh phm, nguyn liu trong danh
mc thuc c php s dng hoc hn ch s dng Vit Nam sn xut, gia cng,
sang chai, ng gi theo quy nh ca Ngh nh ny;
2. T chc, c nhn nhp khu thuc thnh phm, nguyn liu thuc bo v
thc vt ngoi danh mc c php s dng gia cng, ng gi ti Vit Nam nhm
mc ch ti xut theo hp ng k vi nc ngoi phi c giy php nhp khu
ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v phi chu s kim tra vic ti xut
ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn;
3. T chc, c nhn nhp khu thuc bo v thc vt cha c trong danh mc
c php s dng kho nghim, s dng trong cc d n u t nc ngoi ti
Vit Nam m c php dng loi thuc ny hoc nhp khu thuc bo v thc vt
trong danh mc hn ch s dng phi c giy php xut khu ca B Nng nghip v
Pht trin Nng thn.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn quy nh iu kin v th tc cp giy
php nhp khu thuc bo v thc vt.
iu 13:
T chc, c nhn c ng k kinh doanh c php xut khu thuc, nguyn
liu thuc bo v thc vt theo quy nh v hot ng xut nhp khu ca Nh nc.

168
 Chng IV
VN CHUYN, BO QUN, BUN BN THUC BO V THC VT
TRONG NC

iu 14:
Vic vn chuyn thuc bo v thc vt phi theo ng yu cu k thut ca
tng loi thuc v phi bo m an ton cho ngi, bo v mi trng v h sinh thi.
iu 15:
Thuc bo v thc vt phi c bo qun trong kho. Kho cha thuc phi
ng yu cu k thut m bo cht lng thuc, m bo an ton i vi ngi, bo
v mi trng v h sinh thi.
iu 16:
T chc, c nhn bun bn thuc bo v thc vt phi c cc iu kin sau:
1. C chng ch hnh ngh bun bn thuc bo v thc vt;
2. C ca hng bn thuc v kho cha thuc ng quy nh;
3. C trang thit b cn thit bo m an ton cho ngi, v sinh mi trng,
phng chng chy, n theo quy nh ca php lut.
iu 17:
iu kin cp chng ch hnh ngh cho ngi bun bn thuc bo v thc vt:
1. C vn bng v trung cp nng, lm nghip hoc giy chng nhn tham
d lp hc chuyn mn v thuc bo v thc vt do Chi cc bo v thc vt tnh,
thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng cp;
2. C chng nhn sc khe do c quan y t cp huyn tr ln cp theo quy
nh.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn quy nh th tc cp chng ch hnh
ngh bun bn thuc bo v thc vt.
iu 18:
C quan nh nc c thm quyn ch cp ng k kinh doanh i vi hot ng
bun bn thuc bo v thc vt khi ngi bun bn thuc c chng ch hnh ngh do
Chi cc bo v thc vt tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng cp.
T chc, c nhn c bun bn thuc bo v thc vt k t khi c
cc iu kin quy nh ti iu 16 ca iu l ny v cam kt thc hin ng cc iu
kin trong sut qu trnh hot ng bun bn thuc bo v thc vt.
iu 19:
Phm vi bun bn thuc bo v thc vt:
1. c bun bn cc loi thuc thnh phm c trong danh mc thuc c
php s dng, hn ch s dng Vit Nam;
169
 2. Khng bun bn thuc bo v thc vt trong mt ca hng cng vi lng
thc, thc phm, hng gii kht, thuc y t v cc hng ha vt t tiu dng khc, tr
phn bn.
iu 20:
Vic vn chuyn, tng tr, bun bn, qung co thuc bo v thc vt phi theo
ng quy nh sau y:
1. Vn chuyn, tng tr, bun bn thuc v nguyn liu thuc bo v thc vt
phi c nhn v nhn hiu theo ng quy nh php lut;
2. c qung co cc loi thuc c trong danh mc thuc c php s dng
Vit Nam. Ni dung qung co phi ng tnh nng, tc dng ca thuc nh ng
k vi B nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v ph hp vi quy nh hin hnh v
thng tin qung co.

170
 Chng V
S DNG THUC BO V THC VT

iu 21:
T chc, c nhn c php s dng thuc bo v thc vt c trong danh mc
thuc c php s dng v hn ch s dng phng tr sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn
thc vt theo hng dn ca cn b chuyn mn hoc theo ng ch dn nhn thuc;
s dng ng thuc, ng i tng, ng liu lng, ng nng , ng thi gian,
ng phng php v phm vi cho php, ng thi gian cch ly; bo m an ton cho
ngi, cy trng, vt nui, v sinh an ton thc phm v mi trng.
iu 22:
1. Vic tiu hy thuc v bao b thuc bo v thc vt phi m bo an ton cho
ngi, mi trng v h sinh thi.
2. Vic tiu hy thuc v bao b thuc bo v thc vt phi c thc hin theo
quy trnh k thut do B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh.
3. C quan nh nc cc cp c thm quyn v bo v v kim dch thc vt,
cc c quan c thm quyn thuc y ban Nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung
ng ni c thuc tiu hy chu trch nhim phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng lin
quan t chc v gim st vic tiu hy.
4. Vic tiu hy thuc v bao gi ng thuc bo v thc vt phi m bo
mc d lng ti a cho php trong t, nc, khng kh khng c vt qu mc
quy nh ca Vit Nam, trong trng hp cha c mc quy nh ca Vit Nam th
khng c vt qu mc quy nh ca T chc y t th gii (WHO). Vic tiu hy
thuc, bao b thuc bo v thc vt c thc hin theo quy nh ca php lut v
qun l cht thi nguy hi.
5. Ngi thc hin tiu hy phi c trang b y cc phng tin phng
c v bo h lao ng.
6. T chc, c nhn c thuc tn ng phi chu trch nhim t chc tiu hy.
Ngi s dng thuc phi c trch nhim thu gom bao b thuc bo v thc vt v yu
cu c quan bo v v kim dch thc vt a phng t chc tiu hy theo quy nh.
7. C quan bo v v kim dch thc vt cp tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung
ng ch tr t chc vic tiu hy, phi hp vi c quan bo v mi trng v cc c
quan lin quan a phng gim st tiu hy.
8. Mi chi ph tiu hy do ch s hu vt tiu hy chu trch nhim chi tr.
9. Trong trng hp thuc v bao b thuc bo v thc vt thuc din phi tiu
hy m khng xc nh ch s hu th y ban Nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc
Trung ng ch o cc ngnh lin quan thc hin tiu hy ng quy nh v trch
ngn sch a phng thc hin vic tiu hy.

171
 Chng VI
NG K, KIM NH, KHO NGHIM
THUC BO V THC VT
iu 23:
T chc, c nhn trong hoc ngoi nc sn xut hot cht hoc nguyn liu
thuc bo v thc vt c ng tn ng k hoc y quyn cho mt t chc, c nhn
khc c ng tn ng k s dng sn phm ca mnh ti Vit Nam.
iu 24:
Cc loi thuc bo v thc vt phi ng k s dng Vit Nam:
1. Thuc cha c tn hot cht trong danh mc thuc bo v thc vt c php
s dng Vit Nam;
2. Thuc c tn trong danh mc thuc bo v thc vt c php s dng
nhng mang tn thng phm khc, thay i phm vi s dng, dng thuc, hm lng
hot cht hoc hn hp vi nhau thnh thuc mi.
iu 25:
Thuc bo v thc vt c ngun gc thc vt, ng vt, vi sinh vt v cc ch
phm sinh hc t gy c hi theo phn loi ca T chc y t th gii (WHO) hoc cc
t chc quc t khc th c u tin lm th tc ng k theo quy nh ca B Nng
nghip v Pht trin nng thn.
iu 26:
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn quy nh:
1. iu kin, th tc cp giy php kho nghim thuc bo v thc vt mi;
2. iu kin, th tc ng k, cp giy chng nhn ng k thuc bo v thc
vt Vit Nam;
3. Kim nh cht lng, d lng thuc bo v thc vt v kho nghim thuc
bo v thc vt mi ang lm th tc ng k ti Vit Nam.
iu 27:
C quan kim nh, kho nghim thuc bo v thc vt ca B Nng nghip v
Pht trin nng thn tin hnh kim nh cht lng nguyn liu v thnh phm thuc
bo v thc vt xut khu, nhp khu; thnh phm thuc bo v thc vt ti kho,
xng sn xut, gia cng, sang chai, ng gi, bun bn v s dng; kim nh d
lng thuc bo v thc vt trong nng, lm sn, thc phm, mi trng nng nghip;
qun l, t chc thc hin v thc hin kho nghim thuc bo v thc vt mi. C
quan ny c quyn kim tra, ly mu kim nh cht lng v d lng thuc bo
v thc vt theo nh k hoc t xut hoc theo yu cu ca ch hng. Kt qu kim
nh v kho nghim ca c quan ny l c s php l cho vic qun l nh nc v
172
thuc bo v thc vt. C quan kim nh v kho nghim thuc bo v thc vt phi
chu trch nhim v kt qu kim nh v kho nghim ca mnh trc php lut.
iu 28:
T chc, c nhn c cp giy php kho nghim thuc bo v thc vt mi,
giy chng nhn ng k thuc bo v thc vt phi tr l ph theo quy nh ca php
lut.
T chc, c nhn trong nc v ngoi nc phi tun theo quy nh v
vic kim tra, ly mu v phi tr ph theo quy nh ca Nh nc v vic kim nh,
kho nghim thuc bo v thc vt.

173
 Chng VII
CH QUN L, S DNG, D TR THUC BO V THC VT
iu 29:
Vic lp d tr thuc bo v thc vt, ch qun l, s dng d tr quc gia
v thuc bo v thc vt Trung ng c quy nh nh sau:
1. B K hoch v u t ch tr, phi hp vi B Nng nghip v Pht trin
nng thn v B Ti chnh lp k hoch d tr quc gia hng nm v thuc bo v
thc vt v trnh th tng chnh ph ph duyt.
2. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn qun l d tr quc gia v thuc
bo v thc vt;
3. Trong trng hp c thin tai, sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt pht sinh
thnh dch trn din rng, gy hi nghim trng,vt qu kh nng phng tr ca a
phng th Ch tch y ban Nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng v B
trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn trnh Th tng Chnh ph cho php
s dng d tr quc gia. S lng v phng thc xut d tr quc gia v thuc bo
v thc vt do Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh cho tng trng hp c th.
iu 30:
Vic lp d tr a phng v thuc bo v thc vt, ch qun l, phng
thc s dng d tr v thuc bo v thc vt cp tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung
ng quy nh theo hng dn ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v B Ti
chnh.

174
 TI LIU THAM KHO

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