Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Waste Management: Zezhou Wu, Ann T.W. Yu, Liyin Shen
Waste Management: Zezhou Wu, Ann T.W. Yu, Liyin Shen
Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The abundant generation of construction and demolition (C&D) waste presents a significant challenge to
Received 29 April 2016 the sustainable development of the construction industry in Mainland China. As the implementer of con-
Revised 5 August 2016 struction activities, the contractors C&D waste management performance plays an important role in C&D
Accepted 1 September 2016
waste minimization. This paper aims to investigate the determinants of the contractors C&D waste man-
Available online xxxx
agement behavior in Mainland China. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was selected as the basis of
the theoretical model. In addition, three contextual constructs (i.e., economic viability, governmental
Keywords:
supervision, and project constraints) were introduced, formulating the initial model. Based on the initial
Construction and demolition waste
management
model, eight constructs were identified and seven hypotheses were proposed. A questionnaire survey
Determinant was conducted to collect data and a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis was employed to test
Intention the proposed hypotheses. Results showed that the C&D waste management intention is not a significant
Behavior determinant of contractors C&D waste management behavior. The most important determinant is eco-
nomic viability, followed by governmental supervision as the second most important determinant.
Nevertheless, the construct of project constraints is an insignificant determinant for contractors adoption
of C&D waste management behavior. The research findings imply that, in Mainland China, the govern-
ment, at this stage, plays an important role in guiding and promoting the contractor to exhibit better
C&D waste management behavior.
2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1. Introduction treatment. Dahln and Lagerkvist (2010) claimed that wastes can
be viewed as resources in the wrong place. Existing studies have
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste refers to the aban- shown that effective C&D waste management can bring economic
doned substances generated in the building and infrastructure benefits to the construction project stakeholders (Coelho and de
activities of construction, renovation, and demolition (HKEPD, Brito, 2013; Zhao et al., 2010). To give a holistic picture, Lu and
2013; USEPA, 2013). According to the chemical characteristics, Yuan (2011) divided C&D waste management practices into hard
the materials involved in C&D waste can be divided into the cate- technical measures and soft managerial measures. The hard tech-
gories of inert materials and non-inert materials. The inert materi- nical measures refer to the environmentally friendly construction
als (e.g., concrete, bricks, sub-soil) are the components that hardly technologies, such as prefabrication, steel framework, recycled
participate in chemical reactions under common circumstances. aggregates, etc. The soft managerial measures comprise regional
The non-inert materials are readily involved in chemical reactions, economic instruments such as waste disposal charging scheme
such as rebar, and wood. As a by-product of construction activities, and on-site management measures (i.e., on-site sorting).
C&D waste is unavoidably produced and improper treatment can Echoing with these academic studies, C&D waste management
create negative environmental impacts. measures are also recommended in industrial guidelines. For
The generation of C&D waste, however, can be minimized instance, C&D waste management performance is a crucial assess-
through effective management. In addition, C&D waste has a great ment component within green building rating systems. In terms of
possibility for producing useful resources after appropriate the green building rating systems in the US, UK and China, the
weight of C&D waste management is 10%, 8.16% and 11.84%,
Corresponding author. respectively (Wu et al., 2016). Effective C&D waste management
E-mail address: bsannyu@polyu.edu.hk (A.T.W. Yu). is also considered to be essential for achieving the visions of
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
0956-053X/ 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
2 Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx
landfill space conservation, environmental impact reduction, job attitude and behavior towards C&D waste management have been
opportunity creation, and project expense reduction (USEPA, investigated worldwide. In the existing studies, there is a common
2013). It is of importance, therefore, to urge construction stake- assumption that the contractors C&D waste management attitude
holders to promote and implement effective C&D waste is equal to the actual C&D waste management behavior. However,
management. according to the attitude and behavior theories, it is inappropriate
In construction projects, there are a number of key elements to assume an attitude towards behavior simply determines the
involved, such as manpower (human beings), machines, materials final behavior.
and money. The most important element is considered to be the
human beings who participate in direct construction activities 2.2. Theory of Planned Behavior
(Wu et al., 2011). This is because human beings are the only ones
able to connect all the other resources together so as to achieve the In the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), there are three main
final project objectives. However, in the current circumstance, predictors towards a particular behavior. They are (1) attitude
though C&D waste management regulations have been set and towards behavior (i.e., favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the
mature technologies have been developed, C&D waste manage- behavior), (2) subjective norm (i.e., the perception of the expecta-
ment practice on real-life projects is regarded as inadequate tions of relevant others), and (3) perceived behavioral control (i.e.,
(Ajayi et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2015). It is, therefore, necessary to perceived own capability to successfully exhibit the behavior). The
investigate the determinants which can promote the adoption of TPB framework is illustrated in Fig. 1.
C&D waste management measures. In the presented framework, it can be seen that an individuals
This paper aims to investigate the determinants of contractors behavior is directly affected by his/her behavioral intention. The
C&D waste management behavior in Mainland China. Mainland behavioral intention is directly affected by his/her attitude, subjec-
China is focused in this study because it contains the most tive norm, and perceived behavioral control. The more positive the
dramatic and the largest construction market in the world. personal attitude, the more support from relevant persons, and the
Construction spending in Mainland China reached almost US $1.8 more perceived the autonomic control, the more possible that the
trillion in 2013 (Sito, 2014). It was estimated that the C&D waste individual has corresponding behavioral intention and the actual
generation was about 1.13 billion tons in 2014 (Lu et al., 2016). behavior. The TPB has got successful applications in many research
Despite the enormous amount of C&D waste, the corresponding fields, such as internet purchasing (George, 2004), green hotel
management is not mature at present (Lu and Yuan, 2010). Since choice (Han et al., 2010), doing physical exercise (Carmen Neipp
the contractor is the direct C&D waste producer and waste et al., 2015). However, Ajzen (1991) admitted that the actual
management implementer on real projects, this research study behavioral control was more important than the perceived behav-
selected the contractor rather than other stakeholders as ioral control, because the actual control contains the feasibility of
fundamental in this investigation. opportunities and resources which is the prerequisite of perform-
ing behavior. The actual control is different from the perceived
behavioral control because the individuals perceived behavior
2. Literature review
cannot be exact. For example, a student has a large extent of con-
trolling himself to attend a class; however, his actual behavior may
This section presents the existing studies on contractors atti-
be affected by unanticipated accidents (e.g., snowstorm or traffic
tude and behavior towards C&D waste management. The Theory
accident). In such situation, the particular behavior cannot be exe-
of Planned Behavior is introduced subsequently. Based on the liter-
cuted even though the individual has strong perceived behavioral
ature review, the research gap and innovation of this research are
control. To solve this problem, contextual constructs were sug-
clarified at the end of this section.
gested to be added based on the basic TPB model (Chu and Chiu,
2003; Guagnano et al., 1995).
2.1. Attitude and behavior research on C&D waste management
2.3. Research gap and innovation in this study
The research on investigating construction stakeholders atti-
tudes and behavior towards C&D waste management has been From the above literature review, it can be identified that there
conducted in existing studies. Lingard et al. (2000) found that the is a research gap that the contractors C&D waste management
managerial staff in a large Australian contracting organization behavior has not been investigated based on the attitude and
had a less positive perception of the waste management climate behavior theories. The objective of this study is to investigate the
than the site workers. The managerial staff regarded cost, time determinants of C&D waste management behavior based on a
and quality objectives are more important than potential environ- mature attitude and behavior theory (i.e., TPB). The innovation
mental issues. In Malaysia, Begum et al. (2009) investigated the of this study is that contextual constructs (i.e., governmental
factors affecting contractors attitude and behavior regarding
waste management and found that a positive attitude towards
waste management can lead to satisfactory behavior. Echoing with Attitude towards
Begum et al. (2009), Al-Sari et al. (2012) examined how the local behavior
contractor waste management attitude and behavior is influenced
in the occupied Palestinian territory. The authors observed that in
the absence of a regulatory framework, the C&D waste manage-
ment behavior of the local contractors was mostly driven by direct Behavioral
Subjective norm Behavior
economic considerations. In Europe, the influencing factors of C&D intention
waste management behavior were investigated as well. For exam-
ple, Calvo et al. (2014) tested the influence of governmental poli-
cies (i.e., economic incentives and penalties) in recycling of C&D
Perceived
waste aggregates in Spain. Sun et al. (2015) investigated the waste behavioral control
management practices and opinions of small builders in the UK.
From the literature review, it can be seen that the contractors Fig. 1. Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985).
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx 3
Hypothesis Description
3. Research methodology H1 Attitude towards behavior has a direct positive effect on the
behavioral intention
H2 Social norm has a direct positive effect on the behavioral
This section introduces the research methodology used in this
intention
study. The development of the preliminary theoretical model is H3 Perceived behavioral control has a direct positive effect on the
firstly presented; this is followed by the explanation of data collec- behavioral intention
tion process. The data analysis procedures are also introduced at H4 Behavioral intention has a direct positive effect on the behavior
the end of this section. H5 Governmental supervision has a direct positive effect on the
behavior
H6 Economic viability has a direct positive effect on the behavior
3.1. The theoretical model H7 Project constraints have a direct negative effect on the behavior
Perceived behavioral
Project constraints
control
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
4 Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx
implemented by inviting the respondents to distribute the ques- and improve the goodness-of-fit of the structural model; modifica-
tionnaire to their colleagues. The snowball sampling was employed tion indices can be used to improve the structural model. Once the
because it enables the investigators to obtain a comparatively large optimized model is derived, the significant influencing factors and
number of completed questionnaires more quickly and economi- the regression weights can be determined.
cally (Sambasivan and Soon, 2007). From these two channels, a In this study, individual telephone interviews were further con-
total of 262 responses were collected. A filtering process was then ducted to validate the derived results from the SEM analysis. Five
conducted in order to guarantee the quality of the responses. The experienced professionals who have participated in the question-
questionnaires with blank answer(s) and conflicting reverse ques- naire survey were invited. These interviewees were invited
tion responses were filtered out. After the filtering process, 207 because they all had more than five years C&D waste management
responses were left, representing 79% of the total responses. experiences and provided their contact information during the
questionnaire survey.
3.3. Data analysis process
4. Results and discussions
The collected data were analyzed using Structural Equation
Modeling (SEM) with the software of AMOS 20. A structural equa- This section presents the statistical analysis and the results
tion model generally involves a measurement model and a struc- derived from the collected data. Discussions are further made
tural model. Observed variables are used to measure latent based on the derived results.
variables in the measurement model, and the relationships
between latent variables are tested in the structural model. 4.1. Descriptive statistics
Before testing the structural model, it is essential to conduct
confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the validity of the mea- Information of the 207 respondents is shown in Table 2.
surement models (Hair et al., 2006). Observed variables may be Respondents engaging in cost control and project management
deleted during this procedure. After the CFA, the next step is to test were the two main components, representing 60% of the total.
Table 2
Personal background information of the respondents.
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx 5
Male respondents were more than female respondents, represent- worth more than 50 million RMB. One third of the respondents
ing 74.4%. Nearly 80% of the respondents had a bachelor degree were working in projects employing more than 200 staff.
and 4.8% of the respondents had a master degree or above. A total
of 88.4% of the respondents worked in a high ranking company, 4.2. Confirmatory factor analysis
44.9% for a premium contractor and 43.5% for companies ranked
1. Most respondents were working in residential, public and com- During the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the observed
mercial projects, accounting for 43%, 21.5% and 14.5% respectively. variables with factor loadings less than 0.5 were deleted for the
Around three-quarter of the respondents were working in projects subsequent multiple regression analysis. Through the CFA, the
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
6 Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx
observed variables of SN6, PC5 were deleted because their corre- constructs in the model; each latent variable has several observed
sponding factor loadings were 0.47 and 0.44 respectively. The variables to measure. The initial hypotheses underlying this model
CFA for all of the constructs was employed after deleting SN6 are shown Table 1. A normality assessment was conducted prior to
and PC5, as shown in Fig. 3. The estimation method used in the modeling. The results showed that the absolute values of skewness
CFA was maximum likelihood. Correlations have been made coefficient were lower than 2 and the absolute values of the kurto-
between the errors of the observed variables as the modification sis were lower than 7, thus maximum likelihood can be used as the
indices suggested. It can be seen that there were a total of 34 estimation method in this study (Hair et al., 2006).
observed variables in the measurement model. The number of dis- The initial model analysis results are shown in Tables 4 and 5.
tinct sample moments was 595 and the number of distinct param- From Table 4, it can be seen that some paths exist with insignifi-
eters to be estimated was 99. The degrees of freedom of the default cant p-values. Table 5 indicates that the initial model does not fit
model, therefore, was 496 (i.e., 59599), which means the model is the data very well. Thus it is necessary to modify the initial model.
identifiable. All of the factor loadings are higher than 0.5, thus no The modification indices of regression weights are presented in
observed variable needs to be deleted. The goodness-of-fit indices Table 6. It can be seen that there are no significant suggestions for
of the full measurement model are shown in Table 3. From Table 3, adding a new path between the latent variables. In order to modify
most of the goodness-of-fit indices satisfy their corresponding the initial model, the insignificant paths need to be deleted.
acceptable requirements. According to Table 4 and the theoretical assumptions, the con-
struct of PBC was deleted to formulate a new model because the
path from PBC to BI is not significant, with a p-value of 0.668. This
4.3. Multiple regression analysis
means H3 is rejected, i.e., perceived behavioral control cannot have
a direct positive effect on the behavioral intention.
Following the confirmatory factor analysis, the preliminary
After similar modeling procedures, the paths BI ? B, PC ? B
structural model was derived, as shown in Fig. 4. There are eight
were deleted and the modified structural model was derived, as
shown in Fig. 5. The results of the final model analysis are shown
Table 3 in Tables 7 and 8. From Table 7, it can be seen that the two paths
Goodness-of-fit of the initial measurement model. from GS and EV to B are significant at the levels 0.05 and 0.001
Goodness-of-fit measure Level of acceptance fit Fit statistics
respectively. From Table 8, the goodness-of-fit indices indicate that
the final model fits the data very well. Therefore, it can be con-
Absolute fit v2/df <5 acceptable; <3 good 1.571
cluded that there are two main determinants affecting the extent
GFI >0.8 acceptable; >0.9 good 0.835
AGFI >0.8 acceptable; >0.9 good 0.802 to which the contractor will conduct C&D waste management,
RMSEA <0.1 acceptable; <0.08 good 0.053 namely governmental supervision (GS) and economic viability
Incremental fit NFI >0.9 0.801 (EV). The relationships between these two determinants and the
RFI >0.9 0.775 C&D waste management behavior are shown in Fig. 5. The path
IFI >0.9 0.917 weight from construct GS to B is 0.19, which means that when gov-
TLI >0.9 0.905
ernmental supervision goes up by 1 standard deviation, C&D waste
CFI >0.9 0.916
management behavior goes up by 0.19 standard deviations.
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx 7
Table 4
Regression weights in the initial model.
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
8 Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx
Table 6
Modification indices of regression weights initial model.
to move C&D waste from the site and dispose of it at appointed practice because the government does not exercise supervision of
locations. Generally, they would follow the related regulation such an activity. It is suggested, therefore, that the government
requirements. However, as the majority of the produced C&D can promote more detailed specifications for C&D waste
waste is soil, they usually sell it to companies operating soil trades. management and impose strict supervision on the C&D waste
Because cities are currently experiencing fast urbanization and management behavior.
there are many active construction sites in any particular city, Together with governmental supervision, the interviewees
there are demands from some sites for soil to level the ground. agreed that economic viability is a significant influencing factor
In this circumstance, soil is sold to companies in the soil trades when making C&D waste management decisions. One interviewee
rather than delivering it to governmental appointed discharging even stressed that if violating regulations is the most profitable
locations. In many cases, contractors may use the soil themselves choice to take, there is a large possibility that they will take that
at their own sites. Two interviewees mentioned that they rarely choice, especially when they regard the consequences will not be
send C&D waste to landfills or public disposal places. They dealt severe. The example presented in the last paragraph is also evi-
with C&D waste with little recycling value by burying it at the con- dence supporting this statement. All five interviewees mentioned
struction site and building public areas (e.g., community park) at that making profit is their first priority. This is echoed by research
the burying places. They admitted that such actions may cause conducted by Wu et al. (2016) which indicated that project
soil pollution and other problems (e.g., ground settlement). decision-makers often choose economic benefit rather than
Nevertheless, they said it is a very common phenomenon in environmental protection due to the companys benefit-earning
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx 9
Table 7
Regression weights in the final model.
Table 8 constraints are not usually a significant factor affecting the adop-
Goodness-of-fit of the final model. tion of C&D waste management measures in Mainland China.
These interviews validated the SEM analysis results. From the
Goodness-of-fit measure Level of acceptance fit Fit statistics
SEM and interview results, it can be concluded that the govern-
Absolute fit v /df
2
<5 acceptable; <3 good 2.160
ment plays a very important role in promoting contractors C&D
GFI >0.8 acceptable; >0.9 good 0.919
AGFI >0.8 acceptable; >0.9 good 0.876 waste management behavior. Strict supervision and proper eco-
RMSEA <0.1 acceptable; <0.08 good 0.075 nomic incentives are the most effective measures encouraging con-
Incremental fit NFI >0.9 0.909 tractors to employ C&D waste management.
RFI >0.9 0.882
IFI >0.9 0.949
5. Conclusions
TLI >0.9 0.933
CFI >0.9 0.948
The contractor plays an important role in C&D waste minimiza-
tion. Effective C&D waste management measures have been
culture. It is suggested, therefore, that the government must either reported in the existing literature. The implementation of these
provide attractive incentives to stimulate the contractor to employ waste minimization measures, however, is inadequate in Mainland
proper C&D waste management or increase the punishment of China. A theoretical model was initially established based on The-
companies which violate regulations. Of course, the prerequisite ory of Planned Behavior in this study. The Structural Equation
of the latter measure is a good supervisory mechanism. Modeling was employed as the analysis method. The results
The insignificance of project constraints in influencing C&D showed that whether a contractor adopts an effective waste mini-
waste management decisions is also confirmed from the inter- mization policy is not related to the possibly good intentions. In
views. The interviewees clarified that C&D waste management is addition, project constraints are not important when the contrac-
only one aspect of concern in a project. Actually, C&D waste man- tor making C&D waste management decisions. Economic viability
agement is not very expensive compared with other expenses, and and governmental supervision, however, are the two significant
the C&D waste management measures regularly employed do not factors influencing the contractor to make C&D waste minimiza-
involve advanced technologies. The main problem encountered tion decisions, sharing weights of 0.40 and 0.19 respectively.
might be the lack of storage area for sorting the C&D waste. Therefore, in order to guide the contractor towards better imple-
However, as the current projects are generally very large, there mentation of C&D waste management measures, increasing con-
are usually several development phases in a real estate project tractors profits and enhancement of governmental supervision
and it is not too difficult to solve the space problem. Thus project are two effective measures.
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
10 Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx
There are some limitations in this study. Firstly, the sample Appendix A (continued)
size of the SEM analysis is not ideally adequate. The sample size
Construct Measurement scales
used in this study is 207, just satisfies the minimum requirement
of employing structural equation modeling. Secondly, the region Governmental The government has complete and clear
of the respondents should be narrower. Different cities in supervision regulations on C&D waste management
Mainland China may have different C&D waste management The government has particular
requirements, thus the responses from the respondents may department(s) for C&D waste
differ significantly. Therefore, future improvement is recom- management
mended to implement such research in a more specific region The government has a comprehensive
with a larger sample size. supervision system for C&D waste
management
Acknowledgments The government imposes strict
punishment to illegal C&D waste
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to dumping
Prof. Michael Anson for his careful proofreading of this paper.
Economic On-site C&D waste management can
viability reduce construction cost
Appendix A. Measurement scales in the formal questionnaire Decreasing C&D waste can save
construction cost
Effective C&D waste management can
Construct Measurement scales bring benefits to the company
The current fee for discharging C&D waste
Attitude towards Effective C&D waste management can
is high
behavior improve the environmental quality
The government has attractive policies to
Effective C&D waste management can
encourage minimizing C&D waste
promote the sustainability development
of the society Project The project has enough workers for
Effective C&D waste management can constraints effective C&D waste management
improve the companys brand benefit The project has enough money for
Effective C&D waste management can effective C&D waste management
improve the social image of the project The project has enough time for effective
Effective C&D waste management is C&D waste management
worthy to be advocated The project has enough space for effective
C&D waste management
Subjective norm My project manager expects me to
The project has enough equipment for
employ effective C&D waste management
effective C&D waste management
My colleagues expect me to employ
The current C&D waste recycling market
effective C&D waste management
is mature
My family and friends expect me to
employ effective C&D waste management Behavior I used to minimize C&D waste through
My project owner expects me to employ appropriate on-site management
effective C&D waste management I used to minimize C&D waste through
The potential customers expect me to appropriate material procurement
employ effective C&D waste management I used to minimize C&D waste through
The local government expects me to advanced construction technologies
employ effective C&D waste management I used to minimize C&D waste through
on-site sorting
Perceived I have adequate opportunities to employ
I used to directly reuse C&D waste in my
behavioral effective C&D waste management
project
control I have adequate supports to employ
I used to recycle C&D waste in my project
effective C&D waste management
I used to minimize C&D waste through
I have adequate time to employ effective
other measures in my project
C&D waste management
I have adequate space to employ effective
C&D waste management
I have adequate experiences to employ References
effective C&D waste management
Ajayi, S.O., Oyedele, L.O., Bilal, M., Akinade, O.O., Alaka, H.A., Owolabi, H.A., Kadiri, K.
Behavioral I intend to take actions to avoid C&D O., 2015. Waste effectiveness of the construction industry: understanding the
intention waste generation impediments and requisites for improvements. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 102,
101112.
I intend to take actions to reuse or recycle
Ajzen, I., 1985. From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. In: Kuhl, J.,
C&D waste Beckmann, J. (Eds.), Action Control. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1139.
I intend to see the inappropriate dumping of Ajzen, I., 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.
C&D waste 50 (2), 179211.
Al-Sari, M.I., Al-Khatib, I.A., Avraamides, M., Fatta-Kassinos, D., 2012. A study on the
I intend to attend trainings on C&D waste attitudes and behavioural influence of construction waste management in
minimization occupied Palestinian territory. Waste Manage. Res. 30 (2), 122136.
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001
Z. Wu et al. / Waste Management xxx (2016) xxxxxx 11
Begum, R.A., Siwar, C., Pereira, J.J., Jaafar, A.H., 2009. Attitude and behavioral factors Lu, W., Chen, X., Peng, Y., Shen, L., 2015. Benchmarking construction waste
in waste management in the construction industry of Malaysia. Resour. management performance using big data. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 105 (Part A),
Conserv. Recycl. 53 (6), 321328. 4958.
Calvo, N., Varela-Candamio, L., Novo-Corti, I., 2014. A dynamic model for Lu, W., Webster, C., Peng, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, X., 2016. Estimating and calibrating
construction and demolition (C&D) waste management in Spain: driving the amount of building-related construction and demolition waste in urban
policies based on economic incentives and tax penalties. Sustainability 6 (1), China. Int. J. Constr. Manage. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.15622016.
416. 11166548.
Carmen Neipp, M., Jose Quiles, M., Leon, E., Tirado, S., Rodriguez-Marin, J., 2015. Lu, W.S., Yuan, H.P., 2010. Exploring critical success factors for waste management
Applying the theory of planned behavior: which factors influence on doing in construction projects of China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 55 (2), 201208.
physical exercise? Aten. Primaria 47 (5), 287293. Lu, W.S., Yuan, H.P., 2011. A framework for understanding waste management
Chu, P.-Y., Chiu, J.-F., 2003. Factors influencing household waste recycling behavior: studies in construction. Waste Manage. 31 (6), 12521260.
test of an integrated Model1. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 33 (3), 604626. Pakpour, A.H., Zeidi, I.M., Emamjomeh, M.M., Asefzadeh, S., Pearson, H., 2014.
Coelho, A., de Brito, J., 2013. Economic viability analysis of a construction and Household waste behaviours among a community sample in Iran: an
demolition waste recycling plant in Portugal - Part I: location, materials, application of the theory of planned behaviour. Waste Manage. 34 (6), 980986.
technology and economic analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 39, 338352. Quested, T.E., Marsh, E., Stunell, D., Parry, A.D., 2013. Spaghetti soup: the complex
Dahln, L., Lagerkvist, A., 2010. Pay as you throw: strengths and weaknesses of world of food waste behaviours. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 79, 4351.
weight-based billing in household waste collection systems in Sweden. Waste Sambasivan, M., Soon, Y.W., 2007. Causes and effects of delays in Malaysian
Manage. 30 (1), 2331. construction industry. Int. J. Project Manage. 25 (5), 517526.
Ding, Z., Yi, G., Tam, V.W.Y., Huang, T., 2016. A system dynamics-based Sito, P., 2014. China to Lead Growth in Construction Spending in Asia <http://www.
environmental performance simulation of construction waste reduction scmp.com/property/international/article/1494304/china-lead-growth-
management in China. Waste Manage. 51, 130141. construction-spending-asia> (24 August 2014).
George, J.F., 2004. The theory of planned behavior and Internet purchasing. Internet Sun, M., Geelhoed, E., Caleb-Solly, P., Morrell, A., 2015. Knowledge and attitudes
Res. 14 (3), 198212. of small builders toward sustainable homes in the UK. J. Green Build. 10 (2),
Guagnano, G.A., Stern, P.C., Dietz, T., 1995. Influences on attitude-behavior 215233.
relationships a natural experiment with curbside recycling. Environ. Behav. USEPA, 2013. Construction & Demolition Materials <http://www.epa.gov/osw/
27 (5), 699718. nonhaz/industrial/cd/index.htm> (19 August 2013).
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., 2006. Multivariate Wu, Z., Shen, L., Yu, A.T.W., Zhang, X., 2016. A comparative analysis of waste
Data Analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. management requirements between five green building rating systems for new
Han, H., Hsu, L.-T.J., Sheu, C., 2010. Application of the theory of planned behavior to residential buildings. J. Clean. Prod. 112 (Part 1), 895902.
green hotel choice: testing the effect of environmental friendly activities. Tour. Wu, Z., Xiang, R., Liu, G., 2011. Minimization management of construction and
Manage. 31 (3), 325334. demolition waste under systemic view. Constr. Econo. 2, 101104.
Hao, J.L., Hills, M.J., Tam, V.W.Y., 2008. The effectiveness of Hong Kongs Wu, Z., Yu, A.T.W., Wei, Y., 2015. Predicting Contractors Behavior Toward
Construction Waste Disposal Charging Scheme. Waste Manage. Res. 26 (6), Construction and Demolition Waste Management. In: Proceedings of the 19th
553558. International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and
HKEPD, 2013. Construction waste <http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/cdm/ Real Estate. Springer, pp. 869875.
introduction.htm#> (8 December 2013). Zhao, W., Leeftink, R.B., Rotter, V.S., 2010. Evaluation of the economic feasibility for
Lingard, H., Graham, P., Smithers, G., 2000. Employee perceptions of the solid waste the recycling of construction and demolition waste in China-the case of
management system operating in a large Australian contracting organization: Chongqing. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54 (6), 377389.
implications for company policy implementation. Constr. Manage. Econo. 18
(4), 383393.
Please cite this article in press as: Wu, Z., et al. Investigating the determinants of contractors construction and demolition waste management behavior in
Mainland China. Waste Management (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.001