sin

an = , + n, n Z
cos 2
cos
cot = , + n, n Z
sin
tan cot = 1
1
sec = , + n, n Z
cos 2
1
cosec = , + n, n Z
sin

Pythagorean identity

sin2 + cos2 = 1
1
1 + tan2 =
cos2
1
1 + cot2 =
sin2

Sum-Difference Formulas

sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin

sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin
cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin
tan + tan
tan( + ) =
1 tan tan
tan tan
tan( ) =
1 + tan tan
cot cot - 1
cot( + ) =
cot + cot
cot cot + 1
cot( - ) =
cot - cot

Double angle formulas

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

cos 2 = cos2 - sin2
2 tan
tan 2 =
1 - tan2
cot2 - 1
cot 2 =
2 cot

Triple angle formulas

sin 3 = 3 sin - 4 sin3

cos 3 = 4 cos3 - 3 cos
3 tan - tan3
tan 3 =
1 - 3 tan2
3 cot - cot3
cot 3 =
1 - 3 cot2

Power-reduction formula
 1 - cos 2
sin2 =
2
1 + cos 2
cos2 =
2
3 sin - sin 3
sin3 =
4
3 cos + cos 3
cos3 =
4

Sum (difference) to product formulas

+ -
sin + sin = 2 sin cos
2 2
- +
sin - sin = 2 sin cos
2 2
+ -
cos + cos = 2 cos cos
2 2
+ -
cos - cos = -2 sin sin
2 2
sin( + )
tan + sin =
cos cos
sin( - )
tan - sin =
cos cos
sin( + )
cot + sin =
sin sin
sin( - )
cot - sin =
sin sin
a sin + b cos = r sin ( + ),

b b
where r2 = a2 + b2, sin = , tan =
r a

Product to sum (difference) formulas

1
sin sin = (cos( - ) - cos( + ))
2
1
sin cos = (sin( + ) + sin( - ))
2
1
cos cos = (cos( + ) + cos( - ))
2

Tangent half-angle substitution

2 tan (/2)
sin =
1 + tan2 (/2)
1 - tan2 (/2)
cos =
1 + tan2 (/2)
2 tan (/2)
tan =
1 - tan2 (/2)
1 - tan2 (/2)
cot =
2 tan (/2)