INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY SECTION

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA

COURSE CODE: EDIT 807: PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN EDUCATION

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION:

TRACE THE HITORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY FROM THE

STONE AGE PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME

PRESENTED BY

GROUP: B

S/N NAME REG. NUMBERS

1.
FAYOMI JOSEPH AJAYI P16EDFC8080
2.
BELLO LAWAL P16EDFC8082
3.
UMAR FARUQ YOLA P16EDFC8083

COURSE LECTURER:

DR. SULAIMAN ZUBAIRU

APRIL, 2017

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ABSTRACT

This paper examines the timeline of the history of photograph from the time of Aristotle till
date. The history of photograph can be linked to the evolution of the camera. Camera and
photography are inseparable because photograph is the output from camera. The earliest type
of camera is the camera obscura which is similar to the pin whole camera. The developments
in the camera technology which brought about a change in the quality of photographs.

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INTRODUCTION

Photography is the creation of durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic

radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-

sensitive material such as photographic film (Spencer 1973). The history of photograph can be

linked to the evolution of the camera. Camera and photography are inseparable because

photograph is the output from camera. The earliest type of camera is the camera obscura which

is similar to the pin hole camera.

TIMELINE OF THE HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAHY

According to Helmut Gernsheim, the timeline of the history of photography can be traced as

follow

350 BC: The Greek philosopher Aristotle in his Problemata describes how he saw the crescent

shape of the partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes of a strainer and

the gaps between the leaves of a plane tree. He also noticed that the smaller the hole, the

sharper the image. His description of this device is the earliest known written evidence of a

camera obscura.

965-1039 AD: The first scientific description of the camera obscura was by the Arabian

scientist, astronomer and mathematician, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen). It may be assumed that

knowledge of the camera obscura effect was widespread amongst Arab scholars, who preserved

Aristotelian learning throughout the Dark ages in Europe.

1797: Leonardo da Vinci was interested in the camera obscura, and proof of his experiments

appears in several of his notebooks published in 1797, almost three hundred years after his

death. He spent a considerable amount of time trying to understand human eyesight, and

regarded the camera obscura as an artificial eye.

1798: The first fixed attempts to fix the image of the camera obscura by chemical means were

made by French brothers, Joseph- Nicephore and Claude Niepce.

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1802: Thomas Wedgwoods attempts at photography were published in the Journal of the Royal

Institution. Although he failed to do so, Wedgwoods main objective was to fix the images of

the camera obscura on silver nitrate. His experiments demonstrated the possibility of

photography and were a crucial step forward towards its invention.

1826: The first successful photograph was taken by Nicephore Niepce on a pewter plate, using

his professionally- made camera supplied by the Parisian optician Charles Chevalier. It shows

the view from Niepces workroom window.

1829: Niepce signed a partnership agreement with Louis- Jacques- Mande Daguerre, for the

purpose of perfecting Heliography (a photographic process).

1837: After Niepces death Daguerre continued to work alone and succeeded in creating the

first practical photographic process. This was a way of fixing

1839: Seen as the official birthday of photography, Deputy Francois Arago (French

Government) announced details of the first practical method of photography at a joint

meeting of the Academies des Sciences and Beaux Arts at the Institut de France.

1839: First photographic camera went on sale to the public through a London based optician,

Francis West, for Photogenic Drawing.

1841: British William Fox Talbot introduced his photographic process Calotype or Talbotype.

1859: The smallest nineteenth century camera was introduced by T.Morris of Birmingham. It

measured only 1.5x1.5x2 inches, took 3/4 inch pictures suitable for locket portraits or for

enlargement, and was called a miniature camera.

1860: The largest camera made during the nineteenth century was made for Glaswegian

amateur photographer, John Kibble. It was so big that it had to mounted on wheels and drawn

by a horse.

1869: Louis Ducos du Hauron made the greatest contribution to the evolution of colour

photography in the nineteenth century, particularly with the publication of his book Les Coleurs

en Photographie, Solution du Probleme.

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1880 onwards: The amateur photography movement took off. Eastman Company in Rochester,

N.Y., was the first of the great photographic manufacturing companies to cater to the needs and

stimulate demand through advertising: A collection of these pictures may be made to furnish a

pictorial history of life as it is lived by the owner, that will grow more valuable every day that it

passes. This is still what the average user is interested in when pursuing photography.

1900: After many years of experimentation with fixing images on metal, paper, and glass,

photography was introduced on film. By 1900, Kodak were producing 80% - 90% of the

worlds output pictures with a solution of common salt, he called the process.

Wikipedia (2017) further presents what happened from 1900 till date

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1900 1911 Kodak introduces their first Brownie, a very inexpensive user-reloadable point-

and-shoot box camera. Kodak introduces the 120 film format in 1901. In 1902 Arthur Korn

devises practical telephotography technology (reduction of photographic images to signals that

can be transmitted by wire to other locations).Wire-Photos are in wide use in Europe by 1910,

and transmitted to other continents by 1922.

1907 The Autochrome plate is introduced. It becomes the first commercially successful color

photography product.

1908 Kinemacolor, a two-color process known as the first commercial "natural color" system

for movies, is introduced.

1911 Kodak announces a 35 mm "safety" motion picture film on an acetate base as an

alternative to the highly flammable nitrate base. The motion picture industry discontinues its use

after 1911 due to technical imperfections.

1912 Vest Pocket Kodak using 127 film.

1912 Thomas Edison introduces a short-lived 22 mm home motion picture format using

acetate "safety" film manufactured by Kodak

1913 Kodak makes 35 mm panchromatic motion picture film available on a bulk special order

basis.

1914 Kodak introduces the Autographic film system.

1914 The World, the Flesh and the Devil, made in Kinemacolor, is the first dramatic feature

film in color released.

1922 Kodak makes 35 mm panchromatic motion picture film available as a regular stock.

1923 The 16 mm amateur motion picture format is introduced by Kodak. Their Cine-Kodak

camera uses reversal film and all 16 mm is on an acetate (safety) base, Harold Edgerton invents

the xenon flash lamp for strobe photography.

1925 The Leica introduces the 35 mm format to still photography.

1926 Kodak introduces its 35 mm Motion Picture Duplicating Film for duplicate negatives.

Previously, motion picture studios used a second camera alongside the primary camera to create

a duplicate negative.

1932 "Flowers and Trees", the first full-color cartoon, is made in Technicolor by Disney.

1932 Kodak introduces the first 8 mm amateur motion picture film, cameras, and projectors.

1934 The 135 film cartridge is introduced, making 35 mm easy to use for still photography.

1935 Becky Sharp, the first feature film made in the full-color "three-strip" version of

Technicolor, is released.

1935 Introduction of Kodachrome multi-layered color reversal film (16 mm only; 8 mm and

35 mm follow in 1936, sheet film in 1938).

1936 Introduction by IHAGEE of the Ihagee Kine Exakta 1, the first 35 mm SLR (Single

Lens Reflex) camera.

1936 Agfacolor Neu (English: New Agfacolor) color reversal film for home movies and

slides.

1939 Agfacolor negative and positive 35 mm color film stock for professional motion picture

use (not for making paper prints).

1939 The View-Master 3-D viewer and its "reels" of seven small stereoscopic image pairs on

Kodachrome film are introduced.

1942 Kodacolor, the first color film that yields negatives for making chromogenic color prints

on paper. Roll films for snapshot cameras only, 35 mm not available until 1958.

1947 Dennis Gabor invents holography.

1947 Harold Edgerton develops the Rapatronic camera for the U.S. government.

1948 The Hasselblad camera is introduced.

1948 Edwin H. Land introduces the first Polaroid instant camera.

1949 The Contax S camera is introduced, the first 35 mm SLR camera with a pentaprism eye-

level viewfinder.

1952 Bwana Devil, a low-budget polarized 3-D film, premieres in late November and starts a

brief 3-D craze that begins in earnest in 1953 and fades away during 1954.

1954 Leica M Introduced Photograph scanned into a digital computer, 1957

1957 First Asahi Pentax SLR introduced.

1957 First digital computer acquisition of scanned photographs, by Russell Kirsch et al. at the

U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now the NIST).

1959 Nikon F introduced.

1959 AGFA introduces the first fully automatic camera, the Optima.

1963 Kodak introduces the Instamatic.

1964 First Pentax Spotmatic SLR introduced.

1967 First MOS 10 by 10 active pixel array shown by Noble.

1972 Integrated Photomatrix (Noble) demonstrates for 64 by 64 MOS active pixel array

1973 Fairchild Semiconductor releases the first large image forming CCD chip: 100 rows and

100 columns of pixels.

1975 Bryce Bayer of Kodak develops the Bayer filter mosaic pattern for CCD color image

sensors.

1976 Steadicam becomes available.

1986 Kodak scientists invent the world's first megapixel sensor.

1992 - Photo CD created by Kodak.

1993-- The Jet Propulsion Laboratory develops devices using CMOS or active pixel sensors.

1994 Nikon introduces the first optical-stabilized lens.

1995 - "Kodak DC40 and the Apple QuickTake 100 become the first digital cameras marketed

for consumers."
1996 Eastman Kodak, FujiFilm, AgfaPhoto, and Konica introduce the Advanced Photo

System (APS).

1997 - First known publicly shared picture via a cell phone, by Philippe Kahn.

2000 J-SH04 introduced by J-Phone, the first commercially available mobile phone with a

camera that can take and share still pictures.

2005 AgfaPhoto files for bankruptcy. The production of Agfa brand consumer films ends.

2006 Dalsa produces a 111 megapixel CCD sensor, the highest resolution at that time.

2008 Polaroid announces it is discontinuing the production of all instant film products, citing

the rise of digital imaging technology.

2009 Kodak announces the discontinuance of Kodachrome film.

2009 FujiFilm launches world's first digital 3D camera with 3D printing capabilities.

2011 Lytro releases the first pocket-sized consumer light-field camera, capable of refocusing

images after being taken.

CONCLUSION

The invention of the camera is a notable invention in the history of photography. The major

shifts in the history of photography was from the black and white film and paper to the coloured

film and paper. There was also a shift from the analog photograph which was not editable to the

digital photograph which is editable. This was because of the type of camera used i.e. digital

cameras. In the future, photograph is likely to go beyond digital to the reigning technology of

the moment.

REFERENCES

Helmut Gernsheim (N.D) Brief History of the Invention of Photography.

Wikipedia (2017). Photography retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography

Wikipedia (2017). Evolution of the camera

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography#Evolution_of_the_camera
Wikipedia (2017).Timeline of Photography technology.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology

Wikipedia (2017). History of Photography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography