NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY

Department of English Philology and Translation

(Ukraine)
SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
Department of Business Foreign Language
(Russian Federation)
UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA IN KATOWICE
Institute of East Slavonic Philology
(Republic of Poland)

General and Specialist

Translation / Interpretation:
Theory, Methods, Practice

Kyiv
AgrarMedia Group
2017
: 81 25 (063)(081)
107431
296
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, 2017. 468 .
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, 7-8 2017
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General and Specialist Translation / Interpretation: Theory, Methods,
Practice: International Conference Papers. Kyiv: AgrarMedia Group, 2017. 468 p.
The book contains papers presented by the participants of the 10th International
Conference on theory and practice of translation / interpretation at the National
Aviation University (Kyiv, Ukraine) on 7-8 April 2017.

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1. James W. The principles of psychology. New York, Dover, 1950. 2.
The Russian-English Collocational Dictionary of Human Body.
Iordanskaya, Paperno, 1995. 3. . -
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commuting town, it sounded like a great idea. He found the house, a weather-
beaten cardboard bungalow at eighty a month, but at the last minute the firm
ordered him to Washington, and I went out to the country alone. I had a
17
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and a Finnish woman, who made my bed and cooked breakfast and muttered
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. 229-241. 7. Fitzgerald F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. .: -
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 . .: , 1991. 256 . 5. ..,
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22. Entvistle N. Styles of learning and teaching. Chichester, New York,
Brisbane, Toronto: Willey & Sons, 1981. 293 p. 23. Entwistle N.J.
Teaching for Understanding at University. Basingstoke, Hampshire:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 208 . 24. Entwistle N., Ramsden P.
Understanding student learning. London: Croom Helm, 1983. 330p.

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CEN
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shall, should may ,
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27

, 6.1.3, 6.1.4 6.2.1 [1] ,
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1.
CEN


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1. The European foreword shall appear
in each document. It shall not contain .
requirements, recommendations, ,
figures or tables [1, 6.1.3]. ,
.
2. The introduction is a conditional
preliminary element used, if required, ,
to give specific information or ,
commentary about the technical
content of the document, and about
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It shall not contain requirements [1, .
6.1.4] .
3. This element shall not contain ( -
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[2, 14.2], [2, 12.2].
2. ISO


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1. The foreword is an informative
element. It shall not contain .
requirements, permissions or ,
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2. The scope is a normative element.
It shall not contain requirements, .
permissions or recommendations ,
[2, 14.2]. .
CEN [1]
ISO [2],
, , CEN
ISO,
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28
 3.

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1. , [1, 2]
[2]
2. [1, 2]
3. [1, 2],
[2]
, shall,
should may
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CEN (. 4).
4.

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1. used to emphasize that something
will definitely happen, or that you ,
are determined that something
should happen ,
The truth shall make you free. .
I said you could go, and so you ,
shall. [3] .
2. CERTAINLY WILL
used to say that
something certainly will or ,
must happen, or that you
are determined that something ,
will happen
Don't worry, I shall be there to , ,
meet the train. .
You shall go to the ball, , .
Cinderella. [4]
should
3. PROBABLE
used to show when something , ,
is likely or expected
My dry cleaning should be ready
this afternoon. .
You should find this guidebook ,
helpful. [4] .

29
4. EXPECTED THING
used to say that ,
you expect something ,
to happen or be true
It should be a nice day tomorrow. ,
Australia should win this match. .
[3] .
may
5. POSSIBILITY
there is a possibility that it will ,
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shall, should may
5.
5.

/
1. This European Standard shall be
given the status of a national
standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at
the latest by June 2016, and
conflicting national standards shall 2016 ,
be withdrawn at the latest by June
2016. 2016 .
2. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not CEN [/ CENELEC]
be held responsible for identifying
any or all such patent rights. -
.
30
3. The standard should be read in ,
conjunction with CEN/CLC/ETSI
TR 50572 and EN 16314 CEN/CLC/ETSI TR 50572 EN
16314
4. This European Standard can also be
used as a guideline for 1st and 3rd
family gases as classified in EN 437; 1- 3-
however additional considerations EN 437.
should be taken with regard to the ,
different constituents and physical
characteristics of the gas family.
.
5. Users of this European Standard ,
should be aware that more
detailed national standards and/or , -
codes of practice may exist in the CEN
CEN member countries. /
.
6. Attention is drawn to the possibility ,
that some of the elements of this
document may be the subject of
patent rights. .

1. shall, should may,
, .
2. ( )
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31
 shall, should may
H [1] ,
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(, ), .

1. Internal Regulations Part 3 Rules for the structure and drafting of
CEN/CENELEC Publications (ISO/IEC Directives Part 2:2011, modified).
Brussels, 2015 91 p. 2. ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 Principles and rules for
the structure and drafting of ISO and IEC documents. International
Organization for Standardization. Geneva, 2016. 86 p. 3. Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English Online. [ ].
: www.ldoceonline.com. 4. Cambridge Advanced Learner's
Dictionary & Thesaurus. [ ]. :
www.dictionary.cambridge.org.

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33

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34
Binnenwasserstraen der Ukraine bzw. der Gemeinschaft erbringen [7, c. 275]
<> -
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. , Das Ukrainisch-Deutsche
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(- ),
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. die Beilegung von Streitigkeiten zwischen Investor und Staat
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10.02.04 / . , 2002.
: http://cheloveknauka.com/yavlenie-deviatsii-v-leksike-sovremennogo
-nemetskogo-yazyka#ixzz4XLWluWYD. 3. .., ..
: -
/ .. , .. . : ..,
2013. 182 . 4. Assoziierungsabkommen zwischen der Europischen
Union und der Europischen Atomgemeinschaft und ihren Mitgliedstaaten
einerseits und der Ukraine andererseits vom 21. Mrz 2014 und vom 27.
Juni 2014 // Bundesgesetzblatt, Teil II, vom 3. Juni 2015, Bonn (2015); Nr.
15. S. 530-627. 5. [-
]: , ,
,
-, 21 2014 27
2014 // .
: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/984_011. 6. -
: 11 [ ]. :
http://sum.in.ua/s/leghalizacija. 7. ber Partnerschaft und Zusammenarbeit:
Abkommen zwischen den Europischen Gemeinschaften sowie ihren
Mitgliedstaaten einerseits und der Ukraine andererseits vom 14. Juni 1994 //
Bundesgesetzblatt, Teil II, vom 27. Februar 1997, Bonn (1997); Nr. 7. S.
268295. 8. [ ]:

- 14 1994 //
. : http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/
laws/show/998_012. 9. Partnership and cooperation agreement between the
European Communities and their Member States, and Ukraine [Electronic
Source] // Official Journal of the European Union from 19.02.1998; L 49/3.
Available at : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=
CELEX:21998A0219(02)&qid=1445588741771&from=EN.

36

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. 136. 2. . : http://www.malenczuk.art.pl/
dyskografiavinyl.html [: 19.01.2017]. 3. Maciej Maleczuk piewa
Wysockiego: http://muzyka.interia.pl/alternatywa/news-maciej-malenczuk-
spiewa-wysockiego,nId,1651600 [: 19.01.2017]. 4. Oficjalna lista
sprzeday: http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=672&lang= [:
19.01.2017]. 5. , . .. ,
.. , : . Moskwa 2007. . 33.
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dic.nsf/es/96770/%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8C [:
19.01.2017]. 7. Sownik jzyka polskiego, http://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/bladz;
2445065.html [: 19.01.2017].

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Gentlemen,
We hereby certify that the equipment supplied against this Order is in
accordance with description, technical conditions and specifications given
in the above Order and conforms to our highest standards. Should the
equipment prove to be

.
.
Gentlemen:
We saw your womens dresses and suits at the London Fashion Show held

58
in New York on October 17. The lines you showed for teenagers, the Swinger
dresses and trouser suits, would be the most suitable for our market.
Would you kindly send us your quotation for spring and summer clothing
that you could supply to us by the end of January next. We would require 2
000 dresses and suits in each of the sizes 10-14, and 500 in sizes 8 and 16.

, -
-
:
Dear Mr. Bushev,
You probably dont remember me, but I am one of the Canadian
students who visited your classroom last May.
At that time you asked me if I could send you an English Bible, and I
said I would. I was only able to purchase it in September, and it has sat on
my desk ever since.
I apologize for taking so long to fulfill my promise. I hope you will
accept my apologies along with the book. It is the New International version
in modern English. Many Christians in Canada and the United States use it.
May you have many happy hours of reading! It is my most precious
book, and I hope it may be yours as well.
Thank you for your patience.
!
( , - -
)
,

.

, , [3].

[2].

1. .. . , 2000.
-: http://www.fondgp.ru/gp/personalia/1970/6 (
29.02.2012). 2. - ... -
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2005. 5. . .
., 1966.

59

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63

1. Golani, M. If I lived there it would crush me Jerusalem from the
Biographical to the Historical and Back: A Conversation with A.B.
Yehoshua // Journal of Israeli History. 2004. Vol. 23. No. 2. P. 279-
300. 2. ..
(
): . . . / .. . .,
2007. 206 . 3. . .
. .; :
/ , 2008. 512 . 4. .. //
.
. 2012. 2. . 396-405. 5. .
// -
, 2011. 14. URL: rjews.net/zoya-kopelman/articles/Russian-
Presence-Vest-1.doc. 6. . : [] //.
. . .. .: . , 2006.
783 . 7. . (). URL: http://heblit.
bravepages.com/ao/aobr.html. 8. . . ., , 1993.
URL: http://heblit.org/text.php?ge=prose&ac=ao&tc=aoww. 9. ..
: :
. ... ... ., , 2007. 26 . 10. .
: // -
. . 2012. - 2 (114). . 178-191. 11. .
. URL: http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.html

Olga Vasylchenko
Kyiv,Ukraine

Face vs. Table in Translation

In the 1990s, the pre-Internet period in our country, my colleagues and

I did use authentic texts for translation from English into Ukrainian in our
handouts for the students of the faculty of Romance and Germanic
Philology. It wasnt easy to find such texts. Those who were lucky to have
been given the opportunity to go to England as group leaders in Student
Exchange Programs brought home books, newspapers, dictionaries that
they could use in their teaching profession. One of the books was devoted
to the Titanic search and related stories abound in watercraft terminology.
Some terms were semantically simple, familiar, and thus easy to
understand, some, having undergone further word-formation processes, or
those that acquired a collocationally bound meaning claimed more
decision-making efforts in translation. At the time only good reference
64
materials could help; e.g.: ship a good amount of water
; ship before the mast ; ship a new
crew ; it will be shipshape
(shipshape neat and with everything in its correct place);
ship-faced (describes the state of drunkenness only achievable at a Ship
party. Comparable to shit-faced, but to a higher degree) [1] ',
/; boat people , (
), boat shoes , etc.
In 1993 I spent two months in Nottingham working as an interpreter for a
group of Ukrainian businessmen. I was staying with a family named Trout.
Their daughter told me that at school children would fasten a nickname on
her. They called her Fish Face, which was offensive and unfounded. She was
a pretty child, and the word trout didnt possess any negative connotation, I
thought. Schoolkids hardly bother to analyze what they say. By contrast, I
was in a term search frenzy and managed to find lots of phrases with the
word face that set off a negative response: fish face a deformed face or a
face of someone who possesses greediness and disease (in its figurative
meaning ); pizza/zit/crater-face ; butterface ;
frog face ' ; pudding face
, etc. The word trout didnt make my day, either. E.g.:
old trout- ( ).
Some ten years ago the daughter of my English friends added a new
twist to my relationship with the word face. She used to respond to her
parents rhetoric by blurting out Your face. Being an adult now she
comments on that teenage slang phrase as follows: All my peers used it. It
wasnt insulting, it was neutral, it didnt mean anything, just blah-blah-
blah. The question then arises as to how to render it in translation:
, ... , ? This is supported by
the following explanation on the Internet. Cf.: Ever since my teen uttered
this phrase my husband has picked it up. He uses it so much its lost all
meaning. What do you want for dinner? Your face. Huh?
Whats this movie called? Your face. See what I mean? I banned this
phrase long ago, but it hasnt seemed to sink in yet [2]. One thing is clear:
the phrase is used when someone wants to avoid having conversation.
Admitting that the idiom is context sensitive, we may suggest that in the
first situation it should be , , , and the second retort
might be . However, Urban Dictionary defines Your face in a
different way: a phrase that can be added as a prefix or suffix to any insult
as a comeback. Dude: You're ugly. Guy: Your face is ugly. (prefix) Dude:
That's hella stupid. Guy: Not as stupid as your face! (suffix) Dude: That

65
makes no sense. Guy: Your face doesn't make sense! Dude: I'm leaving.
Guy: I'd leave to if I had your face [3].
It appears that the phrase is a way to shut up your opponent in an
argument. Then its translation might be: ! !
! !, etc.
How amazing it was when some words described above combined into one
thingy-thing incomprehensible to the translator. The beloved of all Lost in
translation and Untranslatable in Translation keep standing behind their back.
The UKs new polar research ship Sir David Attenborough is expected
to set sail in 2019. The Internets suggestion of the name of the ship which
took a decisive lead over more conventional names was the RRS (Royal
Research Ship) Boaty McBoatface. The article listed below reads that
the name Boaty McBoatface continues a long history of dry British humor,
befitting the nation of William Shakespeare and Oscar Wilde. Boaty, an
adjective presumably meaning of or like a boat, instantly lets one know
that the vessel is, in fact, a boat. Boatface conjures the absurd image of an
anthropomorphic boat; a hysterical thought because boats, as everyone
knows, do not actually have faces. As for the use of Mc- in the surname: a
possible comment on Scottish Independence, perhaps? Its hard to say; like
all great satire, Boaty McBoatface remains open to interpretation [4].
As is known one cannot help harping on a sore point, I am being a face
bore. Four English native speakers were invited to explain the meaning of
Boaty McBoatface. Two of them think that its just a playful use of
language. The phrase is entirely desemantized as if it were Olggy
McOlgaface; thats how they played a practical joke on me. Another
interviewee said: It's not meant to make sense, someone thought hey if I
make a silly name and it winds they have to name the boat after it. When
asked whether it could as well be, e.g., mcboatleg, he responded: Exactly!
and not even a body name either, mcboatymoonface', etc.. Still face! I
would say you could trace it back to America, a famous person/saying from
film, etc., he added. And finally one more opinion: The format of the
name xxx-mc-xxx-face is just a childish sort of phrase that has probably
been around as a jokey way of insulting someone for some time and was
adapted as a funny name for a ship. You can also come across Shouty
McShoutface, Shooty McShootface and others. The face element probably
derives from a much earlier sort of insult fish face, pudding face, etc.,
which is a direct reference to a persons physiognomy, but can extend to a
general insult such as stupid face. Probably best not to over-analyse it.
Here we go again! Some say the component face possesses no meaning,
others consider it humiliating. One way or another, the name has inspired
other coinages by analogy, e.g., Australian owners have named their
66
racehorse Horsey McHorseface. In the UK, another homage to the boat's
comical baptism rolled in on the front of a train Train McTrainface
reportedly renamed by a UK rail worker to amuse customers traveling from
Portsmouth to London's Waterloo [5]. Thus, nothing offensive, the names
were given for a laugh.
Ive got interested in one of the interviewees suggesting that we trace
the phrase back to a famous person/saying from film, etc. What I managed
is: it was popularized in an episode of Friends (TV Series) where it was
revealed that Ross Geller, a college lecturer and a newly
divorced paleontologist, had given all his students nicknames because he
didn't know their real ones [6]. The following dialogue proves Gellers wits
in nicknaming: Elizabeth: Oh please! It was such a big class! You never
even noticed me! Ross: What? Of course I did! You uh, you sat next to
Sleepy Sleeperson. Elizabeth: Who? Ross: Oh uh, I had trouble
remembering everyones name, so I-I kinda came up with nicknames. Like
the guy on the other side of you was Smelly von Brownshirt. Elizabeth: Oh
yeah. So umm, did you have a nickname for me? Ross: Umm, no. No.
Elizabeth: Yes you did! What was it? Ross: Umm, its Cutie McPretty [7].
In Russian translation the nickname sounded like
, in Ukrainian . Though there is no
mention of the word face here and cutie and pretty are not cognate words,
the name could serve as the origin for further creativity. Some other
explanations could undoubtedly be found in different sources.
Coming back to the UKs new polar research ship referred to above, it
can be noticed that the news about its would-be putting afloat has been
extensively covered by the press. Russian-speaking web users dubbed the ship
, ,
, etc. As the article tells Mc-Boat-Face: the tongue drunkenly stumbling
three steps to fall off the teeth, we offer the similar unpronounceable name
. Unfortunately, no options of translation have been
found in Ukrainian. The reason is that boats are considered female while
male. Yet still we have Ad-Libbed some versions: ,
( ), etc.
I have often heard it said by my colleagues that all attempts to translate
such wit work as xxx-mc-xxx-face, etc. were bound to fail. Some suggest
transcribing or transliterating bynames or leaving them in the form of
exoticisms. Had that been done with all the charactonyms at least in the TV
sitcom Friends, the viewers would never have learned that Sleepy
Sleeperson was , Smelly von Brownshirt (actually
much stronger language was used in the original translation)
, to get a reputation as Professor McNails-his-students
67
 , (
might have added more fun, I think), etc.
What if the frontrunner in the Internet poll Boaty McBoatface had been
accepted by the NERC? Would it have needed translation into multiple
languages? The Agency promised to use the name for one of the ships
remote controlled submersibles. Perhaps in translation she might be called

True lovers of translation have ample opportunities here to demonstrate
their creative endeavor! Bon voyage!

References
1. Ship-faced // Urban Dictionary [ ].
: http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=ship-faced.
2.Cober, Mel E. Teen Slang. An Adults Guide [ ] /
Mel E. Cober. : https://mellylovesorange.com/2013/01/29/
teen-slang-an-adults-guide/. 3. Your face // Urban Dictionary
[ ]. : http://www.urbandictionary.com/
define.php?term=your%20face. 4. Nicol, Will. Boaty McBoatface research
ship will officially be named the RRS Sir David Attenborough [-
] / Will Nicol. : http://www.digitaltrends. com/
web/boaty-mcboatface/. 5. Eastaugh, Sophie. Racehorse named Horsey
McHorseFace because 'hey, why not?' [ ] / Sophie
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lips: Re-evaluating subtitling and dubbing in Europe" Links & Letters 6,
1999, pp.73-85., P.80. 10. Venuti L. The Translator's Invisibility: A History
of Translation. London: Routledge, 2008. 319 ., P. 18. 11. The Power
of Film Translation by Agnieszka Szarkowska [ ].
: http://translationjournal.net/journal/32film.htm.

108

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Council [ ]. URL: www.atlanticcouncil.org. 3. Bloomberg
[ ]. URL: www.bloomberg.com/europe. 4. Washington
Post [ ]. URL: www.washingtonpost.com. 5. The
Guardian [ ]. URL: www.theguardian.com/uk. 6.
[ ]. URL: http://inosmi.ru/. 7. ., .
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20161011/238003063.html. 13. . ,
[ ]. URL: http://inosmi.ru/reg_europe/
20160704/237060304.html.

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122
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123
 Alla Golovnia, Svitlana Shurma
Kyiv, Ukraine

Means of Expressiveness in Film Titles and Their Translation Features

The first thing a viewer comes across while dealing with a film is a title.
It is the reason why the films authors try to select the title that would
coincide with their pragmatic aims best. The titles containing bright and
powerful lexical and stylistic means are potentially more influential for the
audience: a recipient is more inclined to respond to the text which is full
figures of speech [1, p. 224].
One of the tasks while creating a film title is to make it easy to
comprehend, more informative and interesting at the same time. As a rule
one of two ways of a title composing is chosen: creating own new title or
selecting a precedent phenomenon. Every precedent text possesses a unique
system of associations that arises in the consciousness of the native speakers
that is actively used for attention attraction.
The titles created by means of the figures of speech realize their main
function to attract persons attention to the plot of the movie, intrigue and
induce a viewer to get acquainted with it. Thats the reason authors often
use a number of different ways of expressiveness to add expressiveness to
the titles, enhancing its attractive function. Among the analyzed films titles
there were singled out a number of expressive means that were divided into
the following categories:
Graphic means
Various contractions and abbreviations immediately attract viewers
attention. In the majority of the analysed cases graphic means favour
creating youth mood. Thus, for example, in the titles of the films Love &
Friendship ( i a), Elvis & Nixon (i a i) [2] there
is used a special sign ampersand & (and) which is usually used in non-
formal cases to save time as well as to keep a foreign character. Avoiding
ampersand while translating a translator as if domesticates the title
making it closer to the viewer.
One more sign # hashtag is often used in films titles. Hashtag is the
character used to separate the messages by the topics in social nets and
blogs. This sign is more directed to the modern youth audience. Thats why
it is no wonder that the sign is used in the movies titles, i.e., #SelfieParty
(iai) [2]. The title itself suggests that the plot of the movie is
connected to selfie pictures in a certain social net. However omitting this
sign in translation does not favour a complete understanding of the plot just
being based on the title.
124
 Another graphic means of imagery in the films titles is the use of
abbreviations. Mostly they are used when they are well-known and can be
translated without the help of tracing not destroying the authors message,
i.e. I.T. (I.T.) [2]. In this case a viewer can clearly understand that the movie
is connected to IT sphere.
Phonetic means
Using various phonetic means helps create a bright phonetic expressive
and emotional colouring. Applying assonance and alliteration often
promotes the features of the genre of a movie. For example, in the title The
Legend of Longwood (a a) [2] one can feel the atmosphere
of a small quiet village where the events take place. Repetition of the letter
l remains in Ukrainian translation that helps to produce the same
impression on a Ukrainian-speaking viewer.
The analysis showed the extensive use of onomatopoeia in the film
titles, e.g. Knock Knock [2] which keeps a viewer in suspense and gives a
hint regarding the film genre. It is different with the title translation
a [2], which sounds softer and does not predict an exciting plot.
Stylistic means
Metaphoric, symbolic and imagery characters are very typical of
English film titles. So stylistic means are extremely important for a good
film title. First its necessary to mention a great amount of epithets in film
titles. Epithets highlight brightness, figurativeness, make the audience think
of the real sense, as the titles with epithets are very poliassociative, i.e.:
Crazy, Stupid, Love ( a) [2]. In Ukrainian translation
the level of emotions is much lower due to the avoidance of one of the
epithets. In opposition in the next example the level of emotional tone is
much higher in Ukrainian translation due to the addition of one component
: Bad Moms ( ai ai) [2].
In the following example while having the same amount of epithets in the
original and translated versions the pragmatic meaning is much higher in
Ukrainian variant due to the concretization used in translation, thus a viewer
understands the conflict of the movie more precise: Dirty Grandpa
i [2]. There have been selected a number of cases where the translated
title loses figurativeness completely: Dark Summer a [2].
The use of intertextuality is one of the key issues of modern film
discourse and the importance of precedent texts, names etc. is constantly
growing [3]. At present there is a tendency to use well-known things; in this
case the audience completely understands the authors intention. For
example, the title of the film All Roads Lead to Rome [2] is translated by its
Ukrainian equivalent i [2]: in this case
emotional colouring is equal in both versions of the title.
125
 In some cases the change of one certain component is made. In the
following example one can easily understand the initial saying Home, Sweet
Home which is put in the basis of the film title Home Sweet Hell [2]. The
same meaning is preserved in Ukrainian title: i, [2].
Allusion can also be put in the basis of the film title: a well-known
movie Fifty Shades of Gray was transformed into Fifty Shades of Black (50
iii ) [2]. However, the name of the film presupposes a kind
of parody for the original movie.
Lexical grammatical means
These categories play a great role in the effect that is produced on the
audience; it is one of the widest categories used in the film titles composing.
As it is evident from the analyzed material one of the most used cases is the
use of the definite article before nouns. These are mostly one- or two-word
names whose sense would be lost without the article. The article in the title
indicates the importance of the thing that is described, e.g.: The Forest, The
Physician, The Boss [2] i etc.
It is a rather interesting fact that the use of the definite article can be
rendered into Ukrainian in a number of ways: The Forest i i [2]
(addition that explains the essence of the plot), a very abstract title The
Physician [2] gets more clear while being added ia: Ai [2].
The same refers to the title The Boss [2], which is translated like i
[2]. Ukrainian translation evokes more wish to watch the movie than the
original title.
Sometimes, to our mind, Ukrainian translation is much more adequate
than the original title as the pragmatic force is much better revealed in the
translated version. The original film title The Model [2] can be understood
in a number of different ways, however Ukrainian translation -
[2] suggests the idea of the model business of high level.
Unfortunately translators do not always manage to reveal the authors
pragmatic intention especially in case of the definite article use. Thus, for
example, the title of the film The Finest Hours [2] has nothing to do with
the Ukrainian translation [2], which can hardly give the
idea of the film plot.
There are often the cases when the film title combines different means
of expressiveness. In the following example emotionally unloaded epithet
nice in the combination with the definite article helps to revel the cool
meaning of the jargonism which is adequately translated into Ukrainian:
The Nice Guys i a [2].
Substantiation example is evident in the following film title The
Magnificent Seven [66], that is successfully rendered into Ukrainian like
a ia [2].
126
 It is common to use digits to inform the audience about the sequel of a
movie. It helps the audience clearly define their intention to watch or not to
watch the movie: Now You See Me 2 Ii a 2, Zoolander 2
a a 2 [2]. As a rule these figures remain in the Ukrainian
translation which is the half of the film success.
Syntactic means
Imperative has a high potential of influence on the addressee. Verb
imperative mostly contributes to the realization of the main text aim
influences the addressee to force somebody to do something. Quite often
film titles authors use syntactic means of expressiveness that can have a
significant pragmatic potential influencing the decision of the audience to
watch the movie. Film titles with the verb imperatives can influence the
consciousness of a person, which helps to get high box office results.
Imperative is actively used in the names of the films, like: Kill the
Messenger, Pay the Ghost [2] etc. This imperative intention is rarely kept in
Ukrainian translation; instead quite often infinitive constructions are used:
a, aa [2]. This translation tendency was
initiated in 2003 after the release of the film Kill Bill [2] that was translated
like ia [2].
Exclamatory sentences are equally used in the film titles with the aim to
attract the audience attention, e.g.: Chic! [2]. Exclamatory sentences mostly
preserve their structure in the translated version: ! [2]. The titles with
increased emotional modality stimulate the wish to watch the movie.
The use of interrogative constructions is a common tendency in the titles
composing, however as a rule the interrogative mark is omitted in such
titles, which makes them similar to the guidance or instructions, e.g.: How
to Make Love Like an Englishman, How to Train Your Dragon 2 [2]. Such
constructions are more emotionally loaded than a statement or negation. As
far as the answer is absent such films tend to keep the audience attention till
the end of the film. The translation mostly preserves the sentence structure,
e.g.: a -ai, a aa 2 [2], however
in some cases syntactic structures do not coincide, e.g.: How to Be Single
a [2].
To conclude, it is necessary to state that in search of expressiveness
translators think of some absolutely unacceptable titles, e.g.: Before I Wake
i [2].
Thus the authors entitle their films with laconic and noticeable names.
The title of the film text has to be relatively clear regarding the plot it
illustrates and has to be easily remembered by form. All the tricks
mentioned influence the way the audience perceives the film, if it will
evoke the interest to it. All in all film title composing is a very difficult
127
process; it has to reflect the intention and the main idea of the author. The
title has to be not only correctly composed from the language point of view,
but with a great help of stylistic means and devices depending on the film
genre. Ideal film title is the starting point of everything that is going on the
screen, defines the film plot and is the first indication of the film success.

References
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a. . . . -a . A.. a. , 2005. . 14.
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Rusudan Zekalashvili
Tbilisi, Georgia

Two Translations of the Poem Merani by N. Baratashvili in German

(Dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the poet)

Introduction
The hardiest in the process of translating is to maintain adequacy and
equality. It is the most painful problem. This specifically refers to lyrics as
the translator faces there the most complex challenge: which of the two is
better to retain the content or the form? Only the best gifted translators are
able to keep the golden balance.
It is especially difficult to translate the great Georgian poets. Usually,
most of the foreign translators do not know Georgian at all or their
knowledge of the language is scarce. Thus, they are to use interlinear
translation of the others; the grammatical-lexical peculiarities of the
148
Georgian language, the rhythm and rhyme of the Georgian verse are the
next causes of difficulties, because of the close orientation on the content
the sounding and versification-lexical novelties could not maintain.
N. Baratashvili (1817-1845) is one of the best and most famous
Georgian poets, recognized as the top author of the Georgian romantism.
His poems are translated into many languages, among them Russian,
English, German, French and others. 200 years from his birth passed but his
poetic works still maintain their charm and value. As M. Kvesselava wrote:
The poetic genius of the Georgian romanticists shines brightest of all in the
works of Nikoloz Baratashvili. He is one of those chosen poets whose
works are their nations pride and treasure [1, p. 7].
The poem Merani by N. Baratashvili
N. Baratashvili wrote his work of genius, the poem Merani, in 1842,
when the poet was 25 years old. The uncle of the poet, Iliko Orbeliani
became the prisoner of Shamil, leader of the North Caucasian insurgents of
the times. This person supposedly showed much honor and bravery being in
prison. That story served as a trigger for the poet to write the poem which
became a masterpiece of the Georgian poetry.
As it is usually noted, Merani is the image of struggling against ones
fate, demonstration of nonconformity and showing of the humans
destination: Baratashvilis Merani calls all unfortunates like himself to
overstep the bounds of fate and, by self-immolation, to pave the way for the
future generations [1, p. 7]. Donald Rayfield then underlines: Pegasus
(Merani) fascinated later Georgian poets as a mystic, apocalyptic vision of the
future. He evolved a language all his own, obscure but sonorous, laconically
modern, sometimes splendidly medieval, with pseudo-archaisms [2, p. 147].
Translations of Merani
The poem Merani was translated into several languages by the famous
translators (e.g. in Russian by B. Pasternak, P. Antokolski, V. Derjavin,
E. Evtushenko, E. Vinokurov, B. Akhmadulina and others)1. V. Kozarovetski
wrote: The poem by Baratashvili even in our days is covered with shadow of
mystery and irrationalism [3].
We deal here with the translations of Merani in German, based on two
anthologies. First of them was published in 1971, in the German
Democratic Republic at that time, edited by Adolf Endler; the translation
belongs to Rainer Kirsch, interline translation by Nelly Amashukeli [4]. The
second one was published in 2016, in Germany [5] (translator Gert Robert
Grnert, interline translation Maja Lisovski-Gvishiani).
1
In 1968 when celebrating 150 years from the poets birth, the Union of the
Soviet Writers announced contest for the best translation of the poem Merani. Over
200 people participated. 28 best translations were published as a collection.
149
 The title of the Poem
The original version of the Poem has no title. R. Kirsch gives the title
Merani but we meet the word Ro (fast horse, runner rashi in
Georgian) in the text; Grnert gives three words for the title of the poem:
Mein edles Ro My Noble Horse, giving the key of the title to the
reader in such way (the original title is given in the note).
Both translations keep form of addressing as it is in the original version.
The addressee of the desperate horseman is his horse, his Merani (or
Pegasus) whom he appeals to endless galloping aiming to cross the border
put by the Fortune. R. Kirsch uses Eiliger one who hurries as a synonym
in the text [4, p. 130], and as for Grnert, he uses Flgelro (the horse with
wings) [5, p. 32], orig. mfrinavi flying.
Metric and rhythmic types of the German translation
A. Gatserelia remarks that metric and rhythmic peculiarities of the poem
precisely motivate the theme, the emotions the theme; as for racing, it is
delivered by means of broken rhythm and its swinging [6]. Baratashvili was
a master of rhythm in poetry and like all the true lyric poets he based his
poetry on the rhythmic patterns explored and found at that time [7, p. 5].
N. Baratashvilis poem Merani is written in 14- and 20-syllable
measuring. First of them is known as Besikuri and the second Shavteluri.
The rhymes are contiguous with 2 or 1 syllables (double and last syllable
rhymes). The poem can be read in one breath and inner expression is felt
clearly, creating the sensation of horse racing. T. Lomidze suggests that N.
Baratashvili mixes up traditional exact rhymes with the loose one that
means he uses paronymic attraction [8, p. 57].
It is clear that such rhythms and rhymes are lost in the translations. In
Rainer Kirshs translation the rhyme of lines is lost and the number of the
syllables changes (15, 18, 19 or 20 syllables). In Gert Grnerts translation the
rhythm is also changing (there are lines with 12, 13, 14 and 16 syllables), but
there is no regularity, though this translation is closer to the original. The
translator uses last syllable (rarely double) rhymes which make translation
more expressive and musical: Bahn wahn, Lauf auf, weit Zeit, ficht
nicht, mir dir, Stund kund, harren verscharren [5, 32].
The main structural feature of the poem refrain is used in both
translations and this ties the poems structure together (in the first, 4, 6, 7, 9
strophes). In the R. Kirshs version the verb (Lauf und lauf) repeats, then the
phrase is enclosed: wo kein Ziel ist, wo keine Ankunft ist where there is no
goal and no shelter [4, p. 130], resulting in making the line heavier and is
not quite exact either the Merani of Baratashvili knows exactly the goal of
this racing. Grnert uses the adverb Vorwrts, Ro, which is more
emotional. The main idea of the poem Merani is the destination of human,
150
faithful serving to others and the idea of selflessness all the emotions
connected with these ideas culminate in the eighth line:
(1) cudad xom mainc ar aivlis es gan irulis sulis veteba this
desperate aspiration will not be in vain [9, p. 121]; Nicht vergeblich doch
wird das Streben sein der verdammten, der irrenden Seele [4, p. 131]; Nicht
sinnlos sei gewesen das Ringen meiner Seele [5, p. 33]. Here cudad means
in vain, this exactly means vergeblich (in vain) and its synonym is
sinnlos to no purpose.
Some lexical peculiarities of the translation
Certainly, it was impossible to translate exactly all the words and
expressions. It is not strange that archaic nuances are lost, some words are
translated descriptively or the phrases are sometimes shortened, some words
are omitted. Let us show some examples:
(2) ugzo-uvlod without noticing any path [9, p. 120]; ohne Weg und
Spur [4, p. 130]; is changed: auf unbetretner Bahn pathless way [5, p. 32].
(3) tvalbediti avi orani [9, p. 120] a raven blackominous eyes of
doom (tr. V. Urushadze); der Rabe, schwarz mit dem Unheilsblick [4, p.
130]. Here emphasis is shifted to the look of a raven; Rabe... pechschwarzer
Schicksalswahn [5, p. 32] here is added: illusion of tar-black fate .
(4) fikri emi, avad melvari [9, p. 120] Fling to the winds my stormy
thoughts, in raging darkness found (tr. V.Urushadze) changed to: der
Gedanken Nacht und ihr Wogen night of thoughts [4, p. 130]; meine
Grbeleien my fruitless thoughts [5, p. 32].
(5) emimole moutmenelsa savalni deni [9, p. 120] shortning my
days of pain (tr. V. Urushadze); verkrze mir die Wanderschaft [4, p. 130]
this version is more exact; verkrze mir die Zeit [5, p. 32] here it means
shorten my time but shorten my way would be better.
(6) s orta da megobarsa my age people and friends [9, p. 120]; die
Freunde, und die meines Alters [4, p. 130]; fehlten Freunde [5, p. 32].
Omitted the word s ori my age, people of the same age.
(7) varsvlavta tanamavalta accompanying stars [9, p. 120]; Sternen,
die den Weg mitfahrn [4, p. 130]; den Sternen [5, p. 32]. The word
tanamavalta companions, ones that accompany me.
(8) rfobis nati what remained from love [9, p. 120]; was von Liebe
bleibt [4, p. 130]; der liebe letzten Rest [5, p. 32]. The word last added:
the last remains of love.
(9) valta tenilta bones that are only left [9, p. 120]; auf meine
Gebeine [4, p. 131]; die klapprigen Knochen [5, p. 32]. The word bones is
strengthened by the added word klapprigen rattling.

151
 (10) ciurni cvarni dew from skies [9, p. 121]; Himmelstau [4, p. 131]
its a composite; himmlische Tautropfen [5, p. 33] translation follows
the original text.
(11) mivalaleben svavni m ivarni ravens crying will mourn for me[9,
p. 121]; Gejammer der kreischenden Geier [4, p. 131] this is more exact;
kreischende Geier verzweifeln [5, p. 33] means desperation not mourning
The translation by R. Kirsch is harder to read and comprehend. It lacks
lightness and expressiveness. The translation by Grnert is closer to the
original, to the mood of the author. There are some inaccuracies in both
translations, some words or phrases are omitted or added.
Conclusion
Comparing several translations of one poem assures us that it is a
creative process and the translator in some sense competes with the author,
bringing something individual in his interpretation. In both of the German
translations we have discussed here, the content and basic meaning remain
unchanged but as for the form, neither of the translations is absolutely
identical to the original, meaning poetic metre which is supposed to express
the mood; besides that, rhymed lines are met only in Gert Grnerts
translation and this fact reduces expressiveness and dynamics. Some lexical
inaccuracies are also obvious (a word is added or abstracted).
We see that the immortal masterpiece by N. Baratashvili will never lose
attractiveness for the translators; it seems obvious that translating is the
creative process and translated version is somehow competing with the
original. Answering the question: is it possible to translate poetry? we
shall say yes, it is difficult but necessary. Much of the original version
would be lost in the translation but we cannot reject the need in translating
because it is very important to translate Georgian poetry into as many
foreign languages as possible, as far as our aim is to introduce our oldest
poetic traditions and depths of philosophical-esthetical thinking worldwide.

References
1. Kvesselava M., Introduction, in: Anthology of Georgian Poetry,
Translated by V. Urushadze, Tbilisi: Sabchota Sakartvelo, 1958. 233 p.
http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/12116/1/Anthology_%20Of%20G
eorgian_%20Poetry.pdf. 2. Reyfield D., The Literature of Georgia. A
History. 2-nd revised edition. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
320 p. 3. .,
. http://www.e-reading-lib.org/bookreader.php/94478/ Kozaroveckiii_-
_N.Baratashvili_Merani.html. 4. Georgische Poesie aus acht Jahrhunderten
(Nachgedichtet von A. Endler und R. Kirsch): 1. Auflage, Berlin: Verlag
Volk und Welt. Kultur und Fortschritt. 340 s. 5. Eine Anthologie
georgischer Lyrik: Ich aber will dem Kaukasos zu... (Nach einer
Auswahl von N. Popiaschwili), Nachdichtung St. Chotiwari-Jnger;
152
G. Robert Grnert, 1. Auflage: Kaukasische Bibliothek. Band 9, Georgien
(Hrsg: G. Robert Grnert, N. Popiaschwili), 2015. 576 s. 6. Gatserelia A.,
Merani, in: Literatura da Khelovneba (Literature and Art), 36,
October 28, 1945. 7. Gatserelia A., Nikoloz Baratashvili (variations on the
themes), in: Sakartvelos Qali (Women of Georgia), 1968, 9. pp. 3-5.
8. Lomidze T., Secondary Semantics in Poetic Text, in: Semiotica, Tbilisi,
2009, pp. 57-65. 9. Baratashvili N., Collection of Poetry, Tbilisi: ed. house
Sabchota Sakartvelo (Soviet Georgia),1968. 286 p.

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165
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166
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177
 Anastasiia Kyslytska
Kyiv, Ukraine

Some Thoughts about Rendering English Children's Literature into

Ukrainian (on the basis of Neil Gaimans story Coraline)

Estimated as a bestseller by the New York Times, granted by the

Hugo, the Nebula and Bram Stokers awards as the best horror story for
teenagers, Neil Gaimans Coraline was predestined to be rendered into
many other languages. Definitely, aforesaid awards anticipate the highest
level of translators proficiency so that the translation of the original may be
done worthily saving all the authors intentions and horror effect.
As for the effect, there are some difficulties in rendering not only the
horror line, but in preserving the style of literature for teenagers, which
anticipates usage of transformations and adaptation of uncolored English
lexis into colored Ukrainian, as we can see in Olexandr Mokrovolskys
translation. Being an experienced Ukrainian translator and journalist,
O. Mokrovolsky specializes in literature translations. Nevertheless, his fresh
work on Neil Gaimans Coraline evokes both criticism and praise. So, we
are going to compare the original text with its Ukrainian version, which is
considered even more capturing to our mind.
First of all, it is necessary to mention the main criteria of rendering
literature for young readers. The young audience is subdivided into three
categories: primary, middle and high school children. Further, we are going
to take into account the fact that Gaimans Coraline is written for the
middle school children. So, for this category a translator should make sure
that the target text is: 1) easy and understandable; 2) rendered as completely
as possible without omissions (it means, that a translator should not omit
some facts or details relying on his/her consideration that such facts or
details are not acceptable for children of a particular category as the
original book is written for children, the author has already taken into
account what is good or what is taboo for them a priori); 3) with preserved
functional equivalence, which means that not only all contextual elements
should be saved in a target text, but also their functions rendered as
precisely as possible; as a result this leads to the last fourth criterion
preservation of pedagogical aims (aforesaid contextual elements and their
function play also a pedagogical role, make any reader think a lot of a moral
of any story) [2, p. 196].Thus, in our article we are going to assess the
Ukrainian translation of Neil Gaimans Coraline in terms of preserving
functional equivalence as the most important criterion to our mind.

178
 So, lets look at the sentence, taken from the original: There was also a
haughty black cat, who sat on walls and tree stumps and watched her but
slipped away if ever she went over to try to play with it [3, p. 6]. Stylistically
and lexically, this is an ordinary sentence, typical of any English story.
However, it is extremely changed in Ukrainian translation, taking into account
its completely new coloring and, as a result, new emotional effect on the
reader: :
, , .
, ,
, . ! [1, p. 19].
In this case, it is necessary to mention the term poetic license, which
denotes a phenomenon when a poet ignores some of the minor requirements
of grammar for poetic effect [4]. So, it is possible to name the translators
approach of rendering the aforesaid sentence a translation license
(because of completely different not only lexical, stylistic, but also
grammatical structure in the target language). On the one hand, he just
caught the idea and retold it in his own words, using additions, splitting into
parts etc.. Translated back into English it would sound like There was also
a haughty black cat, who was sitting and meowing either on the fence, or on
the tree stumps and was staring at Coraline. Hence, every time Coraline
tried to come to him closer to play with, the cat disappeared immediately
just was here and disappeared!.
On the other hand, taking into account general principles of rendering a
literary work, especially for children, the Mokrovolskys approach is quite
acceptable. Moreover, the variety of word-building affixes, absence of strict
word order in the Ukrainian language make it extremely colorful and live,
which are the best criteria for childrens literature. As a result, the aforesaid
sample represents the translators intention to gain understandability,
liveliness of the target text and to adapt it for the Ukrainian reader, who sees
the reality in a bit different way.
The wordplay and different perception of the reality can be seen in the
following sentences: She found a hedgehog, and a snakeskin (but no
snake), and a rock that looked just like a frog, and a toad that looked just
like a rock [3, p. 6]. (
, ). , ,
, [1, p. 19]. In this case, the author
of the original used an interesting comparison, moreover he used a rhyme.
As an experienced literary translator, O. Mokrovolsky made a brilliant
Ukrainian translation saving both the comparison and the rhyme. However,
while in the English text such comparison concerns only one pair of objects,
frog and rock (you can also see toad, a synonymic word to frog, which
179
was probably used in order to avoid tautology), in the Ukrainian sentence
there are two pairs: , . Thus, Mokrovolsky
saved the contextual elements of the comparison rock and frog (,
are synonyms in Ukrainian), but in order to save the rhyme too,
he added one more element, (Eng. gorilla). As a result,
expressive coloring and the content of the original are preserved.
Besides aforesaid samples, which represent the translators intention to
create a really good literary translation, adapting the original for the
Ukrainian readers by colored lexis, additions, changes etc, there are also
samples of quite strange additions, changes and use of words, which,
unfortunately, put the translators work under criticism.
Let us look at the sentences: She turned on the television. She went from
channel to channel to channel, but there was nothing on but men in suits
talking about the stock market, and talk shows [3, p. 6].
. ,
, ,
[1, p. 20]. In the translation, there is a completely
inadequate use of instead of talk show. Maybe, the
translator tried to convey the atmosphere of boredom by mentioning
something about school, because thoughts about school and studies always
depress a student, especially when Coralines family had just moved in their
new house and she was eager to explore the territory, rather than study etc.
There is another sample: Look heres a piece of paper and a pen.
Count all the doors and windows. List everything blue () [3, p. 7].
: , . , ,
. [1, p. 21]. The particular
paragraph of the story tells us about Coralines intention to go outside and
explore, because of rain she must be inside, where she felt bored; she didnt
know what else to do. So, when her father advised her list everything blue,
he meant just counting each thing of blue color! Why not translate it word
for word? The phraseological phrase in bold italics in Ukrainian translation
seems to be a completely contextual change.
In conclusion, the role of emotional and expressive coloring in
childrens literature is quite important, which has to be rendered into other
languages properly. Rendering childrens literature itself requires care,
adequacy and satisfying other requirements, connected with target audience,
norms of the target language and, of course, general rules of translation,
such as proper use of transformations, finding an equivalent and saving the
content of the original. O. Mokrovolskys Ukrainian translation of Neil
Gaimans Coraline evokes a lot of controversial thoughts. From the
stylistic point of view, he converted the original story, written for teenagers,
180
into a story for a bit younger audience by the intensive use of diminutive,
emotionally colored lexis and numerous additions making a bit different
story, which itself is brilliant, if at times distant from the original. Surely,
the topic of rendering literary works, especially childrens literature will
always evoke a discussion. Any product of a translators work deserves
attention, but will it be adequate as regards the original?

References
1. . / ; . . . .
.: . -, 2016. 192 c. 2. .
: / . //
. . 2010.
. 49. . 193-197. 3. Gaiman N. Coraline / Neil Gaiman. L.:
Bloomsbury, 2002. 163 p. 4. Harvey T.W. A Practical Grammar of the
English Language / Thomas Wadleigh Harvey. Charlstone, SC:
BiblioLabs LLC, 2008. 263 p.

Zaal Kikvidze, Levan Pachulia, Nino Jikhvadze

Tbilisi Sukhumi Kutaisi, Georgia

Echo Reduplication in Urum: Glossing, Translation, Typology

As far as in the present paper we deal with Urum data, initially we will
provide some basic information about the language in point. It is a Turkic
language; virtually all references are unanimous stating that Urum is spoken
by ethnic Greeks living in some parts of Ukraine and Georgia. Its codes are
uum (ISO 639-3) and urum1249 (Glottolog). However, the Urum language
spoken in the Caucasus has to be distinguished from the Crimean Urum
spoken in Ukraine. Both linguistic communities share the same ethnonym
but they are not immediately related [1, p. 334]. Clearly enough, we will
analyse the data of Caucasian Urum spoken in Georgias province of
Kvemo (Lower) Kartli.
Generally, reduplication is the repetition of a word or part of a word.
There are three principal types of reduplicative process in Turkish (and in
most of the Turkic languages, including Urum):
(i) emphatic reduplication: kpkrmz stark red
(ii) m-reduplication: irkin mirkin ugly, or anything like that
(iii) doubling: yava yava slowly [2, p. 90].
As for echo reduplication, it is a term often applied to total
reduplication constructions in which the beginning of the second copy is
replaced by a fixed substring [3, p. 171]. Other terms and notions,

181
occurring in scholarly literature to refer to the phenomenon in question, are:
Rhyming Reduplication; Rhyme-motivated Reduplication; Ricochet words,
Vokalharmonische volle reduplication, heterogen (Reimbildungen); Total
Reduplication cum Variation (TRCV); m-Reduplication; Reduplication with
m (mli ikilime = mhleme).
Like other reduplicated formations, echo-pair words consist of a Base
and a Reduplicant; a Base is a meaningful word while a Reduplicant is an
emerging one in which a consonant (or a consonant cluster) appears to
replace an initial consonant (or a consonant cluster), if any, of a Base. The
phenomenon has been widely attested and thoroughly explored across
various (genetically, typologically, geographically differing) languages of
the world; the process has also been treated as a common behaviour for one
of the two copies in morphological reduplication to undergo dissimilation.
Echo-pairs produce the meanings et cetera, and the like, associated
with, extremity, concentration, generality, plurality, and so on.
Based on the texts in Urum Narrative Collection [4], we examined the
occurrence and structure of echo-pair formations in Urum, a language
which has not so far been among the ones studied in terms of the
constructions in point. It should be also noted that Urum echo-pair words
greatly resemble the most common typological pattern, that is, structurally
they do not demonstrate any drastic differences from other languages like
Hindi, Russian, etc., and, of course, especially, Turkish.
We picked up the following illustrations (our emphases Z. K., L. P., N. J.):
(1) beshtashtanda sora airlyandi oldi baiburt, oldi gyaryaq, hadiq-
madiq, uje o gyolun dyortbiryannda oldi o yaplar
beshtasheni after separated became baiburt became garaq hadiq already
that lake_s around became those houses
After Beshtasheni separated, it became Baiburt, Garaq, Hadiq and
already around that lake became those houses [4, p. 8].
(2) yaptlar xalx ishtem bajalar, bajamaja yaptlar, ishtem blan
mlan, qim nya edyabulierdi edierdi
built_they people so huts huts built_they so garden garden who what
do_could did_they
So people built huts, huts they built and so gardens, what they could do
they did [4, p. 17].
(3) sora, oqi saakashviliqi gyaldi, shindi an bu militsia, shei mei,
paryadok oldi
then when saakashvili came now here this police it it order became
Then when Saakashvili came with this police the order came [4, p. 60].
(4) biz-bizya, byan, babam, anam ishtem, ano problema qi biryam
pensia verierlyar, ano dyarmyan-myarmyani ortierm
182
 (5) we_ourselves_by, I, father_my, so mother_my, so problem is small
pension give_they, that medicine cover_i
We are by ourselves, me, my father, so my mother, so the problem is
that they give a small pension, I cover the medicine costs [4, p. 69].
(6) ishliajan, olajax biryandya bishen gyalnn olajax qi, de istyadx
edyax aqtx gardof mardof, ainoyun mainoyun edyax, aanda gyaldi
uraxlx getti, sora yashlx getti
work_should_you be_should hand_on_the_one something incoming
be_should that like wanted_we do seat potato potato things things do_we
xxx came_it xxx went_it then rain went_it
You should work, you should have some income to do something, we
planted potatoes but there was a downpour [4, p. 78].
(7) biryaz elya belya byuqierx, syujyugi boshanier, oierx alibya
little so so turn_we serum goes_out put_we shape_to
We turn it so that the serum goes out and we put it into a shape [4, p. 106].
(8) soram bu ushaxlar oqi rast gyaldi, qyomyag ettlyar, yuqlyadlyar
onun armut_marmud byouqina, gettlyar
then these children when across came help did_they lead_they his pears
xxx went_they
But when he met these children, they helped him to put the pears back
and went [4, p. 156].
As it is seen, structurally, the reduplicatives are formed by means of either
adding the m- (the only exception is (7) elya belya where the reduplicant
takes on the b-) onto an onset or replacing an initial consonant. The bases are
free forms, while the reduplicants are bound ones. Semantically, the echo
formations bear on the notion: they work as an extension of the notional
domain (X and other similar things); similative plural [5]. This is clear with
respect to the accompanying glosses and translations.
We compared the data with those of occurring in Georgian [6] and
Megrelian [7]. Based on the comparison, we observed two layers of echo
formations in the two languages: 1. Prototypical echo reduplication: a) a
base is a free form while a reduplicant is a bound one, b) direction: left-to-
right copying, c) it extends the notional domain, d) it is a contact-induced
phenomenon: mhleme; 2. Non-prototypical echo reduplication: a) a base
is a free form while a reduplicant is a bound ones but sometimes both are
bound forms, b) direction: left-to-right copying // right-to-left copying, c) it
does not extend the notional domain, d) some of them are contact-induced
phenomena but not mhleme. The former sub-type is common both for
Urum, on the one hand, and for Georgian and Megrelian, on the other. This
pattern is fully productive in Turkish and can thus be applied to practically

183
every Turkish noun unless the noun itself is m-initial [8, p. 116]. Naturally
enough, the same equally hold true for Urum.
Naturally enough, Urum has only prototypical echo reduplication; this
is due to the following factors: a major group of Urums, living in Anatolia,
immigrated to Georgias southern province of Lower Kartli in the 19 th
century, conserving the variety of Turkish that their ancestors were
speaking before emigration and enriched their language by influences from
the languages in their new environment, in particular from Russian. The
Urum language displays substantial similarities with the Turkish dialects of
Anatolia; beyond these similarities, it displays some unique developments
(e.g., with vowel harmony) as well as properties that are traced back to the
influences from Russian [5, p. 333]. Thus, on the one hand, the fact that it
is a Turkic language explains why echo reduplication is essential for it,
while, on the other, the Russian linguistic interference reinforces the
phenomenon in point as a productive process.
Based on the corresponding data from Georgian and Megrelian, it is
salient that they too were influenced by both Turkish and Russian, and the
traces of the influences are still readily observable; however, they display
some other types of echo formations as well which have to be traced not to
a foreign influence but rather to some common-Kartvelian peculiarities;
these peculiar differences are very well observable with a view to both
structural and semantic constraints listed above. It was based on the
properly glossed and translated texts [4] (besides, we, of course, used to
refer to the available lexicographic source for Urum [9]) that enabled us to
discuss and treat the linguistic phenomenon in question in an adequate way.

References
1. Skopeteas, S. The Caucasian Urums and the Urum Language. Journal of
Endangered Languages, 3/3, 2014: 333-364. 2. Gksel, A. & Kerslake, C.
Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. NY: Routledge, 2005; 510 pp.
3. Inkelas, S. Non-concatenative Derivation: Reduplication. The Oxford
Handbook of Derivational Morphology, ed by R. Lieber & P. tekauer.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014: 169-189. 4. Skopeteas, S. &
Moisidi, V. Urum Narrative Collection. Manuscript, University of
Bielefeld, 2011; 160 pp. 5. Armoskaite, S. & Kutlu, D.A. Turkish m-
reduplication: a case of similative number. Turkic Languages, 2015: 271-
288. 6. Kikvidze, Z. How to Gloss and Translate Georgian Echo-paired
Words. General and Specialist Translation / Interpretation: Theory,
Methods, Practice: International Conference Papers. Kyiv: AgrarMedia
Group, 2016: 168-172. 7. Pachulia, L. On Some Special Features of
Megrelian Echo Constructions within the Typological Framework.
Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Kartvelian Studies.
Tbilisi, 2016: 111-114. 8. Stolz, T. Total reduplication vs. echo-word

184
formation in language contact situations. In Language Contact and Contact
Languages, ed by P. Siemund & N. Kintana. Amsterdam/Philadephia: John
Benjamins, 2008: 107-132. 9. Skopeteas, S., Moisidi, V., Sella-Mazi, E.,
Yordanoglu, E. Urum Basic Lexicon. Manuscript, University of Bielefeld,
2011; 106 pp.

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107. 3. ..
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, /
.. . , 2006. 227 . 4. Holovko Andriy. The
Weeds: Novel / . Holovko [translated by Anatole Bilenko]. K. : Dnipro
Publishers, 1976. 207 p. 5. . : / .
// . . : , 1976. . II. . 7-186.
6. Lawrence D.H. Lady Chatterlys Lover [ ].
: http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/Lady-Chatterlys-Lover.pdf.
7. . / .
[ ]. : , 1999.
447 c. 8. Dreiser T. Sister Carrie / T. Dreiser. Moscow: Higher School
Publishing House, 1968. 594 p. 9. T. / .
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2006 on the common system of value added tax [ ].
: http://eur-lex.europa.eu. 4. ..
/ .. //
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1. [ ]. URL:
http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/1013/meaning/m0u/ ( : 5.02.17).
2. Mori H. Dynamic aspects of aizuchi and its influence on the naturalness
of dialogues // Graduate School of Engineering. Utsunomiya: University
Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan, 2013. P. 147-149. 3. Kato K.
:
(Structural Characteristics in Japanese Sentences) [
]. URL: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008916054/en ( :
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5.02.17). 4. Wanduragala C. Turn-taking:a Comoarative Study of Back-
channelling Behavior of Japanese and Native Speakers of English // Journal
of Osaka Jogakuin Junior College. Osaka, 2000. P. 143-152. 5. Toda T.
(A Study on Para-
linguistic Aspects of Aizuchi in Japanese). [ ]. URL:
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009496858 ( : 5.02.17)/ 6. ..
: / .. . .:
, 2008 208 . 7. Tajima K. Pragmatic Use of Aizuchi in Japanese
Discourse: A Comparison with English Backchannels [
]. URL: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001165852 ( :
5.02.17)/ 8.
[ ]. URL: https://woman.mynavi.jp/
article/150808-22/ ( : 5.02.17). 9.
[ ]. URL: http://www.nihongonosekai.com/newspapers/
20000901nihonkeizaishinbun/index.html ( : 5.02.17).

Irina Kopytich, Irina Liubanets, Yelena Shylo

Baranovichi, Republic of Belarus

Scientific and Technical Terms: Translation Difficulties

Scientific and technical translation occupies a special place among other

types of translation. This derives from the informative characteristics of
technical texts and specific components of their linguistic resources. Such
linguistic means are the terms and precision words, i.e. translation units
with fixed semasiological ties or ties of the linguistic sign with the denotant.
Semasiological ties may be constant or temporary, fixed or unfixed, distinct
or blurred [1].
Terms being not a special group of words but representing special
quality of ordinary words make the translation process much slower, if their
submission does not cause any association at the level of semantic
information, i.e. information contained in the statement and transmitted
through the meaning of language units.
A specific feature of any terminology is its hierarchical structure in the
form of a series of closed microsystems. Realization of the hierarchy of terms
contributes to their better understanding, and hence the implementation of the
operation of scientific and technical translation.
Scientific and technical translation is characterized by a high ratio of
information content of the source texts and the presence of terms like
dominant language units in the translation of the text, because the term
carries not minor but key information. Such information determines the
performance of the translator. The correct translation of the term is possible
202
only with the knowledge of the equivalents of the two languages and the
ability to allocate the denotation referred by them from the reality.
The term is an emotionally neutral word or phrase that is used for the
precise expression of the concepts or the names of objects. The translation
of terms requires deep knowledge of the industry, which the translation
refers to, understanding the content of the text, i.e. knowledge of the subject
[2, p. 92]. Important is the interaction term with the context. It helps to
clarify the meaning of the word. The task of the translator is to determine
the meaning of the term in the context of the source language and to
transmit the denotative meaning of the word in the target language.
A term is a word or phrase that may have a meaning different from the
everyday meaning of the word depending on the field of science and
technology, in which it is used.
The main method of the translation of terms is the search for the lexical
equivalent, i.e., constant lexical matching. The translator should be able to
find an equivalent in the target language and thus to create an adequate
perception. The difficulties of the translation of technical terminology arise
due to the fact that there are general scientific and highly specialized terms.
The former are used in several industries. The latter are used only in one of
the fields [2, p. 93].
Terms can be polysemous, synonymous or homonymous. In accordance
with their form all the terms are divided into:
1. simple switch ();
2. complex flywheel (), nonlinear (), non-waste
();
3. word combinations automatic switch ( -
), high-speed circuit breaker ( ) [1].
In the modern English technical literature the chains of words (that are
not linked together syntactically) put together are increasingly used, i.e., the
prepositions to, of, from etc. for example: overload prevention device
; X-ray thickness gauge
; two-stage single-cylinder air-cooled
reciprocating compressor -
-
, etc. [3, p. 182]. You can pay attention to the fact that the main
words in all the above combinations are the last words and all the preceding
words are the attributes to them. Recent years have seen a growing tendency
to the formation of new words by reduction. Often the new word does not
look like reduction. For example laser is an acronym for light amplification
by stimulated emission of radiation, lube lubrication etc.
When working with a specialized technical English text importance is
203
given to the translation not only of scientific, but also highly specialized
technical terms [4, p. 19]. A certain complexity is a special specificity of the
use of not only scientific words, but the specific terminology of scientific
and technical texts and, consequently, the development of acceptable
variants of their translation into the Russian language, as the Russian
scientific vocabulary differs significantly from the English technical lexical
forms [2, p. 100].
The most difficult for translation are the word combination terms, in
which each word is independent. Each component of such terms can be
separated into an independent unit. For example, brake gear
, electric motor , powder materials
.
The most difficult to translate are the terms:
a) the meaning of which is derived from combining two words load
governor , brake landing ;
b) the components of which are designed with the help of grammatical
components: ways of measurement , body of reactor
, breaking with rocket
; lid of frame [1].
Among other types of terms difficult for translation there are phrases
consisting of such structures as:
a) noun + noun: back-coupling ; variable-capacitor
; peak-energy ; phase
transition , percussion waves ;
b) adjective + noun: remote control ; safety
switch ; direct current ;
C) participle I + noun: alternating current ;
calculating theory ;
d) participle II + noun: estimated cost ,
unbounded stream [1].
If the second component or both components of the phrase are
commonly used terms, the translation is not particularly difficult. For
example, safety switch , line wire
, thermal stress .
However, it should be borne in mind that the same form of the word can
have different meanings in different branches of the same science and
technology. For example, airframe in the aviation industry is set to
and in the space industry ; fuel in the conventional energy
sector has a value of and nuclear power is ; face
as a noun has a common meaning of ; with extensive technical value of
; in geometry, its value is ; in construction ,
204
; in mining , . However, this word can act as a verb;
in this case, its basic meaning is -; in metal
processing it is a term that means , in the construction
, , .
In some cases, the basis of the English term can be added:
prefix, an adequate translation can be opposite, e.g. im- (impossible
); counter- (to counteract );
suffix, e.g., -age (voltage ) or for the formation of
adjectives
- ic (periodic ), -ful (useful ) [3, p. 183].
The same term can occur in different technical English texts, but it is
used in the translation in different meanings depending on the area of
technical knowledge it is used in: aviation, marine, electrical, etc., i.e. there
is a specific term which has a completely different meaning depending on
its special purpose. For example: pocket () has the following special
meanings: in aviation ; in the military ; in
radio ; in geology ; in electrical
engineering .
The original text can contain various kinds of abbreviations that almost
never exist in the Russian text, for example: a. c. (alternating current)
, PP (peripheral processor) . Of
course, when working with such a text, the translator should resort to the
complete explanation of the abbreviations. Accurate translation of these
abbreviations can be found to some extent in specialized dictionaries [3, p. 179].
In the practice of translation in the semantic understanding of the two at
first sight different meanings of the terms there may be a number of
difficulties, for example:
one term is a part of another term, for example: valve amplifier
,
both terms are completely independent, but semantically unified, for
example: machine frame .
one term gives some characteristics of the second, for example:
machine weight , motor vibrations ,
bronze washer and so on. Without a specific under-
standing of the term it is impossible to understand the semantic content
expressed by the author of the idea. However, if in the Russian language the
term is more common and specific in meaning, then the term in the English
literature can have extremely versatile meaning from a specific translation
to translation, which requires general scientific literacy of the translator.
The closest in meaning translation of English technical texts into
Russian is largely determined by the general technical training of the
205
translator and their knowledge of the given area.It should be remembered
that the translated specialized texts are replete with various complex terms.
Thus, translating the terms in a technical text the translator must focus
on the topic of the text to avoid an inappropriate translation of homonymous
terms. When translating a scientific-technical text the translator must first
exclude the secondary information, identify the key informationand find the
foreign language equivalent.

References
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,
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, . ,
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(-
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207
 we,
. ,
,
, ,
you ,

: Tonight, in this election, you, the
American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our
journey has been long, we know in our hearts that for the United States of
America, the best is yet to come. ,
, , ,
,
, .

: We may have battled fiercely, but it's only because
we love this country deeply and we care so strongly about its future.
,
: And in the coming weeks
and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders
of both parties to meet the challenges we can only solve together reducing
our deficit, reforming our tax code, fixing our immigration system, freeing
ourselves from foreign oil.
, ,
: , -
,

: These arguments we have are a mark of our liberty, and
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, . ,
, ,

.
just, .
,
,

. ,
- :
And when we go through tough times, when we make big decisions as a
208
country, it necessarily stirs passions, stirs up controversy. That won't
change after tonight. And it shouldn't.
, , ,
, . ,
.


,
: I have never been prouder to watch the rest of America
fall in love with you too as our nation's first lady.
, , .

,
: We want our children to live in an America
that isn't burdened by debt, that isn't weakened up by inequality, that isn't
threatened by the destructive power of a warming planet. ,
, ,
.

, , ,
. ,
, : I have
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despite all the evidence to the contrary, that something better awaits us so
long as we have the courage to keep reaching, to keep working, to keep
fighting. ,
, ( -
),
, .

: And with your stories and your struggles, I
return to the White House more determined and more inspired than ever
about the work there is to do and the future that lies ahead.
,
, - ,
.
: It
doesn't matter whether you're black or white or Hispanic or Asian or Native
American or young or old or rich or poor, abled, disabled, gay or straight.
You can make it here in America if you're willing to try. ,
, , ,
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, .
,
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-
.
,

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.
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, , .
,
, ,

,
. ,

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210


,
(
) [2, . 19]. , , ,
-
-
(/), () , ,
.
, -
/. -
(
) -
, -
: ) (+) -
; )
,
; )
[3, c. 53].
-
: )
; )
; )
,
.
, ,
,
- , ,
, , -
(), ,
.
/ ,
.
- , ,

, -
, :
/,
/:
. : Die Post bringt eine schlimme Nachricht.
;
211
 /, -
:

. : Er verletzte sich die Hand. ;
/
, - -
: ,
, . . :
Frher war es auch schlecht, aber jetzt ist es noch schlechter
- , ;
( ):
, -
. : Er sah ihn kurz an und schwieg.
;
/: ,
, . : --
-
, ,
-: bis
anstelle der Holzhuser (. ) vielstckige Wohn-
huser aufwuchsen. (.)
.
, .
-
, -
: Er sah die
Hausherrin schmachtend (.) an.
[4, c. 6-14].

, ..
-
, .
,
,
.. -
. ,
,
. : Auf dem Kurszettel unterscheidet man zwischen dem
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.
,
212

, [5].
:
,
, ,

, :
Rechnungshof , Betriebsrat
, , Gastarbeiter ,
, , Rotstiftpolitik
, ..
, der weie Kreis (
) [5].
,

- , -
- . -
-
-
, : die Buch-
besprechung , im Schatten der Berge
, eine karge Prosa von besonderem Reiz
, .

, . . -
,
:
1) : , ,
-, .;
2) .
, . Ein Fihctenbaum
: der Fichtenbaum
die Palme,
, .
..
,

. .. ,
, ,
, [6, c. 98].

213
 .
Ein Fichtenbaum steht einsam - .
Im Norden auf kahler Hh'; .
Ihn schlfert; mit weier Decke ,
Umhllen ihn Eis und Schnee. .
.. ..
,
. ,
, , ,
.
, , .
,


, .. -
,
,
.

,
. ,
, :
,
, [9, . 30].

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. . ( . ).
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214

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, . , [1, . 438]

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;
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; ;
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.
12-

6- 12- , 10-
( 5- ) 8- .

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215
 - .
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.
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216
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/ : .

217
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218
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219

1. .. . .: . 1975.
583 . 2. . . .: .1974. 378 c.
3. Arthur Rimbaud. Oeuvres compltes.Correspondances. Paris: Robert
Laffont, 2009. 767 p. 4. . . [ ].
: http://ukrkniga.org.ua/ukrkniga-text/357/ 5.
XIX-XX : . .: ,1982. .. 510 .

Ramaz Kurdadze, Maia Lomia, Ketevan Margiani

Tbilisi, Georgia

On the Translation of Evidential Imperfect Forms

in the Kartvelian Languages1

Introduction
Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages are Georgian, Megrelian, Laz
and Svan. The Georgian language has its own alphabet and sixteen-century-
long literary tradition. Megrelian, Laz and Svan languages are linguistically
independent language systems, yet, from the viewpoint of their
sociolinguistic function, they are considered as dialects.
Evidentiality is a universal category expressed by morphological,
syntactic and lexical means. However, its linguistic expression is diverse not
only in non-related but also in related languages. The paper focuses on the
issue of translation of evidential verb forms in the Kartvelian languages. The
evidential forms constructed with present and imperfect stems in Megrelian
and Svan languages are contrasted to their Georgian lexical correlates2.
Evidential Forms in Megrelian
Unlike the literary Georgian language, in Megrelian there are screeves3
of IV series formed by means of the participle with no-u circumfix and
ore(n) is auxiliary verb [1, pp. 18-23]. With time, the analytical way of
formation was organically developed and, on the synchronic level, screeves
of IV series are formed by no-e circumfix. Out of the four screeves of the

1
The paper has been written within the framework of the project: The Category of
Evidentiality in the Kartvelian Languages financed by Shota Rustaveli National
Scientific Foundation (#217300).
2
In the Laz language the evidential forms are not opposed by present and imperfect
stems; hence, in this case, the material of the Laz language will not be discussed.
3
Screeve is a paradigmatic set of tense-aspect-mood of verb forms which inflects
only for person and number. This term was coined by American linguist Howard I.
Aronson and it is a phonetic version of the Georgian term mckrivi row,
introduced by Georgian linguist Akaki Shanidze.
220
IV series, the paper focuses on two screeves expressing evidentiality.
Screeves of the IV series are based on the I series, i.e. the present stem. The
forms of screeves of I and IV series are opposed by seen and unseen actions
[1, p. 30; 2, pp. 133-134]. G. Rogava distinguished the IV series in
Megrelian and called the screeves of the IV series Present evidential
screeves, whereas the terms used to denote separate screeves were based on
the existing linguistic tradition. Thus, the screeves viewed in the given
paper are termed as follows: Evidential III and Evidential IV [1, p. 17]. The
above-mentioned screeves are also termed in scholarly literature as follows:
variants of inversive evidential forms [3, p. 086; 4, pp. 145-146; 5, p. 159];
Present Evidential and Imperfect Evidential [2, p. 132].
(1) no-ar+u-e-(n)
PM1-write-PM1-PRS.S3.SG
It has turned out that he writes to her
(2) no-ar+u-e-d-u
PM1-write-PM1-EM-IMP.S3.SG
It turned out that he had been writing to her
Evidential forms in the Svan Language
Like Megrelian and unlike literary Georgian, in Svan language there are
evidential screeves with present stems called Evidential I and Evidential II.
Opinions of scholars are diverse regarding the series to which these screeves
pertain: to the I series, based on the stem [6, p. 130] or separately to the IV
series, based on their different evidential nature [7, p. 205, 8, p. 155].
Grammaticalization of the evidential forms in the Svan language is most
vivid as compared to other Kartvelian languages. This can be proved by the
existence of a special marker of evidentiality in the verb form [9, pp. 47-
48]. Evidential I is formed by adding suffixes-un and -a to the present
superessive version, however, in some contexts it may be viewed as
objective version as well:
(3) x-a-tab-un-a
Ind.O3- SPRSV-peel-EvidM-PM
It has turned out that he was peeling it (above) / he was peeling it for him
Evidential II in the I and II persons is formed by means of an auxiliary
verb, whereas in the III person it is not obligatory to use the auxiliary verb:
(4) l-m-tab-n
PSTPART-PART-peel-EvidM
It turned out that he had been peeling it
Despite significant difference in the content of the analyzed tenses, they
have a common present base stem.

221
 The Issue of Translation
It is well known that the literary language is conservative, as it is
restricted by the norm. Unwritten languages reveal more freedom with
regard to grammatical formation and semantic diversity. As a result, in the
Georgian language unseen actions are expressed by two screeves, whereas
in unwritten Kartvelian languages the number of screeves is larger. The
difference between the language systems regarding the number of screeves
leads to the following problems in the process of translation:
I. The tenses that are absent in the literary Georgian language are
expressed analytically, namely,
Present screeve verb form + particle turme(apparently,
evidently) in Megrelian [see Example (1)]
Imperfect screeve verb form + particle turme in Megrelian and
Svan languages [see Examples (2), (3), (4)].
The semantic difference between the screeves in the Svan langauge is
due to the version of the verb: in one case it is superessive, expressed by a
corresponding morpheme prefix a-, although these forms are to a certain
extent homonymous and also express objective version in some contexts; in
another case, the version is neutral. When translated into Georgian, due to
the absence of organic correlates (screeves), the verbs under analysis are
frequently expressed by perfect evidential forms. Obviously, this does not
fully express the semantic data of the Svan language, as one of the main
characteristic features iterativity is lost; precise translation, as it was
mentioned, is achieved only by means of analytical forms;
II. Megrelian evidential forms based on present and imperfect stems do
not differ in Georgian, namely, they are expressed by the same homo-
nymous form evidential imperfect.
Scholars frequently note that evidential forms containing the present
stem, i.e. present evidential forms are frequently used to express the past
tense [2, pp. 133-134]. In Georgian scholarly literature, these forms are
expressed by parallel structures: PRS+PTC (turme) || IMP+ PTC
(turme) [1, p. 24; 10, p. 117]. It should be mentioned that present
evidential forms are found in complex structures and, when translated from
Megrelian into Georgian, always express the past tense. Therefore, they are
expressed by imperfect verb forms accompanied by particle turme.
(5) geleete kaardi, gosop do cekitx, iaxan, eper dros, no-ar+u-e
[=PM1-write-PM1-PRS.S3.SG] tena tes [Xub. 198, 28-29] He took the
letter, tore the envelope and read it, realizing that it had been written at a
specific time [write.IMP-EM-S3.SG + PTC (turme)] S/he this.
Present evidential forms are expressed by the verb in the present tense.
However, the meaning of unseen action does not comply with the present
222
tense, therefore, the semantics of the past action naturally comes to the fore.
The transfer of the action to the past is also supported by prefix no-, which
is used in Megrelian to form past participle and preceding action [3,
p. 0129; 11, pp. 351-352; 2, p. 134, footnotes].
The issue of terminology
As it is known from scholarly literature, the names of evidential
screeves in Megrelian and Svan languages are based on the basic stem and,
to a cerain extent, semantic content. Translation has revealed that when
selecting a precise term, the semantic aspect should be taken into account.
This will help find precise terms for the screeves under analysis.

References
1. Rogava G. Tenses of the Fourth Group of Tense and Mood in the
Kartvelian Languages, in: Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics, Volume V.
Tbilisi: Publishing House of the Academy of Science of GSSR. 1953.
PP. 17-32. 2. Kobalava I. Subjunctive Mood in Megrelian, in the scientific
journal: Linguistic Issues, #4.Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Publishing House.
2001. PP. 111-143. 3. Kipshidze I. The Grammar of Megrelian (Iverian)
Language with Reader and Glossary. Saint Petersburg: Publishing House of
the Imperial Academy of Science. 1914. 424 pp. 4. Chikobava A.
Grammatical Analysis of the Chan Language. Tbilisi: Publishing House of
the Georgian branch office of the Academy of Sciences of The USSR. 1936.
151 pp. 5. Danelia K. Grammatical Analysis of the Colkhian Language,
in: The Colkhian (Megrelian-Laz) Language. Tbilisi: Universali. 2006.
399 pp. 6. Topuria V. Linguistic Papers, Volume I: The Svan Language,
Verb. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1967. 380 pp. 7. Oniani A. The Svan
Language. Tbilisi: Publishing House of the Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani Pedago-
gical University. 1998. 316 pp. 8. Chumburidze Z. Kurdadze R. &
Nizharadze L. The Svan Language.Tbilisi: Petiti. 2007. 388 pp.
9. Margiani K. The Category of Evidentiality in the Svan Language. Tbilisi:
Global Printi+. 2012. 316 pp. 10. Kiziria A. Simple Sentence Structure
in the Kartvelian Languages. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.1982. 310 pp.
11. Fenrich H. & Sarjveladze Z. Etymological Dictionary of Kartvelian
Languages. Tbilisi: Meridiani. 2000. 618 pp.
Abbreviations and Contractions
PM Paradigm marker; PRS Present; S3 Subject person 3; SG
Singular; EM Extenion marker; IMP Imperfect; Ind.O3 Indirect object
3; SPRSV Superessive version; EvidM Evidential Marker; PSTPART
Past participle; PART Participle; PTC Particle; Xub. Xubua M.
Megrelian Texts, Tphilisi, 1937.

223

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Martians dead slain by the putrefactive and dcease bacteria against
which their systems were unprepared, slain as the red weed was being slain,

243
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244
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245
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254
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261
 GONGOOZLER: not an obscure variety of coelacanth, nor a visitor to
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262
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mitternchtlichen Ausschweifungen die Seele nach auen kehrt, ist die
langsame und getragene, beinahe schluchzende Melodie der Hora Mare
wie ein Herzstilstand, ein Sprung in die andere Welt, ein blindes Tasten
nach dem Weg ins Paradies und zugleich der freiwillige Auszug aus der
Hlle [8, c. 101].
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sterreichern und Rumnen musste das gewesen sein. Jortschicha wurde
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: /
.. //
: VII
. -, 10-12 2004 . .: -
- , 2004. . 135-137.

H.B. Patel
Himatnagar, Gujarat, India

Problems of Translation from Gujarati to English

01. Introduction
Translation is defined as the communication of the meaning of a
source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text by
Bhatia [1, p. 051). One of the most acceptable definitions of translation is
given by Newmark [2, p. 5] as rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text. Nida and Taber [3,
p. 12] write that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message.
278
For the Chinese translation theorist Huang Long [4, p. 1], translation from
the linguistic perspective means the replacement of textual material in one
language (Source Language=SL) by equivalent textual material in another
language. Thus translation is a type of literary creativeness where the
written-work of one language is re-created in another one. It's interesting to
note that however, when the source and target languages belong to different
cultural groups, the first problem faced by the translator is finding terms in
his/her own language that express the highest level of faithfulness possible
to the meaning of certain words. For example, there are some words that are
related to typical costumes, teasing, customs and tradition which represent a
specific culture and the translator should be very careful in translating such
words. For example, there are some words that are related to typical fabrics,
cookery specialties, tradition, manner of expression or jobs; they also
represent specific culture and the translators should be very careful enough
in translating such words. This is one of the reasons why the text must be
considered in its totality. Thus Peter Newmark [2, p. 5] defines translation
as rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the
author intended the text.
It's because of reform and opening, Indias expectations for its students
increased due to the development of the market economic system,
expansion of foreign exchanges, and entrance into the competitive world.
English is lingua franca in India. However Gujarati teachers and students
face many challenges in India. This article intends to find out those
universally existing problems in analyzing Gujarati people's English vis-a-
vis-Gujarati mistranslation and also puts forward some solutions. This paper
is aiming to analyze the phenomena of cultural untranslatability between
English and Gujarati in terms of its causes and compensation strategies, in
the view of intercultural communication.
02. Problems in Gujarati vis-a-vis English Translation
2.1 Linguistic Level
It is observed that linguistic differences are so deeply rooted that some
translation practice between English and Gujarati seems so hard or even
impossible sometimes. English and Gujarati belong to two different
language families so English and Gujarati differ in phonetic level, lexical
level, syntactic level and rhetoric level, which can inevitably lead to the loss
of message transferring.
2.1.1 Lexical Level
It is found that there is such wide range of meanings of English words
that we have to grasp according to the context. Word meanings are very
complex, and there is no dictionary that has all the meanings of a word take
out space. A word in different contexts and cultural backgrounds may have
279
completely different meaning. Zhou Fangzhu [5, p. 121) says, words do
not have meanings: people have meanings for words. For example, the
word "poor child" in English may have various meanings in Gujarati like
garIba baaLak" and "ibacaa# baaLak. When translating, students put the English
word into the corresponding Gujarati vocabulary which results in a lot of
defects. For example a student may translate A terrific beauty as Bayaanak
sauMdrtaa in Gujarati which is incorrect in Gujarati. The correct translation is
and Aita sauMdr. This type of word-for-word translation resulted in mistake
therefore the direct translation of words is not enough to make an accurate
translation of these sentences. Just using the corresponding Gujarati-English
vocabulary leaves the translation full of holes.
2.1.2 Syntactic Level
English and Gujarati are quite different in syntactic level. Some
syntactic structures such as inverted sentences, passive structures,
prepositional phrases and so on are often employed in English, but not often
used in Gujarati. In order to adapt to the idiomatic expressiveness of target
language, some translation techniques may be employed to make the
expressiveness correct and natural.
Lets see the following example. The sentence pattern in English is
Subject + Verb + Object whereas in Gujarati its Subject + Object +
Verb. The sentence Mihir plays cricket is translated as imahIr ik`koT rmao Co.
in Gujarati. Sometimes an English sentence with a series of prepositional
phrases is very difficult for Gujarati people to translate. One problem
Gujarati students have when translating is that they do not understand
sentences comprehensively. Sometimes Gujarati students do not give full
consideration to the contextual meanings and translate sentences
individually and isolated from context.
2.1.3 Phonetic Level
English is an intonation language while Gujarati is a tone language.
They share nearly nothing similar in the phonetic level. There are various
tone tones altogether in Gujarati. Take L as an example there are two
variants for it like la and La. These two variants make the pronunciation
of Gujarati words and sentences quite different. Sometimes the translator
makes great efforts to achieve the aesthetic effect of sound in his translation
version but the unique rhythm of Shakespeares poems cannot be
reconstructed because of the different sound systems of English and
Gujarati. The articulation position for the pronunciation of Ph or F in
English is different from Gujarati.
2.1.4 Rhetoric Level
Each language has featured figures of speech such as onomatopoeia,
alliteration, euphemism, antithesis, etc. in English, which may more or less
280
lead to difficulties in translation in Gujarati. Let's see an example of
alliteration in English Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers. In
Gujarati, it can be translated as vaaMsaLaIvaaLaa paITro marIvaaLaa AqaaNaa naa baMDlanao ]paaDyau.
which is extremely funny and humorous. Sometimes the translator can't
translate the rhetoric speech literally, instead, he has to translate it into a
Gujarati proverb with the similar extending meaning in the original
sentence, which is more expressive.
2.2 Cultural Level
Translator should remember that cultural background is the basis of
learning and communication, if you do not understand the cultural
background, you can easily make mistakes in translation and
communication which could lead to contradictions and conflicts. For
example, Gujarati students cannot understand why open Pandora's Box is
translated as paoMDaoranaI paoTI KaaolaI without the knowledge of cultural
background. If one does not understand the cultural background in the
translation process, one cannot skillfully make use of these things in one's
translations. In Gujarati, we often consider ibalaaDI (Cat) as a derogatory
term, with so many phrases related to cat. In Gujarati the phrases related to
cat are almost always with some negative meanings, which is quite different
from English. Sometimes, it is hard for Gujarati to accept the title of lucky
cat, though it means luckiness.
3. Basic Solutions
3.1 Student-Teacher Communications
It is important that a group of teachers who are experts in effective
translation should be cultivated. The teachers may be a helping hand to the
students to choose the specific meanings of words, phrases, or idioms
within the sentences according to the specific language environment.
3.2 Necessary Language Training
Teachers should begin with linguistic training. Adults are good at
comprehension so when translating it is also necessary to do syntax analysis
in depth by comparing both languages.
3.3 Encouraging Students to be Flexible in Translation
It is universally accepted that translation is a creative process, so
students must be encouraged to think creatively while they should be
faithful to the originals. We can get acceptable translation of sentences or
passages if we keep in mind the differences of cultural background. The
way of translation and the method may be very flexible, and English words
are also multivariate. It is advisable that sometimes the translator need to
omit some words, or sometimes add some words in order to get perfect
translation which leads to a closer rendering of the original expression.

281
 3.4 Other Points
The following points need to be considered for good translation:
There should be a great understanding of the language, written and
verbal, from which one is translating, i.e. the source language.
There should be an excellent control of the language into which one
is translating, i.e. the target language.
One should have an awareness of the subject matter of the book
being translated.
One should have a deep knowledge of the etymological and
idiomatic correlates between the two languages.
Back Translation: Comparison of a back-translation with the
original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original
translationas written by Crystal [6, p. 5). It is one of the most familiar
practices used to search for equivalents through:
(A) the translation of items from the source language to the target language;
(B) free translation of these back into the source language.
Discussions about the use and meaning of words with bilingual
people to make decisions about the best terms to use.
Interviews or questionnaires or any kind of tests are used to remove
translation-related difficulties.
04. Conclusion
It is a challenging task when reading a text in a source language and
translating in another language where the translator has to make a number
of translation-related decisions. Words which exist in one language but not
in another, concepts which are not equivalent in different cultures, idiomatic
expressions and/or differences among languages in grammatical and
syntactical structures are issues which require very specific decisions taking
skill. Translation is the intercultural communication between SL and TL so
the translator shouldn not only keep on the linguistic level when translating,
but should deeply explore the cultural connotation of the language. It is on
account of the diversity and complexity of language and culture that the
problem of untranslatability actually exists. However, its not absolute.
Proper use of translation strategies can compensate for the loss of meanings
in the process of translation, and convert some factors of untranslatability
into translatability. Based on the analysis of the mistakes of Gujarati
students translation practice, we can see that English teaching in Gujarat
still has a long way to go. In order to raise our translation level to a
standard, teachers need to continue to explore more suitable methods of
translation for Gujarati students.

282
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Marco Syrayama de Pinto

So Paulo, Brazil

A Comparison between the German and Dutch Translations

of Some Neologisms Used in Ouz Atay's Tutunamayanlar

Introduction
The subject of the present paper is a great masterpiece of literature that
remains as yet largely unknown in the world today for the simple reason
that it was written in a language other than English. Though much could be
said about the translation of minority language literatures 1, the focus of this
paper is on the comparison between the techniques used by the translators
of the Tutunamayanlar in both their German and Dutch translations, the
only published ones so far 2.
The work and its title
The Tutunamayanlar, which, can literally be translated as The
Disconnected is a modernist work by the Turkish author Ouz Atay, and
originally published in two volumes, in 1971 and 1972.
As for the explanation of the title, it is derived from a Turkish verb
tutunmak 'to hold on to something', followed by the infix -ama-, adding the

1
The Dutch translator of the Tutunamayanlar, Hanneke van der Heijden, gives only
a few examples of her own language, great names such as Gerard Reve, Hella
Haasse or Willem Frederik Hermans, and the novels they wrote, not to mention the
poetry of Jan Slauerhoff or Luceber, that remain so far untranslated.
2
Although both a long-awaited English, Greek and Serbian translations are in the
making, according to Anatolian Agency Facebook page: https://pt-pt.facebook.com/
AnatoliaLit/.
304
meaning of 'not being able to', plus the suffix '(v)yan' which adds the
meaning of agency, or a person who does what the root of the word
indicates. After adding all the morphemes we will arrive at the meaning of,
roughly speaking, 'those who cannot, or are not able to, hold on', a meaning
which, according to Hanneke, one of the Dutch translators of the book, is a
neologism itself.
As for the meaning of the word tutunamayanlar, we will quote an excerpt
of the work itself that is self-explanatory, and which consists of an entry,
clearly satirical, of the fictitious Encyclopedia of Bizarre Animals [2, p. 31]:
From the Encyclopedia of Bizarre Animals: The Disconnectus Erectus:
They are clumsy and cowardly animals at first sight they look like
humans. But their claws are very weak. They can't climb hills. When they
have to descend, they let themselves slide down (they fall frequently). They
don't have much body hair. Although their eyes are big, their sight is not
well developed, that is why they can't detect danger from afar. Their males
cry in sad tones when they are left alone. They call for mating in the same
sad tones. Usually they live in other animals' shelters as long as the hosts
can bear the situation. Sometimes they live in deserted shelters. They don't
have any family order. After birth, mother, father, and children go their
separate ways. They don't know how to live in a community, and they can't
organize against an attack.
Summary of the novel
One morning in the second half of the twentieth century, Turgut Ozben
wakes up and reads the news of Selim Iik's suicide in the paper. The
former close friends, Selim Iik and Turgut zben, who went to the same
university to study civil engineering, lost touch when Turgut got married.
Shocked by receiving news of Selim's death, Turgut recalls memories of
Selim, the days they spent together, their conversations. In order to find out
who he really was, for he realized he had never really known him, and also
to find out what drove him to kill himself, Turgut traces some of Selim's
friends. He starts by visiting his mother, finds texts written by Selim, meets
his friends, such as Sleyman Kargi, Esat and even gets in touch with his
former girlfriend, Gnseli.
He starts to become alienated the more he tries to enter Selim's world.
Finally, he sets off on a journey with the purpose of reading Selim's diaries,
and he knows he will never come back, having become forever alienated
from both his family and his routine. He and his companion Olric, his inner
voice with whom he is in constant dialogue, cross the country, getting off at
a distant station, never to come back again.

305
 Comparison between translations
The excerpt we will compare in the present work is a passage from a
diary of a young man, the 18 year-old Dzgen Silik who lived thousands of
years ago, and which contains a description of 6 of his friends (7 with
himself), all living in pre-islamic times and who spoke a pure form of
language, a clear parody of the ztrke, or 'pure' Turkish, created by the
reformers of the 30's in Turkey. The neologisms coined by Atay are
parodies of puristic substitutions of Arabic and Persian loanwords that had
existed in the Turkish language for centuries, many of them sound very
risible to a reader of modern Turkish.
Below, for constraints of space and time, we will include just a few of
the neologisms that occur in the work, namely, a description of Ylgn Mete,
in their German translation, followed by their Dutch translation and its
original Turkish and a literal English translation of the Turkish original:
[3, p. 185]
Ylgn Mete: ksa boylu, karal (esmer); kounura (atletizm) yapmay
sever [] her gn sakalsakesere (berber) gider.
[4, p. 184]
Ylgn Mete: klein gewachsen, schwarzhaarig; betribt gerne
Leichtwettkampf (Leichtathletik) [] geht jeden Tag zum Bartschneider
(Barbier).
[5, p. 185]
Ylgn Mete: Klein van stuk, donkerhuidharig (getint); is dol op
hardloophoogverspringbeivering (atletik), [] bezoekt de baardhaarknipper
(barbier) elke dag.
Ylgn Mete: short, [black + suffix] (brunette), likes to practice running-
activity (athletism), [] goes to the (he) cuts-hair-beard (barber) every day.
To sum up:
Original German Dutch English
Turkish translation translation translation
karal (esmer) schwarzhaarig donkerhuidharig black-haired
(getint) (brunette)
kounura Leichtwettkampf hardloophoogvers running-activity
(atletizm) (Leichtathletik) pringbeivering (athletism),
(atletik)
sakalsakeser Bartschneider baardhaarknipper (he) cuts-hair-
(berber) (Barbier) (barbier) beard (barber)
Analysis and discussion
The use of the neologistic adjective karal is clearly satirical, not found
in any dictionary, but is promptly understood by any Turkish reader who
will mentally analyze the word as composed by kara "black" +suffix (v)l,
306
which can both be satirical use of the also neologistic suffix -s(v)l, created
by the Turkish reformers on the basis of the resemblance with the French
suffix -sal/sel, and which has gained wide currency in the Turkish language
or a deliberate resemblance with the adjective kumral, which also
designates hair color, 'brown-haire', though not synchronically analyzable
by the average Turkish speaker who does not know its etymon.
Alternatively, the author could well have had both instances in mind while
coining the word karal.
One notices also that the German translation uses the unmarked work
for black-haired in German, i.e., schwarzhaarig. The translator, Johannes
Neuner, in other words, chose to omit the satirical doublet composed of
neologism x current (unmarked) word, as is seen, incidentally, in the other
instances. The Dutch translators, for their part, choose to keep the doublet,
and thus to make an equivalent impression on the Dutch reader:
donkerhuidharig (getint). The first word is composed of donkerhuid
'brunette' + harig 'haired', giving 'having the hair color of a brunette' + getint
'dyed, dark', past participle of the verb tinten 'to dye, to color', ultimately
derived from tint, whose etymon is Romance (either from French teinte or
Italian tinta), according to the online De Gentegreerde Taalbank
(integrated word bank). In other words, the translators deliberately used
words of different origins: Germanic x Romance, in order to give the reader
an equivalent flavor of the heteroglossia (a term used buy Bakhtin) of the
original Turkish (Turkish x Arabic).
As for the second neologism, kounura, it is composed of pure
Turkish roots, i.e., koun 'race' which, has as its first (most widespread
meaning) meaning 'line of soldiers, rank' and is, according to the TDK
online dictionary, of Mongolian origin. If it is indeed so (we could not trace
its origin the Nianyan's etymological dictionary [6] does not include it), it
is a case of analogy with the Turkish root ko- 'to run', the one intended by
the author here. The German translator this time chooses to differentiate
between Germanic Leichtwettkampf, in which all the elements are German,
and the hybrid Leichtathletik. The same goes for the Dutch composition
hardloophoogverspringbeivering, followed by the unmarked and current
atletik, a hellenism via French.
Lastly, we have the word sakalsakeser, a word that can be decomposed
as sakal 'beard' + sa 'hair' + keser (cuts - aorist of kesmek 'cut'), giving
literally '(he) cuts-hair-beard', or 'beard-haircutter'. The aorist is a common
way of deriving words in Turkish, as the now international word dner
(from the verb dnmek 'to turn' testifies, among others, such as the now
laughable coinage by the TDK belgegeer for faks (fax), lit. '[it] passes
documents'. One can observe that the German translation omits the hair
307
element from its coinage, whereas the Dutch one, which more closely
follows the original Turkish, gives us a calque of the Turkish.
Conclusion
The purpose this study was to both analyze a sample of the many satirical
(of Oztrke, or 'pure' Turkish) neologisms as coined by the modernist
Turkish author Ouz Atay and to present a comparison with the only existing,
so far, translation of the Tutunamayanlar, often translated into English as 'The
Disconnected', between the German and the Dutch translations. Although the
scope of this study is limited, for reasons of time and space, and thus we only
chose a few of the neologisms, we could observe that the Dutch translation,
by doing a translation that is closer to the original, is more foreignizing at
least as far as we could see in the present study than the German one, which,
by omitting some elements, along with a doublet, is domesticating in its
essence. Lastly, it was not our purpose here to critique the translations
themselves, but to make an objective description of them by showing which
techniques the translators, always faced with choices, made for the translation
of such a challenging work as the Tutunamayanlar.

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-
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.

.
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,
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,
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.
--
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. : to climb into
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317
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,
,

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has narrowed the corridor of interest rates

standing facilities
the key policy rate .

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Pdagogie raisonne de linterprtation [2] -
-
: ce sont de vrais discours qui seront
donns interprter; ils revtiront un caractre authenitiquement oral.
Aucune lecture haute voix nquivaut la qualit dintelligibilit dune
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.
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.
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330

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[5, c. 287].
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; 3) [6, c. 104].

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331
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(The Dead Zone) (The Shining)
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I want rattraps and poison bait sowed around in it. Some of the third-
floor chambermaids say they have heard rustling noises. I don't believe it,
not for a moment, but there mustn't even be that one-in-a-hundred chance
that a single rat inhabits the Overlook Hotel [14, c. 7]. ,

. ,
332
. ,
,
[12, c. 12].
-
.
:
Danny told his father earnestly that he hadn't been down in the cellar.
That door was always locked. And Mommy agreed. Danny never went down
in the back hall, she said, because it was damp and dark and spidery [14,
c. 25]. , .
. . ,
, [12, c. 37].
spidery.
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.

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c. 110]. , ,
. [11, c. 136].
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:
Top floor, Ullman said briskly. The attic. Absolutely nothing up there
now but bric-a-brac. Some of the third-floor chambermaids say they have
heard rustling noises [14, c. 7]. ,
. . ,
. ,
[12, c. 12].
:
He was, too except for the occasional bad dreams that came over the
course of the next month or so... the bad dreams and a tendency to
sometimes get very dozy at times of the day when he had never been dozy
333
before. And that stopped happening at about the same time the bad dreams
stopped happening [13, c. 3].
...
, ,
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[11, c. 5].
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10. Vozina A.A. A Dictionary of Stylistics / A.A. Vozina M.:
Prosveshenie, 1997. 395 p. 11. . / .
[ ] : http://mreadz.com/read73731.
12. . / . [ ] :
334
http://www.e-reading.club/book.php?book=1033125. 13. King S. The Dead
Zone / S. King. [Electronic Resource]. Access Mode to the Resource:
http://freenovelonline.com/243342-the-dead-zone.html. 14. King S. The
Shining / S. King. [Electronic Resource]. Access Mode to the Resource:
http://knigger.org/king/novels/about/the_shining?hl=en.

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[9, c. 54].
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336
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337
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. // . 1990. 10. . 78-79. 5. ..
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6. .. (-
.) / .. . .: -, 2009. 384 .
7. Lakoff J. Metaphors We Live By / J. Lakoff, M. Johnson. Chicago;
London: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1980. 242 p. 8. Christie A. Thirteen
Problems / A. Christie. Electronic Resource. Access Mode: http://readli.net/
thirteen-problems/ 9. . 13 / . : [.
. . ]. :
, 2010. 238 .

338
 Olga Romanova, Aleksejs Vaskevics
Riga, Latvia

Translation and Adaptation of Non-Equivalent Commercial Vehicles

Slogans for the Russian and English Speaking Target Market

Nearly 100 years have passed since Henry Ford created the first serial
car. At that time Fords production did not need representation, as he was
the only mass car producer. Ford had a unique idea of producing an
affordable middle class car, and society supported it. Owing to Ford, soon
the number of car owners around the world raised significantly. Nowadays
due to intense competition, each car manufacturer is to establish the
company image and cause particular associations in the society. In order to
influence potential customers positively, form a reputation and stimulate
sales, they employ advertising slogans, which are developed by advertising
companies in line with the preferences and vision of the producer.
The process of slogan translation involves a range of strategies from
complete transference of the source text into the target culture to the
creation of new slogans designed taking the target market into consideration
basing on the interpretation of the advertisers creative brief. Although the
suitability of advertising texts for translation is commonly debated about
due to their high cultural and social content, on the international scale
adverts are frequently created in English due to financial and brand image
concerns and subsequently translated into the languages of the target
market. Translation of advertisements is a complicated process: a
microcosm of almost all the prosodic, pragmatic, syntactic, textual and
semiotic difficulties to be encountered in translating [1, p. 99]. Virtually all
devices that provide advertising texts with their persuasive power cause
difficulties in translation.
Guidere [2] argues that translators should aim at an effective text which
sells the product in the target culture. However, he adds that part of
equivalence between the source and target texts is to be preserved on level
of the syntagm, or a linguistic unit consisting of a set of linguistic forms
(phonemes, words, or phrases) that are in a sequential relationship to one
another [3]. The goal is not literal text transfer, but creation of a desired
effect on customers.
It is advisable to entrust slogan translation to professionals who are
native speakers of the target language, as even highly skilled foreign
copywriters may not be aware of local realia to the same extent as people
living in that environment. Before rendering a particular slogan, analysis of
culture, traditions and habits of the local market is to be carried out.
339
Otherwise, the admissible image in one culture may appear offensive in
another. Although the process of cultural globalisation widens, concepts in
local realia should be considered to avoid the situation when a foreign
slogan is not accepted locally. In terms of semantics, the images conveyed
are to be rendered considering the intended buyers. The use of a slogan in
its literal meaning without offering implicatures or explicatures may be
suitable for certain types of vehicles advertised. Nevertheless, it is advised
to create polysemic and overstated slogans that incorporate a variety of
meanings, as they attract attention and are memorable.
The preliminary research had to determine whether the images of cars
advertised in the original English- and Russian-created slogans differ
considerably. In order to carry out the analysis, 23 English and 23 Russian
car advertising slogans were selected from advertising brochures,
magazines and Internet sources. It proved that the majority of the slogans
convey similar images of cars and projected owners irrespectively of the
potential market. Thus, the major qualities of the car considered while
choosing it coincide within the same social groups.
The analysed slogans of commercial transport stress and outline such
features as the process of working, cost-efficiency, success, and uniqueness
of the car. The reason of that is the aim of buying commercial vehicles, i.e.
lorries, vans and trucks, which are produced for business purposes. Thus,
cost-efficiency and the process of work are the main features stressed in the
slogans of commercial transport on both markets. These slogans may often
be interpreted in literally, which proves that potential clients tend to apply a
pragmatic approach to the buying of such a high-involvement product as
transport for their commercial needs.
The empirical research dealt with translation of the English and Russian
slogans into Russian and English and their adaptation for the English- and
Russian-speaking markets. Due to the reason that within the same social
groups, the society-accepted choice-determining qualities of the car
coincide irrespective of the national background, the image conveyed by the
original slogans was possibly preserved in translation. In order to conduct
an exhaustive lexical semantic analysis of the image conveying lexis and to
provide quality translation, the electronic dictionary ABBYY Lingvo Pro x5
on CD ROM [4] was consulted owing to the extensive number of
commonly acknowledged dictionaries it exploits.
The examples below illustrate the process of translation and adaptation
of commercial transport slogans for potential foreign markets. Each slogan
and its translation are shown in a table that consists of three columns. The
first column contains the original slogan, the second one shows the
proposed translations, and in the third column, the selected final variant is
340
provided. The justification of the choice of translation variant is provided
below each table.
Table 1. Slogan of Ford: Heart of the Workforce.
The original slogan The proposed translations The final variant
Transit. Heart of the Ford Transit. . Ford Transit -
Workforce. Ford Transit. 1
.
Ford Transit. ,
.
Ford Transit -
1.
The Ford Transit slogan conveys the image of a car that is expected to be
the central part of workforce. The slogan may be interpreted idiomatically,
e.g., Ford Transit. ., thus implying the altered Russian proverb
. The phrase refers to an object of utmost
importance. It is expected that the message conveyed will be perceived by
Russian-speaking customers. However, the product advertised is intended for
business purposes; therefore, it should create a link to business purposes in the
slogan. The other proposed slogan, Ford Transit.
. corresponds to the intended goal to the maximum extent, as it
concentrates on the vehicles reliability in business. However, the meaning of
the original is altered. The variant Ford Transit. ,
. implies the intended image by utilising a simile, comparing the
importance of the vehicle to water, which is a substance of primary
importance. It also contains consonance formed by the repetition of the
stressed vowel // in the words and . The rhyme makes the
slogan attractive and memorable.
The slogan Ford Transit - 1 has been
considered as the most suitable translation. The pronoun emphasises
respect and formal attitude towards the intended addressee, which is an
important aspect in business communication. The word workforce has been
translated as . The expression is widely used in the sphere
of business, thus it may be considered as a business buzzword. Finally, 1
is an elliptic construction and graphic representation of the clich
(number one), which emphasises importance and reliability of Ford
Transit. The slogan is short and its conveyed message is direct and clear.
The original Citroen slogan has been created to pinpoint the design of
the new car body that allows loading and unloading of pallets in a
convenient way.

341
 Table 2. Slogan of Citroen: Loads Pallets in Seconds
The original slogan The proposed translations The final variant
New Citroen Berlingo. Berlingo. Berlingo.
Loads Pallets in . Citroen. .
Seconds. .
Berlingo.
. .

The first proposed translation is Berlingo.

. Citroen. It delivers the original image through the idiom
, which means without any complications, with ease. An
alternative translation reads Berlingo. . . It
conveys the image intended and consists of two phrases. The first part
Berlingo introduces the product advertised, while the second
proposition characterises new qualities of the car. The
convenience of operating the vehicle is emphasised by the adverb
(easily) at the end of the slogan, after the second full stop.
The next two slogans GAZ and KAMAZ have been translated mainly
as part of the linguistic experiment, as these vehicles are not sold on the
English-speaking market. However, these manufacturers frequently
introduce their production at international automotive trade fairs.
Table 3. Slogan of GAZ: Next !
The original The proposed translations The final variant
slogan
Next GAZel Next Its All- GAZel Next Its
! Different. All-Different.
GAZel Next Its All-New!

The slogan of GAZ emphasises the changes introduced by comparing

the new GAZel to the previous models. However, on the English-speaking
markets, GAZ is not known widely, thus, it is expected that target
customers do not have any information about the old models. Therefore, the
image conveyed cannot be preserved. The use of the set phrase all-new in
the slogan GAZel Next Its All-New! conveys the image of a car that is
new in all respects. The meaning is general, and potential customers may
make their own considerations of what exactly it means. An exclamatory
mark emphasises and adds emotional appeal to the statement as well as
draws additional attention.
The second proposed slogan is GAZel Next Its All-Different. The
phrase all-different represents an allusion referring to the widely known
expression all-new. It conveys the image of a new brand on the market. The
slogan states that the vehicle promoted is not the same as the competitors
offered products. At the same time, no exact qualities are promoted offering
342
potential customers to find additional information about GAZel Next. Due
to that, the slogan has been chosen as a more appropriate variant for the
English-speaking market. The intended addressee is expected not to be
satisfied with the transport they know and have and willing to choose a new
make. The advertised products name also works advantageously. The
slogan incorporates the model name GAZel, which is an allusion of the
animal gazelle, who moves quickly and lightly and has large eyes. Thus,
the image of a dynamic, compact and manoeuvrable van with high quality
headlights is delivered.
Table 4. Slogan of KAMAZ:
The original slogan The proposed translations The final variant
: KAMAZ: Like a Tank. KAMAZ: Your Yes-
. KAMAZ: Tanks are Not Afraid of Man
Dirt.
KAMAZ: No Dirt No Party.
KAMAZ: Your Yes-Man.

KAMAZ company uses a metaphor to convey the idea that KAMAZ

trucks are like tanks, which are known for their multiterrain capability and
power. The direct link with the qualities of a tank is provided in the slogan
KAMAZ: Like a Tank. However, in English, the primary meaning of the
word tank is a large metal container for liquid or gas. It may be applied to
KAMAZ trucks, as they resemble tanks. However, the Russian slogan aims
to promote multiterrain qualities, reliability and durability.
The other translation is literal: the slogan KAMAZ: Tanks Are Not
Afraid of Dirt. links the word tank with an strong armoured military vehicle
that can be driven in off-road conditions. The slogan KAMAZ: No Dirt No
Party delivers the image intended, as the noun party stands for a social
event where people meet to entertain themselves, often to celebrate a special
occasion, and taking into account that people normally wait for such
occasions, the word has a positive connotation. The word dirt is linked with
the word party, creating the image of a car designed for rough handling in
adverse conditions, e.g. off-road and dirt. Double negation KAMAZ: No Dirt
No Party attracts attention, however negation is not advisable in
advertising, as a positive argument usually has a better recall [5, p. 181].
The slogan KAMAZ: Your Yes-Man. corresponds to the requirements to
a better extent. It is short and brings a positive connotation due to the word
yes, which expresses agreement. Also, it contains consonance formed by the
repetition of the initial /j/ in the words your, yes, which makes the slogan
comfortable to pronounce and memorable. The word yes-man is widely
used by businesspeople; it means someone who always agrees with their

343
superiors. Application of it to KAMAZ conveys the image of a car that will
work in any conditions.
The process of translation and justification of the most suitable variant
has proved that before translating a slogan, extensive analysis should be
carried out. First, it is to determine the image of the car. Second, the image
of the target customer in both source and target language should be
considered. The fact that a variety of translations may be offered proves that
the final version should be considered carefully. Slogans that are similar at
the perfunctory consideration often appear to produce disagreement
between source and target images. An incorrect choice will influence sales
significantly. Various translation strategies are used depending on the target
customer and lexical-semantic peculiarities of a particular slogan. The use
of stylistic devices in slogan translation allows conveying intended images
without stating the message directly. Such a strategy is used widely, as it
makes intended addressees consider the qualities advertised in accordance
with their cultural background.
The use of idioms, proverbs and set expressions allows implying the
meaning that otherwise would have to be described in long sentences. The
use of long slogans is not desirable, as they are difficult to understand and
remember. Another aspect of successful slogan translation is choosing
expressions which are widely used by the target audience. At the same time,
the use of trite metaphors or expressions without stylistic marking makes a
slogan inexpressive. Also, it should not be visible that a slogan has been
translated from a foreign language. The slogan should imply lexis which
target customers use in their daily life and which they are familiar with. In
case the factors outlined are taken into consideration, an effective
advertising slogan is likely to be created.

References
1. Smith K.L. (2002). The Translation of Advertising Texts: a Study of
English-Language Printed Advertisements and Their Translations in
Russian. University of Sheffield. 2. Guidere M. (2001). Essai de
formalisation des equivalences traductionnelles: le syntaxe des slogans,
[online]. Lyon: Lyon University. Available at http: //www.univ-lyon.fr/
langues/LEA/guidere.htm. [Accessed 14 April 2015]. 3. Ibid. 4. Smith K.L.
(2002). The Translation of Advertising Texts: a Study of English-Language
Printed Advertisments and Their Translations in Russian. Sheffield:
University of Sheffield. 5. ABBYY Linvo Pro x5. .
(2011). . 15.0.775.0 ABBYY Software Ltd. 6. Armstrong S. (2010)
Persuasive advertising. Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

344

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2016 . (Aarhus University)
(Chris Newfield, Cris Shore, Roxana
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context beginning with Introduction into their speciality ongoing through
their undergraduate studies up to their graduadion, [5].
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1. : http://www.edu-trends.info/
new-social-contract/. 2. : http://unike.
au.dk/the-auckland-declaration/. 3. -
: . IV .
: .. ,
2014. 120 . 4. .. /
.. // -
: . IV . . :
.. , 2014.
120 . . 31-33. 5. Mykhaylenko Valery V. On the Way to Professional
Discourse / . // -
: . IV . .
: .. ,
2014. 120 . . 56-59. 6. ..

/ .. // [ ]. :
http://visnyk.chnpu.edu.ua/?wpfb_dl=1448/. 7. .. -
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.
A medical officer gestures as he explains that his ambulance was
shelled on the way to the hospital in the Ukrainian-controlled town of
Artemivsk, in the Donetsk Oblast, outside of the hospital on Feb. 2 [6].
With Ukraines military and health care system degraded under ousted
President Viktor Yanukovychs four-year rule, non-governmental organiza-
tions have taken it on themselves to start training, equipping and providing
field care to wounded soldiers [6].
350
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[2, . 214].
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sleeves went on Admiral's towards Sadovaya Street. They are aggressively
adjusted, chant "Fascism won't pass". Some of them in masks" [7].
- ance (substance , ), In Kiev on the Maidan activists
constructed two new barricades stock up with a stone blocks and
"Molotov cocktails" One of exits from metro station "Maidan of
Independence" it is put by the tires poured by combustible substance" [7].
- ness (illness , ), For patients who initially
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matter when illness started and without waiting for laboratory results [7].
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WHO (World Health Organization)
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351

,
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. Program employees cooperate with administrations of
clinics in Ukraine and abroad to provide free medical examinations and
consultations for victims with follow up medical care. There is also ongoing
collaboration with groups of EuroMaidan volunteers [6].
-
:
- : , ,
. Preparing slides using venous blood
collected from venipuncture [6].
- : , ,
. Preparing slides using venous blood
collected from venipuncture [6].
- : ! -
? Compare both sides! Are there any
retractions or protrusions of the skin? [6].
- :
.

, . Healthcare workers
routinely face job-related hazards that range from needle-stick injuries and
latex allergy to back injuries, violence, and stress [6].
, -
:
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352

1. .. / .. . .:
, 2000. 207. 2. ..
/ .. . : , 2002. 575 .
3. - / . , . ,
. . , 1992. 678 . 4. New English-Ukrainian Medical
Dictionary. K.: Ariy , 2007. 430 . 5.
[ ]. : http://medsvit.org/articles/1/361/
etichnij-kodeks-l-karya-ukra-ni/. 6. "Kyiv Post". [
]. : https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine-
abroad/human-rights-watch-civilians-struggle-to-get-medical-care-in-
eastern-ukraine-video-383316.html. 7.
. [ ]. :
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream /10665 /85321 /1 /9789241505727_eng.pdf.

. ,

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353


YES: delirium
tremens [3],
17.09.2016 .
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2016 [4], .
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I personally acquainted myself with solid works of Kremlin's strategists ...);
,
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We saw yesterday the meaning of Russian truce declared without our
friends and partners Germany and France, when they promised ceasefire
and more than 30 attacks took place ...);
,

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356
liberalization, which Ukraine has earned by right and justice
: , ,
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we have already turned the other cheek. Turned so, that hardly stayed alive.
:
The third issue is the comprehensive assistance to building a new
European Ukraine. -, -
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And what did Russia do in response? The answer is nothing.
.
First of all, wake up finally and look at an objective reality around us. It
is not only against Ukraine, but against the West, that a real wide-scale war
is ongoing ... - , ,
. ,
, .
357
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Crimea is emerging into a real concentration camp crafted in line with
the best Soviet standards of repressions and punitive medicine. ,
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It is nothing but aggression of the Russian Federation against sovereign,
free, democratic Ukraine. We must use solely this word.
, (
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. We must use solely this word
.

.

[ ] ( :
stop supplying its [Russian] regular army),
( : to the occupied territory
of Dnbas and Crimea), withdraw Russian
troops from the territory of Ukraine release Ukrainian hostages and
political prisoners.

,
-

.
358
 -
,
,
,
,
.

1. Malkawi R. The Ideological Stamp: Translation of Political Discourse in
News Media. (Masters Thesis). 2012. [Electronic resource.] Retrieved
from: https://dspace.aus.edu. 2. Fairclough N. Media Discourse. London:
Edward Arnold, 1995. 214 p. 3. .
YES: delirium tremens. // . 17.09.2016.
[ ]. : http://rian.com.ua/columnist/
20160917/1016394881.html. 4. Statement of the President of Ukraine H.E.
Petro Poroshenko at the 13th Yalta European Strategy Annual Meeting
(YES) The World, Europe and Ukraine: storms of changes 16 September
2016. // President of Ukraine Official Website. [Electronic resource]. Mode
of access: http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistup-prezidenta-petra-
poroshenka-na-13-j-shorichnij-zustri-38163. 5. ..
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361

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370
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[17]. [16].
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Green pea Yellow beak sparrow

371
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+
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+
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Lesia. Peculiarities of Language of primary socialization using in the
practice of Language of secondary socialization teaching// 5rd
International Conference Topics in Applied Linguistics: Social, Cultural
and Affective Influences on Language Processes Department of Applied
Linguistics Institute of English University of Opole, 2015 // http:// www.
tal.uni.opole.pl. 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea. 12. https://uk. wikipedia.
org/wiki/. 13. https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki. 14. -
: 11 . 2, 1971. . 134-135. 15. https://en. wikipedia.
org/wiki/Sparrow. 16. http://dovidka.biz.ua/antonimi-do-frazeologizmiv. 17.
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/experience.

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, ,
[4, . 19];
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dchiffreuse who had studied cryptography in England at the Royal
Holloway, Sophie Neveu had been foisted on Fache two years ago as part of
the ministry's attempt to incorporate more women into the police force
[5, . 42] ,
,

[4, . 18];

(, ,
): To ensure his conversation with Mr. Langdon would not be
interrupted, Bezu Fache had turned off his cellular phone. Unfortunately, it
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him [5, . 41]; ,
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Their communications were usually encoded for secrecy in case they ended
up in the wrong hands-which, thanks to COMINT, they usually did [7, . 14]
375
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[6, . 16].
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runaways, and he was forced to live alone in the basement of a dilapidated
factory, eating stolen fruit and raw fish from the dock [5, . 44]
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[4, . 13].

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376

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4. . / . . . . :
, 2006. 480 . 5. Brown D.The da Vinchi code /
D. Brown. Corgi Books, 2004. 605 p. 6. . /
. . . .. : , 2011. 416 c.
7. Brown D. Digital fortress / Brown D. NewYork: St. Martins Press,
1998. 380 p. 8. ..
/ .. . : , 2003. 464 .

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.
The Republic of Wine (2000);
379
La repblica del vino (2010); Die Republik des Weines Die
Schnapsstad (2002), Le Pays de lalcool (2000). -
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monograph-1331-24. 05.02.2017. 2. .
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384
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spring fieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=the-duff.

Tania Triberio
Verona, Italy
Kol(lektivnoe) choz(jajstvo): loan or calque? Realia and translation
choices
Introduction. Realia
This study will focus on one particular Russian realia, [kolchoz],
which entered the Italian language through different ways, both in the form
of a loan, through various types of adaptations, especially from the point of
view of the external formal aspect, and in the form of a calque or semi-
calque, as well see below. Well focus our attention first of all on its
presence within dictionaries, monolingual Italian and bilingual Russian-
Italian ones, trying to point out particular kind of interferences and/or
contacts involved in the process of translation from Russian to Italian, from
a lexical-semantic, graphic and phonetic point of view. Well then compare
some of its translations within narrative texts, involving hence different
strategies and processes. Well find out how translation choices can differ
with respect to the purposes of the work and the public they are addressed to.
There are indeed real difficulties and particular aspects to be considered
in the translation process, above all when dealing with linguistic elements or
typical concept of a language or of its cultural background, the so-called
realia. Two Bulgarian linguists, Vlahov and Florin, authors of a book
dedicated to what is normally considered or defined as untranslatable,
give the following definition of realia: [...] parole (e locuzioni) della lingua
nazionale che rappresentano denominazioni di oggetti, concetti, fenomeni
tipici di un ambiente geografico, di una cultura, della vita materiale o di
peculiarit storico-sociali di un popolo, di una nazione, di un paese, di una
trib, e che quindi sono portatrici di un colorito nazionale, locale o storico;
queste parole non hanno corrispondenze precise in altre lingue1.

1
[1, p. 438] [...] Words (and phrases) of the national language representing
denominations of objects, concepts, typical phenomena of a geographical environment,
of a culture, of the material life or of historical-social characteristics of people, of a
nation, of a country, of a tribe, and bearing, thus, a national, local or historical
picturesqueness; these words have no exact matches in other languages translated by
the author).
385
 The Russian expression is indeed very interesting as theres a
great amount and variety of forms in which it can be translated into Italian,
there are many forms of calques and of differently adapted loans.
Loan
A loan occurs usually when imitating the foreign model, reproducing, in
a more or less faithful way, its external form, through different adaptation
levels, and this is precisely the case of the abbreviation . In the
dedicated literature, loans entering the Italian language can alternate ch with
kh, (as in kolchoz or kolkhoz), can foresee the rarest form kolhoz, up to the
more normalized colchoz, to the fully normalized form colcos1.
Structural calque
It differs from a loan in the sense that here there is not an external
imitation of the foreign model. A necessary condition for any type of
calque, structural or semantic it may be, is that the foreign model provides a
motivation, well structured and articulated. In the structural calque what is
being reproduced is exactly the structural form of the model, in addition to
the semantic-descriptive content, motivated by the same elements of the
word. Hereafter some calques that translate, more or less faithfully, the
original Kol(lektivnoe) choz(jajstvo):
- economia collettiva2, exact reproduction of the model;
- azienda/propriet (agricola) collettiva3, that sounds more as a sort of
informative translation;
- fattoria collettiva, this one, among the three calques, is the only one
recorded in GDLI4; the choice for the former member of the
construction farm betrays a probable English mediation through
collective farm5. We are here dealing, most probably, with forms of
semi-calques, for which indeed the reproduction of the model proceeds
imitating the formal (and semantic) structure of the archetype, although
articulating the new expression more freely, with a certain autonomy 6.
Lexicographic analysis
Well proceed now analysing the presence of these entries within some
dictionaries, the monolingual Italian Treccani on-line (from now on T.), and
the two bilingual Russian-Italian dictionaries: Dobrovolskaja, Grande
dizionario russo-italiano/italiano-russo (from now on D.) and Kovalev,
Russo . Dizionario russo-italiano/italiano-russo (from now on K.):

1
[2, p. 79]
2
[2, p. 79, translation: collective economy]
3
[2, p. 80, translation: (agricultural) collective farm]
4
[2, p. 80, translation: collective farm]
5
[2, p. 80-81]
6
[3, p. 241]
386
 Tab. 1 entry kolchoz in T. monolingual on-line dictionary
kolchoz kalkhs s. m., russo [abbrev. di kol(lektivnoe) choz(jajstvo) azienda
collettiva] (anche italianizzato in clcos). NellUnione Sovietica, lazienda
agraria collettiva, fondata sullaccordo di persone fisiche e disciplinata da un
regolamento interno, concordato in armonia con i princip generali del codice
agrario sovietico, che operava, sia pure con una certa autonomia, allinterno degli
schemi produttivi generali fissati dallo stato; il kolchoz aveva la propriet della terra
da esso coltivata e dei mezzi impiegati nella produzione (si differenziava in ci dal
sovchoz, che era unazienda agraria di stato)1

Tab. 2 entry kolchoz in D. bilingual Russian-Italian dictionary

D. (It.-Ru. section) D. (Ru.-It. section)
kolchoz m. invar. (stor.) [kolchz] m.
( ); del
(dal) ~ (agg.) kolchoz
Tab. 3 entry kolchoz in K. bilingual Russian-Italian dictionary
K (It.-Ru. section) K (Ru.-It. section)
clcos . . . klchoz (-a) m. clcos
klchoz . . m. . sciogliere un
clcos
In all dictionaries the Russian expression is recorded as a more or less
adapted loan, which sees interchangeable solutions between k and c,
between c and ch and between z and s. T. (Tab. 1) also offers the phonetic
transcription that reproduces the real pronunciation kalkhs, with the tonic
syllable articulated as [o] and the atonic one as [a], giving then the
Italianized pronunciation clcos, as well as K., adapting the pronunciation
to the Italian prosodic system, that anticipates the accent to the first syllable
[clcos]. T., as well as D., gives in addition the Italian calque azienda
collettiva2 [kol(lektivnoe) choz(jajstvo)], disclosing the Russian abbrevi-
ation and supplying the reader with a further useful information on the
semantic level. K., in the Italian-Russian section, puts into effect a curious
circular cross reference, asking the reader to look for clcos under kolkhoz,
with neither further examples, nor explanatory glosses. Very little

1
kolchoz <Kalkhs> s. m., Russian [abbrev. kol(lektivnoe) choz(jajstvo) collective
farm] (also Italianised in clcos) In the Soviet Union, the collective agricultural
enterprise, founded on the agreement of individuals and governed by internal
regulations, in accordance with the general principles of the Soviet agrarian code,
which operated, albeit with a certain autonomy, within the general production
schemes established by the state; the kolkhoz had ownership of the land it cultivated
and of the means used in the production (it differed, in this sense, from the sovchoz,
which was a state agrarian company translated by the author).
2
Translation: collective farm
387
information is given about the meaning or the context of use of this realia
almost in both Italian and Russian sections of the bilingual dictionaries
(Tab. 2 and 3).
Text analysis
Well see now some translations of from Russian to Italian or
English in narrative texts, taken from the Russian National Corpus of
modern Russian language1. The first quotation always refers to the original
Russian one, followed by its translation whether into Italian (examples 1
and 2) or English (examples 3 and 4). Both realia and its translations are
made evident through bold text:
1. Ru , ,
2.
It Nessuno dei due riceveva un compenso, n in denaro n in patate, per
il lavoro svolto al kolchz, la fattoria collettiva, e si doveva lavorare anche
per avere l'elettricit3.
2. Ru 4.
It Abbiamo bisogno di pesare con esattezza il grano e la crusca nei kolchoz5.
3. Ru , , - .
? , !6
En Well, now, that's pretty much in the future, isn't it? Have you
heard about the Budanovka Collective Farm?7
4. Ru

,
8.
En Agricultural land is mainly owned by the rural population, i.e.,
workers and pensioners of farm enterprises created by reorganization of
kolkhozes and sovkhozes9.

1
http://ruscorpora.ru/en/index.html
2
. (1988) in http://ruscorpora.ru/
en/index.html
3
J. Druznikov. Angeli sulla punta di uno spillo (Federica Aceto, 2006) in
http://ruscorpora.ru/en/index.html
4
. . (1933-1936) in http://ruscorpora.ru/en/index. html
5
A. Platonov. Mosca felice (Serena Vitale) in http://ruscorpora.ru/en/index.html
6
. . . (. 2) (1930-1934) in http://ruscorpora.ru/en/
index.html
7
N. Ostrovsky. How the Steel was Tempered (pt 2) (R. Prokofieva, 1952) in
http://ruscorpora.ru/en/index.html
8
. . , . . :
[ABBYY LingvoPRO] (2004) in http://ruscorpora.ru/en/index.html
9
N. Shagaida, Zwi Lerman. The Land Market Living with Constraints (2004) in
http://ruscorpora.ru/en/index.html
388
 As we may see, usually is translated, both in Italian and in English,
through the loans kolchoz and kolkhoz, where ch and kh alternate. In the
example n. 4 loans undergo the process for plural names formation in English,
adding the es ending to the borrowed words (kolkhozes and sovkhozes1) that
are, this way, subject to the morpho-grammatical system of the receiving
language. In example n. 3 the translator decided for the calque collective farm,
disclosing the meaning, besides the structure, of the expression.
Conclusions
With reference to the realia to be translated, we saw how the choice of
the translator and/or lexicographer can differently focus on both its
translation, as in the case of calques, establishing some parallel with the
target language, or on the transliteration from the original alphabet to the
one of the language that is receiving the new word, using various graphic
adaptations and/or phonetic transcriptions, as in the case of loans. In the
case of translation it seems there is an implicit attempt to appropriate the
foreign element, in order to make it more transparent to the target language
reader. Differently, in the case of the transcription and/or transliteration,
there is an attempt to preserve, maintain the foreign element through the
own means, that is, in our case, through the phonetic transcription and/or
the transliteration of the realia from Russian to Italian using the Latin
alphabet, even though through different grades of graphic or phonetic
adaptations. As Zgusta states: The form of such a borrowed word [] can
attain different degrees of adaptation to the phonemic and morphological
structure of the language into which it has been accepted, but it can also
remain unadapted [...]2.
We may conclude that, in general, there are no translation strategies that
can be considered better or worse than others. It is up to the translator or
lexicographer, on the basis of his experience and knowledge of both
languages and cultures involved in the translation process, to make the
proper choice for the purposes of his work and with respect to the reader it
is addressed to. It is worthwhile to note that, while on the one hand the
dictionary aims at finding, as much as possible, equivalents ready for use,
and, were an equivalent is not to be found in the target language (as in the
case of realia), the simpler solution remains probably the loan, the narrative
text, on the other hand, can take advantage of the translator store of
knowledge, allowing to interpret and translate in the own language the
content of the foreign word.

1
See footnote 1, p. 387.
2
[8, p. 179]
389
 References
1. Vlahov S., Florin S., Neperevodimoe v perevode, Moskva, Vysaja
kola, 1986. 2. Orioles, V., Su alcune tipologie di russismi in italiano (On
some typologies of Russian realia in Italian), University of Udine, 1984.
3. Gusmani, R., Saggi sullinterferenza linguistica (Essays on linguistic
interference), Firenze, Casa Editrice le Lettere, 1981. 4. Treccani on-line
http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/. 5. Kovalev V., Russo . Dizionario
russo-italiano/italiano-russo (Russian-Italian/Italian-Russian dictionary)
Bologna, Zanichelli, 1995. 6. Dobrovolskaja J., Grande dizionario russo-
italiano/italiano-russo (Russian-Italian/Italian-Russian big dictionary) Milan,
Ulrico Hoepli Editor, 2001. 7. Russian National Corpus http://ruscorpora.ru/
search-main.html. 8. Zgusta L., Manual of Lexicography, Praga, Academia
Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1971.

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396
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Donners Bakery. I see the street where the bakery is [11, c. 43].
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408

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413
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416

, .

, ,
.
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, Schwesterchen da-iko, Brderchen
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417

1. . , 2008. 276 . ( -
) 2. .. . ,
1980. 120 . ( ) 3. Kinder- und Hausmrchen,
Gesammelt durch die Gebrder Grimm. Aufbau-Verlag Berlin und
Weimar, 1980. 4. . . . .
, 1992 ( ).

Mehmet ahin
Izmir, Turkey

Futureless Translation or Back to Basics?

Job Apocalypse or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love
Translating

Translation is undoubtedly one of the most ancient professions in

history. Deviation from a common language forced communities with
different linguistic characteristics to seek for means of verbal interaction,
and the first resort was interpreters. The volume of texts, both written and
oral, has increased to an unimaginable extent in a short time especially
following the technologizing of the word [1] with the invention of writing
and the printing press. This paved the way for the institutionalization of
education of translators and interpreters. As translation studies became an
independent discipline [2], translator training became a subfield of Applied
Translation Studies, along with the subfields of translation aids and
translation criticism [3]. Higher education institutions offered diplomas and
certificates upon successful completion of both theoretical and practical
studies by students.
There were high expectations of early efforts at automatizing the
translation process, prompted by political motives [4], but these
expectations were not met due to low level of efficiency or productivity of
the systems developed [5]. With the advent of the Digital Revolution,
linguists, engineers, and translation scholars have sought for new ways to
accelerate and facilitate the translation process, and their efforts resulted in
a range of tools and aids which greatly helped translators meet the ever-
growing market demands. The Internet has greatly facilitated the
production, transmission, and retrieval of bi- and multilingual texts. The
World Wide Web, with its second and third versions, enabled user-
generated content and paved the way for the emergence of an ever-growing
corpus of universally accessible texts. This led to a shift from rule-based
418
machine translation (MT) systems, which were the main focus of MT
research in 1980s, to corpus-based approaches and statistical machine
translation methods, due to the increasing availability of bilingual and
multilingual text corpora [6]. The whole structure, built on extensive previous
human work by MT service providers such as Google, has been considered by
some as a form of exploitation [7]; yet, the public nature of texts facilitated
the emergence of well-functioning automatic translation systems. By the end
of the second millennium, MT systems in general gained popularity on the
Internet and their progress has been unremitting ever since.
The extension of MT systems, in the last decade, to encompass different
environments such as online communication tools for both written [8] and
spoken texts [9], and as mobile applications, has raised questions about the
entire future of translation and interpreting. Translators have started to take
new roles in the translation process such as post-editors of machine
translation, and computers are being transformed from translation aids into
means of translation especially for gisting purposes [6] where no post-
editing is sought and the MT output is disposable. Finally, recent
developments in Neural Machine Translation [10] have consolidated
concerns about the profession of translation, especially among novice
translators in the process of entering the professional arena following a
mentally, physically, and financially demanding four-year study period.
This has had the effect of forcing T&I scholars to explain The Proper Place
of Men and the Machines in Language Translation [11] 37 years after
Martin Kay first reduced it into writing.
Some of the most appropriate questions to ask based on the
aforementioned developments can be listed as follows: (1) How should we
educate the translators for the future? (2) Why should we be (not) worried
about the T&I departments and the future of T&I graduates? (3) How will
machines and tools further change the nature of T&I studies? As Vashee
[12] puts it:
Machine translation is emerging as a mature technology and becoming a standard
component of translation workflows for certain types of projects and customers. As
such, new career paths are opening up (PEMT, engine development and tuning; etc.).
Greater dialogue is needed between practitioners, researchers, trainers and educators to
identify and develop relevant skill sets and best practices [p. 146].
Any discussion about the future of translation and translator training
should involve understanding the economics of machine translation as
outlined by Vashee [12]. As the employers and clients realize the great
contribution of MT systems to the translation process, translators will be
expected to significantly increase productivity. However, the issue of
confidentiality in the use of free MT [12] is likely to tip the scales against
the use of MT in the translation process. Another imbalance occurs when
419
some translators work only on literary texts, for which MT is quite useless,
while those working with non-literary texts can derive great benefit from
MT. The cost of commercial MT systems is also a determining factor in any
decision towards integrating MT into the translation process, since most
freelance translators would have to provide their own CAT tools. The freely
available systems such as MOSES are a source inspiration; however,
translators need to invest a lot of time and effort to build a system that
would increase their productivity. All these make the use of MT rather
dependent on the particular context, and thus its contribution to translation
process is ill-defined and unpredictable.
In translation education, it is becoming increasingly imperative to raise
awareness of students about the benefits and challenges that new
technologies necessarily entail. Todays digital natives are likely to learn to
use new tools and programs relatively more quickly, which makes the
transition from pen and paper to digital tools easier. Therefore, the
pedagogical aspect of teaching translation technologies would seem to be a
requirement in translator training.
For the English-Turkish language pair, a brief review of the curricula of
university programs in T&I studies shows a lack of consensus on the place
of technology in T&I education [13, 14], a situation which can be observed
in other European contexts. However, many institutions are guided by the
European Masters in Translation and Conference Interpreting programs,
which provides a list of competences for professional translators and
interpreters. Standardization of the curricula at the national level in terms of
courses on technology, among others, would certainly help to counter the
abovementioned imbalance regarding the role of technology and MT in
translators professional lives.
One of the main issues in T&I education involves teaching novice
translators and interpreters to adopt and make the best use of the new
technologies rather than considering these as a threat to their profession.
The initial step to achieving this clearly involves faculty members who are
themselves well-qualified to provide pedagogical support for T&I students.
In Turkey, the number of T&I faculty members competent in using or
teaching translation technologies seems limited (15). Moreover, only a few
scholars are actively involved in research on technology, or in gathering
information about the needs and developments in the translation market.
This suggests a rather unhealthy interaction between the academia and the
market, in which the latter tends to take the leading role. T&I departments
with a weaker focus on translation technologies are inclined to take a more
market-driven approach to teaching CAT tools and MT, and thus overlook
issues such as the economic aspects of machine translation.
420
 For Turkish-English language pair, several studies were conducted on
post-editing [16, 17] and attitude toward MT and translation technologies.
Such studies can be primarily regarded as attempts to evaluate the
affordances of free MT tools such as Google Translate for the profession as
well as education for the profession. The quality of the raw MT output for a
technical text in Temizzs study was acceptable, but required post-
editing. In ahins study, novice translators worked on raw MT output for
different texts technical, legal, and media as part of their training,
finding that MT was effective for the technical texts only. A longitudinal
study by ahin [18] revealed that using MT and post-editing in translation
courses can benefit novice translators in different ways. In another study,
reporting on data collected nationwide, ahin [15] solicited the views of
students, faculty members, and professional translators on the place of
translation technologies, including MT in translation education and practice.
The participants generally consider MT systems for English-Turkish
unsuccessful. [] Translation students and faculty members seem to have more
confidence in MT, believing that MT can contribute to the translation process,
whereas only 42% of professionals shared this view [15, p. 10].
ahin also found that compared to faculty member, students perceived
that developments in MT were more of a risk for the future of the
translation profession. In their study, Gaspari et al. [19] report on survey
data derived from 438 respondents, including freelance translators, language
service providers, translator trainers, and academics. The researchers found
that half of the respondents were not satisfied with the quality of the MT
software, and emphasized a potential need for translation education:
[T]ailoring MT solutions to the specific needs of users is a priority for the future
in order to encourage a more fruitful return-on- investment with MT. Such
customisation could be implemented by leveraging translators existing linguistic
assets and technological competences, for example, in linguistic pre-processing, by
augmenting systems with customised glossaries, and in the use of regular
expressions to automate repetitive post-editing tasks. Training in such techniques
may be of value for translators wishing to improve MT systems, depending on their
current and projected future use of translation software. [19, p. 18]
As a technological turn in translation studies is becoming a more
general topic of discussion, it is imperative to prepare prospective
translators and interpreters for the needs and challenges of the new era. The
priorities of individual curricula seem to be increasing students awareness
of and competence in new technologies, developing their ability to use MT
effectively and consciously in the translation process and to evaluate
affordances and disadvantages of CAT tools. With these priorities in mind,
it should be possible for T&I faculty members to persuade their students to
consider CAT tools as a natural component of the translation process, rather
than as a threat to their profession.
421
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422
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: 1. and read us out
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429
 I do think that of all the silly, irritating tomfoolishness by which we are
plagued, this weather-forecast fraud is about the most aggravating. It
forecasts precisely what happened yesterday or the day before, and
precisely the opposite of what is going to happen today [3, . 42].
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430
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431

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Sorgen [8, . 47].
(2) [5, . 396]. Der Borschtsch ist inzwischen kalt
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, [] [1, . 60]. [] mute
die Schwiegermutter zur ehemaligen Eigentmerin von Julkas Zimmer
laufen, um bei ihr eine Flasche Fusel zu kaufen [] [7, . 41].
(5) ! [1, . 362]. Selbstgebrannter! Eine
Extrasorte! [8, . 50].
(6) [] [] [2, .
87]. [] Schnaps eigener Herstellung [] [8, . 108].

438
 (7) [] [1,
. 60]. [] begab sich mit der Flasche Zuckerrbenfusel rasch nach Hause
[7, . 42].
, .-.
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der
Selbstgebrannte,
der Schnaps. .-.
: der Zuckerrbenfusel die Zuckerrbe ( ) + der
Fusel () = . ,
, ,
der Zu_kerrbenfusel --,
, .
-
, :
(8) [5, . 115]. Er holt
drei Liter hausgemachten Wein hervor und bietet uns Tschatscha an [8, . 91].
(
), ,
Tschatscha, ,
, .
-
:
(9) , , [5, . 114]. Dort
essen wir uns an Suluguni, Tschurtschela und Maronen satt [8, . 90].
.-.
, : die Schule.
, , ,

.
die Zehnklassenschule.

, : ein Zehner,
fnf rote Scheine, ein Fnfundzwanzig
Rubelstck, 19 Kopeken.
-
ein Zehner, ,
439
 ,
der Tscherwonez. .-.
: fnf rote Scheine; :
19 Kopeken.
, -
.
.
,
, ,

, . ,

,
( .. ), .
,
,
, , .

:
(10) [1, . 38]. Zweihundert Rubel hat
er mir abgenommen [7, . 23].
(11) [5, . 118]. Dann trinken wir
je zwei Glas Schaumwein [8, . 94].
, ,
() der
Rubel, -
,
.

: die Suppe, die Hausschuhe,
der Sessel, die Frisur, der Schwiegervater,
die Ferien . .-.
, -
. , ,
, .
: die
Suppe die Konsommee, die Hausschuhe die Schlapfen die
Patschen, der Sessel der Fauteuil, die Frisur die Frisre die
Coiffre, die Ferien die Vakanzen. , ,
,
, ,
440
 , ,
der Schwiegervater , ,
.
,
der
Schwcher ( . , ).
, ,
, ,
-
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,
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.

1. : /
. . . . : , 1997. 544 . 2. . :
/.. . .: ,
1991. 208 . 3. . ( -
) / .
: - , 1989. 215 . 4. .
- (
XIX XXI ): . ... - . :
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. , 2015. 491 . 5. :
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441
 Svitlana Shurma, Varun Saxena
Kyiv, Ukraine Brno, Czech Republic

Clichs in Ukrainian and Czech News Reports on Violence of 1960

There exists an old political anecdote: a call comes from the Central
Committee of All-union Communist Party to Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM)
center informing that an American journalist will soon arrive there. There is
request to accommodate him in a place where the living conditions of BAM
builders are quite acceptable. Yet, the request is impossible to fulfil. So, the
authorities say, Screw him, let him vilify.
As any anecdote, it is only half true; if we look at the press of the
Mainline construction time, we will see that it was not the American news
reports that did not tell the truth, but the Soviet media which was libelous
and often embellished. In the article, we aim to look at how Soviet media of
1960, namely Ukrainian Molod Ukrajiny and Czech Mlad fronta, reported
the acts of violence from abroad1.
To begin with, there is a need to focus on what violence is. The term
itself is often used to refer to anything from the innate human urge to
destruction, to acts of aggression at the state level [1, p. 3, 9]. Violence as a
mode of behavior presupposes the use of force with the intention to cause
harm and encompasses homicides, assaults, abuses, robberies and rapes [2].
It is the easiest to notice and account for type of violence since media draws
much attention to it [3; 4]; yet, what about outbursts of aggression on a
larger scale?
iek [4] distinguishes between the following types of violence:
subjective and objective ones. The latter is further divided into symbolic
and systemic [4, p. 1]. The author claims that subjective violence is the type
identified with a particular individual or group, for example, terrorist acts or
domestic violence. Symbolic violence is embodied in language and its
forms [ibid.], while systemic violence rises from the social order and is
often overlooked because people get directly involved in it. Soviet order and
propaganda are nowadays often associated with both symbolic and systemic
violence. Most of control came from how the lives of the citizens of the
countries of the Socialist camp were organized [5, p. 134]. For instance,
1960 was a part of Khrushchev era, who came to power after Stalin. His
rule was characterized by some changes as compared to the regime of his
predecessor: collective leadership of the party was restored, terror was
1
The research topic is supported by a research project, entitled Narrative
Techniques of Violence Discourses in Czech, Ukrainian and British Cultures,
funded by Visegrad/V4EaP Scholarship (51601187).
442
abandoned, party control over the secret police was asserted, the concept of
class enemy was expunged from official discourse, a temporal thaw in
cultural life took place, and social structures stabilized [6]. Even though
mass repressions did not take place anymore, the state control over the lives
of people took a milder and less revealing form, and thus symbolic and
systemic violence were exercised. As the media has become a mouthpiece
of Khrushchevs propaganda, we can trace the elements of such violence in
the language employed by it focusing on clichd phrases.
In fact, Czech and Ukrainian daily newspapers the Mlad fronta and the
Molod Ukrajiny, targeted at youth of the two countries, paid special
attention to how the news from abroad were presented. It was very
important to bring up the new generation of communist ideology builders
who would not question the foundations of the social order. The press used
clichd vocabulary to paint a picture of cruel and violent West, and also to
shape public attitude towards an enemy to the bright future of communism.
The Mlad fronta of 1960 had the second page fully dedicated to the
international affairs and news from abroad, while front page contained
either the headlines or the beginning paragraphs of the articles, the bodies of
which appeared on page 2. The articles dealt with numerous issues ranging
from wars and riots across the globe to the stories of success in building
communist future. The latter were mostly of positive character presenting
the other countries of Socialist camp as highly successful and productive.
Another important issue was Khrushchevs initiative of disarmament and
relations with the Soviet Union. As an antithesis to the bright present of
such countries as China, the German Democratic Republic and others, the
capitalist countries were presented as violent and materialistic: e.g.:
Stvkov hnut v USA se velmi vyhrotilo, protoe amerit monopolist
s podporou vldy zahjili taen proti vymoenostem americkch odbor
(4.01.1960)1. For the Molod Ukrajiny the news from abroad seemed to not
have been considered equally important as they mostly appeared on page 4
and occupied far less space compared to Czech ones. This might be
explained by the fact that geographically Ukraine was located further from
the western democracies, and thus there was less need in drawing attention
to those issues. Just like in the Mlad fronta, the foreign news centered
around the vices of the capitalist world and merits of the Socialist camp:

. ,
, ,
1
Literal translation: The strike movement in the USA is becoming more strained,
because American monopolists backed up by the government took actions against
the achievements of the US unions.
443
 (22.04.1960)1. Both
newspapers in presenting the events from abroad were quite loaded with the
clichd phrases as , amerit monopolist and others, that
appeared and re-appeared in different issues of the papers.
The clichs used in 262 Ukrainian and 1270 Czech articles and briefs
dealing with the acts of violence outside Czechoslovakia and the Ukrainian
SSR represent the images of the countries of both camps. Interestingly,
political clichs, though quite heavily used in both newspapers are
somewhat less emotionally charged in the Czech newspaper compared to
the Ukrainian one. Let us look at some of those in more detail.
In the course of analysis, we roughly2 singled out 251 Czech and 326
Ukrainian clichs which appeared in the papers with reference to the sides
of conflict. We treated a phrase as a clich if it appeared as a more or less
stable expression and was used more than twice in the articles.
Thematically, clichs refer to the supporting and opposing parties of
Khrushchevs initiative of disarmament ( ,
, , cesta ke splnn
nadj a tueb veho lidstva), the USSR (
, sovtsk skutenost, bratrsky sovtsk lid), capitalist countries,
countries of the Socialist camp and those ones fighting for their
independence ( ,
, , zasedn f vld
zpadnch mocnost, pomoc zem socialistickho tbora), political and other
public figures and victims of conflicts ( , oteven
antikomunista, neptel socialistickho zzen), fascism and other isms
( , , ,
revanistick militarism, dt odsouzen puist) as well as phrases used to
describe actions and situations ( ,
, ,
, neodpovd skutenosti, tvrd politika).
Some clichs appear to be commonly used both in Czech and Ukrainian
newspapers: rasistick provokace, mezinrodn problmy, kapitalistick
zem, , ,
. We found 84 clichs that had the same meaning in
both languages. These word combinations were represented by the stable

1
Literal translation: Soviet peoples anger and disdain were a result of Adenauers
provocative statement in Western Berlin. Blinded by the hatred to everything
progressive, to communism in particular, this elderly politician claimed that in case
of war the Soviet Union will be destroyed.
2
Since the corpus of texts is not digitalized, a manual calculation was done which
might be subject to error.
444
units similar in their function to phraseological ones. Most of them consist
of two elements N+N or Adj+N, with the latter one prevailing. Over 30
clichs have similar meanings but employ a different number or quality of
words: e.g., svt bez nenvisti a vlek , .
Most of these word combinations are less stable and may vary in their
length or change some of their elements more or less freely.
The number of clichd phrases used in the two newspapers points to the
fact that the rhetoric of the Soviet propaganda was applied consistently and
deliberately in both countries. Despite the fact that attention to various
burning issues was different in the Mlad fronta and the Molod Ukrajiny,
the deliberateness of language use seems to be well supervised.
Other clichs that can be traced in the articles look more as ones favored
by the newspaper and its editors. Compare how the news of Eisenhowers
talk was reported in the Mlad fronta and the Molod Ukrajiny. The
Ukrainian newspaper wrote a bigger article focusing attention on certain
aspects of the speech, such as the countrys economic state, relations with
the USSR and other countries. The article was built in a clichd way using
such vocabulary as , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
,
(7.01.1960).
The text was structured so as to keep focus on the problems the USA had in
1959 and highlighting the positive attitude of the USA towards the Soviet
states development. At the same time, the Czech newspaper drew attention
of the readers to the issues of peace and military power: se vzjemn
znien, sv sil o zaruen mr, Spojen stty i nadle "trp pohorujcmi
nepodky", imperialistick komunism, vznamn spchy Sovtskho svazu
a sptelench socialistickch zem (7.01.1960). We see that some of the
clichs coincide in these two articles, yet, the Ukrainian one uses this type
of words to a higher extent.
Such distribution of deliberately used vocabulary might indicate how
media shaped public opinion which is subject to further research. The
analysis of clichs show that mass media was viewed as an important factor
of building up an image of a happy life of builders of the communism as
opposed to the insecure world of those who lived behind the Iron Curtain. In
our opinion, a more detailed analysis of clichs is needed from the point of
view of cognitive and psycholinguistic perspectives.

445
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460

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. shall, should may
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.
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. ,
...................................................... 48
. ..
.......................................................................................................... 52
.
: . .. 60
Olga Vasylchenko. Face vs. Table in Translation ...................................... 64
.
........................ 68

461
 .
............ 73
.
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, .
......................................... 82
, .
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, .
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, .
.............................................................................. 99
, . -
....... 103
. - -
............................................................................. 109
.
........................................................ 113
Alla Golovnia, Svitlana Shurma. Means of Expressiveness in Film Titles
and Their Translation Features ................................................................. 124
. -
................. 128
.
.................................................................................................. 132
.
.................................................................................................... 135
.
....................................................................................................... 140

462
 . :
..................................................................................................... 144
Rusudan Zekalashvili. Two Translations of the Poem Merani by
N. Baratashvili in German ........................................................................ 148
.
........ 153
. -
........................................................................ 156
. .. 160
, .
................................................ 164
. Gaining My Religion: -
..................................... 168
. C
: ................................... 173
Anastasiia Kyslytska. Some Thoughts about Rendering English Children's
Literature into Ukrainian (on the basis of Neil Gaimans story Coraline) 178
Zaal Kikvidze, Levan Pachulia, Nino Jikhvadze. Echo Reduplication in
Urum: Glossing, Translation, Typology ................................................... 181
, .
............................................................................ 185
, .
....... 189
, . -
- ................................................. 193
. -
: ............................................................... 197
Irina Kopytich, Irina Liubanets, Yelena Shylo. Scientific and Technical
Terms: Translation Difficulties ................................................................. 202
, .
.................................................................................. 206

463
 , , .

................................................................ 210
.
.............................. 215
Ramaz Kurdadze, Maia Lomia, Ketevan Margiani. On the Translation of
Evidential Imperfect Forms in the Kartvelian Languages ........................ 220
.
............................................................................ 224
.
.......................................................... 228
, .
................................................ 232
, .
PUBLIC RELATIONS: 236
. -
.................................................................................................... 239
.
.................................................................................................. 247
, .
-
................................................................... 251
.
..................................................................... 256
.

............... 260
.
........................................................................................... 264
. '
........................................................... 267
. 274
H.B. Patel. Problems of Translation from Gujarati to English ................. 278

464
 .
............................................ 283
-.
........................................................................................ 291
. -
............................. 295
.
- . 300
Marco Syrayama de Pinto. A Comparison between the German and Dutch
Translations of Some Neologisms Used in Ouz Atay's Tutunamayanlar 304
, .
(
.
) ............................................................................................... 308
, .
.................... 312
, . -
.... 316
.
................................................................................................... 321
. :
...................................................................................................... 325
, .
(
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, .
(
. 13 ) ...................................................... 335
Olga Romanova, Aleksejs Vaskevics. Translation and Adaptation of Non-
Equivalent Commercial Vehicles Slogans for the Russian and English
Speaking Target Market ........................................................................... 339
.
............................................................ 345

465
 , .
( -)
.................................................................................... 349
.
........................................................ 353
, . -
................................................................................ 359
, .
............................................................. 363
. -
................................ 367
, .
............................................. 373
.
........................................... 377
. ... 381
Tania Triberio. Kol(lektivnoe) choz(jajstvo): loan or calque? Realia and
translation choices .................................................................................... 385
. .................. 390
, . -
(
)............................................................... 395
.
: ............ 399
, .
........ 405
.
.......................................................................................... 409
, , .

( ) ................ 414
Mehmet ahin. Futureless Translation or Back to Basics? Job Apocalypse
or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Translating ..................... 418

466
 , .
- 423
.
......................................................................................................... 427
. ()
, ( -) ........... 432
. : -
...................................................................................................... 437
Svitlana Shurma, Varun Saxena. Clichs in Ukrainian and Czech News
Reports on Violence of 1960 .................................................................... 442
. -
... 446
................................................................. 451

467


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, ,
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